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Disponibil în 49 limbi" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-49" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">49 limbi</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamiese_ewewig" title="Termodinamiese ewewig – afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Termodinamiese ewewig" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D9%88%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%86_%D8%AF%D9%8A%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A_%D8%AD%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%8A" title="توازن ديناميكي حراري – arabă" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="توازن ديناميكي حراري" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_tarazl%C4%B1q" title="Termodinamik tarazlıq – azeră" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Termodinamik tarazlıq" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeră" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D1%8D%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%8B%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%9E%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0" title="Тэрмадынамічная раўнавага – belarusă" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Тэрмадынамічная раўнавага" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Термодинамично равновесие – bulgară" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Термодинамично равновесие" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgară" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_termodin%C3%A0mic" title="Equilibri termodinàmic – catalană" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Equilibri termodinàmic" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="catalană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamick%C3%A1_rovnov%C3%A1ha" title="Termodynamická rovnováha – cehă" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Termodynamická rovnováha" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="cehă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%C4%83%D0%BB%D0%BB%D0%B0_%D1%88%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%83%D0%BB%C4%83%D1%85" title="Термодинамикăлла шайлашулăх – ciuvașă" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Термодинамикăлла шайлашулăх" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="ciuvașă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_ligev%C3%A6gt" title="Termodynamisk ligevægt – daneză" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Termodynamisk ligevægt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="daneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamisches_Gleichgewicht" title="Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht – germană" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Thermodynamisches Gleichgewicht" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="germană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%98%CE%B5%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%BF%CE%B4%CF%85%CE%BD%CE%B1%CE%BC%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CE%B9%CF%83%CE%BF%CF%81%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%80%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία – greacă" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Θερμοδυναμική ισορροπία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="greacă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium – engleză" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Thermodynamic equilibrium" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="engleză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_termodin%C3%A1mico" title="Equilibrio termodinámico – spaniolă" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Equilibrio termodinámico" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spaniolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termod%C3%BCnaamiline_tasakaal" title="Termodünaamiline tasakaal – estonă" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Termodünaamiline tasakaal" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84_%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%D8%AF%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C" title="تعادل ترمودینامیکی – persană" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تعادل ترمودینامیکی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynaaminen_tasapaino" title="Termodynaaminen tasapaino – finlandeză" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Termodynaaminen tasapaino" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89quilibre_thermodynamique" title="Équilibre thermodynamique – franceză" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Équilibre thermodynamique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franceză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodin%C3%A1mica_de_equilibrio" title="Termodinámica de equilibrio – galiciană" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Termodinámica de equilibrio" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galiciană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%95%D7%95%D7%99_%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%A7%D7%9C_%D7%AA%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%9E%D7%99" title="שיווי משקל תרמודינמי – ebraică" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שיווי משקל תרמודינמי" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ebraică" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%97%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%95_%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF" title="उष्मागतिक साम्य – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उष्मागतिक साम्य" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8B%D5%A5%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%A1%D5%B6_%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%BE%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%AF%D5%B7%D5%BC%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%B5%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Ջերմադինամիկական հավասարակշռություն – armeană" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Ջերմադինամիկական հավասարակշռություն" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kesetimbangan_termodinamik" title="Kesetimbangan termodinamik – indoneziană" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kesetimbangan termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indoneziană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibrio_termodinamico" title="Equilibrio termodinamico – italiană" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Equilibrio termodinamico" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italiană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%A6%E7%9A%84%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力学的平衡 – japoneză" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="熱力学的平衡" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D2%9B_%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BF%D0%B5-%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D0%B4%D1%96%D0%BA" title="Термодинамикалық тепе-теңдік – kazahă" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Термодинамикалық тепе-теңдік" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%B4%EC%97%AD%ED%95%99%EC%A0%81_%ED%8F%89%ED%98%95" title="열역학적 평형 – coreeană" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="열역학적 평형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreeană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8B%D0%BA_%D1%82%D0%B5%D2%A3%D1%81%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%83%D0%BB%D1%83%D0%BA" title="Термодинамикалык теңсалмактуулук – kârgâză" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Термодинамикалык теңсалмактуулук" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kârgâză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9%D0%BD_%D1%82%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%86%D0%B2%D1%8D%D1%80" title="Термодинамикийн тэнцвэр – mongolă" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Термодинамикийн тэнцвэр" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongolă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keseimbangan_termodinamik" title="Keseimbangan termodinamik – malaeză" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Keseimbangan termodinamik" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malaeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamisch_evenwicht" title="Thermodynamisch evenwicht – neerlandeză" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Thermodynamisch evenwicht" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_likevekt" title="Termodynamisk likevekt – norvegiană nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Termodynamisk likevekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norvegiană nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_likevekt" title="Termodynamisk likevekt – norvegiană bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Termodynamisk likevekt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvegiană bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilibri_termodinamic" title="Equilibri termodinamic – occitană" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Equilibri termodinamic" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occitană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%B3wnowaga_termodynamiczna" title="Równowaga termodynamiczna – poloneză" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Równowaga termodynamiczna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poloneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B1%D9%85%D9%88%DA%89%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%85%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%8A_%D8%AA%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84" title="ترموډینامیکي تعادل – paștună" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ترموډینامیکي تعادل" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="paștună" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equil%C3%ADbrio_termodin%C3%A2mico" title="Equilíbrio termodinâmico – portugheză" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Equilíbrio termodinâmico" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugheză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%87%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Термодинамическое равновесие – rusă" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Термодинамическое равновесие" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rusă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravnote%C5%BEno_stanje_(termodinamika)" title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika) – sârbo-croată" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Ravnotežno stanje (termodinamika)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="sârbo-croată" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thermodynamic_equilibrium" title="Thermodynamic equilibrium – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Thermodynamic equilibrium" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravnovesno_stanje_(fizika)" title="Ravnovesno stanje (fizika) – slovenă" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Ravnovesno stanje (fizika)" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovenă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%BE_%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%9A%D0%B5_(%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0)" title="Равнотежно стање (термодинамика) – sârbă" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Равнотежно стање (термодинамика)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="sârbă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodynamisk_j%C3%A4mvikt" title="Termodynamisk jämvikt – suedeză" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Termodynamisk jämvikt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suedeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA_%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%88" title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் சமநிலை – tamilă" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வெப்ப இயக்கவியல் சமநிலை" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%93%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%9E%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="สมดุลทางอุณหพลศาสตร์ – thailandeză" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="สมดุลทางอุณหพลศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="thailandeză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termodinamik_denge" title="Termodinamik denge – turcă" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Termodinamik denge" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turcă" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A0%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0_%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%97_%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Рівновага термодинамічної системи – ucraineană" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Рівновага термодинамічної системи" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraineană" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡 – chineză" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="熱力學平衡" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="chineză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jia%CC%8Dt-le%CC%8Dk-ha%CC%8Dk_p%C3%AAng-h%C3%AAng" title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k pêng-hêng – chineză min nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Jia̍t-le̍k-ha̍k pêng-hêng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="chineză min nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%86%B1%E5%8A%9B%E5%AD%B8%E5%B9%B3%E8%A1%A1" title="熱力學平衡 – cantoneză" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="熱力學平衡" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantoneză" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q51363#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifică legăturile interlinguale" class="wbc-editpage">Modifică legăturile</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div 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!important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.2em 0.4em 0.2em;font-size:145%;line-height:1.2em;padding-bottom:0.3em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;display:block;margin:0.3em 0 0.4em;"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fi%C8%99ier:Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg&lang=ro" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-220px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-330px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg/langro-440px-Carnot_heat_engine_2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="840" data-file-height="370" /></a></span><div style="padding-top:0.2em;line-height:1.2em">Schema unei mașini termice Carnot</div></td></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Ramuri</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Clasică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Statistică</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Chimică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamic%C4%83_cuantic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamică cuantică — pagină inexistentă">Cuantică</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Termodinamica_echilibrului&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Termodinamica echilibrului — pagină inexistentă">la echilibru</a> / <a href="/wiki/Termodinamica_neechilibrului" title="Termodinamica neechilibrului">nu la echilibru</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principii</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Zero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii">Primul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Al doilea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Al treilea</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sisteme</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_izolat" title="Sistem izolat">Izolat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_%C3%AEnchis" title="Sistem închis">Închis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_deschis" title="Sistem deschis">Deschis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic#Sisteme_termodinamice" title="Sistem termodinamic">Adiabatic</a></li></ul> </div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Stare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Stare termodinamică">Stare</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ecua%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Ecuație de stare">Ecuație de stare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stare_de_agregare" title="Stare de agregare">Stare de agregare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Echilibru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volum_de_control" title="Volum de control">Volum de control</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instrument_pentru_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Instrument pentru termodinamică">Instrumente</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Procese</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Destindere_Joule" title="Destindere Joule">Destindere liberă</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izobar" title="Proces izobar">Izobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izocor" title="Proces izocor">Izocor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izotermic" title="Proces izotermic">Izotermic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Adiabatic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">exponent</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentropic" title="Proces izentropic">Izentropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_izentalpic" title="Proces izentalpic">Izentalpic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_politropic" title="Proces politropic">Politropic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_cvasistatic" title="Proces cvasistatic">Cvasistatic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_reversibil" title="Proces reversibil">Reversibil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proces_ireversibil" title="Proces ireversibil">Ireversibil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disipare" title="Disipare">disipare</a></li></ul></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Cicluri</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%C8%99in%C4%83_termic%C4%83" title="Mașină termică">Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic_inversat" class="mw-redirect" title="Ciclu termodinamic inversat">Inversat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randament_termic" title="Randament termic">Randament și eficiență</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Diagram%C4%83_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Diagramă termodinamică">Diagrame termodinamice</a></th></tr><tr><td class="hlist" style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93volum" title="Diagrama presiune–volum">p-V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_temperatur%C4%83%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama temperatură–entropie">T-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_entalpie%E2%80%93entropie" title="Diagrama entalpie–entropie">h-s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_presiune%E2%80%93entalpie" title="Diagrama presiune–entalpie">p-h</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diagrama_h-x" title="Diagrama h-x">h-x</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Lista_propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bilor_termodinamice" title="Lista proprietăților termodinamice">Propertăți ale sistemelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div style="font-size:90%;padding-bottom:0.2em;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;">Notă: <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Parametri_conjugați" title="Potențial termodinamic">Parametri conjugați</a> cu <i>italice</i></div> <table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none;margin-top:0.4em;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_intensive_%C8%99i_extensive" title="Proprietăți intensive și extensive">Proprietăți intensive și extensive</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_proces" title="Funcție de proces">Funcții de proces</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucru_mecanic" title="Lucru mecanic">Lucru mecanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83" title="Căldură">Căldură</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Func%C8%9Bie_de_stare" title="Funcție de stare">Funcții de stare</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em;padding-bottom:0.7em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presiune" title="Presiune">Presiune</a> <small>(<a href="/wiki/Presiune_intern%C4%83" title="Presiune internă">internă</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presiune_par%C8%9Bial%C4%83" title="Presiune parțială">parțială</a>)</small> / <i><a href="/wiki/Volum_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Volum (termodinamică)">Volum</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> / <i><a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83r_de_particule" title="Număr de particule">Număr de particule</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titlul_vaporilor" title="Titlul vaporilor">Titlul vaporilor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_reduse" title="Proprietăți reduse">Proprietăți reduse</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Propriet%C4%83%C8%9Bi_ale_materialelor_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Proprietăți ale materialelor (termodinamică)">Proprietăți ale materialelor</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Baze_de_date_termodinamice_pentru_substan%C8%9Be_pure&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Baze de date termodinamice pentru substanțe pure — pagină inexistentă">Baze de date cu proprietăți</a></li></ul> <div style="font-size:90%;margin-top:0.4em;border-top:1px solid #aaa;text-align:center;"> <table> <tbody><tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83_masic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică masică">Capacitate termică masică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle c=}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>c</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle c=}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/891d40a9b18752b04065caee655d008b3ec11428" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.46ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle c=}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ec7200acd984a1d3a3d7dc455e262fbe54f7f6e0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.636ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle T}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial S}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial S}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/c609f4d3c5692ea4495479ef47594dc67f9fa464" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.817ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial S}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle N}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>N</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle N}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/f5e3890c981ae85503089652feb48b191b57aae3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.064ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle N}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Compresibilitate" title="Compresibilitate">Coeficient de compresibilitate</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>β</mi> <mo>=</mo> <mo>−</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \beta =-}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/b01c042bf1456bd4d2a8caed1f4912820a7ecbb3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:6.239ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \beta =-}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial p}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>p</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial p}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/ebc4a48eb2412f08b54fe438b5139c88f9cfa372" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.671ex; width:2.487ex; height:2.509ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial p}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> <tr><td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:right"><a href="/wiki/Dilatare_termic%C4%83" title="Dilatare termică">Coeficient de dilatare volumică</a> </td> <td style="vertical-align:middle; text-align:left"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>α</mi> <mo>=</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \alpha =}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/a92d4583d351f08c1c70985f0c843b2fff1b01e7" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.941ex; height:1.676ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \alpha =}"></span></td> <td><table><tbody><tr><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle 1}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mn>1</mn> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle 1}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/92d98b82a3778f043108d4e20960a9193df57cbf" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.162ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle 1}"></span></td><td><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/0cecdd9d069fa84159940068fc11a91b6b3b9ee4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:3.105ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial V}"></span></td></tr><tr><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle V}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle V}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/af0f6064540e84211d0ffe4dac72098adfa52845" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:1.787ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle V}"></span></td><td style="border-top:solid 1px black;"><span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle \partial T}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi mathvariant="normal">∂</mi> <mi>T</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle \partial T}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/504aa558fff3d00d10b03cadb1085cb0b7bdc631" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.338ex; width:2.954ex; height:2.176ex;" alt="{\displaystyle \partial T}"></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Ecuații</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Carnot_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Teorema lui Carnot (termodinamică)">Teorema lui Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_lui_Clausius" title="Teorema lui Clausius">Teorema lui Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Bia_fundamental%C4%83_a_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relația fundamentală a termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Relația fundamentală</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legea_gazelor_ideale" title="Legea gazelor ideale">Legea gazelor ideale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teorema_st%C4%83rilor_corespondente" title="Teorema stărilor corespondente">Stări corespondente</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic#Relațiile_Maxwell" title="Potențial termodinamic">Relațiile Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Rela%C8%9Biile_reciproce_Onsager&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Relațiile reciproce Onsager — pagină inexistentă">Relațiile Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ecua%C8%9Biile_termodinamice_ale_lui_Bridgman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ecuațiile termodinamice ale lui Bridgman — pagină inexistentă">Ecuațiile Bridgman</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabel_cu_ecua%C8%9Bii_termodinamice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice — pagină inexistentă">Tabel cu ecuații termodinamice</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențiale</a></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Energie_intern%C4%83" title="Energie internă">Energie internă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>U</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle U(S,V)}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/921f33f9c6551562ec836007b035c2de6323d2d6" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:7.912ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle U(S,V)}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>A</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>V</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/5e93692f031ba6484d82731c54db83a69daed3f0" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.867ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle A(T,V)=U-TS}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>S</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>U</mi> <mo>+</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mi>V</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/6407d78e5f39d07f70e2414a92e08e2e068519f3" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.254ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H(S,p)=U+pV}"></span></li><li style="line-height:1.6em;padding-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a>: <span class="mwe-math-element"><span class="mwe-math-mathml-inline mwe-math-mathml-a11y" style="display: none;"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>G</mi> <mo stretchy="false">(</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mo>,</mo> <mi>p</mi> <mo stretchy="false">)</mo> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mo>−</mo> <mi>T</mi> <mi>S</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}</annotation> </semantics> </math></span><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/8dd7a8f0b8ae04963da133e3b202432e1b6caed4" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.838ex; width:18.614ex; height:2.843ex;" alt="{\displaystyle G(T,p)=H-TS}"></span></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Entropie_liber%C4%83" title="Entropie liberă">Entropie liberă</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;"><div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Istorie </li><li style="">Cultură</li></ul></div></div></div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><table class="vertical-navbox nowraplinks" style="float:right;clear:right;width:22.0em;margin:0 0 1.0em 1.0em;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;border:1px solid #aaa;padding:0.2em;border-spacing:0.4em 0;text-align:center;line-height:1.4em;font-size:88%;border-collapse:collapse; border-spacing:0px; border:none; width:100%; margin:0px; font-size:100%; clear:none; float:none"><tbody><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Istorie</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Istoria_termodinamicii" title="Istoria termodinamicii">Generală</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_entropiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria entropiei — pagină inexistentă">Istoria entropiei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legile_gazelor" title="Legile gazelor">Legile gazelor</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Istoria_perpetuum_mobilelor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istoria perpetuum mobilelor — pagină inexistentă">Istoria perpetuum mobilelor</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <a href="/wiki/Filozofia_fizicii" title="Filozofia fizicii">Filozofie</a></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_timp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și timp — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și timp</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropie_%C8%99i_via%C8%9B%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropie și viață — pagină inexistentă">Entropie și viață</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Clichetul_brownian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Clichetul brownian — pagină inexistentă">Clichetul brownian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_mor%C8%9Bii_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul morții termice — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul morții termice</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Paradoxul_lui_Loschmidt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Paradoxul lui Loschmidt — pagină inexistentă">Paradoxul lui Loschmidt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Sinergetic%C4%83_(Haken)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sinergetică (Haken) — pagină inexistentă">Sinergetică</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Teorii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Teoria_caloricului" title="Teoria caloricului">Teoria caloricului</a></li></ul> </div> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Vis_viva" title="Vis viva">Forța vie</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echivalentul_mecanic_al_caloriei" title="Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei">Echivalentul mecanic al caloriei</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Putere" title="Putere">Putere motrice</a></i></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Lucrări fundamentale</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Experimental_Enquiry_Concerning_the_Source_of_the_Heat_which_is_Excited_by_Friction&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Experimental Enquiry Concerning the Source of the Heat which is Excited by Friction — pagină inexistentă">An Experimental Enquiry<br />Concerning ... Heat</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/wiki/On_the_Equilibrium_of_Heterogeneous_Substances" title="On the Equilibrium of Heterogeneous Substances">On the Equilibrium of<br />Heterogeneous Substances</a></i></div></li> <li><div style="padding:0.2em 0.4em; line-height:1.2em;"><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9flexions_sur_la_puissance_motrice_du_feu_et_sur_les_machines_propres_%C3%A0_d%C3%A9velopper_cette_puissance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réflexions sur la puissance motrice du feu et sur les machines propres à développer cette puissance — pagină inexistentă">Réflexions sur la puissance<br />motrice du feu</a></i></div></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> Cronologii</th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_termodinamicii&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia termodinamicii — pagină inexistentă">Termodinamică</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cronologia_ma%C8%99inilor_termice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cronologia mașinilor termice — pagină inexistentă">mașini termice</a></li></ul> </div></td> </tr><tr><th style="padding:0.1em;font-style:italic;"> <div class="hlist" style="margin-left:0em;"><div class="plainlist"><ul style=""><li style="">Artă</li><li style="">Învățământ</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Suprafa%C8%9Ba_termodinamic%C4%83_a_lui_Maxwell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell — pagină inexistentă">Suprafața termodinamică a lui Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Entropia_ca_disipare_a_energiei&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Entropia ca disipare a energiei — pagină inexistentă">Entropia ca disipare a energiei</a></li></ul></td> </tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Personalități</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Bernoulli" title="Daniel Bernoulli">Bernoulli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Boltzmann" title="Ludwig Boltzmann">Boltzmann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constantin_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Constantin Carathéodory">Carathéodory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicolas_L%C3%A9onard_Sadi_Carnot" title="Nicolas Léonard Sadi Carnot">Carnot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beno%C3%AEt_Paul_%C3%89mile_Clapeyron" title="Benoît Paul Émile Clapeyron">Clapeyron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_Clausius" class="mw-redirect" title="Rudolf Clausius">Clausius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Th%C3%A9ophile_de_Donder" title="Théophile de Donder">de Donder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pierre_Duhem" title="Pierre Duhem">Duhem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josiah_Willard_Gibbs" title="Josiah Willard Gibbs">Gibbs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Prescott_Joule" title="James Prescott Joule">Joule</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Kelvin">Kelvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_N._Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gilbert N. Lewis">Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fran%C3%A7ois_Massieu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="François Massieu — pagină inexistentă">Massieu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Clerk_Maxwell" title="James Clerk Maxwell">Maxwell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Julius_von_Mayer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Julius von Mayer — pagină inexistentă">von Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walther_Nernst" title="Walther Nernst">Nernst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lars_Onsager" title="Lars Onsager">Onsager</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_John_Macquorn_Rankine" title="William John Macquorn Rankine">Rankine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Smeaton" title="John Smeaton">Smeaton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georg_Ernst_Stahl" title="Georg Ernst Stahl">Stahl</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Tait&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Tait — pagină inexistentă">Tait</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Benjamin_Thompson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Benjamin Thompson — pagină inexistentă">Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">van der Waals</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_James_Waterston&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John James Waterston — pagină inexistentă">Waterston</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0 0.1em 0.4em"> <div class="NavFrame collapsed" style="border:none;padding:0"><div class="NavHead" style="font-size:105%;background:inherit;color:var(--color-base, #000) !important;text-align:left;text-align:center;">Altele</div><div class="NavContent" style="font-size:105%;padding:0.2em 0 0.4em;text-align:center"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nuclea%C8%9Bie" title="Nucleație">Nucleație</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoasamblare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoasamblare — pagină inexistentă">Autoasamblare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Autoorganizare&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Autoorganizare — pagină inexistentă">Autoorganizare</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ordine_%C8%99i_dezordine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ordine și dezordine — pagină inexistentă">Ordine și dezordine</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td style="padding:0.3em 0.4em 0.3em;font-weight:bold;border-top: 1px solid #aaa; border-bottom: 1px solid #aaa;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Categorie:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Categorie:Termodinamică">Categorie</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td style="text-align:right;font-size:115%;padding-top: 0.6em;"><div class="plainlinks hlist navbar mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Vizualizează acest format">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Discuție Format:Termodinamică"><abbr title="Discută acest format">d</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Termodinamic%C4%83&action=edit"><abbr title="Modifică acest format">m</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Un <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">sistem termodinamic</a> se găsește în <i><a href="/wiki/Stare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Stare termodinamică">stare</a></i> de <b>echilibru termodinamic</b> dacă <a href="/wiki/Variabil%C4%83_de_stare" title="Variabilă de stare">mărimile de stare</a> nu se modifică atunci când este izolat de acțiunile <a href="/wiki/Mediu" title="Mediu">mediului</a> exterior. De la această izolare se exclud <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A2mp_vectorial" title="Câmp vectorial">câmpurile de forțe externe</a>, ca de exemplu <a href="/wiki/Gravita%C8%9Bie" title="Gravitație">câmpul gravitațional</a>. </p><p>Echilibrul termodinamic presupune echilibrele <a href="/wiki/Hidrostatic%C4%83" title="Hidrostatică">hidrostatic</a>, termic, <a href="/wiki/Difuzie" class="mw-redirect" title="Difuzie">difuzional</a> și <a href="/wiki/Echilibru_chimic" title="Echilibru chimic">chimic</a>. Practic, sistemul termodinamic se află în echilibru atunci când <a href="/wiki/Variabil%C4%83_de_stare" title="Variabilă de stare">mărimile care caracterizează starea</a> microsistemelor componente sunt aproximativ egale cu mărimile medii pentru întreg sistemul. </p><p>Starea energetică a unui sistem termodinamic, la un moment dat, este dată de condițiile interioare ale acestuia (masa și energia <i>sistemului</i>) și de condițiile exterioare (care determină schimbul de energie între sistem și mediul exterior). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Note">Note</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Modifică secțiunea: Note" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Note"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><br /> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Lectură_suplimentară"><span id="Lectur.C4.83_suplimentar.C4.83"></span>Lectură suplimentară</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Modifică secțiunea: Lectură suplimentară" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Lectură suplimentară"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Nicolae Băran, ș.a., <i>Termodinamică tehnică - Teorie și aplicații</i> vol. 1</li> <li>E. Dragomirescu, L. Enache, <i>Biofizică</i>, <a href="/wiki/Editura_Didactic%C4%83_%C8%99i_Pedagogic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Editura Didactică și Pedagogică">Editura Didactică și Pedagogică</a>, București, 1993</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liviu_Oniciu" title="Liviu Oniciu">L. Oniciu</a>, <i>Chimie fizică. Electrochimie</i>, 1977</li> <li>I. Rădoi, M. Nemes, <a href="/wiki/Ciprian_Radovan" title="Ciprian Radovan">C. Radovan</a>, <i>Electrochimie</i>, Editura Facla, Timisoara, 1974</li> <li>V. Kirillin, V. Sîcev, A. Șeindlin, <i>Termodinamica</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1985, (traducere din limba rusă), p. 132-169 Capitolul 5 <i>Echilibrul sistemelor termodinamice și transformările de fază</i></li> <li>Rodica Vâlcu, <i>Termodinamica chimică</i>, Editura Tehnică, București, 1975, 1994</li> <li>Dumitru Săndulescu, <i>Chimie fizică - vol I</i>, Editura Științifică și Enciclopedică, București, 1979</li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C8%98erban_%C8%9Ai%C8%9Beica" title="Șerban Țițeica">Șerban Țițeica</a>: <i>Termodinamica</i>, Editura Academiei Republicii Socialiste România, București, 1982.</li> <li>F. Sears, M. Zemansky, H. Young, <i>Fizică (University Physics 5th Edition)</i>, EDP, București, 1983</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vezi_și"><span id="Vezi_.C8.99i"></span>Vezi și</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Modifică secțiunea: Vezi și" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>modificare</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Echilibru_termodinamic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Vezi și"><span>modificare sursă</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Diagram%C4%83_de_faz%C4%83" title="Diagramă de fază">Diagramă de fază</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_chimic" title="Sistem chimic">Sistem chimic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_fizic" title="Sistem fizic">Sistem fizic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sistem_biologic" title="Sistem biologic">Sistem biologic</a></li></ul> <div class="noprint tright portal" style="border:solid #aaa 1px; margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="background:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle, #f9f9f9); color:inherit; font-size:85%; line-height:110%; max-width:175px;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/25px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/37px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/49px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Fizic%C4%83" title="Portal:Fizică">Portal Fizică </a></b> </td></tr> <tr valign="middle"> <td style="text-align: center;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fi%C8%99ier:Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Portal icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/28px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/42px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2d/Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png/56px-Nuvola_apps_edu_science.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span> </td> <td style="padding: 0 0.2em; vertical-align: middle; font-style: italic; font-weight: bold"><b><a href="/wiki/Portal:Chimie" title="Portal:Chimie">Portal Chimie </a></b> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <table class="navbox" cellspacing="0" style=""> <tbody><tr> <td style="padding:2px;"> <table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks collapsible collapsed" style="width:100%;background:transparent;color:inherit;;"> <tbody><tr> <th style=";" colspan="2" class="navbox-title"><div style="float:left; width:6em;text-align:left;"><div class="noprint plainlinks" style="padding:0; font-size:xx-small; color:var(--color-base, #000); white-space:nowrap; ;"><span style=";;border:none;"><a href="/wiki/Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Format:Fizică statistică"><span title="Vizualizare format" style=";;border:none;;">v</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Discu%C8%9Bie_Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Discuție Format:Fizică statistică — pagină inexistentă"><span title="Discuție format" style=";;border:none;;">d</span></a> <span style="font-size:80%;">•</span> <a class="external text" href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Format:Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83&action=edit"><span title="Acest format se poate modifica. Folosiți butonul de previzualizare înainte de a salva." style=";;border:none;;">m</span></a></span></div></div><span class="" style="font-size: 110%;"><a href="/wiki/Fizic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Fizică statistică">Fizică statistică</a></span> </th></tr> <tr style="height:2px;"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Termodinamică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"> <div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Calorimetrie" title="Calorimetrie">Calorimetrie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Capacitate_termic%C4%83" title="Capacitate termică">Capacitate termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/C%C4%83ldur%C4%83_latent%C4%83" title="Căldură latentă">Căldură latentă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclu_termodinamic" title="Ciclu termodinamic">Ciclu termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Carnot" title="Ciclul Carnot">Ciclul Carnot</a> • <a href="/wiki/Ciclul_Clausius-Rankine" title="Ciclul Clausius-Rankine">Ciclul Clausius-Rankine</a> • <a href="/wiki/Coeficient_de_transformare_adiabatic%C4%83" title="Coeficient de transformare adiabatică">Coeficient de transformare adiabatică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_universal%C4%83_a_gazului_ideal" title="Constanta universală a gazului ideal">Constanta universală a gazului ideal</a> • <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Echilibru termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energie_intern%C4%83" title="Energie internă">Energie internă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Energie_liber%C4%83" title="Energie liberă">Energie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie" title="Entalpie">Entalpie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entalpie_liber%C4%83" title="Entalpie liberă">Entalpie liberă</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_radia%C8%9Biei_electromagnetice" title="Entropia radiației electromagnetice">Entropia radiației electromagnetice</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropia_termodinamic%C4%83_(dup%C4%83_Carath%C3%A9odory)" title="Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)">Entropia termodinamică (după Carathéodory)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie" title="Entropie">Entropie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Entropie_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Entropie termodinamică">Entropie termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Evaporare" title="Evaporare">Evaporare</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Fază (termodinamică)">Fază (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Fierbere" title="Fierbere">Fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Formula_lui_Planck" title="Formula lui Planck">Formula lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Frac%C8%9Bie_molar%C4%83" title="Fracție molară">Fracție molară</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_ideal" title="Gaz ideal">Gaz ideal</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_perfect" title="Gaz perfect">Gaz perfect</a> • <a href="/wiki/Gaz_real" title="Gaz real">Gaz real</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Boyle-Mariotte" title="Legea Boyle-Mariotte">Legea Boyle-Mariotte</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_Dulong-Petit" title="Legea Dulong-Petit">Legea Dulong-Petit</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Avogadro" title="Legea lui Avogadro">Legea lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Dalton" title="Legea lui Dalton">Legea lui Dalton</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Henry" title="Legea lui Henry">Legea lui Henry</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legea_lui_Raoult" title="Legea lui Raoult">Legea lui Raoult</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_de_deplasare_ale_lui_Wien" title="Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien">Legile de deplasare ale lui Wien</a> • <a href="/wiki/Legile_lui_Kirchhoff_(radia%C8%9Bie)" title="Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)">Legile lui Kirchhoff (radiație)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lema_lui_Carath%C3%A9odory_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)">Lema lui Carathéodory (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/M%C4%83rimi_molare_de_exces" title="Mărimi molare de exces">Mărimi molare de exces</a> • <a href="/wiki/Paradoxul_lui_Gibbs_(termodinamic%C4%83)" title="Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)">Paradoxul lui Gibbs (termodinamică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Perpetuum_mobile" title="Perpetuum mobile">Perpetuum mobile</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_chimic" title="Potențial chimic">Potențial chimic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Poten%C8%9Bial_termodinamic" title="Potențial termodinamic">Potențial termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Presiune_de_vapori" title="Presiune de vapori">Presiune de vapori</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiile_termodinamicii" title="Principiile termodinamicii">Principiile termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_doilea_al_termodinamicii:_Planck_versus_Carath%C3%A9odory" title="Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory">Principiul al doilea al termodinamicii: Planck versus Carathéodory</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_al_treilea_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii">Principiul al treilea al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_%C3%AEnt%C3%A2i_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul întâi al termodinamicii">Principiul întâi al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Principiul_zero_al_termodinamicii" title="Principiul zero al termodinamicii">Principiul zero al termodinamicii</a> • <a href="/wiki/Proces_adiabatic" title="Proces adiabatic">Proces adiabatic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_fierbere" title="Punct de fierbere">Punct de fierbere</a> • <a href="/wiki/Punct_de_topire" title="Punct de topire">Punct de topire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Radia%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" title="Radiație termică">Radiație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rela%C8%9Bia_lui_Mayer" title="Relația lui Mayer">Relația lui Mayer</a> • <a href="/wiki/Rezonatorul_lui_Planck" title="Rezonatorul lui Planck">Rezonatorul lui Planck</a> • <a href="/wiki/Sistem_termodinamic" title="Sistem termodinamic">Sistem termodinamic</a> • <a href="/wiki/Temperatur%C4%83" title="Temperatură">Temperatură</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termochimie" title="Termochimie">Termochimie</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică">Termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_Legendre" title="Transformare Legendre">Transformare Legendre</a> • <a href="/wiki/Transformare_termodinamic%C4%83" title="Transformare termodinamică">Transformare termodinamică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Termodinamic%C4%83_chimic%C4%83" title="Termodinamică chimică">Termodinamică chimică</a> •</div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Mecanică statistică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-even"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Entropie_statistic%C4%83" title="Entropie statistică">Entropie statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Faz%C4%83_(mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83)" title="Fază (mecanică statistică)">Fază (mecanică statistică)</a> • <a href="/wiki/Grad_de_libertate" title="Grad de libertate">Grad de libertate</a> • <a href="/wiki/Mecanic%C4%83_statistic%C4%83" title="Mecanică statistică">Mecanică statistică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Operator_statistic" title="Operator statistic">Operator statistic</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="height:2px"> <td> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="navbox-group" style=";;">Teorie cinetică </td> <td style="text-align:left;border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;width:100%;padding:0px;;;" class="navbox-list navbox-odd"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Agita%C8%9Bie_termic%C4%83" class="mw-redirect" title="Agitație termică">Agitație termică</a> • <a href="/wiki/Constanta_Boltzmann" title="Constanta Boltzmann">Constanta Boltzmann</a> • <a href="/wiki/Demonul_lui_Maxwell" title="Demonul lui Maxwell">Demonul lui Maxwell</a> • <a href="/wiki/Num%C4%83rul_lui_Avogadro" title="Numărul lui Avogadro">Numărul lui Avogadro</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_cinetic%C4%83_a_gazelor" title="Teoria cinetică a gazelor">Teoria cinetică a gazelor</a> • <a href="/wiki/Teoria_haosului" title="Teoria haosului">Teoria haosului</a></div> </td></tr></tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r16513826">.mw-parser-output .navbox{margin:0 auto 0}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-image[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-list[style]{background:inherit!important;color:inherit!important;border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-group[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbox-even[style],html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output 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