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</header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sommaire" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sommaire</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">déplacer vers la barre latérale</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">masquer</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Début</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Événements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Événements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Événements</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Événements-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Événements</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Événements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Afrique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Afrique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Afrique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Afrique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Amérique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Amérique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Amérique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Amérique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asie_et_Pacifique"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Asie et Pacifique</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Asie_et_Pacifique-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personnages_significatifs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personnages_significatifs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Personnages significatifs</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Personnages significatifs</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Personnages_significatifs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Chefs_politiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chefs_politiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Chefs politiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chefs_politiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religieux" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religieux"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Religieux</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religieux-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Navigateur" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Navigateur"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Navigateur</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Navigateur-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Scientifiques" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Scientifiques"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Scientifiques</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Scientifiques-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophes_et_théologiens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophes_et_théologiens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Philosophes et théologiens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophes_et_théologiens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Écrivains" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Écrivains"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Écrivains</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Écrivains-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes_et_références" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes_et_références"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Notes et références</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes_et_références-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Voir_aussi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Voir_aussi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Voir aussi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Afficher / masquer la sous-section Voir aussi</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Voir_aussi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Articles_connexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Articles_connexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Articles connexes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Articles_connexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liens_externes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liens_externes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Liens externes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liens_externes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sommaire" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Basculer la table des matières" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Basculer la table des matières</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Aller à un article dans une autre langue. Disponible en 134 langues." > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-134" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">134 langues</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/10de_eeu" title="10de eeu – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="10de eeu" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Jahrhundert" title="10. Jahrhundert – alémanique" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="10. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="alémanique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E1%8A%9B%E1%8B%8D_%E1%88%9D%E1%8B%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8B%93%E1%88%98%E1%89%B5" title="10ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት – amharique" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="10ኛው ምዕተ ዓመት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglo_X" title="Sieglo X – aragonais" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Sieglo X" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._g%C4%93arhundred" title="10. gēarhundred – ancien anglais" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="10. gēarhundred" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="ancien anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_10" title="القرن 10 – arabe" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="القرن 10" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="القرن العاشر – arabe égyptien" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="القرن العاشر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="arabe égyptien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sieglu_X" title="Sieglu X – asturien" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Sieglu X" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B3%D3%80%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%80%D1%83" title="X гӀасру – avar" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="X гӀасру" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="avar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-eafa_decemda" title="10-eafa decemda – kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="10-eafa decemda" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%C9%99sr" title="X əsr – azerbaïdjanais" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="X əsr" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaïdjanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%B1%DB%B0._%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84" title="۱۰. یوز ایل – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="۱۰. یوز ایل" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B1%D1%8B%D1%83%D0%B0%D1%82" title="X быуат – bachkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="X быуат" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="bachkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-10" title="Abad ka-10 – balinais" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Abad ka-10" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="balinais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_om%C5%BEios" title="X omžios – samogitien" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="X omžios" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="samogitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="X стагоддзе – biélorusse" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="X стагоддзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="biélorusse" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B7%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B7%D0%B5" title="X стагодзьдзе – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="X стагодзьдзе" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="10 век – bulgare" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="10 век" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgare" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xvet_kantved" title="Xvet kantved – breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Xvet kantved" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._vijek" title="10. vijek – bosniaque" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="10. vijek" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Segle_X" title="Segle X – catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Segle X" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_si%C3%A9-g%C4%AB" title="10 sié-gī – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="10 sié-gī" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B1%D3%80%D0%B5%D1%88%D0%BE" title="X бӀешо – tchétchène" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="X бӀешо" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="tchétchène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%DB%95%D8%AF%DB%95%DB%8C_%D9%A1%D9%A0" title="سەدەی ١٠ – sorani" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="سەدەی ١٠" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="sorani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._stolet%C3%AD" title="10. století – tchèque" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="10. století" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tchèque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%C4%95%D0%BC%C4%95%D1%80" title="X ĕмĕр – tchouvache" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="X ĕмĕр" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="tchouvache" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/10fed_ganrif" title="10fed ganrif – gallois" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="10fed ganrif" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gallois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%A5rhundrede" title="10. århundrede – danois" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="10. århundrede" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Jahrhundert" title="10. Jahrhundert – allemand" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="10. Jahrhundert" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seserra_10ine" title="Seserra 10ine – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Seserra 10ine" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%B1%CE%B9%CF%8E%CE%BD%CE%B1%CF%82" title="10ος αιώνας – grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="10ος αιώνας" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_s%C3%A9col" title="X sécol – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="X sécol" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century – anglais" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="10th century" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-a_jarcento" title="10-a jarcento – espéranto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="10-a jarcento" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="espéranto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siglo_X" title="Siglo X – espagnol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Siglo X" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espagnol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._sajand" title="10. sajand – estonien" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="10. sajand" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._mendea" title="X. mendea – basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="X. mendea" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sigru_X" title="Sigru X – estrémègne" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Sigru X" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="estrémègne" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%AF%D9%87%D9%85_%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="سده دهم میلادی – persan" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="سده دهم میلادی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/900-luku" title="900-luku – finnois" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="900-luku" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finnois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._aastagasada" title="10. aastagasada – võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="10. aastagasada" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%B8ld" title="10. øld – féroïen" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="10. øld" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="féroïen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._juarhunert" title="10. juarhunert – frison septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="10. juarhunert" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frison septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_iuw" title="10e iuw – frison occidental" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="10e iuw" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="frison occidental" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%C3%BA_haois" title="10ú haois – irlandais" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="10ú haois" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="10世紀 – gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="10世紀" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/10mh_Linn" title="10mh Linn – gaélique écossais" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="10mh Linn" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaélique écossais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_X" title="Século X – galicien" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Século X" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/10oo_eash" title="10oo eash – mannois" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="10oo eash" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="mannois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%94_%D7%94-10" title="המאה ה-10 – hébreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המאה ה-10" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hébreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%82_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%80" title="१०वीं शताब्दी – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="१०वीं शताब्दी" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._stolje%C4%87e" title="10. stoljeće – croate" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="10. stoljeće" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._sz%C3%A1zad" title="10. század – hongrois" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="10. század" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongrois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-%D6%80%D5%A4_%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80" title="10-րդ դար – arménien" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="10-րդ դար" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="arménien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seculo_10" title="Seculo 10 – interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Seculo 10" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-10" title="Abad ke-10 – indonésien" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Abad ke-10" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonésien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/10ma_yarcento" title="10ma yarcento – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="10ma yarcento" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%B6ldin" title="10. öldin – islandais" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="10. öldin" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_secolo" title="X secolo – italien" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="X secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="10世紀 – japonais" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="10世紀" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ping_10" title="Abad ping 10 – javanais" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Abad ping 10" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%E1%83%A1%E1%83%90%E1%83%A3%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94" title="X საუკუნე – géorgien" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="X საუკუნე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="géorgien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D2%93%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="X ғасыр – kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="X ғасыр" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%EC%84%B8%EA%B8%B0" title="10세기 – coréen" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="10세기" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coréen" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sedsala_10an" title="Sedsala 10an – kurde" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Sedsala 10an" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurde" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/10ves_kansbledhen" title="10ves kansbledhen – cornique" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="10ves kansbledhen" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="cornique" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saeculum_10" title="Saeculum 10 – latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Saeculum 10" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Joerhonnert" title="10. Joerhonnert – luxembourgeois" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="10. Joerhonnert" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxembourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%88_%D0%B9%D0%B8%D1%81" title="X виш йис – lezghien" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="X виш йис" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="lezghien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sentenio_10" title="Sentenio 10 – lingua franca nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Sentenio 10" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="lingua franca nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiende_iew" title="Tiende iew – limbourgeois" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Tiende iew" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limbourgeois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_secolo" title="X secolo – ligure" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="X secolo" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="ligure" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9cul_X" title="Sécul X – lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Sécul X" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_am%C5%BEius" title="X amžius – lituanien" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="X amžius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituanien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._gadsimts" title="10. gadsimts – letton" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="10. gadsimts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_kaping-10" title="Abad kaping-10 – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Abad kaping-10" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%80%D1%8B%D0%BC" title="X курым – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="X курым" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rautau_10" title="Rautau 10 – maori" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Rautau 10" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maori" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="10 век – macédonien" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="10 век" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macédonien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%87.%E0%A4%B8.%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%87_%E0%A5%A7%E0%A5%A6_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A5%87_%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%95" title="इ.स.चे १० वे शतक – marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="इ.स.चे १० वे शतक" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ke-10" title="Abad ke-10 – malais" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Abad ke-10" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%81%E1%81%80_%E1%80%9B%E1%80%AC%E1%80%85%E1%80%AF%E1%80%94%E1%80%BE%E1%80%85%E1%80%BA" title="၁၀ ရာစုနှစ် – birman" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="၁၀ ရာစုနှစ်" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%BF%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B5" title="X пинге – erzya" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="X пинге" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Macuilpohualxihuitl_X" title="Macuilpohualxihuitl X – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Macuilpohualxihuitl X" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nap mw-list-item"><a href="https://nap.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_seculo" title="X seculo – napolitain" lang="nap" hreflang="nap" data-title="X seculo" data-language-autonym="Napulitano" data-language-local-name="napolitain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Napulitano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Johrhunnert" title="10. Johrhunnert – bas-allemand" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="10. Johrhunnert" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="bas-allemand" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_eeuw" title="10e eeuw – bas-saxon néerlandais" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="10e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="bas-saxon néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10e_eeuw" title="10e eeuw – néerlandais" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="10e eeuw" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="néerlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/900-talet" title="900-talet – norvégien nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="900-talet" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvégien nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%C3%A5rhundre" title="10. århundre – norvégien bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="10. århundre" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvégien bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Xe_s." title="Xe s. – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Xe s." data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ngwagakgolo_10" title="Ngwagakgolo 10 – sotho du Nord" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Ngwagakgolo 10" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="sotho du Nord" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A8gle_X" title="Sègle X – occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Sègle X" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_wiek" title="X wiek – polonais" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="X wiek" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%D9%8A%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دسويں صدی – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دسويں صدی" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%A9culo_X" title="Século X – portugais" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Século X" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%C3%B1iqin_pachakwata" title="10 ñiqin pachakwata – quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="10 ñiqin pachakwata" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Secolul_al_X-lea" title="Secolul al X-lea – roumain" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Secolul al X-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="roumain" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="X век – russe" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="X век" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="russe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/X._%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%87%D0%B0" title="X. стороча – ruthène" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="X. стороча" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="ruthène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%8D" title="X үйэ – iakoute" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="X үйэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="iakoute" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_s%C3%A8culu" title="X sèculu – sicilien" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="X sèculu" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicilien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._vijek" title="10. vijek – serbo-croate" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="10. vijek" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbo-croate" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%95%E1%80%AE%E1%82%81%E1%80%B0%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%95%E1%81%A2%E1%81%B5%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87_10" title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 10 – shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ပီႁူဝ်ပၢၵ်ႇ 10" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_%E0%B7%80%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%83" title="10 වන සියවස – cingalais" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="10 වන සියවස" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="cingalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/10th_century" title="10th century – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="10th century" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._storo%C4%8Die" title="10. storočie – slovaque" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="10. storočie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovaque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._stoletje" title="10. stoletje – slovène" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="10. stoletje" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shekulli_X" title="Shekulli X – albanais" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Shekulli X" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BA" title="10. век – serbe" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="10. век" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbe" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._Jierhunnert" title="10. Jierhunnert – saterlandais" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="10. Jierhunnert" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="saterlandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abad_ka-10" title="Abad ka-10 – soundanais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Abad ka-10" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="soundanais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/900-talet" title="900-talet – suédois" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="900-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suédois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karne_ya_10" title="Karne ya 10 – swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Karne ya 10" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-%E0%AE%86%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%B1%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A3%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="10-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு – tamoul" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="10-ஆம் நூற்றாண்டு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamoul" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B0%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_X" title="Садаи X – tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Садаи X" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A9%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_10" title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10 – thaï" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="คริสต์ศตวรรษที่ 10" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thaï" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/10-njy_asyr" title="10-njy asyr – turkmène" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="10-njy asyr" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmène" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-10_dantaon" title="Ika-10 dantaon – tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Ika-10 dantaon" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/10._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l" title="10. yüzyıl – turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="10. yüzyıl" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D0%B3%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="X гасыр – tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="X гасыр" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%96%D1%82%D1%82%D1%8F" title="X століття – ukrainien" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="X століття" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukrainien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C" title="دسویں صدی – ourdou" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دسویں صدی" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="ourdou" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_asr" title="X asr – ouzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="X asr" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="ouzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_secolo" title="X secolo – vénitien" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="X secolo" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="vénitien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_10" title="Thế kỷ 10 – vietnamien" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thế kỷ 10" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/10inme_sieke" title="10inme sieke – wallon" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="10inme sieke" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="wallon" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ika-10_nga_gatostuig" title="Ika-10 nga gatostuig – waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Ika-10 nga gatostuig" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="10世纪 – wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="10世纪" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/X_%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A8%E1%83%AC%E1%83%90%E1%83%9C%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A0%E1%83%90" title="X ოშწანურა – mingrélien" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="X ოშწანურა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="mingrélien" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%D7%98%D7%A2%D7%A8_%D7%99%22%D7%94" title="10טער י"ה – yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="10טער י"ה" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA" title="10世纪 – chinois" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="10世纪" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chinois" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/10_s%C3%A8-k%C3%AD" title="10 sè-kí – minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="10 sè-kí" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/10%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80" title="10世紀 – cantonais" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fr" dir="ltr"><p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <table class="toc" align="right" style="margin:4px;"> <tbody><tr align="center"> <td><small>Millénaires :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire_av._J.-C." title="Ier millénaire av. J.-C."><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire <abbr class="abbr nowrap" title="avant Jésus-Christ">av. J.-C.</abbr></a> • <b><a href="/wiki/Ier_mill%C3%A9naire" title="Ier millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="1ᵉʳ millénaire">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> millénaire</a></b> • <a href="/wiki/IIe_mill%C3%A9naire" title="IIe millénaire"><abbr class="abbr" title="2ᵉ millénaire">II<sup>e</sup></abbr> millénaire</a><br /> </p> <hr /> <p><small>Siècles :</small><br /> <a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> • <a href="/wiki/XIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="XIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="11ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a><br /> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Décennies :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_900" title="Années 900">900</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_910" title="Années 910">910</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_920" title="Années 920">920</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_930" title="Années 930">930</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_940" title="Années 940">940</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_950" title="Années 950">950</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_960" title="Années 960">960</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_970" title="Années 970">970</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_980" title="Années 980">980</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_990" title="Années 990">990</a> </p> <hr /> </td></tr> <tr align="center"> <td><small>Années :</small><br /> <p><a href="/wiki/901" title="901">901</a> • <a href="/wiki/902" title="902">902</a> • <a href="/wiki/903" title="903">903</a> • <a href="/wiki/904" title="904">904</a> • <a href="/wiki/905" title="905">905</a><br /><a href="/wiki/906" title="906">906</a> • <a href="/wiki/907" title="907">907</a> • <a href="/wiki/908" title="908">908</a> • <a href="/wiki/909" title="909">909</a> • <a href="/wiki/910" title="910">910</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/911" title="911">911</a> • <a href="/wiki/912" title="912">912</a> • <a href="/wiki/913" title="913">913</a> • <a href="/wiki/914" title="914">914</a> • <a href="/wiki/915" title="915">915</a><br /><a href="/wiki/916" title="916">916</a> • <a href="/wiki/917" title="917">917</a> • <a href="/wiki/918" title="918">918</a> • <a href="/wiki/919" title="919">919</a> • <a href="/wiki/920" title="920">920</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/921" title="921">921</a> • <a href="/wiki/922" title="922">922</a> • <a href="/wiki/923" title="923">923</a> • <a href="/wiki/924" title="924">924</a> • <a href="/wiki/925" title="925">925</a><br /><a href="/wiki/926" title="926">926</a> • <a href="/wiki/927" title="927">927</a> • <a href="/wiki/928" title="928">928</a> • <a href="/wiki/929" title="929">929</a> • <a href="/wiki/930" title="930">930</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/931" title="931">931</a> • <a href="/wiki/932" title="932">932</a> • <a href="/wiki/933" title="933">933</a> • <a href="/wiki/934" title="934">934</a> • <a href="/wiki/935" title="935">935</a><br /><a href="/wiki/936" title="936">936</a> • <a href="/wiki/937" title="937">937</a> • <a href="/wiki/938" title="938">938</a> • <a href="/wiki/939" title="939">939</a> • <a href="/wiki/940" title="940">940</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/941" title="941">941</a> • <a href="/wiki/942" title="942">942</a> • <a href="/wiki/943" title="943">943</a> • <a href="/wiki/944" title="944">944</a> • <a href="/wiki/945" title="945">945</a><br /><a href="/wiki/946" title="946">946</a> • <a href="/wiki/947" title="947">947</a> • <a href="/wiki/948" title="948">948</a> • <a href="/wiki/949" title="949">949</a> • <a href="/wiki/950" title="950">950</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/951" title="951">951</a> • <a href="/wiki/952" title="952">952</a> • <a href="/wiki/953" title="953">953</a> • <a href="/wiki/954" title="954">954</a> • <a href="/wiki/955" title="955">955</a><br /><a href="/wiki/956" title="956">956</a> • <a href="/wiki/957" title="957">957</a> • <a href="/wiki/958" title="958">958</a> • <a href="/wiki/959" title="959">959</a> • <a href="/wiki/960" title="960">960</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/961" title="961">961</a> • <a href="/wiki/962" title="962">962</a> • <a href="/wiki/963" title="963">963</a> • <a href="/wiki/964" title="964">964</a> • <a href="/wiki/965" title="965">965</a><br /><a href="/wiki/966" title="966">966</a> • <a href="/wiki/967" title="967">967</a> • <a href="/wiki/968" title="968">968</a> • <a href="/wiki/969" title="969">969</a> • <a href="/wiki/970" title="970">970</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/971" title="971">971</a> • <a href="/wiki/972" title="972">972</a> • <a href="/wiki/973" title="973">973</a> • <a href="/wiki/974" title="974">974</a> • <a href="/wiki/975" title="975">975</a><br /><a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a> • <a href="/wiki/977" title="977">977</a> • <a href="/wiki/978" title="978">978</a> • <a href="/wiki/979" title="979">979</a> • <a href="/wiki/980" title="980">980</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/981" title="981">981</a> • <a href="/wiki/982" title="982">982</a> • <a href="/wiki/983" title="983">983</a> • <a href="/wiki/984" title="984">984</a> • <a href="/wiki/985" title="985">985</a><br /><a href="/wiki/986" title="986">986</a> • <a href="/wiki/987" title="987">987</a> • <a href="/wiki/988" title="988">988</a> • <a href="/wiki/989" title="989">989</a> • <a href="/wiki/990" title="990">990</a><br /><br /> <a href="/wiki/991" title="991">991</a> • <a href="/wiki/992" title="992">992</a> • <a href="/wiki/993" title="993">993</a> • <a href="/wiki/994" title="994">994</a> • <a href="/wiki/995" title="995">995</a><br /><a href="/wiki/996" title="996">996</a> • <a href="/wiki/997" title="997">997</a> • <a href="/wiki/998" title="998">998</a> • <a href="/wiki/999" title="999">999</a> • <a href="/wiki/1000" title="1000">1000</a> </p> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Voir aussi : <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_si%C3%A8cles" title="Liste des siècles">Liste des siècles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Num%C3%A9ration_romaine" title="Numération romaine">Chiffres romain</a> </p><p>Le <b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> (ou <b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">10</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b>) commence le <time class="nowrap" datetime="0901-01-06" data-sort-value="0901-01-06"><abbr class="abbr" title="premier">1<sup>er</sup></abbr> janvier 901</time> et finit le <time class="nowrap" datetime="1001-01-06" data-sort-value="1001-01-06">31 décembre 1000</time>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Événements"><span id=".C3.89v.C3.A9nements"></span>Événements</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifier la section : Événements" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Événements"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Afrique">Afrique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifier la section : Afrique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Afrique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle-<abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : des marchands arabes s’établissent sur la côte est de l’Afrique (<a href="/wiki/Manda_(ville)" title="Manda (ville)">Manda</a> et <a href="/wiki/District_de_Kilwa" title="District de Kilwa">Kiloa</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>1<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Manda, alors la plus prospère des cités commerciales, exporte du bois de <a href="/wiki/Mangrove" title="Mangrove">mangrove</a>, du fer et de l’ivoire en échange de céramique fine et d’autres objets de luxe.</li> <li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : fondation d’<a href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ife</a>, capitale religieuse des <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_(peuple)" title="Yoruba (peuple)">Yoruba</a> et des <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27Edo" title="État d'Edo">Edo</a>, par le chef <a href="/wiki/Oduduwa" title="Oduduwa">Oduduwa</a>, <i>alafin</i> d’<a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Oyo" title="Royaume d'Oyo">Oyo</a>, père des sept rois qui se partageront le pays <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_(peuple)" title="Yoruba (peuple)">yoruba</a> après sa mort<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>2<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Le chef religieux (<i>oni</i>) qui réside à <a href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ife</a> couronne le souverain (l’<i>alafin</i>) qui réside à <a href="/wiki/Oyo_(Nigeria)" title="Oyo (Nigeria)">Oyo</a>, la capitale politique<sup id="cite_ref-Deschamps_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deschamps-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Les royaumes <a href="/wiki/Yoruba_(peuple)" title="Yoruba (peuple)">Yorubas</a> sont créés sous l’impulsion d’émigrants venus du nord, vraisemblablement de la région de <a href="/wiki/Nok_(culture)" title="Nok (culture)">Nok</a>, dès le <a href="/wiki/VIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="6ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> (<a href="/wiki/B%C3%A9nin" title="Bénin">Bénin</a> et sud-ouest du <a href="/wiki/Nigeria" title="Nigeria">Nigeria</a> actuel). Les élites indigènes, apparues dès le <a href="/wiki/VIIIe_si%C3%A8cle" title="VIIIe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="8ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">VIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> dans les centres d’<a href="/wiki/Ife" title="Ife">Ife</a> et d’<a href="/wiki/Igbo-Ukwu" title="Igbo-Ukwu">Igbo-Ukwu</a>, contrôlent l’exploitation des ressources forestières et trafiquent avec les intermédiaires africains du <a href="/wiki/Sahel" title="Sahel">Sahel</a> et des <a href="/wiki/Savane" title="Savane">savanes</a>. La demande accrue de produits de prestige par ces élites entraîne la spécialisation des artisans et le développement de nouvelles techniques. La méthode de moulage à la cire perdue, pour le bronze et pour le cuivre, arrive du nord avec le cuivre du <a href="/wiki/Sahara" title="Sahara">Sahara</a>.</li> <li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle-<abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : <a href="/wiki/Islamisation" title="Islamisation">islamisés</a> par des familles originaires du sud de l’<a href="/wiki/Arabie" title="Arabie">Arabie</a> aux <abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> et <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles, les <a href="/wiki/Somalis" title="Somalis">Somalis</a> se répandent vers le sud dans leur habitat actuel à partir du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle<sup id="cite_ref-Fasi_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasi-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Ils sont divisés en <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_clans_somalis" title="Liste de clans somalis">plusieurs tribus</a> : les <a href="/wiki/Issas" title="Issas">Issa</a> dans la région de <a href="/wiki/Djibouti" title="Djibouti">Djibouti</a>, les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dir_(clan)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dir (clan) (page inexistante)">Dir</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dir_(clan)" class="extiw" title="en:Dir (clan)"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Dir (clan) »">(en)</span></a> au nord de <a href="/wiki/Harar" title="Harar">Harar</a> en <a href="/wiki/%C3%89thiopie" title="Éthiopie">Éthiopie</a>, les <a href="/wiki/Isaaq" title="Isaaq">Ishak</a> dans l’ancien <a href="/wiki/Somaliland" title="Somaliland">Somaliland</a> britannique, les <a href="/wiki/Darod" title="Darod">Darod</a> dans l’<a href="/wiki/Ogaden" title="Ogaden">Ogaden</a> éthiopien, dans l’est du <a href="/wiki/Kenya" title="Kenya">Kenya</a> et au centre de la <a href="/wiki/Somalie" title="Somalie">Somalie</a> actuelle, les <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hawiye&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hawiye (page inexistante)">Haouiya</a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hawiye" class="extiw" title="en:Hawiye"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Hawiye »">(en)</span></a>, les Dighil et les <a href="/wiki/Rahanweyn" title="Rahanweyn">Rahanouen</a> entre la frontière kényane et l’<a href="/wiki/Oued" title="Oued">oued</a> <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A9b%C3%A9li" title="Chébéli">Chébéli</a><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>5<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 900-1200</b> : abondance des objets de cuivre dans les tombes de la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_de_Kamalondo" title="Dépression de Kamalondo">dépression de l’Upemba</a>, à l’est du <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9publique_d%C3%A9mocratique_du_Congo" title="République démocratique du Congo">Congo</a>, au Kisalien classique<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>6<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup> (sites de Kamilamba et Kikulu au bord du lac Kabamba, Malemba-Nkulu sur la rive droite du <a href="/wiki/Congo_(fleuve)" title="Congo (fleuve)">Lualaba</a>, Sanga et Katongo, sur les rives du <a href="/wiki/Lac_Kisale" title="Lac Kisale">lac Kisale</a> et Katoto). La nécropole de Sanga, près de <a href="/wiki/Bukama" title="Bukama">Bukama</a>, montre la différenciation du corps social. Avant 1300, les tombes contiennent de la céramique et des objets de métal, dont des bijoux de cuivre, extrait 300 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre">km</abbr> au Sud, à <a href="/wiki/Mine_de_Kansanshi" title="Mine de Kansanshi">Kansanshi</a> et <a href="/wiki/Kipushi" title="Kipushi">Kipushi</a>. Plus tard, elles comportent aussi des marchandises importées ; cauris, perles de verre, céramiques fines, lingots de cuivre cruciformes (croisettes) et gongs de fer<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>7<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <ul><li><b>909-1171</b> : <a href="/wiki/Fatimides" title="Fatimides">califat fatimide</a> en <a href="/wiki/Ifriqiya" title="Ifriqiya">Ifriqiya</a>, puis en <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_fatimide_de_l%27%C3%89gypte" title="Période fatimide de l'Égypte">Égypte</a> à partir de <a href="/wiki/969" title="969">969</a><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>8<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>916-917</b> : le <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ographe" title="Géographe">géographe</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabes" title="Arabes">arabe</a> <a href="/wiki/Al-Mas%27%C3%BBd%C3%AE" title="Al-Mas'ûdî">Al-Mas'ûdî</a> visite l'<a href="/wiki/Afrique_de_l%27Est" title="Afrique de l'Est">Afrique de l'Est</a> pour la seconde fois<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>9<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il mentionne la ville de <a href="/wiki/Sofala_(ville_ancienne)" title="Sofala (ville ancienne)">Sofala</a>, qualifié de « pays de l'or », installée par les Arabes au sud du <a href="/wiki/Zamb%C3%A8ze" title="Zambèze">Zambèze</a> deux siècles plus tôt et en lutte contre les <a href="/wiki/Waq-Waq" title="Waq-Waq">Waq-Waq</a>, installés à l’embouchure du <a href="/wiki/Limpopo_(fleuve)" title="Limpopo (fleuve)">Limpopo</a><sup id="cite_ref-Deschamps_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Deschamps-3"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>3<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>945-946</b> : attaque de Ḳambalû (<a href="/wiki/Pemba_(%C3%AEle)" title="Pemba (île)">Pemba</a>) sur la côte des <a href="/wiki/Zanguebar" title="Zanguebar">Zanj</a> par les « <a href="/wiki/Waq-Waq" title="Waq-Waq">Waq-Waq</a> ». Les sources arabes désignent sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Waq-Waq" title="Waq-Waq">Waq-Waq</a> les régions du sud-ouest de <a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9an_Indien" title="Océan Indien">l'océan Indien</a> (<a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a> et la côte africaine au sud de <a href="/wiki/Sofala_(ville_ancienne)" title="Sofala (ville ancienne)">Sofala</a>) comme les <a href="/wiki/Histoire_de_l%27Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Histoire de l'Indonésie">îles d'Asie du Sud-Est</a> (<a href="/wiki/Indon%C3%A9sie" title="Indonésie">Indonésie</a> actuelle)<sup id="cite_ref-Fasi_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasi-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 979-980</b> : disparition du <a href="/wiki/Royaume_d%27Aksoum" title="Royaume d'Aksoum">royaume d'Aksoum</a><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>10<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle-<abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : nouvelle immigration indonésienne à <a href="/wiki/Madagascar" title="Madagascar">Madagascar</a><sup id="cite_ref-Fasi_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fasi-4"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>4<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Amérique"><span id="Am.C3.A9rique"></span>Amérique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifier la section : Amérique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Amérique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>900-1100</b> : deuxième <a href="/wiki/Pueblos" title="Pueblos">période Pueblo</a> en <a href="/wiki/Am%C3%A9rique_du_Nord" title="Amérique du Nord">Amérique du Nord</a><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>11<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 900-1000</b> : fin de la période horizon moyen au <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a> ; les empires des <a href="/wiki/Cit%C3%A9-%C3%89tat" title="Cité-État">cités-État</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tiwanaku" title="Tiwanaku">Tiwanaku</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Huari" class="mw-redirect" title="Huari">Huari</a> se morcellent en une mosaïque de petits <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État">États</a><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>12<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 900-1470</b> : la côte nord du <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9rou" title="Pérou">Pérou</a> est dominée sur plus de 1 600 kilomètres par l’État de <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú">Chimú</a>, avec <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> pour capitale, qui compte une population estimée à 40 000 habitants à son apogée. Les divers ensembles de bâtiments de <a href="/wiki/Chan_Chan" title="Chan Chan">Chan Chan</a> (<i>ciudadelas</i>) sont entourés de murs de <a href="/wiki/Adobe_(brique)" title="Adobe (brique)">briques crues</a> de 12 <abbr class="abbr" title="mètre">m</abbr> de haut et isolent les rois de <a href="/wiki/Chim%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Chimú">Chimú</a> du reste de la cité, qui s’étend sur plus de 20 <abbr class="abbr" title="kilomètre carré">km<sup>2</sup></abbr><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>13<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. À la mort du roi, sa <i>ciudadela</i> est scellée comme un <a href="/wiki/Mausol%C3%A9e" title="Mausolée">mausolée</a> funéraire, et son successeur en construit une autre.</li> <li><b>900-<a href="/wiki/1540" title="1540">1540</a></b> : <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9soam%C3%A9rique#Époque_postclassique" title="Mésoamérique">période postclassique</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>14<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Disparition des <a href="/wiki/Civilisation_pr%C3%A9colombienne" class="mw-redirect" title="Civilisation précolombienne">civilisations</a> de <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9soam%C3%A9rique" title="Mésoamérique">Mésoamérique</a>, peut être sous les coups de chasseurs nomades venus du nord. Les centres <a href="/wiki/Mayas" title="Mayas">mayas</a> de <a href="/wiki/Palenque" title="Palenque">Palenque</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tikal" title="Tikal">Tikal</a> et <a href="/wiki/Cop%C3%A1n" title="Copán">Copán</a> sont <a href="/wiki/Effondrement_de_la_civilisation_maya_classique" title="Effondrement de la civilisation maya classique">abandonnés</a>. Certains Mayas émigrent alors vers le <a href="/wiki/Yucat%C3%A1n" title="Yucatán">Yucatán</a> méridional. Les cités du nord, <a href="/wiki/Uxmal" title="Uxmal">Uxmal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kabah" title="Kabah">Kabah</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sayil" title="Sayil">Sayil</a>, <a href="/wiki/Labn%C3%A1" title="Labná">Labná</a> et le grand centre de <a href="/wiki/Chich%C3%A9n_Itz%C3%A1" title="Chichén Itzá">Chichén Itzá</a> commencent à prospérer (900-1200). De fortes influences mexicaines, en provenance de la cité <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A8ques" title="Toltèques">toltèque</a> de <a href="/wiki/Tula" title="Tula">Tula</a>, se font sentir. Apogée de la civilisation des <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pechas" title="Purépechas">Tarasques</a> à l’ouest du <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a> (capitale <a href="/wiki/Tzintzuntzan" title="Tzintzuntzan">Tzintzuntzan</a>, près du <a href="/wiki/Lac_de_P%C3%A1tzcuaro" title="Lac de Pátzcuaro">lac de Pátzcuaro</a>).</li> <li><b>Vers 900</b> : établissement des <a href="/wiki/Tolt%C3%A8ques" title="Toltèques">Toltèques</a> au <a href="/wiki/Mexique" title="Mexique">Mexique</a>. Leur arrivée marque le début de la progression du militarisme en Mésoamérique, leur armée tirant parti de sa supériorité pour dominer les sociétés avoisinantes, soumises au tribut<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>15<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>982-985</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> colonisent le <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>16<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Asie_et_Pacifique">Asie et Pacifique</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Modifier la section : Asie et Pacifique" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Asie et Pacifique"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Fin <a href="/wiki/IXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="IXe siècle"><abbr class="abbr" title="9ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">IX</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>-début <a class="mw-selflink selflink"><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </b> : formation du <a href="/wiki/Khaganat_Kimek" title="Khaganat Kimek">khaganat Kimek</a> de l’<a href="/wiki/Irtych" title="Irtych">Irtych</a> et de l’<a href="/wiki/Ob" title="Ob">Ob</a><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>17<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b><abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle-<abbr class="abbr" title="13ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XIII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</b> : en <a href="/wiki/Inde" title="Inde">Inde</a>, le <a href="/wiki/Gujarat" title="Gujarat">Gujarat</a> est gouverné par la dynastie <a href="/wiki/Chalukya" title="Chalukya">Chalukya</a> avec <a href="/wiki/Patan_(Inde)" title="Patan (Inde)">Anhilpur</a> pour capitale<sup id="cite_ref-Frédéric_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Frédéric-18"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>18<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>907-979</b> : <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_des_Cinq_Dynasties_et_des_Dix_Royaumes" title="Période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumes">période des cinq dynasties et des dix royaumes</a> en <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a><sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>19<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>907-953</b> : règne en Inde de <a href="/w/index.php?title=Parantaka_Ier&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Parantaka Ier (page inexistante)">Parantaka <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a> <a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parantaka_I" class="extiw" title="en:Parantaka I"><span class="indicateur-langue" title="Article en anglais : « Parantaka I »">(en)</span></a>. La <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Chola" title="Dynastie Chola">dynastie Chola</a> supplante celle des <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_des_Pallava" title="Dynastie des Pallava">Pallava</a> sur la <a href="/wiki/C%C3%B4te_de_Coromandel" title="Côte de Coromandel">côte de Coromandel</a>. Elle conquiert la presque totalité de l’<a href="/wiki/Inde_du_Sud" title="Inde du Sud">Inde du Sud</a> sur les autres dynasties (Pallava, <a href="/wiki/Empire_Pandya" title="Empire Pandya">Pandya</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chera" title="Chera">Chera</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>20<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>934-944</b> : crise du <a href="/wiki/Abbassides" title="Abbassides">califat abbasside</a><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>21<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>945-1055</b> : tutelle de la dynastie <a href="/wiki/Bouyides" title="Bouyides">Bouyide</a> sur le califat <a href="/wiki/Abbassides" title="Abbassides">abbasside</a><sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>22<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 950</b> : formation de l'<a href="/wiki/Empire_Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Empire Tuʻi Tonga">Empire Tu’i Tonga</a> en <a href="/wiki/Oc%C3%A9anie" title="Océanie">Océanie</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>23<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>960-979</b> : unification de la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> par la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie_Song" title="Dynastie Song">dynastie Song</a><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>24<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Fin de la <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A9riode_des_Cinq_Dynasties_et_des_Dix_Royaumes" title="Période des Cinq Dynasties et des Dix Royaumes">période des cinq dynasties et des dix royaumes</a>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Migration des « Qun » ; Kiptchak et <a href="/wiki/Coumans" title="Coumans">Coumans</a> migrent vers les <a href="/wiki/Steppe_eurasienne" title="Steppe eurasienne">steppes</a> du sud de la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a>. Les écrits d'<a href="/wiki/Al-Marwazi" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Marwazi">al-Marwazi</a> (vers <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1120" title="Années 1120">1120</a>) mentionnent un <a href="/wiki/Peuples_turcs" class="mw-redirect" title="Peuples turcs">peuple turc</a> « Qun », venu des frontières du nord de la <a href="/wiki/Chine" title="Chine">Chine</a> - « la terre de Qitay ». Ils quittent la région chassés par les <a href="/wiki/Khitans" title="Khitans">Khitans</a> et le manque de <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2turage" title="Pâturage">pâturages</a>, puis sont de nouveau expulsés de leurs nouveaux <a href="/wiki/P%C3%A2turage" title="Pâturage">pâturages</a> par le peuple « Qay ». Ils entrent sur le territoire du peuple « Shāri » ou « Sāri », qui est contraint de migrer vers les terres des <a href="/wiki/Turkm%C3%A8nes" title="Turkmènes">Turkmènes</a>. Ces derniers, à leur tour, se rendent sur les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_d%27Oghouze-Yabgou" title="État d'Oghouze-Yabgou">terres orientales</a> des <a href="/wiki/Oghouzes" title="Oghouzes">Oghouzes</a>. Les <a href="/wiki/Oghouzes" title="Oghouzes">Oghouzes</a> s'installent ensuite sur les terres des <a href="/wiki/Petch%C3%A9n%C3%A8gues" title="Petchénègues">Petchénègues</a> dans la <a href="/wiki/Steppe_pontique" title="Steppe pontique">Steppe pontique</a>. L’identification des « Qun », « Qay » et « Sāri » reste inconnue. Il semble que les « Qun » atteignent finalement les steppes du sud de la <a href="/wiki/Russie" title="Russie">Russie</a> et qu'ils seraient à l'origine des <a href="/wiki/Coumans" title="Coumans">Coumans</a>. Les « Qay », qui se rendent à leur tour dans la <a href="/wiki/Steppe_pontique" title="Steppe pontique">steppe pontique</a> sont mentionnés par les <a href="/wiki/Chroniques_russes" title="Chroniques russes">chroniques russes</a> en tant que <i>Kaepichi</i>, « Fils des Qay » ou Kiptchak (<a href="/wiki/1054" title="1054">1054</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>25<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Europe">Europe</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Modifier la section : Europe" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Europe"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="bandeau-container bandeau-section metadata bandeau-niveau-information"><div class="bandeau-cell bandeau-icone-css loupe">Article détaillé : <a href="/wiki/Occident_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Occident au Xe siècle">Occident au <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a>.</div></div> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/899" title="899">899</a>-970</b> : incursions des <a href="/wiki/Magyars" title="Magyars">Magyars</a> en Occident et dans les Balkans<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>26<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>904-963</b> : <a href="/wiki/Pornocratie_pontificale" title="Pornocratie pontificale">pornocratie pontificale</a><sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>27<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>909-910</b> : fondation de l'<a href="/wiki/Ordre_de_Cluny" title="Ordre de Cluny">ordre de Cluny</a> par le <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_d%27Aquitaine" title="Duché d'Aquitaine">duc d’Aquitaine</a> <a href="/wiki/Guillaume_le_Pieux" title="Guillaume le Pieux">Guillaume le Pieux</a><sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>28<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>. Il va rayonner sur une grande partie de l'<a href="/wiki/Occident_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Occident chrétien">Occident chrétien</a>.</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/911" title="911">911</a></b> : <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> ; <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_le_Simple" title="Charles III le Simple">Charles III le Simple</a>, roi de <a href="/wiki/Francie_occidentale" title="Francie occidentale">Francie occidentale</a>, cède la <a href="/wiki/Normandie" title="Normandie">Normandie</a> aux <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a> de <a href="/wiki/Rollon" title="Rollon">Rollon</a><sup id="cite_ref-Gersal_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gersal-29"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>29<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>929-1031</b> : <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue">califat de Cordoue</a><sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>30<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>930-1262</b> : <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat_libre_islandais" title="État libre islandais">État libre islandais</a><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>31<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>933</b> : l'évêque <a href="/wiki/Adalb%C3%A9ron_Ier_de_Metz" title="Adalbéron Ier de Metz">Adalbéron de Metz</a> réforme l'<a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Gorze" title="Abbaye de Gorze">abbaye de Gorze</a>, qui devient le principal foyer de réforme religieuse en <a href="/wiki/Lotharingie" title="Lotharingie">Lotharingie</a> sous l'influence de <a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Gorze" title="Jean de Gorze">Jean de Gorze</a><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>32<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 940-1040</b> : <a href="/wiki/Transgression_marine_Dunkerque_III" title="Transgression marine Dunkerque III">troisième transgression dunkerquienne</a> ; la mer envahit pour la dernière fois la Flandre-Occidentale<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>33<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>Vers 960-980</b> : les <a href="/wiki/Ordre_de_Saint-Beno%C3%AEt" title="Ordre de Saint-Benoît">bénédictins</a> <a href="/wiki/Dunstan_de_Cantorb%C3%A9ry" title="Dunstan de Cantorbéry">Dunstan de Cantorbéry</a> et <a href="/wiki/%C3%86thelwold_de_Winchester" title="Æthelwold de Winchester">Æthelwold de Winchester</a> <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9forme_b%C3%A9n%C3%A9dictine_anglaise" title="Réforme bénédictine anglaise">réforment la vie monastique en Angleterre</a> avec l'appui du roi <a href="/wiki/Edgar_le_Pacifique" title="Edgar le Pacifique">Edgar d'Angleterre</a><sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>34<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>967-970</b> : <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otton_Ier_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Otton Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Otton <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr></a>, roi de <a href="/wiki/Germanie_franque" title="Germanie franque">Germanie</a> et d'<a href="/wiki/Italie" title="Italie">Italie</a>, est couronné <a href="/wiki/Empereur" title="Empereur">empereur</a> à <a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>. Constitution du futur <a href="/wiki/Saint-Empire_romain_germanique" title="Saint-Empire romain germanique">Saint-Empire romain germanique</a>. Début de la <b><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_ottonienne" title="Renaissance ottonienne">renaissance ottonienne</a></b>, période de <a href="/wiki/Renaissances_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales" title="Renaissances médiévales">renouveau culturel</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Occident_chr%C3%A9tien" title="Occident chrétien">Occident chrétien</a> du début du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle aux environs de l'<a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_1030" title="Années 1030">an 1030</a>, associée à une période de réforme religieuse<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>35<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>le moine <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II">Gerbert d'Aurillac</a> est envoyé en <a href="/wiki/Catalogne" title="Catalogne">Catalogne</a> pour apprendre les sciences, au voisinage du <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue">califat de Cordoue</a>. Après un voyage à Rome (970-972) il enseigne à l'<a href="/wiki/%C3%89cole_cath%C3%A9drale_de_Reims" title="École cathédrale de Reims">École cathédrale de Reims</a> de 973 à 989 où il introduit le <i><a href="/wiki/Quadrivium" title="Quadrivium">quadrivium</a></i> et met au point un <a href="/wiki/Abaque_(calcul)" title="Abaque (calcul)">abaque</a> utilisant les <a href="/wiki/Chiffres_arabes" title="Chiffres arabes">chiffres arabes</a>. Il devient vers <a href="/wiki/980" title="980">980</a>-<a href="/wiki/981" title="981">981</a> l'ami de l'<a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Saint-Empire" title="Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire">empereur</a> <a href="/wiki/Otton_II_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Otton II (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Otton II</a>, qui après la « dispute de <a href="/wiki/Ravenne" title="Ravenne">Ravenne </a>» le nomme <a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Bobbio" title="Abbaye de Bobbio">abbé de Bobbio</a> (<a href="/wiki/982" title="982">982</a>-<a href="/wiki/984" title="984">984</a>). <a href="/wiki/Archidioc%C3%A8se_de_Reims" title="Archidiocèse de Reims">Archevêque de Reims</a> de 991 à 997, il devient pape de 999 à <a href="/wiki/1003" title="1003">1003</a> sous le nom de <span><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II"><span class="nowrap">Sylvestre <abbr class="abbr" title="2"><span class="romain" style="text-transform:uppercase">II</span></abbr></span></a></span><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>36<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul></li> <li><b>977-1002</b> : guerres d'<a href="/wiki/Almanzor" title="Almanzor">Almanzor</a>, vizir du <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue">califat omeyyade de Cordoue</a>, contre les <a href="/wiki/%C3%89tat" title="État">États</a> chrétiens d'<a href="/wiki/Espagnes_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vales" title="Espagnes médiévales">Espagne</a><sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>37<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li><b>989-990</b> : début du mouvement pour la <a href="/wiki/Paix_de_Dieu" title="Paix de Dieu">Paix de Dieu</a> en <a href="/wiki/Gaule" title="Gaule">Gaule</a> méridionale<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>38<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <ul><li>Renouveau du commerce en <a href="/wiki/Italie_m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale" title="Italie médiévale">Italie</a> dès le début du <a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Faits économiques et sociaux au Xe siècle">siècle</a><sup id="cite_ref-Balard_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Balard-39"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>39<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li> <li>Évolution vers la <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9odalit%C3%A9" title="Féodalité">féodalité</a> entre <a href="/wiki/Loire" title="Loire">Loire</a> et <a href="/wiki/Rhin" title="Rhin">Rhin</a><sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite_crochet">[</span>40<span class="cite_crochet">]</span></a></sup>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personnages_significatifs">Personnages significatifs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Modifier la section : Personnages significatifs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Personnages significatifs"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chefs_politiques">Chefs politiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Modifier la section : Chefs politiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Chefs politiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otton_Ier_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Otton Ier (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Otton <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> du Saint-Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/912" title="912">912</a>-<a href="/wiki/973" title="973">973</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_du_Saint-Empire" title="Liste des souverains du Saint-Empire">empereur des Romains</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otton_III_(empereur_du_Saint-Empire)" title="Otton III (empereur du Saint-Empire)">Otton III</a> (<a href="/wiki/980" title="980">980</a>-<a href="/wiki/1002" title="1002">1002</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_d%27Allemagne" title="Liste des souverains d'Allemagne">empereur d'Allemagne</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rollon" title="Rollon">Rollon</a> (° v. <a href="/wiki/860" title="860">860</a> - † v. <a href="/wiki/933" title="933">933</a>), <a href="/wiki/Navigateur_(marine)" title="Navigateur (marine)">navigateur</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">viking</a>, signataire du <a href="/wiki/Trait%C3%A9_de_Saint-Clair-sur-Epte" title="Traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte">traité de Saint-Clair-sur-Epte</a> (<a href="/wiki/911" title="911">911</a>), fondateur de la <a href="/wiki/Dynastie" title="Dynastie">dynastie</a> des <a href="/wiki/Comt%C3%A9_de_Rouen" title="Comté de Rouen">comtes de Rouen</a>, puis <a href="/wiki/Duch%C3%A9_de_Normandie" title="Duché de Normandie">ducs de Normandie</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abd_al-Rahman_III" title="Abd al-Rahman III">Abd al-Rahman III</a> (<a href="/wiki/888" title="888">888</a>-<a href="/wiki/961" title="961">961</a>), <a href="/wiki/Califat_de_Cordoue" title="Califat de Cordoue">calife de Cordoue</a>. Apogée d'<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Al-Andalus</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%CA%BBAho%CA%BBeitu" title="ʻAhoʻeitu">'Aho'eitu</a>, premier roi de la <a href="/wiki/Tu%CA%BBi_Tonga" title="Tuʻi Tonga">dynastie Tuʻi Tonga</a> aux <a href="/wiki/Tonga" title="Tonga">Tonga</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugues_Capet" title="Hugues Capet">Hugues Capet</a> (<a href="/wiki/940" title="940">940</a>-<a href="/wiki/996" title="996">996</a>), roi des Francs, fondateur de la <a href="/wiki/Cap%C3%A9tiens" title="Capétiens">dynastie capétienne</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmond_Ier" title="Edmond Ier">Edmond <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> d'Angleterre</a> (<a href="/wiki/921" title="921">921</a>-<a href="/wiki/946" title="946">946</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_monarques_d%27Angleterre" title="Liste des monarques d'Angleterre">roi d'Angleterre</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nic%C3%A9phore_II_Phocas" title="Nicéphore II Phocas">Nicéphore II Phocas</a> (<a href="/wiki/912" title="912">912</a>-<a href="/wiki/969" title="969">969</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins">empereur byzantin</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Ier_Tzimisk%C3%A8s" title="Jean Ier Tzimiskès">Jean <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> Tzimiskès</a> (<a href="/wiki/925" title="925">925</a>-<a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins">empereur byzantin</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basile_II" title="Basile II">Basile II</a> (<a href="/wiki/958" title="958">958</a>-<a href="/wiki/1025" title="1025">1025</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_empereurs_byzantins" title="Liste des empereurs byzantins">empereur byzantin</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sim%C3%A9on_Ier_de_Bulgarie" class="mw-redirect" title="Siméon Ier de Bulgarie">Siméon <abbr class="abbr" title="premier">I<sup>er</sup></abbr> de Bulgarie</a> (<a href="/wiki/864" title="864">864</a>/<a href="/wiki/865" title="865">865</a>-<a href="/wiki/927" title="927">927</a>), <a href="/wiki/Liste_des_souverains_de_Bulgarie" title="Liste des souverains de Bulgarie">empereur de Bulgarie</a>,</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Song_Taizu" title="Song Taizu">Song Taizu</a> (<a href="/wiki/927" title="927">927</a>-<a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a>), empereur chinois, fondateur de la dynastie Song.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religieux">Religieux</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Modifier la section : Religieux" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=8" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Religieux"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adalb%C3%A9ron_de_Reims" title="Adalbéron de Reims">Adalbéron de Reims</a> (925-989), archevêque de Reims, il sacre <a href="/wiki/Hugues_Capet" title="Hugues Capet">Hugues Capet</a> en <a href="/wiki/987" title="987">987</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernon_(abb%C3%A9_de_Cluny)" title="Bernon (abbé de Cluny)">Bernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/850" title="850">850</a>-<a href="/wiki/925" title="925">925</a>), fondateur de l'<a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Cluny" title="Abbaye de Cluny">abbaye de Cluny</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_de_Vandi%C3%A8res" class="mw-redirect" title="Jean de Vandières">Jean de Vandières</a> (?-<a href="/wiki/976" title="976">976</a>), fondateur de l'<a href="/wiki/Abbaye_de_Gorze" title="Abbaye de Gorze">abbaye de Gorze</a>, réformateur religieux.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Navigateur">Navigateur</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Modifier la section : Navigateur" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=9" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Navigateur"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fichier:Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg/220px-Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg/330px-Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg/440px-Ibn_Howqal_World_map.jpg 2x" data-file-width="460" data-file-height="473" /></a><figcaption>Carte du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle tirée de « Le Visage de la Terre », œuvre d’Ibn Hawqal. Le nord est en bas, la Méditerranée au milieu à droite.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erik_le_Rouge" title="Erik le Rouge">Érik le Rouge</a> (<a href="/wiki/J%C3%A6ren" title="Jæren">Jæren</a>, v. <a href="/wiki/940" title="940">940</a> - <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a>, v. 1010), navigateur <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">viking</a>, découvreur du <a href="/wiki/Groenland" title="Groenland">Groenland</a> et du Vinland, autrement nommé Amérique (saga des groenlandais, et du Vinland)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scientifiques">Scientifiques</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Modifier la section : Scientifiques" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=10" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Scientifiques"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rhaz%C3%A8s" title="Rhazès">Rhazès</a> (<a href="/wiki/864" title="864">864</a>-<a href="/wiki/930" title="930">930</a>), scientifique iranien.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abu_Al-Qasim" title="Abu Al-Qasim">Abu Al-Qasim</a>, Aboulcassis en <a href="/wiki/Occident" title="Occident">Occident</a>, (v. <a href="/wiki/Ann%C3%A9es_940" title="Années 940">940</a> - v. <a href="/wiki/1013" title="1013">1013</a>), <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9decin" title="Médecin">médecin</a> et <a href="/wiki/Chirurgien" title="Chirurgien">chirurgien</a> de l'<a href="/wiki/Al-Andalus" title="Al-Andalus">Espagne musulmane</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ibn_Hawqal" title="Ibn Hawqal">Ibn Hawqal</a> (<a href="/wiki/943" title="943">943</a>-<a href="/wiki/988" title="988">988</a>), <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9ographe" title="Géographe">géographe</a> <a href="/wiki/Arabe" title="Arabe">arabe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Auteur" title="Auteur">auteur</a> du « Visage de la Terre » (<a href="/wiki/977" title="977">977</a>).</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophes_et_théologiens"><span id="Philosophes_et_th.C3.A9ologiens"></span>Philosophes et théologiens</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Modifier la section : Philosophes et théologiens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=11" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Philosophes et théologiens"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-F%C3%A2r%C3%A2b%C3%AE" title="Al-Fârâbî">Al-Fârâbî</a> (<a href="/wiki/872" title="872">872</a>-<a href="/wiki/950" title="950">950</a>) <a href="/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a> <a href="/wiki/Persans" title="Persans">persan</a>, étudie <a href="/wiki/Platon" title="Platon">Platon</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote">Aristote</a>, considéré comme le second maître après <a href="/wiki/Aristote" title="Aristote">Aristote</a> par <a href="/wiki/Averro%C3%A8s" title="Averroès">Averroès</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II">Gerbert d'Aurillac</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/938" title="938">938</a>-<a href="/wiki/1003" title="1003">1003</a>), <a href="/wiki/Philosophe" title="Philosophe">philosophe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Math%C3%A9maticien" title="Mathématicien">mathématicien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Astronome" title="Astronome">astronome</a> <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ais_(peuple)" title="Français (peuple)">français</a>, <a href="/wiki/Archev%C3%AAque" title="Archevêque">archevêque</a> de <a href="/wiki/Reims" title="Reims">Reims</a> et de <a href="/wiki/Ravenne" title="Ravenne">Ravenne</a>, devient <a href="/wiki/Pape" title="Pape">pape</a> en <a href="/wiki/999" title="999">999</a> sous le nom de <a href="/wiki/Sylvestre_II" title="Sylvestre II">Sylvestre II</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Écrivains"><span id=".C3.89crivains"></span>Écrivains</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Modifier la section : Écrivains" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=12" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Écrivains"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ferdows%C3%AE" class="mw-redirect" title="Ferdowsî">Ferdowsi</a> (v. <a href="/wiki/940" title="940">940</a> - v. <a href="/wiki/1020" title="1020">1020</a>), <a href="/wiki/%C3%89crivain" title="Écrivain">écrivain</a> <a href="/wiki/Persans" title="Persans">persan</a>.</li></ul> <p>Voir : <a href="/wiki/Liste_de_philosophes_par_ann%C3%A9e_de_naissance" title="Liste de philosophes par année de naissance">Philosophes et théologiens du <abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes_et_références"><span id="Notes_et_r.C3.A9f.C3.A9rences"></span>Notes et références</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Modifier la section : Notes et références" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=13" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Notes et références"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="references-small decimal" style="column-width:25em;"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cornevin1993"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marianne_Cornevin1993">Marianne Cornevin, <cite class="italique">Archéologie africaine à la lumière des découvertes récentes</cite>, Maisonneuve et Larose, <time>1993</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=dFFyAAAAMAAJ&dq=Manda&pg=PA217">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Arch%C3%A9ologie+africaine+%C3%A0+la+lumi%C3%A8re+des+d%C3%A9couvertes+r%C3%A9centes&rft.pub=Maisonneuve+et+Larose&rft.aulast=Cornevin&rft.aufirst=Marianne&rft.date=1993&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Igue2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ogunsola_John_Igue2006">Ogunsola John Igue, <cite class="italique">Les états-nations face à l'intégration régionale en Afrique de l'Ouest : le cas du Bénin</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, Karthala, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782845867987" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782845867987"><span class="nowrap">9782845867987</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LBSWMyoKm4gC&pg=PA71">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+%C3%A9tats-nations+face+%C3%A0+l%27int%C3%A9gration+r%C3%A9gionale+en+Afrique+de+l%27Ouest+%3A+le+cas+du+B%C3%A9nin&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.au=Ogunsola+John+Igue&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=9782845867987&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Deschamps-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Deschamps_3-0">a</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Deschamps_3-1">b</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Deschamps"><span class="ouvrage" id="Hubert_Deschamps">Hubert Deschamps, <cite class="italique">L'Afrique noire précoloniale</cite>, Presses universitaires de France <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782705902766" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782705902766"><span class="nowrap">9782705902766</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bcKPDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT47">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+noire+pr%C3%A9coloniale&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+France&rft.aulast=Deschamps&rft.aufirst=Hubert&rft.isbn=9782705902766&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Fasi-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Fasi_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Fasi_4-1">b</a> et <a href="#cite_ref-Fasi_4-2">c</a></sup> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="El_Fasi1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="Mohammed_El_Fasi1997">Mohammed El Fasi, <cite class="italique">Histoire générale de l'Afrique - L'Afrique du VIIe au XIe siècle</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 3, UNESCO, <time class="nowrap" datetime="1997-02-18" data-sort-value="1997-02-18">18 février 1997</time>, 559 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-92-3-202495-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-92-3-202495-4"><span class="nowrap">978-92-3-202495-4</span></a>, <a href="/wiki/EAN_13" title="EAN 13">EAN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789232024954" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789232024954"><span class="nowrap">9789232024954</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=NC9sRHG-U7cC&pg=PA45">présentation en ligne</a>)</small>, <abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 45<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+g%C3%A9n%C3%A9rale+de+l%27Afrique+-+L%27Afrique+du+VIIe+au+XIe+si%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.au=Mohammed+El+Fasi&rft.date=1997-02-18&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=45&rft.tpages=559&rft.isbn=978-92-3-202495-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Wiren2014"><span class="ouvrage" id="Robert_Wiren2014">Robert Wiren, <cite class="italique">Somaliland, pays en quarantaine</cite>, Karthala, <time>2014</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811111762" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811111762"><span class="nowrap">9782811111762</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Tq-yAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA24">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Somaliland%2C+pays+en+quarantaine&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Wiren&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9782811111762&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">La fouille des tombes de la <a href="/wiki/D%C3%A9pression_de_Kamalondo" title="Dépression de Kamalondo">dépression de l’Upemba</a> distingue des cultures représentées par des groupes de céramique distincts : Kamilambien (500-700), Kisalien ancien (700-900), Kisalien classique (900-1200), Kabambien A (1200-1500), Kabambien B (1500-1700) et récent (1700-présent).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Garenne-Marot2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Laurence_Garenne-Marot2019">Laurence Garenne-Marot, « <cite style="font-style:normal">Typologie du mobilier métallique fondée sur les techniques de mise en forme</cite> », <i>Afrique : Archéologie & Arts</i>, <abbr class="abbr" title="numéro">n<sup>o</sup></abbr> 15,‎ <time>2019</time>, <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <span class="nowrap">23-52</span> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.openedition.org/aaa/2432">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Typologie+du+mobilier+m%C3%A9tallique+fond%C3%A9e+sur+les+techniques+de+mise+en+forme&rft.jtitle=Afrique+%3A+Arch%C3%A9ologie+%26+Arts&rft.issue=15&rft.aulast=Garenne-Marot&rft.aufirst=Laurence&rft.date=2019&rft.pages=23-52&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Bramoullé2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="David_Bramoullé2019">David Bramoullé, <cite class="italique">Les Fatimides et la mer (909-1171)Islamic History and Civilization</cite>, Leiden, BRILL, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-90-04-41064-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-90-04-41064-0"><span class="nowrap">978-90-04-41064-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=q8y8DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA111">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Fatimides+et+la+mer+%28909-1171%29Islamic+History+and+Civilization&rft.place=Leiden&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.aulast=Bramoull%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=David&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=978-90-04-41064-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage"><cite class="italique">Africa and the Indian Ocean World from Early Times to Circa 1900</cite>, Cambridge University Press <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780521810357" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780521810357"><span class="nowrap">9780521810357</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=noOWDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA118">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Africa+and+the+Indian+Ocean+World+from+Early+Times+to+Circa+1900&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.isbn=9780521810357&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Cuoq1981"><span class="ouvrage" id="Joseph_Cuoq1981">Joseph Cuoq, <cite class="italique">L'Islam en Éthiopie des origines au <abbr class="abbr" title="16ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XVI</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle</cite>, Nouvelles Éditions Latines, <time>1981</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782723301114" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782723301114"><span class="nowrap">9782723301114</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=hUsgUDdzYDkC&pg=PA83">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Islam+en+%C3%89thiopie+des+origines+au+XVIe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle&rft.pub=Nouvelles+%C3%89ditions+Latines&rft.aulast=Cuoq&rft.aufirst=Joseph&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=9782723301114&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lee_Lyman,_Michael_J._O'Brien,_Robert_C._Dunnell2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="R._Lee_Lyman,_Michael_J._O'Brien,_Robert_C._Dunnell2013">R. Lee Lyman, Michael J. O'Brien, Robert C. Dunnell, <cite class="italique">Americanist Culture History : Fundamentals of Time, Space, and Form</cite>, Springer Science & Business Media, <time>2013</time>, 499 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-1-4615-5911-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-1-4615-5911-5"><span class="nowrap">978-1-4615-5911-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=blDtBwAAQBAJ&pg=PA189">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Americanist+Culture+History&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.stitle=Fundamentals+of+Time%2C+Space%2C+and+Form&rft.au=R.+Lee+Lyman%2C+Michael+J.+O%27Brien%2C+Robert+C.+Dunnell&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=499&rft.isbn=978-1-4615-5911-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Itier1997"><span class="ouvrage" id="César_Itier1997">César Itier, <cite class="italique">Parlons quechua</cite>, L'Harmattan, <time>1997</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782296344174" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782296344174"><span class="nowrap">9782296344174</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=zubcDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA17">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Parlons+quechua&rft.pub=L%27Harmattan&rft.aulast=Itier&rft.aufirst=C%C3%A9sar&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=9782296344174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ross,_Sharon_R._Steadman2017"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jennifer_C._Ross,_Sharon_R._Steadman2017">Jennifer C. Ross, Sharon R. Steadman, <cite class="italique">Ancient Complex Societies</cite>, Taylor & Francis, <time>2017</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9781315305622" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9781315305622"><span class="nowrap">9781315305622</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=FjglDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA352">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Complex+Societies&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.aulast=Ross%2C+Sharon+R.+Steadman&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+C.&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9781315305622&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Lemoy2006"><span class="ouvrage" id="Christian_Lemoy2006">Christian Lemoy, <cite class="italique">De l'Asie à l'Amérique précolombienne</cite>, <time>2006</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782350272535" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782350272535"><span class="nowrap">9782350272535</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=p-GILdm5z8QC&pg=PA187">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=De+l%27Asie+%C3%A0+l%27Am%C3%A9rique+pr%C3%A9colombienne&rft.aulast=Lemoy&rft.aufirst=Christian&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=9782350272535&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Fauvet-Berthelot2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Marie-France_Fauvet-Berthelot2015">Marie-France Fauvet-Berthelot, <cite class="italique">Ethnopréhistoire de la maison maya: Guatemala 1250-1525</cite>, Centro de estudios mexicanos y centroamericanos, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782821855632" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782821855632"><span class="nowrap">9782821855632</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=-sYWCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA30">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ethnopr%C3%A9histoire+de+la+maison+maya%3A+Guatemala+1250-1525&rft.pub=Centro+de+estudios+mexicanos+y+centroamericanos&rft.aulast=Fauvet-Berthelot&rft.aufirst=Marie-France&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9782821855632&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Petitfils2021"><span class="ouvrage" id="Jean-Christian_Petitfils2021">Jean-Christian Petitfils, <cite class="italique">Les grandes énigmes de l'histoire</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2021</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782262094232" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782262094232"><span class="nowrap">9782262094232</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=gjgEEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT126">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+grandes+%C3%A9nigmes+de+l%27histoire&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Petitfils&rft.aufirst=Jean-Christian&rft.date=2021&rft.isbn=9782262094232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="1998"><cite class="italique">History of Civilizations of Central Asia</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 4, UNESCO, <time>1998</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9789231034671" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9789231034671"><span class="nowrap">9789231034671</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=18eABeokpjEC&pg=PA70">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+Civilizations+of+Central+Asia&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1998&rft.volume=4&rft.isbn=9789231034671&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Frédéric-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Frédéric_18-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frédéric2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Louis_Frédéric2018">Louis Frédéric, <cite class="italique">Le Nouveau Dictionnaire de la civilisation indienne</cite>, Groupe Robert Laffont, <time>2018</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782221217740" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782221217740"><span class="nowrap">9782221217740</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=0sdADwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT644">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Nouveau+Dictionnaire+de+la+civilisation+indienne&rft.pub=Groupe+Robert+Laffont&rft.aulast=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9ric&rft.aufirst=Louis&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=9782221217740&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="2015"><cite class="italique">Histoire de la Chine jusqu'en 1949 : Les Grands Articles d'Universalis</cite>, Encyclopaedia Universalis, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85229-928-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85229-928-3"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85229-928-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=PoalBAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT67">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Chine+jusqu%27en+1949&rft.pub=Encyclopaedia+Universalis&rft.stitle=Les+Grands+Articles+d%27Universalis&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=978-2-85229-928-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Stewart_Bowman2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="John_Stewart_Bowman2000">John Stewart Bowman, <cite class="italique">Columbia chronologies of Asian history and culture</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Columbia_University_Press" title="Columbia University Press">Columbia University Press</a>, <time>2000</time>, 751 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-231-11004-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-231-11004-4"><span class="nowrap">978-0-231-11004-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=pg5Qi28akwEC&pg=PA264">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Columbia+chronologies+of+Asian+history+and+culture&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.au=John+Stewart+Bowman&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=751&rft.isbn=978-0-231-11004-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Minois2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Minois2019">Georges Minois, <cite class="italique">Histoire du Moyen Âge</cite>, Place des éditeurs, <time>2019</time>, 591 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-262-07986-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-262-07986-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-262-07986-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=kaSRDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT86">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Place+des+%C3%A9diteurs&rft.aulast=Minois&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2019&rft.tpages=591&rft.isbn=978-2-262-07986-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="EddéDenoix2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Anne-Marie_EddéSylvie_Denoix2019">Anne-Marie Eddé et Sylvie Denoix, <cite class="italique">Gouverner en Islam (<abbr class="abbr" title="10ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">X</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècle) : Textes et de documents</cite>, Éditions de la Sorbonne, <time>2019</time>, 352 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/979-10-351-0104-6" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/979-10-351-0104-6"><span class="nowrap">979-10-351-0104-6</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=bd_FDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA8">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gouverner+en+Islam+%28Xe%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89XVe%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cle%29&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.stitle=Textes+et+de+documents&rft.aulast=Edd%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Anne-Marie&rft.au=Sylvie+Denoix&rft.date=2019&rft.tpages=352&rft.isbn=979-10-351-0104-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Daly2009"><span class="ouvrage" id="Martin_Daly2009">Martin Daly, <cite class="italique">Tonga : A New Bibliography</cite>, University of Hawaii Press, <time>2009</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780824831967" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780824831967"><span class="nowrap">9780824831967</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=LsPR8tXQ69oC&pg=PA4">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tonga+%3A+A+New+Bibliography&rft.pub=University+of+Hawaii+Press&rft.aulast=Daly&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9780824831967&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kuhn2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Dieter_Kuhn2011">Dieter Kuhn, <cite class="italique">The Age of Confucian Rule : The Song Transformation of China</cite>, <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>, <time>2011</time>, 368 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-0-674-06202-3" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-0-674-06202-3"><span class="nowrap">978-0-674-06202-3</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=FnCbDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA35">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Age+of+Confucian+Rule&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.stitle=The+Song+Transformation+of+China&rft.aulast=Kuhn&rft.aufirst=Dieter&rft.date=2011&rft.tpages=368&rft.isbn=978-0-674-06202-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Franke1990"><span class="ouvrage" id="Herbert_Franke1990">Herbert <span class="nom_auteur">Franke</span>, <cite class="italique">The Cambridge History of Early Inner Asia, <i>Vol. I</i></cite>, Cambridge, Cambridge University Press, <time>1990</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9780521243049" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9780521243049"><span class="nowrap">9780521243049</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=ST6TRNuWmHsC&pg=PA279">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+History+of+Early+Inner+Asia%2C+%27%27Vol.+I%27%27&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.aulast=Franke&rft.aufirst=Herbert&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=9780521243049&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Kristó2015"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gyula_Kristó2015">Gyula Kristó, <cite class="italique">Histoire de la Hongrie médiévale. : Le temps des Arpads</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 1, <a href="/wiki/Presses_universitaires_de_Rennes" title="Presses universitaires de Rennes">Presses universitaires de Rennes</a>, <time>2015</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-7535-2496-5" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-7535-2496-5"><span class="nowrap">978-2-7535-2496-5</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=2CcSCwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT36">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Histoire+de+la+Hongrie+m%C3%A9di%C3%A9vale.&rft.pub=Presses+universitaires+de+Rennes&rft.stitle=Le+temps+des+Arpads&rft.aulast=Krist%C3%B3&rft.aufirst=Gyula&rft.date=2015&rft.volume=1&rft.isbn=978-2-7535-2496-5&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Crèvecoeur2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Guibert_Crèvecoeur2018">Guibert Crèvecoeur, <cite class="italique">Six filles de rois : naître princesse et vivre les soubresauts de l'histoire européenne</cite>, Paris, <a href="/wiki/%C3%89ditions_L%27Harmattan" title="Éditions L'Harmattan">Éditions L'Harmattan</a>, <time>2018</time>, 228 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-343-15963-8" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-343-15963-8"><span class="nowrap">978-2-343-15963-8</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=vNN6DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA27">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Six+filles+de+rois&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+L%27Harmattan&rft.stitle=na%C3%AEtre+princesse+et+vivre+les+soubresauts+de+l%27histoire+europ%C3%A9enne&rft.aulast=Cr%C3%A8vecoeur&rft.aufirst=Guibert&rft.date=2018&rft.tpages=228&rft.isbn=978-2-343-15963-8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Riche2000"><span class="ouvrage" id="Denyse_Riche2000">Denyse Riche, <cite class="italique">L'ordre de Cluny à la fin du Moyen Âge : le vieux pays clunisien, <abbr class="abbr" title="12ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XII</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> – <abbr class="abbr" title="15ᵉ siècle"><span class="romain">XV</span><sup style="font-size:72%">e</sup></abbr> siècles</cite>, Université de Saint-Etienne, <time>2000</time>, 765 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-86272-192-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-86272-192-7"><span class="nowrap">978-2-86272-192-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=Lp87LXS3VXcC&pg=PA25">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27ordre+de+Cluny+%C3%A0+la+fin+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Universit%C3%A9+de+Saint-Etienne&rft.stitle=le+vieux+pays+clunisien%2C+%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%2212%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle+%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EXII%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%E2%80%89%E2%80%93%E2%80%89%3Cabbr+class%3D%22abbr%22+title%3D%2215%E1%B5%89+si%C3%A8cle+%22%3E%3Cspan+class%3D%22romain%22%3EXV%3C%2Fspan%3E%3Csup+style%3D%22font-size%3A72%25%22%3Ee%3C%2Fsup%3E%3C%2Fabbr%3E%26nbsp%3Bsi%C3%A8cles&rft.aulast=Riche&rft.aufirst=Denyse&rft.date=2000&rft.tpages=765&rft.isbn=978-2-86272-192-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gersal-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Gersal_29-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gersal1987"><span class="ouvrage" id="Frédérick_Gersal1987">Frédérick Gersal, <cite class="italique">Des duchés au royaume</cite>, Fernand Lanore, <time>1987</time>, 168 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-85157-029-1" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-85157-029-1"><span class="nowrap">978-2-85157-029-1</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=KG8nMmvHeuIC&pg=PA48">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Des+duch%C3%A9s+au+royaume&rft.pub=Fernand+Lanore&rft.aulast=Gersal&rft.aufirst=Fr%C3%A9d%C3%A9rick&rft.date=1987&rft.tpages=168&rft.isbn=978-2-85157-029-1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Brownstok"><span class="ouvrage" id="Willem_Brownstok">Willem Brownstok, <cite class="italique">Islam : du califat de Cordoue au sous-continent indien</cite>, Cambridge Stanford Books <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sOTNDwAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT5">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam+%3A+du+califat+de+Cordoue+au+sous-continent+indien&rft.pub=Cambridge+Stanford+Books&rft.aulast=Brownstok&rft.aufirst=Willem&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Sallé2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Sallé2019">Michel Sallé, <cite class="italique">Islande</cite>, Karthala, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782811126124" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782811126124"><span class="nowrap">9782811126124</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=nLiqDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA40">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islande&rft.pub=Karthala&rft.aulast=Sall%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9782811126124&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-32">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Gaillard2019"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michèle_Gaillard2019">Michèle Gaillard, <cite class="italique">D’une réforme à l’autre (816-934) : Les communautés religieuses en Lorraine à l’époque carolingienne</cite>, Éditions de la Sorbonne, <time>2019</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9791035101947" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9791035101947"><span class="nowrap">9791035101947</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=EUCIDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA238">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=D%E2%80%99une+r%C3%A9forme+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99autre+%28816-934%29+%3A+Les+communaut%C3%A9s+religieuses+en+Lorraine+%C3%A0+l%E2%80%99%C3%A9poque+carolingienne&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+de+la+Sorbonne&rft.aulast=Gaillard&rft.aufirst=Mich%C3%A8le&rft.date=2019&rft.isbn=9791035101947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Derville1995"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Derville1995">Alain Derville, <cite class="italique">économie française au Moyen Âge</cite>, Éditions Ophrys, <time>1995</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782708007697" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782708007697"><span class="nowrap">9782708007697</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=sS2mHZstzp4C&pg=PA52">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C3%A9conomie+fran%C3%A7aise+au+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=%C3%89ditions+Ophrys&rft.aulast=Derville&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=9782708007697&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Vanderputten2018"><span class="ouvrage" id="Steven_Vanderputten2018">Steven Vanderputten, <cite class="italique">Vita Regularis : Ordnungen und Deutungen Series-Abbots and Abbesses as a Human Resource in the Ninth- to Twelfth-Century West</cite>, <abbr class="abbr" title="volume">vol.</abbr> 74, LIT Verlag Münster, <time>2018</time>, 178 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-643-91070-7" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-643-91070-7"><span class="nowrap">978-3-643-91070-7</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=8QmEDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA28">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Vita+Regularis+%3A+Ordnungen+und+Deutungen+Series-Abbots+and+Abbesses+as+a+Human+Resource+in+the+Ninth-+to+Twelfth-Century+West&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.aulast=Vanderputten&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft.date=2018&rft.volume=74&rft.tpages=178&rft.isbn=978-3-643-91070-7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Riché2013"><span class="ouvrage" id="Pierre_Riché2013">Pierre Riché, <cite class="italique">Les Lumières de l'an mille</cite>, CNRS, <time>2013</time>, 3200 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-2-271-07940-4" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-2-271-07940-4"><span class="nowrap">978-2-271-07940-4</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=HfgmAQAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT21">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Lumi%C3%A8res+de+l%27an+mille&rft.pub=CNRS&rft.aulast=Rich%C3%A9&rft.aufirst=Pierre&rft.date=2013&rft.tpages=3200&rft.isbn=978-2-271-07940-4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Schärlig2012"><span class="ouvrage" id="Alain_Schärlig2012">Alain Schärlig, <cite class="italique">Un portrait de Gerbert d'Aurillac : inventeur d'un abaque, utilisateur précoce des chiffres arabes, et pape de l'an mil</cite>, PPUR Presses polytechniques, <time>2012</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782880749446" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782880749446"><span class="nowrap">9782880749446</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=yL1s5vNbTpUC&pg=PA16">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Un+portrait+de+Gerbert+d%27Aurillac+%3A+inventeur+d%27un+abaque%2C+utilisateur+pr%C3%A9coce+des+chiffres+arabes%2C+et+pape+de+l%27an+mil&rft.pub=PPUR+Presses+polytechniques&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4rlig&rft.aufirst=Alain&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9782880749446&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-37">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Echevarría_Arsuaga_and_Iñaki_Martín_Viso2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Ana_Echevarría_Arsuaga_and_Iñaki_Martín_Viso2020">Ana Echevarría Arsuaga and Iñaki Martín Viso, <cite class="italique">La Península Ibérica en la Edad Media (700-1250)</cite>, Editorial UNED, <time>2020</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9788436276343" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9788436276343"><span class="nowrap">9788436276343</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=IcIDEAAAQBAJ&pg=PAPT209">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+Pen%C3%ADnsula+Ib%C3%A9rica+en+la+Edad+Media+%28700-1250%29&rft.pub=Editorial+UNED&rft.au=Ana+Echevarr%C3%ADa+Arsuaga+and+I%C3%B1aki+Mart%C3%ADn+Viso&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=9788436276343&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Duby2020"><span class="ouvrage" id="Georges_Duby2020">Georges Duby, <cite class="italique">Hommes et structures du Moyen Âge : Recueil d’articles</cite>, Walter de Gruyter GmbH & Co KG, <time>2020</time>, 424 <abbr class="abbr" title="pages">p.</abbr> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/978-3-11-231926-0" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/978-3-11-231926-0"><span class="nowrap">978-3-11-231926-0</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=0nLsDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA228">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hommes+et+structures+du+Moyen+%C3%82ge&rft.pub=Walter+de+Gruyter+GmbH+%26+Co+KG&rft.stitle=Recueil+d%E2%80%99articles&rft.aulast=Duby&rft.aufirst=Georges&rft.date=2020&rft.tpages=424&rft.isbn=978-3-11-231926-0&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Balard-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-Balard_39-0">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text"><span class="ouvrage" id="Balard2011"><span class="ouvrage" id="Michel_Balard2011">Michel Balard, <cite class="italique">Le Moyen Âge en occident</cite>, Hachette Éducation, <time>2011</time> <small style="line-height:1em;">(<a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Sp%C3%A9cial:Ouvrages_de_r%C3%A9f%C3%A9rence/9782011818355" title="Spécial:Ouvrages de référence/9782011818355"><span class="nowrap">9782011818355</span></a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//books.google.com/books?id=tMQe-F0jHMcC&pg=PA150">présentation en ligne</a>)</small><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Le+Moyen+%C3%82ge+en+occident&rft.pub=Hachette+%C3%89ducation&rft.aulast=Balard&rft.aufirst=Michel&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9782011818355&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Ffr.wikipedia.org%3AXe+si%C3%A8cle"></span></span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink noprint"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> </span><span class="reference-text">Michel Balard, <i>op. cit</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.fr/books?id=tMQe-F0jHMcC&pg=PA102"><abbr class="abbr" title="page">p.</abbr> 102</a>.</span> </li> </ol> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Voir_aussi">Voir aussi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Modifier la section : Voir aussi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=14" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Voir aussi"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Articles_connexes">Articles connexes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Modifier la section : Articles connexes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=15" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Articles connexes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faits_%C3%A9conomiques_et_sociaux_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Faits économiques et sociaux au Xe siècle">Faits économiques et sociaux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle_en_architecture" title="Xe siècle en architecture">Architecture</a> - <a href="/wiki/Arts_plastiques_au_Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Arts plastiques au Xe siècle">Arts plastiques</a> - <a href="/wiki/Litt%C3%A9rature_du_Xe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Littérature du Xe siècle">Littérature</a> - <a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle_en_musique" title="Xe siècle en musique">Musique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xe_si%C3%A8cle_en_science" title="Xe siècle en science">Science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chronologie_des_explorations#Xe_siècle" title="Chronologie des explorations">Explorations</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Liens_externes">Liens externes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Modifier la section : Liens externes" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modifier</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xe_si%C3%A8cle&action=edit&section=16" title="Modifier le code source de la section : Liens externes"><span>modifier le code</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><div class="liste-horizontale"><span class="wd_identifiers"><a href="/wiki/Autorit%C3%A9_(sciences_de_l%27information)" title="Autorité (sciences de l'information)">Notices d'autorité</a><span class="noprint wikidata-linkback skin-invert"><span class="mw-valign-baseline 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