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<span>History</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Gameplay" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Gameplay"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Gameplay</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Gameplay-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confusion_with_tafl" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confusion_with_tafl"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Confusion with <i>tafl</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confusion_with_tafl-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_impact" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_impact"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Historical impact</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_impact-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span 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title="Gwezboell – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Gwezboell" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwyddbwyll#Gwyddbwyll_Geltaidd" title="Gwyddbwyll – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwyddbwyll" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fidchell" title="Fidchell – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fidchell" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%94%BC%EB%93%9C%ED%97%AC" title="피드헬 – Korean" lang="ko" 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class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gwyddbwyll&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Gwyddbwyll">Gwyddbwyll</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ancient Celtic board game</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the board game. For the <i>.hack</i> character, see <a href="/wiki/Phases_(.hack)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phases (.hack)">Phases (.hack)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title"><span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Fidchell</i></span> / <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">Gwyddbwyll</i></span></caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Players</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Setup time</th><td class="infobox-data">30–60 seconds</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Chance</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>none</i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Age range</th><td class="infobox-data">4 years and up</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below">Medium complexity, highly strategic</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Fidchell</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">Old Irish pronunciation:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="sga-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA" title="Help:IPA">[ˈfʲiðʲxʲel͈]</a></span>) or <b><span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span></b> (in <a href="/wiki/Welsh_language" title="Welsh language">Welsh</a>, pronounced <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="cy-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Welsh" title="Help:IPA/Welsh">[ˈɡwɨ̞ðbʊɨ̯ɬ,<span class="wrap"> </span>ˈɡwɪðbʊi̯ɬ]</a></span>) was a <a href="/wiki/Board_game" title="Board game">board game</a> popular among the ancient <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a>. Fidchell was played between two people who moved an equal number of pieces across a board; the board shared its name with the game played upon it.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Based on the descriptions in Irish and Welsh literature as well as archaeological finds of game pieces, it is likely to have been a variant of <a href="/wiki/Ludus_latrunculorum" title="Ludus latrunculorum">ludus latrunculorum</a> played in Ireland and Britain.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The name of the game in multiple Celtic languages -- <a href="/wiki/Old_Irish" title="Old Irish">Old Irish</a> <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Middle_Welsh" title="Middle Welsh">Middle Welsh</a> <span title="Middle Welsh-language text"><i lang="wlm">gỽydbỽyỻ</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Breton_language" title="Breton language">Breton</a> <span title="Breton-language text"><i lang="br">guidpoill~gwezboell</i></span>, <a href="/wiki/Cornish_language" title="Cornish language">Cornish</a> <span title="Cornish-language text"><i lang="kw">gwydhbol</i></span>—is a compound translating to "wood-wisdom", "wood-intelligence", or "wood-sense". The fact that the compound is identical in both languages suggests that it is of extreme antiquity, with the unattested earlier form being reconstructed <i>*widu-kweillā</i> "wood-understanding" in Common Celtic.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The game is often compared to or identified with <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>, though chess was unknown in Europe until the 12th century.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Old Irish form evolved into <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">ficheall</i></span>, the word used in modern Irish for modern chess, along with Scottish Gaelic <i>fidhcheall</i> and Manx <i>feeal</i>; the similar <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span> is the name in Welsh for modern chess.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Fidchell</i></span> or <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span> is mentioned often in ancient Celtic legends and lore, but the exact form of the game is open to speculation due to lack of detail on the rules, playing pieces, and the board. It is clear that it was played on a board with opposing sets of pieces in equal numbers. It should not be confused with similar games of Norse origin like <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tawlbwrdd</i></span> or <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> (also called <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">hnefatafl</i></span>), which involved a <a href="/wiki/King_(chess)" title="King (chess)">king</a> in the centre and pieces in a 2:1 ratio. Evidence suggests that it may instead have been derived earlier from the Roman game <i><a href="/wiki/Ludus_latrunculorum" title="Ludus latrunculorum">ludus latrunculorum</a></i> ("game of highwaymen"), which is known to have spread into Germanic and Celtic lands by the early first millennium and is also known from <a href="/wiki/Post-Roman_Britain" class="mw-redirect" title="Post-Roman Britain">post-Roman Britain</a>. Thus it is possible that <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> was a descendant of <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">latrunculi</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Fidchell</i> shared with <i>latrunculi</i> the method of custodial capture, two around one enemy man on the same line. Archaeological finds such as the <a href="/wiki/Druid_of_Colchester#The_Stanway_game" title="Druid of Colchester">Stanway game</a> discovered near Colchester with 13 pieces per side may also represent a British Celtic board game similar or identical to fidchell/gwyddbwyll.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Gameplay">Gameplay</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Gameplay"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div><p> Some details of the gameplay can be deduced from literary mentions in early Irish literature. One text reads: </p><blockquote><p><i>Leth a fóirni d'ór buidi, in leth aili d'findruine</i> <span style="font-size: 85%;">"Half its pieces were of yellow <a href="/wiki/Gold" title="Gold">gold</a>, the other half of white <a href="/wiki/Bronze" title="Bronze">bronze</a>".</span></p></blockquote><p>suggesting that <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> was played by equal forces.<sup id="cite_ref-MacWhite-1948_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacWhite-1948-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The method of custodial capture with two men around one enemy on the same line is also explained in the Middle Irish tale of <i>Mac da Cherda and Cummaine Foda</i>, where a cleric plays <i>fidchell</i> all day, refusing to take his opponent's pieces or allow his own to be taken:</p><blockquote><p><i>"Maith", or Guaire, "imrem fithchill." "Cinda gontar ind fir?", or Cummaine. "Ni anse, dias dub dam-sa im óinfer find duid-seo forsin n-óintí oc imchosnam na saigti thall." "Mo cubais, immorro," or Cummaine, ni cumgaim-se anaill; acht ni gonab-sa ni gonfa-so mo moindter-sa." Laa chaidcht do Guaire oca thetarracht ⁊ ni ruba fer dia muinter. "Segonda sein, a clerich," or Guaire.</i><small>"</small> <small>Good," says Guaire, "Let's play <i>fidchell</i>." "How are the men slain?" says Cummaine. "Not hard, a black pair of mine about one white man of yours on the same line, disputing the approach on the far side(?)" "My conscience, indeed!" said Cummaine, "I cannot do the other thing(?), but I shall not slay (your men), you will not slay my men." For a whole day Guaire was pursuing him and he could not slay one of his men. "That is champion-like, o cleric," said Guaire.</small><sup id="cite_ref-:1_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>Unlike <i>latrunculi</i> with its usual pebble-shaped counters, however, conical pieces may also have been innovated among the Insular Celts, as stone cones for gaming have been found in sites at <a href="/wiki/Shetland" title="Shetland">Shetland, Scotland</a> and <a href="/wiki/Knowth" title="Knowth">Knowth, Ireland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is also suggested by Irish legends such as the <i>Echtra Nerai</i> where fidchell pieces become lodged in a skull during a fight:</p><blockquote><p><i>Doneco Fergus seco la soduin ocus bentoi sethnu a chinn do Briccriu cona durn co lotur na cuicfir fichilli batar hind-dum Ferguso hi cenn m-Briccriunn, co m-bo buan d'olcc do.</i> <small>"On that Fergus glanced aside and struck with his fist at Bricriu's head, so that the five men of fidchell that were in his hand went into Bricriu's head, and it was a lasting hurt to him."</small><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote><p>The legends describe <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fidchell</i></span> as a game played by royalty and by gods. In legend, it was invented by <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Lugh" title="Lugh">Lugh</a></span></span>, god of light and inspiration,<sup id="cite_ref-MacAlister-1941-ITS_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacAlister-1941-ITS-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was played skilfully by his son, the hero <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/C%C3%BA_Chulainn" title="Cú Chulainn">Cú Chulainn</a></span></span>. A series of <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> games form an important episode in the story <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Tochmarc_%C3%89ta%C3%ADne" title="Tochmarc Étaíne">Tochmarc Étaíne</a></i></span>. </p><p>Lavish, sometimes mystical <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span> boards appear often in <a href="/wiki/Medieval_Welsh_literature" title="Medieval Welsh literature">medieval Welsh literature</a>. In <i><a href="/wiki/The_Dream_of_Rhonabwy" title="The Dream of Rhonabwy">The Dream of Rhonabwy</a></i>, a prose tale associated with the <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga"><a href="/wiki/Mabinogion" title="Mabinogion">Mabinogion</a></i></span>, <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and <span title="Irish-language text"><span lang="ga" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Owain_mab_Urien" title="Owain mab Urien">Owain mab Urien</a></span></span> play the game with golden men on a silver board. In another prose tale, <i><a href="/wiki/Welsh_mythology#The_Dream_of_Macsen_Wledig" title="Welsh mythology">The Dream of <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy">Macsen Wledig</span></span></a></i>, the character <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Eudaf_Hen" title="Eudaf Hen">Eudaf Hen</a></span></span> is carving men for his golden board when he is visited by the emperor <span title="Latin-language text"><span lang="la" style="font-style: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Magnus_Maximus" title="Magnus Maximus">Magnus Maximus</a></span></span>. The board of <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy"><a href="/wiki/Gwenddoleu_ap_Ceidio" title="Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio">Gwenddoleu ap Ceidio</a></i></span> is named as one of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Treasures_of_the_Island_of_Britain" title="Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain">Thirteen Treasures of the Island of Britain</a> in lists dating from the 15th and 16th centuries; according to the lists the board is gold and the men silver, and the pieces play against each other automatically. A magic <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span> comparable to <span title="Welsh-language text"><span lang="cy" style="font-style: normal;">Gwenddoleu</span></span>'s appears in the Arthurian romance <i><a href="/wiki/Peredur_son_of_Efrawg" title="Peredur son of Efrawg">Peredur son of Efrawg</a></i>; a number of French versions of the <a href="/wiki/Holy_Grail" title="Holy Grail">Holy Grail</a> story feature similar chessboards with self-moving pieces, following the <a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail#Second_Continuation" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Second Continuation</a> of <span title="Old French (842-ca. 1400)-language text"><i lang="fro"><a href="/wiki/Chr%C3%A9tien_de_Troyes" title="Chrétien de Troyes">Chrétien de Troyes</a></i></span>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Perceval,_the_Story_of_the_Grail" title="Perceval, the Story of the Grail">Perceval, the Story of the Grail</a></i>, though in these only one side moves, while the hero plays the other.<sup id="cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bromwich-2006-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/H._J._R._Murray" title="H. J. R. Murray">H. J. R. Murray</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Chess" title="A History of Chess">A History of Chess</a></i>, the ultimate fate of Fidchell is shown a margin note upon one <a href="/wiki/15th-century" class="mw-redirect" title="15th-century">15th-century</a> manuscript about the <i><a href="/wiki/Cath_Maige_Tuired" title="Cath Maige Tuired">Second Battle of Magh Tuireadh</a></i> between the <a href="/wiki/Tuatha_D%C3%A9_Danann" title="Tuatha Dé Danann">Tuatha Dé Danann</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Fomorians" title="Fomorians">Fomorians</a> in <a href="/wiki/Irish_mythology" title="Irish mythology">Irish mythology</a>. In the gloss, it is disputed whether Fidchell ("<a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">chess</a>") could have been invented during the <a href="/wiki/Trojan_War" title="Trojan War">Trojan War</a>, as both wars were traditionally believed to have taken place at roughly the same time and the Irish mythology manuscript refers to the playing of fidchell. While it is no longer possible to know whether it was introduced into <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Ireland" title="Gaelic Ireland">Gaelic Ireland</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Norse" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Norse">Hiberno-Norse</a> or the <a href="/wiki/Hiberno-Normans" class="mw-redirect" title="Hiberno-Normans">Normans</a>, by the 15th-century "Fidchell" had come to mean <a href="/wiki/Chess" title="Chess">Chess</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish language</a> and the original rules of the game had been completely forgotten.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Confusion_with_tafl">Confusion with <i>tafl</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Confusion with tafl"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the board games literature, it has often been suggested that <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> is a variant of the Welsh game <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tawlbwrdd</i></span>, itself descended from the Norse <a href="/wiki/Tafl_games" title="Tafl games"><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> games</a>. These games, along with the Irish <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">brandub</i></span>, are played on a grid, often seven squares by seven, with the king in the middle. The king has a number of defending pieces around it at the beginning of the game, and they are surrounded by twice as many attackers. The object is to make a clear path for the king to the edge of the board, while the attackers must attempt to surround, and thereby capture, the king. However, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> variants are usually played with unequal numbers of pieces, the attackers being twice as numerous as the defenders. <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">Fidchell</i></span> by contrast was played with equal numbers on both sides and there is no indication of a king piece.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:FitchnealLayout.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/f7/FitchnealLayout.png" decoding="async" width="129" height="129" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="129" data-file-height="129" /></a><figcaption>Layout for a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> game known as <i>fitchneal</i> or <i>fidchell</i>, which is not equivalent to historical <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span></figcaption></figure> <p>An artefact found in Ballinderry, <a href="/wiki/County_Westmeath" title="County Westmeath">County Westmeath</a> in 1932, known as the Ballinderry Game Board, has been suggested to represent fidchell. This is a wooden board with Celtic symbols on it, with a seven-by-seven grid, marked off by 49 holes.<sup id="cite_ref-Fithneal-HG_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fithneal-HG-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This artefact may be a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> variant, and perhaps even a <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">brandub</i></span> board; many commentators assume that it is the type of board upon which one would have played <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span>. Based on the assumption that the Ballinderry board represented fidchell, some recent tafl board reconstructions and apps have given the name of "fitchneal" to a particular 7x7 tafl arrangement (see image), which has extended the confusion.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historically, <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> games, especially <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tawlbwrdd</i></span>, were often played with a die, made of a sheep's knucklebone, and this feature seems absent in <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fidchell</i></span>. In Wales, a clear distinction is made between <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">tawlbwrdd</i></span> and <span title="Welsh-language text"><i lang="cy">gwyddbwyll</i></span>, which, if also true of Ireland, would tend to indicate a similar distinction between <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">brandub</i></span> and <span title="Irish-language text"><i lang="ga">fidchell</i></span>.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_impact">Historical impact</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Historical impact"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">Fidchell</i></span>, as described in the legends, often has a mystical or divinatory aspect to it. Battles ebb and flow as a result of the ebb and flow of a game of <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span>, games play themselves, great events are decided on the outcome of a <span title="Old Irish (to 900)-language text"><i lang="sga">fidchell</i></span> match. This supernatural aspect is not as clearly reflected in the <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> games. <sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>There is clear archaeological and textual evidence that a <span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">tafl</i></span> variant was played in Ireland in ancient times; however, this is more likely to have been the game of <i>brandub</i>, which had a king piece. Fidchell was played with equal forces, and so was not a form of tafl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tafl_games" title="Tafl games"><span title="Old Norse-language text"><i lang="non">Tafl</i></span> games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Druid_of_Colchester" title="Druid of Colchester">Druid of Colchester</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Bromwich-2006-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Bromwich-2006_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bromwich, Rachel (2006). <i>Trioedd Ynys Prydein</i> [<i>The Triads of the Island of Britain</i>] (in Welsh). University of Wales Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">262–</span>263. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708313868" title="Special:BookSources/0708313868"><bdi>0708313868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trioedd+Ynys+Prydein&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E262-%3C%2Fspan%3E263&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0708313868&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicorngarden.com/eigse/eigse02.htm">"Early Irish Board Games"</a>. <i>unicorngarden.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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New York : Hacker Art Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-211-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87817-211-5"><bdi>978-0-87817-211-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+history+of+board-games+other+than+chess&rft.pub=New+York+%3A+Hacker+Art+Books&rft.date=1978&rft.isbn=978-0-87817-211-5&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=H.+J.+R.+%28Harold+James+Ruthven%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryofboardga0000murr_p4b9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHallForsyth2011" class="citation journal cs1">Hall, Mark A.; Forsyth, Katherine (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/26532806">"Roman rules? The introduction of board games to Britain and Ireland"</a>. <i>Antiquity</i>. <b>85</b> (330): 1325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0003598X00062086">10.1017/S0003598X00062086</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0003-598X">0003-598X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162575467">162575467</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Antiquity&rft.atitle=Roman+rules%3F+The+introduction+of+board+games+to+Britain+and+Ireland&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=330&rft.pages=1325&rft.date=2011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162575467%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=0003-598X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0003598X00062086&rft.aulast=Hall&rft.aufirst=Mark+A.&rft.au=Forsyth%2C+Katherine&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F26532806&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacWhite-1948-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacWhite-1948_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacWhite1948" class="citation journal cs1">MacWhite, Eóin (1948) [(1948 used for 1945–1947)]. "Early Irish Board Games". <i>Éigse</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">25–</span>35, esp. 30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89igse&rft.atitle=Early+Irish+Board+Games&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E25-%3C%2Fspan%3E35%2C+esp.+30&rft.date=1948&rft.aulast=MacWhite&rft.aufirst=E%C3%B3in&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFO'Keeffe1911" class="citation journal cs1">O'Keeffe, J. G. (1911). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007552">"Mac Dá Cherda and Cummaine Foda"</a>. <i>Ériu</i>. <b>5</b>: <span class="nowrap">18–</span>44. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-0758">0332-0758</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007552">30007552</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%C3%89riu&rft.atitle=Mac+D%C3%A1+Cherda+and+Cummaine+Foda&rft.volume=5&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E18-%3C%2Fspan%3E44&rft.date=1911&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007552%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-0758&rft.aulast=O%27Keeffe&rft.aufirst=J.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007552&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMeyer" class="citation web cs1">Meyer, Kuno. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ucc.ie/en/media/academic/seanmeanghaeilge/cdi/texts/Meyer-Echtra-Nerai.pdf">"<i>Echtra Nerai (The Adventures of Nera)</i>"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Echtra+Nerai+%28The+Adventures+of+Nera%29&rft.aulast=Meyer&rft.aufirst=Kuno&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ucc.ie%2Fen%2Fmedia%2Facademic%2Fseanmeanghaeilge%2Fcdi%2Ftexts%2FMeyer-Echtra-Nerai.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-MacAlister-1941-ITS-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-MacAlister-1941-ITS_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMacAlister1941" class="citation book cs1">MacAlister, R.A. 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Murray</a> (1913), <i><a href="/wiki/A_History_of_Chess" title="A History of Chess">A History of Chess</a></i>, page 420, 746.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fithneal-HG-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Fithneal-HG_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html">"Fitchneal"</a>. <i>Historic Games</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Historic+Games&rft.atitle=Fitchneal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricgames.com%2FFitchneal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thehistoricgamesshop.co.uk/onlineshop/prod_7479996-Fitchneal-and-Brandubh-two-Irish-tafl-games.html">"Fitchneal and Brandubh – The Historic Games Shop"</a>. <i>TheHistoricGamesShop</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=TheHistoricGamesShop&rft.atitle=Fitchneal+and+Brandubh+%E2%80%93+The+Historic+Games+Shop&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thehistoricgamesshop.co.uk%2Fonlineshop%2Fprod_7479996-Fitchneal-and-Brandubh-two-Irish-tafl-games.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html">"Ballinderry Game Board"</a>. <i>historicgames.com</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 January</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=unicorngarden.com&rft.atitle=Early+Irish+Board+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicorngarden.com%2Feigse%2Feigse01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBayless2005" class="citation book cs1">Bayless, Martha (2005). "Alea, Tæfl, and related games: Vocabulary and context". In O'Keeffe, Katherine O'Brien; Orchard, Andy (eds.). <i>Latin Learning and English Lore</i>. Scholarly Publishing Division. Vol. II. University of Toronto Press. pp. <span class="nowrap">9–</span>27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0802089194" title="Special:BookSources/0802089194"><bdi>0802089194</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Alea%2C+T%C3%A6fl%2C+and+related+games%3A+Vocabulary+and+context&rft.btitle=Latin+Learning+and+English+Lore&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E9-%3C%2Fspan%3E27&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0802089194&rft.aulast=Bayless&rft.aufirst=Martha&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBromwich2006" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Bromwich, Rachel (2006). <i>Trioedd Ynys Prydein</i> [<i>The Triads of the Island of Britain</i>] (in Welsh). University of Wales Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0708313868" title="Special:BookSources/0708313868"><bdi>0708313868</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Trioedd+Ynys+Prydein&rft.pub=University+of+Wales+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=0708313868&rft.aulast=Bromwich&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFNugent2010" class="citation book cs1">Nugent, Brian (2010). <i>The Irish Invented Chess</i>. Lulu.com. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0955681264" title="Special:BookSources/978-0955681264"><bdi>978-0955681264</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Irish+Invented+Chess&rft.pub=Lulu.com&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-0955681264&rft.aulast=Nugent&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1"><i>Early Irish Myths and Sagas</i>. Translated by Gantz, Jeffrey (reprint ed.). Marboro Books. 1986. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0880290382" title="Special:BookSources/0880290382"><bdi>0880290382</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Irish+Myths+and+Sagas&rft.edition=reprint&rft.pub=Marboro+Books&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0880290382&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPennick1989" class="citation book cs1">Pennick, Nigel (1989). <i>Secret Games of the Gods: Ancient ritual systems in board games</i>. S. Weiser.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Secret+Games+of+the+Gods%3A+Ancient+ritual+systems+in+board+games&rft.pub=S.+Weiser&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Pennick&rft.aufirst=Nigel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFReesRees1961" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Alwyn_D._Rees" title="Alwyn D. Rees">Rees, Alwyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/B._R._Rees" title="B. R. Rees">Rees, Brinley</a> (1961). <i>Celtic Heritage</i>. UK: Thames and Hudson.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Celtic+Heritage&rft.place=UK&rft.pub=Thames+and+Hudson&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=Alwyn&rft.au=Rees%2C+Brinley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTolstoy1985" class="citation book cs1">Tolstoy, Nikolai (1985). <i>The Quest for Merlin</i>. Little, Brown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0316850667" title="Special:BookSources/0316850667"><bdi>0316850667</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Quest+for+Merlin&rft.pub=Little%2C+Brown&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=0316850667&rft.aulast=Tolstoy&rft.aufirst=Nikolai&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060115204223/http://elisaid.antir.com/games/fidchell.htm">"Irish Fidchell"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://elisaid.antir.com/games/fidchell.htm">the original</a> on 15 January 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Irish+Fidchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Felisaid.antir.com%2Fgames%2Ffidchell.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicorngarden.com/fidchell/origins.htm">"Origins"</a>. <i>UnicornGarden</i>. Fidchell.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UnicornGarden&rft.atitle=Origins&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicorngarden.com%2Ffidchell%2Forigins.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.historicgames.com/learnmore/fid.html">"Learn more about Fidchell"</a>. <i>HistoricGames</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=HistoricGames&rft.atitle=Learn+more+about+Fidchell&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.historicgames.com%2Flearnmore%2Ffid.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://castalidesinteractive.com/fidchell/">"Play Fidchell"</a>. <i>CastalidesInteractive</i>. 10 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CastalidesInteractive&rft.atitle=Play+Fidchell&rft.date=2013-10-10&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcastalidesinteractive.com%2Ffidchell%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051104072104/http://www.seekermagazine.com/v0499/tongues.html">"Tongues"</a>. <i>Seeker (magazine)</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.seekermagazine.com/v0499/tongues.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Seeker+%28magazine%29&rft.atitle=Tongues&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.seekermagazine.com%2Fv0499%2Ftongues.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rules_and_boards">Rules and boards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Rules and boards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.boardgamegeek.com/boardgame/2932">Fidchell</a> at <a href="/wiki/BoardGameGeek" title="BoardGameGeek">BoardGameGeek</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.knauer.org/mike/sca/classes/fitchneal.html">"Fitchneal"</a>. <i>Shire of Hartshorn-dale</i>. Games. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160404155902/http://www.knauer.org/mike/sca/classes/fitchneal.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 April 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shire+of+Hartshorn-dale&rft.atitle=Fitchneal&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.knauer.org%2Fmike%2Fsca%2Fclasses%2Ffitchneal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – a very clear set of Fitchneal rules.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090822041058/http://historicgames.com/RPgames.html#Fidchell">"cloth Fidchell board based on the Ballinderry game board"</a>. <i>MacGregor Historic Games</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicgames.com/RPgames.html#Fidchell">the original</a> on 22 August 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=MacGregor+Historic+Games&rft.atitle=cloth+Fidchell+board+based+on+the+Ballinderry+game+board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricgames.com%2FRPgames.html%23Fidchell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://historicgames.com/Fitchneal.html">"The Ballinderry game board"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Ballinderry+game+board&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhistoricgames.com%2FFitchneal.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – suggested by some scholars to be a Fidchell game.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.unicorngarden.com/eigse/eigse01.htm">"Early Irish Board Games"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Early+Irish+Board+Games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.unicorngarden.com%2Feigse%2Feigse01.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – information about Fitchneal and other ancient Irish games.</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111015155912/http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~leif/games/Hnefetafl/index.html">"Hnefatafl – a Norse game"</a>. Java applets for various Tafl games. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://alumnus.caltech.edu/~leif/games/Hnefetafl/index.html">the original</a> on 15 October 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hnefatafl+%E2%80%93+a+Norse+game&rft.series=Java+applets+for+various+Tafl+games&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Falumnus.caltech.edu%2F~leif%2Fgames%2FHnefetafl%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – includes a Fitchneal game, although it uses a different board layout</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_versions">Computer versions</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fidchell&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Computer versions"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.pjsattic.com/?page_id=6">"Fitchneal 2002"</a>. <i>PJ's Attic</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=PJ%27s+Attic&rft.atitle=Fitchneal+2002&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.pjsattic.com%2F%3Fpage_id%3D6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – a Macromedia Shockwave version</li></ul> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://milescooley.com/mc/widgets/">"Fitchneal widget"</a>. <i>Miles Cooley's widgets</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Miles+Cooley%27s+widgets&rft.atitle=Fitchneal+widget&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fmilescooley.com%2Fmc%2Fwidgets%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFidchell" class="Z3988"></span> – a Fitchneal widget for the Mac OS‑X dashboard</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://auth.wikimedia.org/loginwiki/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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