Lord Norman Foster | Academy of Achievement

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He has designed the tallest bridge in the world and crowned Berlin’s Reichstag with a monumental glass dome to signify transparency in government. In 2017, Apple opened its new headquarters in Cupertino, California, a circular structure designed by Foster, working closely with the late Steve Jobs. A working-class youth from Manchester who worked his way through architecture school, Norman Foster has received the highest honors of his profession, including the Pritzker Prize. In 1999, HM Queen Elizabeth II elevated him to the peerage as Lord Foster of Thames Bank. Lord Foster is now collaborating with NASA and the European Space Agency to explore solutions for building habitable spaces on the Moon and Mars. He is president of the Madrid-based Norman Foster Foundation, supporting the young architects, designers, and urbanists who will build the world of the future."/> <meta name="robots" content="index, follow"/> <meta name="googlebot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <meta name="bingbot" content="index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1"/> <link rel="canonical" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"/> <meta property="og:locale" content="en_US"/> <meta property="og:type" content="article"/> <meta property="og:title" content="Lord Norman Foster | Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="og:description" content="<div class="page" title="Page 32"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> Hailed as the premier British architect of our times, Lord Foster’s sleek creations in steel and glass have become landmarks of the world’s great cities, from airports in China to office towers in New York and London. He has designed the tallest bridge in the world and crowned Berlin’s Reichstag with a monumental glass dome to signify transparency in government. In 2017, Apple opened its new headquarters in Cupertino, California, a circular structure designed by Foster, working closely with the late Steve Jobs. A working-class youth from Manchester who worked his way through architecture school, Norman Foster has received the highest honors of his profession, including the Pritzker Prize. In 1999, HM Queen Elizabeth II elevated him to the peerage as Lord Foster of Thames Bank. Lord Foster is now collaborating with NASA and the European Space Agency to explore solutions for building habitable spaces on the Moon and Mars. He is president of the Madrid-based Norman Foster Foundation, supporting the young architects, designers, and urbanists who will build the world of the future. </div> </div> </div>"/> <meta property="og:url" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"/> <meta property="og:site_name" content="Academy of Achievement"/> <meta property="article:modified_time" content="2019-09-08T23:05:31+00:00"/> <meta property="og:image" content="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/foster-Feature-Image-1-760x304.png"/> <meta property="og:image:width" content="760"/> <meta property="og:image:height" content="304"/> <meta name="twitter:card" content="summary"/> <meta name="twitter:creator" content="@achievers1961"/> <meta name="twitter:site" content="@achievers1961"/> <script type="application/ld+json" class="yoast-schema-graph">{"@context":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://schema.org","@graph":[{"@type":"Organization","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/#organization","name":"Academy of Achievement","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/","sameAs":["https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.linkedin.com/company/american-academy-of-achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.youtube.com/channel/UChe_87uh1H-NIMf3ndTjPFw","https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement","https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://twitter.com/achievers1961"],"logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/#logo","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2019/05/12.png","width":1200,"height":630,"caption":"Academy of Achievement"},"image":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/#logo"}},{"@type":"WebSite","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/#website","url":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/","name":"Academy of Achievement","description":"A museum of living history","publisher":{"@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/#organization"},"potentialAction":[{"@type":"SearchAction","target":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/search/{search_term_string}","query-input":"required name=search_term_string"}],"inLanguage":"en-US"},{"@type":"ImageObject","@id":"https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/#primaryimage","inLanguage":"en-US","url":"/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/foster-Feature-Image-1.png","width":2800,"height":1120,"caption":"Norman Foster, founder and Chairman of Foster + Partners Ltd., poses for a photograph following a Bloomberg Television interview in London, U.K., on Thursday, May 25, 2017. 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<article class="post-43154 achiever type-achiever status-publish has-post-thumbnail hentry careers-architect"> <div class="entry-content container clearfix">  <div class="tab-content"> <div class="tab-pane active" id="biography" role="tabpanel"> <section class="achiever--biography"> <div class="banner clearfix"> <div class="banner--single clearfix"> <div class="col-lg-8 col-lg-offset-2"> <div class="banner__image__container"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <img class="lazyload banner__image" data-src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WhatItTakes_foster-256-190x190.png" alt=""/> </figure> </a> </div> <div class="banner__text__container"> <h3 class="serif-3 banner__headline"> <a href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://itunes.apple.com/us/podcast/what-it-takes/id1025864075?mt=2" target="_blank"> Listen to this achiever on <i>What It Takes</i> </a> </h3> <p class="sans-6 banner__text m-b-0"><i>What It Takes</i> is an audio podcast produced by the American Academy of Achievement featuring intimate, revealing conversations with influential leaders in the diverse fields of endeavor: public service, science and exploration, sports, technology, business, arts and humanities, and justice.</p> </div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="row"> <header class="editorial-article__header col-md-8 col-md-offset-2 text-xs-center"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> <h3 class="serif-3 quote-marks">My interest has always been beyond buildings in isolation. It doesn’t mean to say I’m not passionate about the design of an individual building, but I can’t separate that building from its immediate environment. The idea is that it should give something back to the community of which it’s a part.</h3> </header> </div> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar clearfix"> <h2 class="serif-3 p-b-1">Mozart of Modernism</h2> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 1, 1935 </dd> </div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p>Norman Foster was born in Reddish, near Manchester, England; the family moved to the city’s Levenshulme district shortly after he was born. His father was a factory worker, his mother a waitress.  Although they lacked education and sometimes struggled to support their only child, they set him an unforgettable example of tireless, uncomplaining hard work.</p> <figure id="attachment_43230" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43230" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43230 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43230 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1554" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180-380x259.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180-760x518.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43230" class="wp-caption-text">1962: Norman Foster and Richard Rogers at Yale School of Architecture. After graduating from the University of Manchester’s School of Architecture and City Planning in 1961, Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture, where he earned his master’s degree, and where he met fellow architecture student Richard Rogers. Upon returning to England, Rogers and Foster formed an architectural firm called Team 4 with Su Brumwell and Wendy Cheesman. Team 4 quickly earned a reputation for high-tech design. (Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>For as long as he could remember, Norman Foster was fascinated by design and filled sketchbooks with drawings of planes, cars, and buildings.  He took inspiration from the rich architectural heritage of the city around him. Manchester’s grand 19th-century buildings testified to the city’s eminence as the historic center of Britain’s textile industry.  The city’s impressive infrastructure, its rail system, and factories like the Metropolitan Vickers electrical equipment plant where his father worked fed a growing interest in engineering.</p> <figure id="attachment_43234" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43234" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43234 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43234 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2041" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237-380x340.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237-760x680.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43234" class="wp-caption-text">1971, IBM Pilot Headquarters<em>, </em>Cosham, UK: The building was to provide accommodation for between 750 and 1,000 employees within eighteen months at a cost comparable to the cheapest temporary structures. The building was to serve as a temporary head office for IBM while a permanent headquarters was built on an adjoining site.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foster was a diligent student, and at his father’s urging, he won a position as a trainee in the Treasurer’s Department at Manchester Town Hall. Further career plans were put on hold as he fulfilled his national service commitment. Acting on his lifelong interest in aviation, he served in the Royal Air Force (RAF). His work at Town Hall had not excited him, and when he was discharged from the RAF, he disappointed his parents by turning his back on the civil service career they had planned for him. The example of a Town Hall colleague’s son had piqued his interest in studying architecture, and he landed a job as an assistant in the architectural practice of John Beardshaw and Partners. Beardshaw was impressed with Foster’s drawings and soon promoted him to draftsman.</p> <figure id="attachment_43236" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43236" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43236 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43236 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1515" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685-760x505.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43236" class="wp-caption-text">1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK: Norman Foster with his mentor, R. Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller, renowned 20th-century American inventor, architect, and visionary, during a visit to the Sainsbury Centre. In a 2015 interview with <em>The Observer</em>, Foster stated, “For me, Bucky was the very essence of a moral conscience, forever warning about the fragility of the planet and man’s responsibility to protect it.” (Credit: Ken Kirkwood)</figcaption></figure> <p>At age 21, Foster won admission to the School of Architecture and City Planning at the University of Manchester. He worked his way through university at an assortment of odd jobs, as a baker, a nightclub bouncer, and an ice cream salesman.  On graduation from Manchester in 1961, he won a fellowship for graduate study in architecture at Yale University.</p> <figure id="attachment_43237" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43237" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43237 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43237 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2254" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798-380x376.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798-760x751.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43237" class="wp-caption-text">1978, Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts, Norwich, UK: The building brought a new level of refinement to the practice’s early explorations into lightweight, flexible enclosures. Structural and service elements are contained within the double-layer walls and roof. Within this shell is a sequence of spaces incorporating galleries, a reception area, the Faculty of Fine Arts, senior common room and a restaurant. Full-height windows at each end open the space to the surrounding landscape; louvers line the interior to provide a highly flexible system for controlling natural and artificial light. Large enough to display the Sainsburys’ art collection, yet designed to be intimate and inviting, the main gallery evokes the spirit of the collection’s originally domestic setting. (Credit: Ken Kirkwood)</figcaption></figure> <p>At Yale, he came under the influence of the renowned architectural historian Vincent Scully. He also became friends with another British architecture student, Richard Rogers. Foster and Rogers spent a year traveling across the United States, absorbing a built environment different in many ways from that of Britain and the Continent. Already familiar with the works of European modernists such as Le Corbusier, they now had the opportunity to study firsthand the work of American architects like Frank Lloyd Wright, and European émigrés such as Ludwig Mies van der Rohe. In California, they explored the Case Study houses of Richard Neutra, Rafael Soriano, Charles and Ray Eames, Pierre Koenig and Eero Saarinen, with their then-radical concept of open plan, indoor-outdoor living.</p> <figure id="attachment_43467" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43467" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43467 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43467 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2882" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1-301x380.jpg 301w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1-601x760.jpg 601w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43467" class="wp-caption-text">1986, Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters, Hong Kong, China: A requirement was to build in excess of a million square feet in a short timescale, which suggested prefabrication, whilst the need to build simultaneously upwards and downwards led to the adoption of a suspension structure, with pairs of steel masts arranged in three bays. As a result, the building is articulated in a stepped profile of three individual towers. (Photo by Ian Lambot)</figcaption></figure> <p>On returning to Britain in 1963, Foster, Rogers, and two architect sisters, Georgie and Wendy Cheesman, started an architectural practice of their own, known as Team 4.  Specializing at first in industrial facilities, they soon acquired a reputation for innovative, high-tech architecture. After splitting with Rogers in 1967, Foster and former Team 4 member Wendy Cheesman set up a new practice as Foster Associates. Foster and Cheesman married and would have four sons.</p> <figure id="attachment_43471" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43471" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43471 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43471 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1462" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516-380x244.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516-760x487.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43471" class="wp-caption-text">1999, Reichstag, New German Parliament, Berlin, Germany: A view of the cupola. Lightness and transparency characterize the structure, and the ramps appear to float weightlessly in space. The building is a model for sustainability by burning renewable bio-fuel – refined vegetable oil – in a cogenerator to produce electricity: a system that is cleaner than burning fossil fuels. The result is a 94-percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Surplus heat is stored as hot water in an aquifer deep below ground and can be pumped up to heat the building or to drive an absorption cooling plant to produce chilled water. Significantly, the building’s energy requirements are modest enough to allow it to produce more energy than it consumes and to perform as a mini power station in the government quarter. The cupola is now an established Berlin landmark. (Image Credit: Adam Berry/Getty Images)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following year, Foster Associates embarked on a long-term collaboration with the visionary American architect and inventor Buckminster Fuller. Foster shared Fuller’s environmental concerns, and the partners pioneered energy-efficient, environmentally sensitive design. Foster also took an interest in the social experience of the people who worked in the buildings he designed.</p> <figure id="attachment_43252" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43252" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43252 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43252 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1120" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519-380x187.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519-760x373.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43252" class="wp-caption-text">1999, Berlin, Germany. Reichstag, New German Parliament. A view of the interior of the cupola. The cupola, symbolic of rebirth, drives the building’s natural lighting and ventilation strategies. At its core is a ‘light sculptor’ that reflects horizon light down into the chamber, while a sun-shield tracks the path of the sun to block solar gain and glare. As night falls, this process is reversed – the cupola becomes a beacon on the skyline. (© Rudi Meisel)</figcaption></figure> <p>At the time, the custom in Britain and elsewhere was to segregate workers and management, with separate entrances, dining areas, and washrooms. Foster achieved a more democratic integration of a firm’s workforce with a small building for an electronics factory. He developed the concept further in his 1969 design of a new headquarters for the Fred Olsen Line, a shipping company. Located in London’s rundown harbor district, the Docklands, he created an integrated workspace for workers and management, replete with art, a variety of dining areas and recreational facilities open to all.</p> <figure id="attachment_43253" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43253" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43253 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43253 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1600" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556-380x267.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556-760x533.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43253" class="wp-caption-text">2000, Great Court British Museum, London, UK: A view into the Great Court from the museum’s entrance hall. The original rotunda reading room is flanked by two of the four entrances to space. The newly built south portico is built to Robert Smirke’s original nineteenth-century classical plan, in limestone. The glass skin that covers the entire great hall is a 478-ton steel structure, which supports 315 tons of glass. It creates the largest enclosed public space in Europe. At two acres, the Great Court increased public space in the museum by forty percent, allowing its visitors to move freely around the main floor for the first time in 150 years. (Credit: Nigel Young/Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>Foster’s practice, up to this time, had been primarily focused on industrial facilities and had drawn little attention from a larger public. Foster’s Olsen building caught the attention of the business world, and IBM asked him to build temporary buildings while a larger headquarters project was delayed. Rather than the set of temporary huts IBM executives had imagined, Foster built a light-filled, energy-efficient building for a fraction of the cost IBM had contemplated. Completed in 1971, Foster’s IBM building incorporated the industrial facilities infrastructure into the building plan, while offering the employees natural light, fresh air, and an unprecedented freedom of movement.</p> <figure id="attachment_43255" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43255" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43255 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43255 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="2881" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629-301x380.jpg 301w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629-601x760.jpg 601w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43255" class="wp-caption-text">2000, Millennium Bridge, London, UK: The bridge at night, looking towards the north embankment and St. Paul’s Cathedral. Structurally, the bridge pushes the boundaries of technology. Spanning 320 meters, it is a very shallow suspension bridge. Two Y-shaped armatures support eight cables that run along the sides of the 4-meter-wide deck, while steel transverse arms clamp onto the cables at 8-meter intervals to support the deck itself. This groundbreaking structure means that the cables never rise more than 2.3 meters above the deck, allowing those crossing the bridge to enjoy uninterrupted panoramic views and preserving sight lines from the surrounding buildings. The bridge has a thin profile, forming a slender arc across the water. (Nigel Young/Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>The general public began to take note with Foster’s 1974 design for the new headquarters of the Willis, Faber & Dumas insurance company in Ipswich. Recalling the curving windowed facade of the Art Deco Daily Express building in Manchester, Foster took the concept a step further, creating a sweeping ground-to-rooftop glass facade, swinging in a giant irregular loop around the block. The darkened glass reflects the clouds and sky around it in the daylight hours, then grows luminously transparent as evening descends. Open plan office floors predominate within, and the firm’s workers are provided with a gymnasium, a rooftop garden and a swimming pool. These amenities were a welcome addition in underserved Ipswich, and the building became a popular venue for parties, public meetings, and civic events. Foster Associates was now considered for public buildings as well as commercial ones, such as a new art museum for the University of East Anglia in Norwich. The Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts opened in 1978 and was widely acclaimed.</p> <figure id="attachment_43262" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43262" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43262 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43262 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1517" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722-760x506.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43262" class="wp-caption-text">2004, Millau Viaduct, Millau, France: The bridge completes a hitherto missing link in the A75 autoroute from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers across the Massif Central. The A75 provides a direct, high-speed route from Paris to the Mediterranean coast and on to Barcelona. A cable-stayed, masted structure, the bridge is delicate, transparent, and has the optimum span between columns. Its construction broke several records: it has the highest pylons in the world, the highest road bridge deck in Europe, and it superseded the Eiffel Tower as the tallest structure in France. Bridges are often considered to belong to the realm of the engineer. But the architecture of infrastructure has a powerful impact on the environment, and the Millau Viaduct, designed in collaboration with structural engineers, illustrates how the architect can play an integral role in the design of bridges. (Daniel Jamme/Eiffage)</figcaption></figure> <p>Despite Foster’s growing reputation, the firm was on the verge of bankruptcy when salvation appeared in the form of a commission to build a new headquarters for HSBC (Hongkong Shanghai Banking Corporation) in Hong Kong.  Foster’s design called for prefabricated steel modules to support a 47-story glass envelope from the outside, with no internal supporting structure. Eight groups of four columns each run from the foundation to the top, locked to exposed triangular trusses. Lit and heated primarily by sunlight, a bank of giant mirrors redirect light into the building’s central plaza, while exterior shades block direct light from overheating the building, which is cooled with seawater. Elevators only stop at every fourth floor, with escalators connecting the floors between stops.  The floors themselves are made of movable modular panels, enabling easy access to the building’s systems — electrical, air-conditioning, telecommunications and IT. Its transparent structure allows all 3,500 workers a view of one or the other of Hong Kong’s spectacular landmarks, either Victoria Peak or Victoria Harbour. The project took seven years from concept to completion; with a price tag of $668 million, it was reputed to be the most expensive building in the world when it opened in 1985.</p> <figure id="attachment_43297" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43297" style="width: 1996px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43297 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43297 lazyload" alt="" width="1996" height="3000" data-sizes="(max-width: 1996px) 100vw, 1996px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin.jpg 1996w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin-506x760.jpg 506w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43297" class="wp-caption-text">2004, 30 St Mary Axe, London, UK: The building, dubbed by Londoners as “the Gherkin” for its distinctive shape, was originally commissioned by Swiss Re. The design is rooted in a radical approach — technically, architecturally, socially and spatially. Forty-one stories high, it provides 46,400 square meters net of office space together with an arcade of shops and cafés accessed from a newly created piazza. At the summit is a club room that offers a spectacular 360-degree panorama across the capital. Generated by a circular plan, with a radial geometry, the building widens in profile as it rises and tapers towards its apex. This distinctive form responds to the constraints of the site: the building appears more slender than a rectangular block of equivalent size, and the slimming of its profile towards the base maximizes the public realm at street level. Environmentally, its profile reduces wind deflections compared with a rectilinear tower of similar size, helping to maintain a comfortable environment at ground level, and creates external pressure differentials exploited to drive a unique system of natural ventilation.</figcaption></figure> <p>Foster’s professional success coincided with personal tragedy. His wife, Wendy, died in 1989, leaving him with four growing sons to raise on his own. Norman Foster was now recognized as a leading British architect. In 1990, Norman Foster was knighted by Queen Elizabeth II for his service to British architecture. The Queen herself opened Foster’s terminal building for London Stansted Airport. The building received the European Union Prize for Contemporary Architecture, known as the Mies van der Rohe Award.</p> <figure id="attachment_43260" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43260" style="width: 2276px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43260 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43260 lazyload" alt="" width="2276" height="2976" data-sizes="(max-width: 2276px) 100vw, 2276px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072.jpg 2276w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072-291x380.jpg 291w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072-581x760.jpg 581w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43260" class="wp-caption-text">2006, Hearst Headquarters, New York City: The new tower rises above the old building to a height of 44 stories. At the base of the tower, the main spatial event is a lobby that occupies the entire floor plate of the old building and rises up through six floors. Structurally, the tower has a triangulated “diagrid” form — a highly efficient solution that uses 20 percent less steel than a conventionally framed structure. With the corners cut back between the diagonals, it creates a distinctive facetted silhouette. The building is also significant in environmental terms. It was built using 85 percent recycled steel; its heating and air-conditioning equipment utilizes outside air for cooling and ventilation for nine months of the year. The Hearst building is the first in Manhattan to achieve a gold rating under the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. (Credit: Chuck Choi)</figcaption></figure> <p>The following decade was an enormously busy one for Sir Norman, as he was now known, and his associates. His firm completed new constructions, renovations, and additions for academic and cultural institutions, office buildings, harbor and rail facilities, and mixed-use complexes in Britain, the United States, Europe, and Asia. The Hong Kong International Airport, completed in 1998, was one of the largest building projects ever undertaken. The year 1999 was one of enormous achievements and highly public honors for Sir Norman. He was awarded the Pritzker Prize, often called the Nobel Prize of architecture, for his career achievement to date, and the Queen awarded him a life peerage as Baron Foster of Thames Bank.</p> <figure id="attachment_43264" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43264" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43264 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43264 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1517" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796-760x506.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43264" class="wp-caption-text">2008, Beijing Capital International Airport, Beijing, China: Completed as the gateway to the city for the twenty-ninth Olympiad in 2008, Beijing’s international terminal is the world’s largest and most advanced airport building, not only technologically, but also in terms of passenger experience, operational efficiency, and sustainability. Designed to be welcoming and uplifting, it is also a symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and dragon-like form celebrating the thrill and poetry of flight and evoking traditional Chinese colors and symbols. The terminal building is one of the world’s most sustainable, incorporating a range of passive environmental design concepts, such as the southeast-oriented skylights, which maximize the heat gain from the early morning sun and serve as an integrated environment-control system that minimizes energy consumption. In construction terms, its design optimized the performance of materials selected on the basis of local availability, functionality, application of local skills, and low-cost procurement. Remarkably, it was designed and built in just four years. (© Ma Wenxiao/Sino)</figcaption></figure> <p>With his firm, renamed Foster + Partners, he completed an ingenious renovation of Berlin’s historic Reichstag building, home to Germany’s parliament, the Bundestag.  With the reunification of East and West Germany after the Cold War, Germans were eager to see their parliament return to its historic home, vacant since the Nazis extinguished German democracy in the 1930s. It was hoped that the renovation would celebrate the triumph of democracy and mark a break with the tragedies of the preceding century. Foster made the building a model of environmentally sustainable building practices, expending virtually no fossil fuel while serving as an example of literal and figurative transparency. A giant glass dome above the Bundestag’s chamber allows visitors to view the workings of government from overhead and reminds the parliamentarians that the public’s eye is always upon them. The success of the Reichstag redesign led to commissions for government buildings in London, Singapore, Buenos Aires, and in Astana, Kazakhstan.</p> <figure id="attachment_43475" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43475" style="width: 1996px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43475 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43475 lazyload" alt="" width="1996" height="3000" data-sizes="(max-width: 1996px) 100vw, 1996px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785.jpg 1996w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785-253x380.jpg 253w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785-506x760.jpg 506w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43475" class="wp-caption-text">2010: Norman Foster and his wife, Elena Ochoa (publisher, art curator, and former professor of psychopathology), attend the <em>How Much Does Your Building Weigh, Mr. Foster?</em> photocall during the 58th San Sebastian International Film Festival in Spain. The film is a documentary on Foster by Norberto López Amado and Carlos Carcas. (Getty)</figcaption></figure> <p>Some years earlier, Lord Foster had taken on the task of developing a new project for the heart of London’s financial district, at 30 St. Mary Axe, the site of a building irreparably damaged by an IRA bombing in 1992. Sir Norman’s proposal, the London Millennium Tower, was a 92-story structure that would have been the tallest building in Europe. A protracted public debate ensued, with preservationists objecting to the tower’s impact on London’s skyline, and Heathrow Airport authorities were concerned that it would disrupt flight paths.</p> <figure id="attachment_43301" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43301" style="width: 1920px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43301 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43301 lazyload" alt="" width="1920" height="1079" data-sizes="(max-width: 1920px) 100vw, 1920px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston.jpg 1920w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston-380x214.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston-760x427.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43301" class="wp-caption-text">2010, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: At the core of the master plan for the museum is the restoration of the logic of the building’s Beaux-Arts plan, devised by the architect Guy Lowell in 1907. The central axis has been reasserted with the reintroduction of the principal entrance to the south on Huntington Avenue and the reopening of that to the north. A freestanding glazed structure – a “crystal spine” – has been inserted between the building’s two main volumes to create the Art of the Americas Wing. Arranged over four floors, and providing fifty-three galleries, this new wing increased the museum’s exhibition space significantly. Where the crystal spine meets the central axis, it partly encloses an existing courtyard in a glass “jewel box.” Designed to be highly energy efficient, the courtyard is naturally lit and the new galleries have state-of-the-art climate control systems. (Photo Credit: Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>Foster submitted a second proposal for 30 St. Mary Axe, a 41-story tapered ovoid wrapped with diagonal bands of glass. The ingenious structure consumes half the energy of other buildings its size. Internal airshafts draw warm air out of the building in summer and distribute passive solar heating in winter, while the wraparound windows spread sunlight throughout the building, lowering lighting costs in the daylight hours.</p> <figure id="attachment_43266" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43266" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-43266 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-43266 size-full lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43266" class="wp-caption-text">As of April 2015, Apple Park, completed in 2017: Aerial view of Apple Campus. The donut-shaped office complex is located at the center of a 175-acre wooded site that has been re-engineered by a series of earthworks and has been replanted with over 9,000 specimens of drought-tolerant flora, including fruit trees. The highly-constructed landscape finds its way into the building’s donut hole-shaped courtyard, where it is accessible from the office spaces. The site arrangement comes from Steve Jobs’s penchant for taking country walks in nearby areas; the office’s grounds contain over two miles’ worth of walking paths, among its other features. (© Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p><em>The</em> <em>Guardian</em> newspaper had once irreverently compared Lord Foster’s 30 St. Mary Axe design to a gherkin or pickle. Londoners quickly applied the nickname “the Gherkin” to his new design for the site, completed in 2003, which has nevertheless become one of London’s most distinctive landmarks and one of Foster’s most honored achievements. By the first unanimous vote in its history, the Royal Institute of British Architecture awarded him the Stirling Prize for “the building that has made the greatest contribution to the evolution of architecture in the past year.”  A 2005 poll of the world’s largest architecture firms named it “the most admired new building in the world.”  When the building’s first owner sold it in 2007, it was the most expensive office tower in Britain. It has since been sold again for even greater sums.</p> <figure id="attachment_43272" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43272" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43272 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43272 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1283" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839-380x214.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839-760x428.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43272" class="wp-caption-text">2014, Lunar Habitation Project: The outpost is designed as a modular system which can be extended in the future. Foster + Partners was an early adopter of 3D printing and rapid prototyping technology. Having bought its first 3D printer in 2004, it was one of the first architectural practices to invest heavily in the technology. In 2014, the Lunar Habitation Project, designed with a consortium set up by the European Space Agency, explored the possibilities of remote 3D printing on the Moon, an approach that has been further developed for a similar project on Mars. For a number of years, Foster + Partners has also been involved with Loughborough University and other consortium partners in bringing large-scale 3D concrete printing technology to market. (Image Credit: ESA/Foster + Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>In the opening years of the 21st century, Lord Foster kept up the extraordinary pace of his ever-growing international practice, building an airport in Beijing; rail stations in Singapore and Bilbao, Spain; and major office buildings, including the Hearst Tower in New York City.  In 2009, he began working with Apple Computer founder Steve Jobs on plans for a new Apple campus in Cupertino, California. He continued work on the project after Jobs’s death in 2011; the massive circular complex opened in 2017.</p> <figure id="attachment_43599" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43599" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43599 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43599 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1520" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2-380x253.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2-760x507.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43599" class="wp-caption-text">2017, London, UK: Bloomberg. Interior ramp with rooflight. The main entrance of Bloomberg’s new European headquarters is defined by a substantial porte-cochère, where the building forms two sides of a new formal city square. Arriving at the main entrance, everyone passes through the reception lobby before being drawn into the Vortex – a double-height space created by three inclined, curving timber shells.  In its form, massing, and materials, the new building is a natural extension of the City that will endure and improve the surrounding public realm. Bloomberg is a true exemplar of sustainable development, with a BREEAM Outstanding rating – the highest design-stage score ever achieved by any major office development. (Photo Credit: Nigel Young / Foster+Partners)</figcaption></figure> <p>In his 80s, Lord Foster pursues a dazzling array of projects around the world. He is now exploring sustainable building solutions for the most challenging environments in the world and consulting with NASA and the European Space Agency to develop technology for building in space, on Mars, and on the Moon.  He has created the Norman Foster Foundation, based in Madrid, to promote interdisciplinary thinking and assist the next generation of architects, designers, and urbanists.</p> <figure id="attachment_40776" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40776" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-40776 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-40776 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1824" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676-380x304.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676-760x608.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40776" class="wp-caption-text">2017: Awards Council member Lord Jacob Rothschild presents the Golden Plate Award to British architect Lord Norman Foster during the Academy of Achievement’s 52nd annual International Achievement Summit in London.</figcaption></figure> <p>In 2019, Foster + Partners’ plans for a 1,000-foot skyscraper — to be built in the heart of London’s financial district — passed the first stage of the official approval process.  With the approval of the City of London Corporation’s Planning and Transportation Committee, the plan is now in the hands of the Mayor of London and the national government.  The proposed building was commissioned by Brazilian banker Joseph Safra, who purchased Foster 30 St. Mary Axe (the Gherkin) for $948 million in 2014.  Foster’s design — which calls for a stem-like tower topped by a glass dome — has been dubbed “the Tulip.”</p> <p>Foster’s design includes two sets of “gondola pods”  that rotate on the sides of the building’s crown like a pair of Ferris wheels.  The building will combine office spaces with restaurants, bars, a “classroom in the sky” that will host 20,000 schoolchildren a year, and a “sky bridge” that will allow visitors to slide between floors.  When completed the Tulip will be the second-tallest building in London.</p> <p>Lord Foster has five children and, as of this writing, three grandchildren. A second marriage ended in divorce in 1995; he is now married to publisher and art curator Elena Ochoa Foster.  Vigorous and active, Foster skis enthusiastically and pilots his own jet plane to the homes he shares with Lady Foster in Britain, France, Switzerland, the United States and Spain.</p> </body></html> <div class="clearfix"> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="profile" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <header class="editorial-article__header"> <figure class="text-xs-center"> <img class="inductee-badge" src="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/themes/aoa/assets/images/inducted-badge@2x.png" alt="Inducted Badge" width="120" height="120"/> <figcaption class="serif-3 text-brand-primary"> Inducted in 2017 </figcaption> </figure> </header> <div class="row"> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <dl class="clearfix m-b-0"> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Career</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> <div><a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/#filter=.architect">Architect</a></div> </dd> </div> <div class="col-xs-12 sidebar--chunk p-b-2"> <dt class="serif-7">Date of Birth</dt> <dd class="sans-2"> June 1, 1935 </dd> </div> </dl> </aside> <article class="col-md-8 editorial-article clearfix"> <div class="page" title="Page 32"> <div class="layoutArea"> <div class="column"> <p>Hailed as the premier British architect of our times, Lord Foster’s sleek creations in steel and glass have become landmarks of the world’s great cities, from airports in China to office towers in New York and London. He has designed the tallest bridge in the world and crowned Berlin’s Reichstag with a monumental glass dome to signify transparency in government. In 2017, Apple opened its new headquarters in Cupertino, California, a circular structure designed by Foster, working closely with the late Steve Jobs.</p> <p>A working-class youth from Manchester who worked his way through architecture school, Norman Foster has received the highest honors of his profession, including the Pritzker Prize. In 1999, HM Queen Elizabeth II elevated him to the peerage as Lord Foster of Thames Bank.</p> <p>Lord Foster is now collaborating with NASA and the European Space Agency to explore solutions for building habitable spaces on the Moon and Mars. He is president of the Madrid-based Norman Foster Foundation, supporting the young architects, designers, and urbanists who will build the world of the future.</p> </div> </div> </div> </article> </div> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="interview" role="tabpanel"> <section class="clearfix"> <div class="col-md-12 interview-feature-video"> <figure> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/aYPJxk5GTF4?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_30_47_02.Still016-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_30_47_02.Still016-760x428.jpg"></div> <div class="video-tag sans-4"> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> <div class="video-tag__text">Watch full interview</div> </div> </div> </figure> </div> <header class="col-md-12 text-xs-center m-b-2"> <i class="icon-icon_bio text-brand-primary"></i> </header> <aside class="col-md-4 sidebar"> <h2 class="serif-3 achiever--biography-subtitle">Mozart of Modernism</h2> <div class="sans-2">London, England</div> <div class="sans-2">October 18, 2017</div> </aside> <article class="editorial-article col-md-8">   <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Do you remember when you first became interested in architecture?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/a-oU0Qmok4M?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_48_20_13.Still023-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_48_20_13.Still023-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: You know, from as long as I can remember, I’ve been fascinated by design in one form or another. In my foundation, we discovered in the archive a book — which I wrote in at the age of 13 and illustrated — about curtain walling. But I can remember my first sketch as a child. So whether it’s drawing or writing about design, objects, cars, racing cars, buildings, that really goes back to my early childhood.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p>I described this afternoon my experience of great architecture as an office boy at the age of 16. It lifted my spirits. I can still remember the details of that building. And, curiously enough, I returned not so long ago.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/A79EKz_isD4?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_48_37_17.Still024-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_48_37_17.Still024-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: It’s Manchester Town Hall; it’s a masterpiece by a guy called Alfred Waterhouse, 1877. And it’s heroic. It’s a noble building. It’s grand. And as you walk up the staircases, just a good experience. You have light from above. You have the stained glass. You have alcoves where you can sit. You turn a corner, suddenly there’s a soaring ceiling. It’s about the spirits. So I can remember right down to the details of the water systems in the toilets in the building. So everything was very, very special, had been considered. And I can remember walking around the streets of Manchester — this is between the age of 16 and 18 — I can remember Lancaster Arcade, on a curve with the top light. I didn’t know that it was made possible by the Great Exhibition — Joseph Paxton — of 1851, with a new vision of modernity. True high-tech architecture. I didn’t know all that, but I was moved. I was moved to visit them, and I can remember the names, even though they now, some of them, have been demolished. And I can remember that long walk out to Ancoats. I can even remember the streetscape and coming across the Daily Express Building, with the rounded corners and the glistening Vitri light and the smooth detailing. And that building moves me now — so many decades later — in the same way when I see an image or I share that image with the audience today.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><p>But the realization of being able to be an architect, that came later. That came when I found myself in an architect’s office and I engaged with young architects. And in the conversations that I had with them, I discovered at that point that really I was much more knowledgeable on the subject than I ever thought I would be. But that had been really as a kind of private passion. Then there was the discovery that you could study architecture. That, of course, was a very, very important threshold.</p> <figure id="attachment_43235" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43235" style="width: 782px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43235 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43235 lazyload" alt="" width="782" height="525" data-sizes="(max-width: 782px) 100vw, 782px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976.jpg 782w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976-380x255.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976-760x510.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43235" class="wp-caption-text">1971: From left: Buckminster Fuller, Michael Hopkins, Tony Hunt, John Walker, Norman Foster, and James Meller discuss the Samuel Beckett Theatre in the Foster Associates’ Bedford Street studio. (Photo by: Tim Street-Porter)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>When you were studying in Manchester, and then at Yale, who were the biggest influences on your own work?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: They were the great architects who have gone before. So they were architects like Le Corbusier, Frank Lloyd Wright. Of course, they were alive at the time that I was studying. But there were also, for me, not just buildings.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/r5JSds-Jl2M?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_42_49_21.Still022-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_42_49_21.Still022-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>I was studying civic spaces. So I was studying the Campo at Siena. I was studying the main square in Verona, even Shepherd Market here in Mayfair, the great circus of Bath. So I was not just interested in buildings; I was interested in the civic settings for buildings, what we popularly call infrastructure, public space. I was also interested in anonymous architecture, what a scholar architect called Bernard Rudofsky was later to term “architecture without architects” — and created a very celebrated exhibition, I think in the 1960s, with a book of that name. So as a student, I was intrigued and fascinated by anonymous buildings, great barns, windmills, bridges. So my interest has always been broad and beyond buildings in isolation. It doesn’t mean to say that as an architect I’m not absolutely passionate about the design of an individual building. Of course I am. But I can’t separate that building out from its immediate environment, which may explain why, if you look at those buildings, any tall tower — the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank — it lifts it up. The public space flows underneath that building. If you take the Commerzbank Headquarters in Frankfurt, it engages with the city. There’s a shared restaurant for the citizens of the city and the occupants of the building. I could go on. So it’s more than just a building in isolation. The idea is that it should give something back to the community of which it’s a part.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/9L0flwKiaIY?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_41_00_05.Still019-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_41_00_05.Still019-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: The examples that I’ve given are breaking down the barriers between the private world inside the building and the citizens and the city of which it’s a part. But if I go back to the very first building, it was an electronics factory conceived as a democratic pavilion. It wasn’t a management box and the workers’ shed. It wasn’t “we and they.” It wasn’t rich and poor, posh and scruffy. Everybody would use the same entrance, be under the same roof. And that was true of that small building in the London docks, which brought the dockers and the management together under one roof and generated a lifestyle. So it was about color. It was about carpet, works of art on the wall from Fred Ellison’s private collection, literally taking away the walls. And in terms of dockers, creating an incredible restaurant, ping pong, table tennis, billiards, darts. So it’s about a lifestyle.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Many of the buildings you’ve designed are now considered landmarks. What does it take to create a landmark?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/LhHsAv1CDvc?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_40_47_09.Still018-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_40_47_09.Still018-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: I think it’s working with those who commission a building to perhaps try to persuade them that it can go beyond their expectations. If I take the Reichstag — which was mentioned in passing this afternoon in the introduction — the idea that the populace could ascend through a spiral ramp to an observation platform, could occupy the roof, could have the experience of a coffee or a meal on the roof of Parliament, and could look down on the politicians below. And that this building could be a manifesto for green energy, with no fossil fuels, no pollution, zero carbon virtually. All of that was born out of convincing those politicians that this was possible. This was never part of what they asked for. But they were, in a way, encouraged, and bought into that expanded vision of the project.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p>You can’t really say “I’m going to make a landmark building.” I’d be very uncomfortable with that premise. I think that you can seek to strive for an extra dimension to a building, whether that is a greater public engagement or something that is going to offer some extra benefit to the people who work there or the community within which that building is placed. And sometimes that is doing something different, not for the sake of being different, but it comes out differently.</p> </div>     <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_43251" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43251" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43251 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43251 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1526" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922-380x254.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922-760x509.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43251" class="wp-caption-text">1999, Reichstag, New German Parliament, Berlin: Lord Norman Foster, during a site visit, inspects graffiti found on plasterboard, the lining of the wall, and interior. Layers of history were peeled away to reveal the striking imprints of the past – stonemason’s marks and Russian graffiti − scars preserved as a “living museum.” (Credit: Rudi Meisel)</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>You’ve had enormously successful buildings in Asia, in Latin America, in Europe. What was the most difficult part of your professional career? Was there a time when you had to struggle? </strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think you’re always struggling with some issue. I think that’s life. If you’re active and you’re creative, it’s not all coasting downhill.</p> <p><strong>What’s the struggle?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think the struggles come in many forms. How you keep sharp, how you keep teams engaged and focused.</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/4I6t8yllsxs?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_42_08_25.Still020-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_42_08_25.Still020-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/preparation/">Preparation</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>I take the aviation adage that the price of safety is constant vigilance. In other words, something which might to the outsider look easy, really it’s exceedingly difficult. And paradoxically, sometimes the simpler a building looks, the more complex the process behind it. It’s like the saying about a poem or an essay. It’s infinitely more demanding to create a poem than it is to write a long essay. And I use the analogy of the iceberg. The building — the built end product — is the tip that you see above the water. What you don’t see are the long exchanges, the process. You don’t see the designs that you’ve created, the teams, the options that have been pinned up that have been rejected. In the case of the Reichstag, you don’t see those long meetings with 65 representatives of every kind of political party who have been brought up to disagree professionally. If they’re not disagreeing, they’re not doing their job. And for the first time, they all have to agree on something. And they’re running off, and you know they’re going to the press, and you know that there’s going to be an attack in the press.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>New buildings reflect changing times. There’s a great emphasis in your buildings on healthiness, in the use of light and landscape. How do you see the buildings of the future?</strong></p> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/Mb9t8GNEISo?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_24_01_27.Still015-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_24_01_27.Still015-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: I would say that we’re seeing all the kind of advance signals of mobility that will be much more seamless, that will be quieter, that will be cleaner, that has the potential to reduce pollution, to increase greenery in cities. If you take the revolution around transport — and it’s no longer fossil fuel-based, it’s electric — then you’re not going to have the byproducts, which are fertilizers. If you don’t have fertilizers and you have a water issue, which is also on the horizon, you have to call into question why agriculture is out there in the middle of nowhere. Because if you put it where you’ve got natural fertilizer as in sewage, and water as in waste, and you can reprocess that, recycle it, and you can use hydroponics, then your kind of garden agriculture of the future, which currently consumes a huge amount of energy and contributes to greenhouse gases, starts to come to the city. The city needs less tarmac if you follow the revolution in transport, artificial intelligence, and robotics. And if you look at surfaces — which at the moment we’re retrofitting with solar cells — if you imagine that those surfaces — that the conversion to energy is embedded in them and that you’re not retrofitting panels on top of an existing building, but the walls that you’re putting up there are going to convert light into energy, then you have, I think, some very, very exciting prospects. And cities that are more friendly, dense, less dependent on sprawl — the more compact cities, which are pedestrian friendly. London is a very good example. Manhattan is an extreme example. I mean very positive in terms of the way most people walk to work, high-quality public transport. But multiply all that with a much increased standard of mobility.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_43270" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-43270" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="size-full wp-image-43270 " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="size-full wp-image-43270 lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1156" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696-380x193.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696-760x385.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-43270" class="wp-caption-text">2013, Marseille Vieux Port, Marseille, France: Marseille’s Vieux Port is one of the grand Mediterranean ports, but over time the World Heritage-listed site has become inaccessible to pedestrians and has been cut off from the life of the city. The master plan for its regeneration will reclaim the quaysides as a civic space, creating new informal venues for performances and events and removing traffic to create a safe and semi-pedestrianized public realm.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>What does that look like? What’s an increased standard of mobility in a city center?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think it’s greener, it’s quieter, it’s more pleasant. It offers more opportunity, greater diversity. Paradoxically, it will offer more privacy <em>and</em> more community.</p> <p><strong>Why more privacy?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Because it’s possible to design in such a way that you can have both. There’s a wonderful example here in London that’s over 200 years old. It’s called Albany and it was conceived at the end of the 18th century and early 19th century. That’s embedded in the middle of London. And that’s very intelligent design. So there are good examples.</p> <p><strong>As people rely less on cars, how does that figure into the shape of future living spaces?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Well, maybe you just hop over the traffic. Maybe it’s vertical mobility. Maybe it’s aerial mobility. Maybe it’s an effortless transfer. Maybe the drone replaces the helicopter. Maybe the helicopter is not the prerogative of a few, but maybe it’s seamlessly interwoven into the horizontal transportation of a city.</p> <p><strong>Do you believe that there will be places to live on the Moon and on Mars one day?</strong></p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/Ln5mxgv6aEY?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_18_41_27.Still010-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_18_41_27.Still010-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/passion/">Passion</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>Norman Foster: We’ve done two projects: one with the European Space Agency on lunar habitation, and one with NASA on habitations on Mars. And interestingly, to inhabit Mars, the Moon becomes a staging point, which makes that possible in terms of transport. I think that whole question of space travel — which arguably in its birth was out of a Cold War — but has been a vision of science fiction, and the science fiction of my youth is the reality now. So you could say that science fiction is reality waiting to happen. And in that sense, space travel is less about the idea that maybe the planet will one day be inhospitable, which it may be. But I think that is so far off. So I don’t think it’s about that. I think it’s about doing it because it’s there. Why would you climb a mountain? Why would you build a tall building? Of course, you can do all kinds of rationalizations and justifications. I can tell you statistically the benefits of building height in terms of density and the number of activities that you can get in a tall building, the way it can engage with the ground. But in the end, it’s like watching kids play or going back to our own childhood where you pile one brick on top of another. I think it’s about stretching boundaries. It’s about flight — overcoming gravity, which is still a wondrous thing. And although I’ve piloted thousands of hours in helicopters, sailplanes, fast jets, vintage biplanes, I still get a thrill from seeing an aircraft take off and land. And I think that, in a way, the whole space travel, the habitations on faraway places, is like putting up the bivouac on the side of a mountain to demonstrate you can do it initially with oxygen and then without oxygen. So I think it’s the human spirit.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd"> <html><body data-rsssl="1"><figure id="attachment_40745" aria-describedby="caption-attachment-40745" style="width: 2280px" class="wp-caption aligncenter"><noscript><img class="wp-image-40745 size-full " src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325im_/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514.jpg"></noscript><img loading="lazy" class="wp-image-40745 size-full lazyload" alt="" width="2280" height="1926" data-sizes="(max-width: 2280px) 100vw, 2280px" data-srcset="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514.jpg 2280w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514-380x321.jpg 380w, /web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514-760x642.jpg 760w" data-src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325/https://www.achievement.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514.jpg"><figcaption id="caption-attachment-40745" class="wp-caption-text">October 2017: Lord Norman Foster addresses the delegates and members at a symposium during the American Academy of Achievement’s 52nd annual International Achievement Summit held at Claridge’s Hotel in London.</figcaption></figure> <p><strong>Those must be fascinating discussions. How do you build with no gravity? </strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think there are interesting commonalities between — the principle is really the same.  My foundation is working on a series of droneports across Rwanda in Africa, which will combine with the technology of the drone to be able to deliver urgent medical supplies over distances where you can’t travel by road, because that road infrastructure is not in the way that we take it for granted here, or railways. And rather than waiting for that to catch up — and in some cases, can it ever catch up, given the explosive urban growth? So it’s not just Africa. That’s true of other continents in emerging economies. So how do you combine these technologies? And the idea that really…</p> </body></html> </div>     <div class="achiever__video-block"> <figure class="achiever__interview-video"> <div class="embed-responsive embed-responsive-16by9"> <iframe class="embed-responsive-item embed-responsive--has-thumbnail" width="200" height="150" src="https://web.archive.org/web/20200917235325if_/https://www.youtube.com/embed/KL1vdJbYnD4?feature=oembed&hd=1&modestbranding=1&rel=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen></iframe> <div class="embed-responsive__thumbnail ratio-container__image lazyload" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_18_47_00.Still011-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/02/Foster-Norman-MasterEdit-2017.00_18_47_00.Still011-760x428.jpg"></div> <i class="embed-responsive__play icon-icon_play-full text-brand-primary"></i> </div> <figcaption class="achiever__interview-video-terms"> <span>Keys to success —</span> <a class="comma-item" href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/keys-to-success/vision/">Vision</a> </figcaption> </figure>  <div class="achiever__interview-video__copy"> <p>You don’t want to transport large masses of equipment material to remote locations. You want to work with the soil that is there. So adding an additive to the soil, making a building component and then assembling it over a prearranged form — that same principle is achieving the habitations on the Moon and Mars. You’re moving the minimum amount of mass, of weight — of stuff out there — to a faraway destination. So payload is critical. It has to be as light as possible. So you’re using the material on the Moon and on Mars. It’s called regolith. It’s essentially the moondust. And the closest that we have is volcanic ash, very, very similar. So we’ve demonstrated with these agencies that you can — in the case of the Moon, you can send out a robot. You can send out an inflatable building and inflate the building. The robot moves around. It scoops up earth. It mixes it with the additive to form a building material that will set and that will harden. The robot creates a structure, which is based on the patterns of bones in humans and animals — very, very strong crystalline structures with lots of voids. And that gets filled by the moondust; the whole thing hardens and it creates a very, very deep crust, which is resilient to meteorites, which are going faster than the speed of a bullet. They hit it — impact it — so it’s kind of sponge-like, in that sense, and easily reparable by the robot. Out in Mars, it’s the same principles, but they’re using a microwave process to melt the outer layer of the regolith. So it’s coming back to that thing of doing more with less, of higher performance.</p> </div> </div>      <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p>And that is true of the mobile phone that’s in my pocket, which replaces the millions of tons of copper cable across the oceans not so long ago, and then was rendered redundant by the satellites. And then, in 1947, the power of my pocket phone would fill the entire trunk of an automobile. I remember, in the 1980s, carrying around a mobile phone, and it was a metal suitcase. I proudly put it on the table and it had the phone hook there with a kind of coiled cable.</p> <p>So if you apply that approach to technology, and the reduced costs of solar, and the ability to not have heavy transmission cables, you can see the prospect of bringing power and light, clean energy, to one-quarter of the population of the world. I mean several billion who don’t have access to energy, which relates to life expectancy, infant mortality, sexual and political freedom, freedom from violence. And we haven’t even started on sanitation and clean water.</p> <p><strong>Do you spend a lot of time by yourself thinking?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I still do, yes. I spend a lot of time with colleagues, a lot of time traveling. And as far as is possible, whether that is the solo pursuit of going for a bike ride or cross-country skiing — which are personal passions — then yes.</p> <p><strong>And you fly?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Yes. And I sketch all the time when I —</p> <p><strong>When you’re flying low over a city?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: It’s a very privileged viewpoint because you’re seeing patterns. It’s no substitute for what’s on the ground, but it gives you a far more magnified — I don’t think it’s any accident that architects like Le Corbusier have been fascinated by flight, particularly in the early years. And he devoted an entire book on that subject. It wasn’t just the — I think that flight and space, the buildings that house them are generally of an epic scale. I mean you look at Tempelhof Airport, which I once described as the mother of all airports; it’s this incredible cantilever. And in a way, the cantilever is symbolic of a modern age. And the way that cantilever stretches right out so, even now, large jets can taxi underneath it. There’s that heroic dimension. And looking down on a city, you can see immediately the intelligent use of spaces. You can see the beautiful geometries and urban square row houses. You can see the sprawl. You can see the highways. You can see the strip malls, depending on where you are. In a way, it magnifies the beauty and the care and the carelessness.</p> </div>    <aside class="collapse" id="full-interview">    <div class="achiever__interview-copy"> <p><strong>Was there something that either of your parents did that fostered your creativity?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: It was, without question, the kind of total love and devotion, which I think — like so many of us — you only really understand when it’s suddenly too late to fully appreciate the sacrifices that they made. And also their example, their work ethic.</p> <p><strong>What did they do?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: My father was the manager of a pawnshop before the war. He’d been injured in World War II, so — Second World War, he was a nighttime security guard. Then he suffered a kind of near-death illness, survived that, and subsequently worked in a factory called Metropolitan Vickers. My mother worked as a waitress in a café. And they were inspirational in their attitude to life, to work.</p> <p><strong>What was their attitude?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: My mother was always smiling, always had an extraordinary kind of brave face on anything. I never remember her sitting down in an easy chair. She was already on the edge and kind of full of energy. And they worked long hours and just were an extraordinary, conscientious couple.</p> <p><strong>You once said that you’ve always been a little out of step. What did you mean?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: As I went through architecture school, I think I was challenging myself, and challenging the tutors, by perhaps doing things in ways that had not been done before in the history of the school. Whether that was rejecting Georgian buildings — and I hasten to add I love Georgian buildings, but instead of drawing two-dimensionally — to take a different kind of architecture, an architecture that most architects would not consider architecture, and draw that three-dimensionally. And then explode it to show how it stands up, how it works.</p> <p>There’s a distinguished Spanish professor, historian, critic (Luis Fernández-Galiano) who’s curated an exhibition of early works, and he shows the drawing that I did as a student that I’ve just been talking about — of a great barn — the way the structure works as kind of a tree-like structure. And he puts that drawing opposite a detail from a winery designed for Chateau Margot, and it is a tree-like structure with a great tiled roof of recycled things. And the point that he’s making is that this was a building that I worked on in the last few years, and it resonates with this student drawing from 1958-59 and explores some of those patterns. The patterns between perhaps a student project which questions some of the assumptions about an office building, the office building that I did as a graduate student at Yale.</p> <p>We were given the assignment for a tall office building. Now a tall office building, you can open the books and you can see the plans. And from the earliest skyscrapers to the very latest, they’re all essentially the same — a solid core in the middle and a ribbon of space around it. That could be the Seagram Building; it could be the Empire State Building, Chrysler Building, whatever. And at Yale, I remember saying to Paul Rudolph, the dean, “I need an engineer. I need to sit down with an engineer. I need to know about a tall building.” Because I couldn’t bring myself just to take a book on office-building and essentially copy the idea. Out of that came the concept of taking that solid core away from the space and putting it between two other spaces.</p> <p>Now an architect called Lou Kahn had also done this in laboratories, which were trailblazing in that sense. And maybe that was an unconscious influence. But it had never been done in a tall office building — maybe in a small laboratory building. So that was the genesis of that project. And it was Bob Stern — until recently, a fellow student at Yale at the time, as an undergraduate — who identified that that was really the birth of the Hongkong and Shanghai Bank, which, as a major tall building, took the core from inside and put the core either side of a space. So you could look through the space. It was like a big loft space. And so for the first time, a bank can have a dealers’ floor in its headquarters building. So it’s more flexible, it’s more human. You can see through the space. It’s not just omnidirectional, like a kind of kebab with the core in the middle.</p> <p><strong>You’ve recently completed the new Apple headquarters in California. What was it like working with the late Steve Jobs? We know he loved design. Can you tell us about the process that led to that amazing round building?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Well, the very first meeting on the project was September 2009. That was going to be a meeting probably lasting an hour, two hours perhaps, and it ended up consuming the whole day. We spent the day together. Our families came together in the evening. The project was really born out of that day. We traveled to Pixar, which he thought was relevant, and he was very involved in that.</p> <p><strong>What did you see at Pixar?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I saw the perhaps more creative end of the spectrum, in terms of an environment that would encourage creativity, visualizations, and a conscious organization of space and circulation. So it would encourage chance meetings and exchanges. So again, about breaking down barriers. In that very first meeting, which recalled the Silicon Valley of Steve Jobs’s youth, which was the fruit bowl of America, with citrus groves. And out of that conversation, the idea that this building could be set in a landscape that we would rediscover the roots of that Californian landscape and would be a kind of pleasure ground for the whole workforce.</p> <p>Of course, we’ve ended up with, again, this common theme — at a very large scale — of everybody being under one roof, all 12,000 individuals, from so many different departments, skills, professions. That sounds like a large building, but if you consider that that site originally was probably about 20 buildings spread over the entire thing, with very, very long distances between them — so taking 175 acres, 10,000 trees, miles of trails and parks for biking, jogging, outdoor experience, and a recognition that for Steve, a meeting often was going for a walk. It wasn’t sitting in a formal meeting room.</p> <p><strong>If one of the goals is to have chance meetings, so people meet and something is created, what do you build so that that can happen more easily?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: You seek to create an environment which will break down barriers, which will encourage chance exchanges. So you design the circulation in such a way that it’s open, it’s not in a closed staircase. Obviously, some of these open staircases are fire staircases. What you don’t see is that in the event of a fire, you’ll have a complete sheet of water coming down. So you’ve taken away the walls, and you’ve made those journeys, those exchanges, just a good experience. So walking around the edge of the building, or being deep inside the building, you’re always aware of the landscape. And the architecture visually pulls that landscape in. You have the eyebrows; they’re highly reflective. You’ll see reflections of the landscape beyond. And one major restaurant for everybody, at a size which has never been created before.</p> <p><strong>How big?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: It’s for several thousand over a lunchtime period. And that is unheard of. Normally, at a thousand you reach a threshold. You create another restaurant. But here, the mandate shared was to create one restaurant for all. And the whole four-story-high glass wall opens up to the landscape. So the distinction between the inside and the outside flows and you’re breaking down that physical barrier. This is a building which breathes. So it’s a healthier building. It consumes less energy, creates less pollution, and the whole complex is totally energy sufficient.</p> <p><strong>You’ve talked about creating buildings that encourage people to move. When you sit down to draw something, how do you do that?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think it’s a combination of being a good listener, trying to understand what lies beneath the surface. And I mean that in the most literal sense. It could be a cultural institution. It could be an enterprise. It could be a site. It could be the culture of <em>feng shui</em> in an Asian society. The things that you can measure and the things that you can’t measure. And it’s about drawing on the best of diverse skills, the reality that an architect cannot design and realize a building independent of engineers, skilled engineers, structural engineers, environmental engineers. So for me, it’s about harnessing the creative energies. It’s not about designing a building and handing it out and saying, “You make it stand up. You make it warm. You make it cool.” It’s about getting those skills in unison. The analogy is perhaps a round table, which is non-hierarchical. That doesn’t mean to say that you don’t have strong leadership. Obviously, you have to have that; otherwise, it’s designed by committee. So it’s answering the material needs and providing an element of surprise, something that perhaps nobody believed might be possible to add. And it’s not about money. Quality is an attitude of mind. It’s not about how <em>much </em>you spend. It’s about how <em>wisely</em> you spend. You’ve really got three ingredients. You’ve got material resources, money; you’ve got time, and in many cases, time is money; and you’ve got creative energy. And it’s the creative energy that is going to make the difference in terms of those other ingredients.</p> <p><strong>Could you tell us about a surprise element that you’re particularly proud of?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I remember that the Queen opened Stansted Airport. And for security reasons, the building had to have overnight police protection. I remember arriving and a policeman saying something like, “I’ve done this job year in and year out, and I never realized a building could be beautiful before.” Then, another occasion, on the Renault Building, outside Swindon, some decades back — the main supervisor, the site manager, being a very kind of rough diamond, very aggressive. And I remember visiting the site quite late — early evening — and this guy was coming down from the roof, and I talked to him and realized that every night at the end of the day, he just went up there and sat there. And he just said, “You know, this is just a great experience.” So sometimes the most unexpected sources — a building touches something at a very kind of human level. And if a building can make you want to go to work or stay there or enjoy the experience — if you take the Willis Faber building, that was conceived in the 1970s — although it’s covered over now — at that time there was no swimming pool in the town of Ipswich. And that incorporates a major-size pool on the ground floor and this whole roof garden. And that becomes a venue for civic events, birthday parties, special occasions in the town. So it’s like a social magnet. It’s a place where people want to go to. But it’s actually an office building.</p> <p><strong>Innovations in architecture can take the public by surprise, and sometimes they react humorously. What did you think about people calling your building at 30 St. Mary Axe “the Gherkin?”</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I remember a newspaper front-page headline and a scathing attack on the building, and “the Gherkin” was born out of a kind of poison pen. It’s become a term of endearment at a public level. It’s become a symbol for the Olympics, which finally took place. So perhaps, in the same way that a bridge — which fulfills a kind of utilitarian function of getting from one side of a river to another — if it somehow transcends that, and in the process of doing it, becomes something which eventually is identified with the place, it becomes a symbol of the place.</p> <p>But that’s when some extra quality has been somehow infused into that design. It’s an intangible thing, but it becomes identifiable. We know those bridges. We know which ones we remember, and which become a postcard image of the place. And I think the same is true, undoubtedly, of buildings. They become symbols of the place. The Reichstag has become a symbol of the city, a symbol of Germany. But that’s really because it’s been embraced by the public.</p> <p><strong>From time to time, do you reflect that millions of people walk by your buildings every day? Do you think about that?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: No, I never think about it. I only think about it when you pose a question like that. I’m thinking about the next project. I’m thinking about the project that I’m working on. Inevitably, when one’s privileged to receive an award like this, to talk about buildings and, in a way, to reminisce — but I would never do this consciously, conversationally, unless I was provoked.</p> <p>I’m always, I think by nature, thinking ahead and rarely looking back. Notwithstanding that, perhaps one of my starting points on any project is to look back. What lessons can one learn from the past? If it’s a larger community, like an experimental community in the desert, where you’re trying to demonstrate that it can be zero waste, zero carbon — so you’re trying to learn how, in a time before energy, before electricity, how did they, in the Middle Ages, create dwellings which were cooler than the desert? And how did they achieve that? By using shade, evaporative cooling with water, greenery, wind towers capturing the breeze high up, pulling it across wet cloths to cool the air. So learning those lessons.</p> <p>If I take the Great Court of the British Museum, it was going back in the history of that building, and although there was no courtyard to the British Museum — solid in the middle — discovering that in the past there had been a courtyard. The architect died seven years later. The brother comes along, puts a circular library, fills in the courtyard. When you examine it, all the stuff that is filled in between that library and the historic structure is not really very worthy. They’re mostly storage rooms. So you can peel that away. Peel away the layers of history.</p> <p>I was in the Royal Academy this morning, a small project that we did there, the Sackler Galleries, and that was the same story, seeing what you could take away, and how you could grow a new generation of galleries within a 19th-century complex. So learning from the past.</p> <p><strong>What excites you the most about architecture in 2017?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: The challenges. The bigger challenges that I talked about, which are not really considered architecture. I have a foundation which is seeking to bring different skills together to address some of those issues. But it’s the challenges in a tiny project, whether that’s a very small chapel in the Venice Biennale next year and how you create something with the absolute minimum of materials — literally sticks and canvas — to the complexities of a very large airport like Mexico, which increases the span from something like a hundred feet to several hundred feet. A great cathedral of a space, with no horizontal roofs, no vertical walls, but everything being one very, very smooth, flowing skin — the airport of the future, now.</p> <p><strong>Albert Einstein famously said that he played the violin to stimulate his imagination. What do you do to foster creativity?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I think that creativity — it’s very, very difficult to pin it down. I’ve found that often a conversation with somebody who is commissioning a building — and we talked about that meeting with Steve Jobs — that was a creative exchange, right at the heart of the creative process.</p> <p>If I’m part of a team around a table, and we’re thrashing out what the options are on a site for a certain kind of building, and there’s an interaction between those who are concerned with how the building will breathe, how the building will stand up, how it will look — that kind of team interaction is for me very much also of the essence. So working with like-minded colleagues, regardless of their discipline, background, age, or whatever. The ability to create an environment in which everybody can contribute and to whittle that down and distill it as part of a creative process.</p> <p>The creative process for me is also when I’m cycling. I remember going to the Bayreuth Festival — the Wagner Festival — and it was at the time of Wembley (Stadium). We’d launched that project to the press, and it was a series of masts, and I was uneasy about it. I’d shared that unease just ever so discreetly with some colleagues around me. And I was in-between performances. I got a mountain bike from the hotel and went on a long ride. I was thinking, “Why are we not taking away those masts, which could be any stadium almost anywhere in the world? It’s kind of well-tried and tested. Why not create an arch, and suspend the roof from the arch?” I came back and I phoned a guy called Alistair Lenczner, who was the engineer in the practice at that time. I shared the idea with him, and I remember doing it on the coach going to the festival theater. But that had probably come out of a long period of pondering that, discussing it.</p> <p><strong>Of your achievements, what are you most proud of?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: I would hope that there’s a recognition that in some way or another it has contributed to the breaking down of barriers. Somehow deinstitutionalizing some of those buildings. They might be workplaces. They might be cultural buildings, where under one roof you have the contemplation of great works of art and the studying of the history of art. That might be linked to a degree of innovation, harnessing technology to a good end. I’m bringing an element of joy and uplift to spirits.</p> <p><strong>Is there any particular project that comes to mind in that respect?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Oh, I could think of a lot, yes. I can think of competitions where there was done a project and you’ve lost the competition. We still have that now. Nothing’s changed in that respect. You put your heart and soul into a competition, and you lose the competition, and everybody around you is crestfallen. They put their everything into it and you’ve lost. Only the other day, I was writing a memo saying, “It was a fantastic scheme,” which I believe it was, the scheme in question, “but take heart. One day in the future you’ll see that it wasn’t wasted.”</p> <p>For example, when IBM — after a building that I talked about at the event today, the little Olsen Building — a lot of people came to see that building. And IBM came, and they said something like, “We have a headquarters building. It’s under construction and it’s running behind schedule. We have a site not too far away. Would you undertake the responsibility to put some site huts together to make a temporary office?” And with an awareness of the competition that we had lost for a comprehensive school, where, had an umbrella, a service umbrella, a steel, lightweight lattice, a deep plan — and with that knowledge and know-how — and incidentally, that knowledge and know-how came out of America and student travels and the SCSD, the California school system and the Case Study Houses in California — and demonstrated to IBM that with the same budget and timescale, we could do a new building. And that building has been one of the most successful buildings in the history of IBM.</p> <p>And it did something which had never been done before. It put the computer — there’s a mainframe computer buried in the heart of this office building, including the head office that was under construction and delayed. The computer at that point was always given its own special building, almost like a religious chapel. It received all kinds of awards and was visited. It’s since been altered beyond recognition. But that was a so-called temporary building. It was going to only have a life of a few years. It’s still there, and that was conceived in 1971.</p> <p><strong>Over the years, you’ve tried to make buildings healthier for the users. One of your innovations has been to move elevators farther away than the staircases, to encourage people to walk and to use the stairs. Are there other things you can do with architecture to make people healthy?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: The interesting change over time, for me, is that a lot of the qualities of a building that I’ve enthused about and tried to communicate and tried to embody in designs — a view, sunlight, changing with the seasons, bringing nature into a building, buildings that breathe, that work with the elements, to make a fresher environment — I’ve really been pioneering those as ideals from a subjective basis. What is interesting now is that a whole series of studies from the 1980s — and most recently, very recently, at the Harvard School of Public Health — those have now been quantified. So there is scientific evidence that people are sharper, they’re happier, they’re more responsive to crises, to day-to-day situations — that patients in hospitals recover more quickly and they’re discharged earlier from hospital if their patient’s bedroom has a view and has a relationship to the world outside and is not facing a brick wall or windowless. So a lot of the things that have been passions and guiding principles and philosophies, I am now seeing the scientific community analyzing, evaluating, and producing scientific papers to that effect.</p> <p><strong>What advice do you have for young architecture students?</strong></p> <p>Norman Foster: Dream. Remain a student beyond being a student. And never give up. Even when you think you’ve failed, that nothing really is ever wasted. That one day in the future that failure may be seen as leading to a future success.</p> <p><strong>Well, thank you for speaking with us today.</strong></p> </div>  </aside>  <div class="read-more__toggle collapsed" data-toggle="collapse" data-target="#full-interview"><a href="#" class="sans-4 btn">Read full interview</a></div> </article> </section> </div> <div class="tab-pane" id="gallery" role="tabpanel"> <section class="isotope-wrapper">  <header class="toolbar toolbar--gallery bg-white clearfix"> <div class="col-md-6"> <div class="serif-4">Lord Norman Foster Gallery</div> </div> <div class="col-md-6 text-md-right isotope-toolbar"> <ul class="list-unstyled list-inline m-b-0 text-brand-primary sans-4"> <li class="list-inline-item" data-filter=".photo"><i class="icon-icon_camera"></i>28 photos</li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="isotope-gallery isotope-box single-achiever__gallery clearfix"> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.68157894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180.jpg" data-image-caption="1962: Norman Foster and Richard Rogers at Yale School of Architecture. After graduating from the University of Manchester’s School of Architecture and City Planning in 1961, Foster won the Henry Fellowship to the Yale School of Architecture, where he earned his master’s degree, and where he met fellow architecture student Richard Rogers. Upon returning to England, Rogers and Foster formed an architectural firm called Team 4 with Su Brumwell and Wendy Cheesman. Their practice quickly earned a reputation for high-tech industrial design. (Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-0081_FP145180" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180-380x259.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0081_FP145180-760x518.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.8" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676.jpg" data-image-caption="Council member Lord Jacob Rothschild presents the Golden Plate Award to British architect Lord Norman Foster at the 2017 International Achievement Summit in London. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="wp-LondonSummit_0676" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676-380x304.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0676-760x608.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.89473684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237.jpg" data-image-caption="1971, Cosham, UK. IBM Pilot Headquarters. The building was to provide accommodation for between 750 and 1,000 employees within eighteen months at a cost comparable to the cheapest temporary structures. The building was to serve as a temporary head office for IBM while a permanent headquarters was built on an adjoining site." data-image-copyright="wp-0125_FP451237" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237-380x340.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0125_FP451237-760x680.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.56315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839.jpg" data-image-caption="2014: Lunar Habitation Project. The outpost is designed as a modular system which can be extended in the future. Foster + Partners was an early adopter of 3D printing and rapid prototyping technology. Having bought its first 3D printer in 2004, it was one of the first architectural practices to invest heavily in the technology. In 2014, the Lunar Habitation Project, designed with a consortium set up by the European Space Agency, explored the possibilities of remote 3D printing on the Moon, an approach that has been further developed for a similar project on Mars. For a number of years, Foster + Partners has also been involved with Loughborough University and other consortium partners in bringing large-scale 3D concrete printing technology to market. (Image Credit: ESA/Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-P07337_FP470839" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-P07337_FP470839-760x428.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.98815789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798.jpg" data-image-caption="1978, Norwich, UK. Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts. The building brought a new level of refinement to the practice’s early explorations into lightweight, flexible enclosures. Structural and service elements are contained within the double-layer walls and roof. Within this shell is a sequence of spaces that incorporates galleries, a reception area, the Faculty of Fine Arts, senior common room and a restaurant. Full-height windows at each end open the space to the surrounding landscape, while louvers line the interior to provide a highly flexible system for the control of natural and artificial light. Large enough to display the Sainsburys’ art collection, yet designed to be intimate and inviting, the main gallery evokes the spirit of the collection’s originally domestic setting. (Credit: Ken Kirkwood)" data-image-copyright="wp-0188_FP396798" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798-380x376.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP396798-760x751.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66447368421053" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685.jpg" data-image-caption="1978, Norwich, UK. Sainsbury Centre for Visual Arts. Norman Foster with his mentor, R. Buckminster “Bucky” Fuller, renowned 20th-century American inventor, architect, and visionary, during a visit to the Sainsbury Centre. In a 2015 interview with <i>The Observer</i>, Foster stated, “For me, Bucky was the very essence of a moral conscience, forever warning about the fragility of the planet and man’s responsibility to protect it.” (Credit: Ken Kirkwood)" data-image-copyright="wp-0188_FP259685" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0188_FP259685-760x505.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.49078947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519.jpg" data-image-caption="1999, Berlin, Germany. Reichstag, New German Parliament. A view of the interior of the cupola. The cupola, symbolic of rebirth, drives the building’s natural lighting and ventilation strategies. At its core is a ‘light sculptor’ that reflects horizon light down into the chamber, while a sun-shield tracks the path of the sun to block solar gain and glare. As night falls, this process is reversed – the cupola becomes a beacon on the skyline. (© Rudi Meisel)" data-image-copyright="wp-0686_FP205519" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519-380x187.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP205519-760x373.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.70131578947368" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556.jpg" data-image-caption="2000, London, UK. Great Court British Museum. A view into the Great Court from the museum’s entrance hall. The original rotunda reading room is flanked by two of the four entrances to space. The newly built south portico is built to Robert Smirke’s original nineteenth-century classical plan, in limestone. The glass skin that covers the entire great hall is a 478-ton steel structure, which supports 315 tons of glass. It creates the largest enclosed public space in Europe. At two acres, the Great Court increased public space in the museum by forty percent, allowing its visitors to move freely around the main floor for the first time in 150 years. (Nigel Young/Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-0793_FP77556" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556-380x267.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0793_FP77556-760x533.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.3080895008606" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072.jpg" data-image-caption="2006, Hearst Headquarters, New York City. The new tower rises above the old building to a height of 44 stories. At the base of the tower, the main spatial event is a lobby that occupies the entire floor plate of the old building and rises up through six floors. Structurally, the tower has a triangulated "diagrid" form – a highly efficient solution that uses 20 percent less steel than a conventionally framed structure. With the corners cut back between the diagonals, it creates a distinctive facetted silhouette. The building is also significant in environmental terms. It was built using 85 percent recycled steel; its heating and air-conditioning equipment utilizes outside air for cooling and ventilation for nine months of the year. The Hearst building is the first in Manhattan to achieve a gold rating under the U.S. Green Building Council’s Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design program. (© Chuck Choi)" data-image-copyright="wp-1124_FP129072" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072-291x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1124_FP129072-581x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66315789473684" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP69242.jpg" data-image-caption="Millau Viaduct: Marc Legrand, Eiffage Director; Jacques Godfrain, Mayor of Millau; George Gillet, Project Director at A.I.O.A.; Michel Virlogeux, Concept Design Engineer for Millau Viaduct; Norman Foster; Francois Lepingle, Direction des Routes (French Highway Ministry). (Copyright holder: Eiffage)" data-image-copyright="wp-1158_FP69242" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP69242-380x252.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP69242-760x504.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2645590682196" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629.jpg" data-image-caption="2000, London, UK. Millennium Bridge. The bridge at night, looking towards the north embankment and St. Paul’s Cathedral. Structurally, the bridge pushes the boundaries of technology. Spanning 320 meters, it is a very shallow suspension bridge. Two Y-shaped armatures support eight cables that run along the sides of the 4-meter-wide deck, while steel transverse arms clamp onto the cables at 8-meter intervals to support the deck itself. This groundbreaking structure means that the cables never rise more than 2.3 meters above the deck, allowing those crossing the bridge to enjoy uninterrupted panoramic views and preserving sight lines from the surrounding buildings. The bridge has a thin profile, forming a slender arc across the water. (Nigel Young/Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-0953_FP205629" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629-301x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0953_FP205629-601x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.2645590682196" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1.jpg" data-image-caption="1986, Hong Kong, China. Hongkong and Shanghai Bank Headquarters. A requirement was to build in excess of a million square feet in a short timescale, which suggested prefabrication, whilst the need to build simultaneously upwards and downwards led to the adoption of a suspension structure, with pairs of steel masts arranged in three bays. As a result, the building is articulated in a stepped profile of three individual towers. (Photo by Ian Lambot)" data-image-copyright="wp-0501_FP42799" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1-301x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0501_FP42799-1-601x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.501976284585" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785.jpg" data-image-caption="2010: Norman Foster and his wife, Elena Ochoa (publisher, art curator, and former professor of psychopathology), attend the <i>How Much Does Your Building Weigh, Mr. Foster?</i> photocall during the 58th San Sebastian International Film Festival in Spain. The film is a documentary on Foster by Norberto López Amado and Carlos Carcas. (Getty)" data-image-copyright="San Sebastian Film Festival:How Much Does Your Building Weigh, Mr. Foster?" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-104441785-506x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66973684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922.jpg" data-image-caption="1999, Berlin, Germany. Reichstag, New German Parliament. Lord Norman Foster, during a site visit inspects graffiti found on plasterboard, the lining of the wall, and interior. Layers of history were peeled away to reveal the striking imprints of the past – stonemason’s marks and Russian graffiti − scars preserved as a "living museum." (Rudi Meisel)" data-image-copyright="wp-0686_FP8922" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922-380x254.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0686_FP8922-760x509.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722.jpg" data-image-caption="2004, Millau, France. Millau Viaduct. The bridge completes a hitherto missing link in the A75 autoroute from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers across the Massif Central. The A75 provides a direct, high-speed route from Paris to the Mediterranean coast and on to Barcelona. A cable-stayed, masted structure, the bridge is delicate, transparent, and has the optimum span between columns. Its construction broke several records: it has the highest pylons in the world, the highest road bridge deck in Europe, and it superseded the Eiffel Tower as the tallest structure in France. Bridges are often considered to belong to the realm of the engineer. But the architecture of infrastructure has a powerful impact on the environment, and the Millau Viaduct, designed in collaboration with structural engineers, illustrates how the architect can play an integral role in the design of bridges. (Daniel Jamme/Eiffage)" data-image-copyright="wp-1158_FP444722" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1158_FP444722-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.84473684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514.jpg" data-image-caption="October 2017: Lord Norman Foster addresses the delegates and members at a symposium during the American Academy of Achievement's 52nd annual International Achievement Summit held at Claridge’s Hotel in London. (© Academy of Achievement)" data-image-copyright="wp-LondonSummit_0514" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514-380x321.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2017/11/wp-LondonSummit_0514-760x642.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244.jpg" data-image-caption="As of April 2015, Apple Park, completed in 2017: Aerial view of Apple Campus. The donut-shaped office complex is located at the center of a 175-acre wooded site that has been re-engineered by a series of earthworks and has been replanted with over 9,000 specimens of drought-tolerant flora, including fruit trees. The highly-constructed landscape finds its way into the building’s donut hole-shaped courtyard, where it is accessible from the office spaces. The site arrangement comes from Steve Jobs’s penchant for taking country walks in nearby areas; the office’s grounds contain over two miles’ worth of walking paths, among its other features. (© Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-1859_FP469244" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1859_FP469244-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.501976284585" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin.jpg" data-image-caption="2004, London, UK. 30 St Mary Axe. The building, dubbed by Londoners as “the Gherkin” for its distinctive shape, was originally commissioned by Swiss Re. The design is rooted in a radical approach — technically, architecturally, socially and spatially. Forty-one stories high, it provides 46,400 square meters net of office space together with an arcade of shops and cafés accessed from a newly created piazza. At the summit is a club room that offers a spectacular 360-degree panorama across the capital. Generated by a circular plan, with a radial geometry, the building widens in profile as it rises and tapers towards its apex. This distinctive form responds to the constraints of the site: the building appears more slender than a rectangular block of equivalent size, and the slimming of its profile towards the base maximizes the public realm at street level. Environmentally, its profile reduces wind deflections compared with a rectilinear tower of similar size, helping to maintain a comfortable environment at ground level, and creates external pressure differentials exploited to drive a unique system of natural ventilation." data-image-copyright="30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin-253x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/30-St-Mary-Axe-The-Gherkin-506x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2.jpg" data-image-caption="2017, London, UK: Bloomberg. Interior ramp with rooflight. The main entrance of Bloomberg’s new European headquarters is defined by a substantial porte-cochère, where the building forms two sides of a new formal city square. Arriving at the main entrance, everyone passes through the reception lobby before being drawn into the Vortex – a double-height space created by three inclined, curving timber shells. In its form, massing, and materials, the new building is a natural extension of the City that will endure and improve the surrounding public realm. Bloomberg is a true exemplar of sustainable development, with a BREEAM Outstanding rating – the highest design-stage score ever achieved by any major office development. (Photo Credit: Nigel Young / Foster+Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-bloomberg-2" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-2-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66578947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796.jpg" data-image-caption="2008, Beijing, China. Beijing Capital International Airport. Completed as the gateway to the city for the 29th Olympiad in 2008, Beijing’s international terminal is the world’s largest and most advanced airport building, not only technologically, but also in terms of passenger experience, operational efficiency, and sustainability. Designed to be welcoming and uplifting, it is also a symbol of place, its soaring aerodynamic roof and dragon-like form celebrating the thrill and poetry of flight and evoking traditional Chinese colors and symbols. The terminal building is one of the world’s most sustainable, incorporating a range of passive environmental design concepts, such as the southeast-oriented skylights, which maximize the heat gain from the early morning sun and serve as an integrated environment-control system that minimizes energy consumption. In construction terms, its design optimized the performance of materials selected on the basis of local availability, functionality, application of local skills, and low-cost procurement. Remarkably, it was designed and built in just four years. (© Ma Wenxiao/Sino)" data-image-copyright="wp-1235_FP386796" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1235_FP386796-760x506.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.56184210526316" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston.jpg" data-image-caption="2010, Museum of Fine Arts, Boston. At the core of the master plan for the museum is the restoration of the logic of the building’s Beaux-Arts plan, devised by the architect Guy Lowell in 1907. The central axis has been reasserted with the reintroduction of the principal entrance to the south on Huntington Avenue and the reopening of that to the north. A freestanding glazed structure – a “crystal spine” – has been inserted between the building’s two main volumes to create the Art of the Americas Wing. Arranged over four floors, and providing fifty-three galleries, this new wing increased the museum’s exhibition space significantly. Where the crystal spine meets the central axis, it partly encloses an existing courtyard in a glass “jewel box.” Designed to be highly energy efficient, the courtyard is naturally lit and the new galleries have state-of-the-art climate control systems. (Foster + Partners)" data-image-copyright="2010 - Museum of Fine Arts Boston" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston-380x214.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/2010-Museum-of-Fine-Arts-Boston-760x427.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.67105263157895" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976.jpg" data-image-caption="1971: From left: Buckminster Fuller, Michael Hopkins, Tony Hunt, John Walker, Norman Foster, and James Meller discuss the Samuel Beckett Theatre in the Foster Associates’ Bedford Street studio. (Photo: Tim Street-Porter)" data-image-copyright="wp-0137_FP428976" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976-380x255.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0137_FP428976-760x510.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66973684210526" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP368730.jpg" data-image-caption="Hong Kong: Sir Norman Foster, seated in his office with the model of the Chek Lap Airport, which will open on July 8, 1998. (Copyright holder: Dennis Stock/Magnum Photos)" data-image-copyright="wp-0361_FP368730" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP368730-380x255.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP368730-760x509.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.50657894736842" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696.jpg" data-image-caption="2004, Millau Viaduct, Millau, France. The bridge completes a hitherto missing link in the A75 autoroute from Clermont-Ferrand to Béziers across the Massif Central. The A75 provides a direct, high-speed route from Paris to the Mediterranean coast and on to Barcelona. A cable-stayed, masted structure, the bridge is delicate, transparent, and has the optimum span between columns. Its construction broke several records: it has the highest pylons in the world, the highest road bridge deck in Europe, and it superseded the Eiffel Tower as the tallest structure in France. Bridges are often considered to belong to the realm of the engineer. But the architecture of infrastructure has a powerful impact on the environment, and the Millau Viaduct, designed in collaboration with structural engineers, illustrates how the architect can play an integral role in the design of bridges. (Daniel Jamme/Eiffage)" data-image-copyright="Marseille Vieux Port. (Hufton + Crow)" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696-380x193.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-1980_FP597696-760x385.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1.4258911819887" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP423831.jpg" data-image-caption="Portrait of Norman Foster by Manolo Yllera in the Madrid office. (Copyright holder: Manolo Yllera)" data-image-copyright="wp-0361_FP423831" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP423831-267x380.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-0361_FP423831-533x760.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.64078947368421" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516.jpg" data-image-caption="1999, Berlin, Germany. Reichstag, New German Parliament. A view of the cupola. Lightness and transparency characterize the structure, and the ramps appear to float weightlessly in space. The building is a model for sustainability by burning renewable bio-fuel – refined vegetable oil – in a cogenerator to produce electricity: a system that is cleaner than burning fossil fuels. The result is a 94-percent reduction in carbon dioxide emissions. Surplus heat is stored as hot water in an aquifer deep below ground and can be pumped up to heat the building or to drive an absorption cooling plant to produce chilled water. Significantly, the building’s energy requirements are modest enough to allow it to produce more energy than it consumes and to perform as a mini power station in the government quarter. The cupola is now an established Berlin landmark. (Image Credit: Adam Berry/Getty Images)" data-image-copyright="Government Buildings At Twilight" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516-380x244.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-GettyImages-174117516-760x487.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="0.66710526315789" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-1942_FP638542.jpg" data-image-caption="2017, London, UK: Bloomberg. Interior ramp with rooflight. The main entrance of Bloomberg’s new European headquarters is defined by a substantial porte-cochère, where the building forms two sides of a new formal city square. Arriving at the main entrance, everyone passes through the reception lobby before being drawn into the Vortex – a dramatic double-height space created by three inclined, curving timber shells. (Credit: Foster+Partners)" data-image-copyright="wp-bloomberg-1942_FP638542" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-1942_FP638542-380x253.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2018/03/wp-bloomberg-1942_FP638542-760x507.jpg"></div>  </figure> <figure class="isotope-item ratio-container--gallery photo" data-category="photo" data-ratio="1" title="" data-gtm-category="photo" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Achiever - ">   <div class="lazyload ratio-container__image" data-toggle="modal" data-target="#imageModal" data-image-src="/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WhatItTakes_foster-256.png" data-image-caption="" data-image-copyright="WhatItTakes_foster-256" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WhatItTakes_foster-256.png [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2019/09/WhatItTakes_foster-256.png"></div>  </figure>    </div> </section> </div> </div> <div class="container"> <footer class="editorial-article__footer col-md-8 col-md-offset-4"> <div class="editorial-article__next-link sans-3"> <a href="#"><strong>What's next:</strong> <span class="editorial-article__next-link-title">profile</span></a> </div> <ul class="social list-unstyled list-inline ssk-group m-b-0"> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-facebook" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Facebook"><i class="icon-icon_facebook-circle"></i></a></li> <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-twitter" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever on Twitter"><i class="icon-icon_twitter-circle"></i></a></li>  <li class="list-inline-item"><a href="" class="ssk ssk-email" data-gtm-category="social" data-gtm-action="click" data-gtm-label="Shared Achiever via Email"><i class="icon-icon_email-circle"></i></a></li> </ul> <time class="editorial-article__last-updated sans-6">This page last revised on September 8, 2019</time> <div class="sans-4"><a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/how-to-cite" target="_blank">How to cite this page</a></div> </footer> </div> <div class="container interview-related-achievers"> <hr class="m-t-3 m-b-3"/> <footer class="clearfix small-blocks text-xs-center"> <h3 class="m-b-3 serif-3">If you are inspired by this achiever’s story, you might also enjoy:</h3> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever public-service difficulty-with-school ambitious curious " data-year-inducted="2001" data-achiever-name="Brown"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carter-j-brown/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bro1-001-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/bro1-001-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">J. 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Gehry</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Architecture Gold Medal</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1995</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever the-arts curious build-or-create-things design-draw pioneer " data-year-inducted="1991" data-achiever-name="Johnson, P"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/11/johnson-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Philip C. Johnson</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Dean of American Architects</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">1991</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> <div class="centered-blocks"> <div class="isotope-achiever the-arts racism-discrimination small-town-rural-upbringing analytical curious resourceful build-or-create-things design-draw " data-year-inducted="2000" data-achiever-name="Lin"> <div class="achiever-block view-grid"> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"> <figure class="ratio-container ratio-container--square bg-black"> <div class="lazyload box achiever-block__image" data-sizes="auto" data-bgset="/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/lin-760_ac-1-190x190.jpg [(max-width:576px)] | /wp-content/uploads/2016/03/lin-760_ac-1-380x380.jpg"></div> <div class="achiever-block__overlay"></div> <figcaption class="text-xs-center achiever-block__text"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <div class="achiever-block__text--center"> <div class="achiever-block__name text-brand-primary">Maya Lin</div> <div class="achiever-block__known-as text-white sans-6">Artist and Architect</div> </div> </div> </div> <div class="text-white achiever-block__text--bottom"> <div class="achiever-block__year sans-4">Inducted in <span class="year-inducted">2000</span></div> </div> </figcaption> </figure> </a> </div> </div> </div> </footer> </div> </div> </article> <div class="modal image-modal" id="imageModal" tabindex="-1" role="dialog" aria-labelledby="imageModal" aria-hidden="true"> <div class="close-container"> <div class="close icon-icon_x" data-dismiss="modal" aria-label="Close"></div> </div> <div class="modal-dialog" role="document"> <div class="modal-content"> <div class="modal-body"> <figure class="image-modal__container"> <div class="display--table"> <div class="display--table-cell"> <img class="image-modal__image" src="/web/20200917235325im_/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/" alt=""/>  <figcaption class="p-t-2 container"> <div class="image-modal__caption sans-2 text-white"></div>  </figcaption> </div> </div> </figure> </div> </div> </div> </div> </main> </div> </div> <footer class="content-info main-footer bg-black"> <div class="container"> <div class="find-achiever" id="find-achiever-list"> <div class="form-group"> <input id="find-achiever-input" class="search js-focus" placeholder="Search for an achiever"/> <i class="icon-icon_chevron-down"></i> </div> <ul class="find-achiever-list list m-b-0 list-unstyled"> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/hank-aaron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Hank Aaron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/kareem-abdul-jabbar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Kareem Abdul-Jabbar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lynsey-addario/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lynsey Addario</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/edward-albee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Edward Albee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/tenley-albright-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tenley Albright, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/svetlana-alexievich/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Svetlana Alexievich</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/julie-andrews/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Julie Andrews</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/maya-angelou/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Angelou</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frances-h-arnold-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frances H. Arnold, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-d-ballard-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert D. Ballard, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-roger-bannister-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Roger Bannister</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-banville/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Banville</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ehud-barak/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ehud Barak</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lee-r-berger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lee R. Berger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-timothy-berners-lee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Tim Berners-Lee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/yogi-berra/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Yogi Berra</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jeffrey-p-bezos/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeffrey P. Bezos</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/benazir-bhutto/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benazir Bhutto</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/simone-biles/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Simone Biles</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/keith-l-black/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Keith L. 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Carter Brown</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/linda-buck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linda B. Buck, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carol-burnett/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol Burnett</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-h-w-bush/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George H. W. Bush</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/susan-butcher/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Susan Butcher</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-michael-caine/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Michael Caine</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-cameron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Cameron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/benjamin-s-carson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Benjamin S. Carson, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-carter/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Carter</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/johnny-cash/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Cash</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/william-j-clinton/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William J. Clinton</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/francis-s-collins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis S. Collins, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/denton-a-cooley/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Denton A. Cooley, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/francis-ford-coppola/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Francis Ford Coppola</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ray-dalio/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Dalio</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/olivia-de-havilland/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Olivia de Havilland</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/michael-e-debakey-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael E. DeBakey, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/michael-dell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Michael S. Dell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ron-dennis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Dennis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/joan-didion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joan Didion</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/david-herbert-donald-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Herbert Donald, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/david-doubilet/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David Doubilet</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jennifer-a-doudna-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jennifer A. Doudna, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/rita-dove/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rita Dove</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sylvia-earle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sylvia Earle, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/elbaradei/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mohamed ElBaradei</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/gertrude-elion/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Gertrude B. Elion, M.Sc.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-j-ellison/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry J. Ellison</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/nora-ephron/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nora Ephron</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/julius-erving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Julius Erving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/tony-fadell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Tony Fadell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-farmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Farmer, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/suzanne-farrell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzanne Farrell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-s-fauci-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-field/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally Field</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-norman-foster/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Norman Foster</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/aretha-franklin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Aretha Franklin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/milton-friedman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Milton Friedman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-fuentes/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Fuentes</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/athol-fugard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Athol Fugard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/peter-gabriel/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peter Gabriel</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernest-j-gaines/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernest J. Gaines</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/william-h-gates-iii/"><span class="achiever-list-name">William H. Gates III</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/leymah-gbowee/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leymah Gbowee</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-gehry/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank O. Gehry</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/murray-gell-mann-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Murray Gell-Mann, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-ghosn/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Ghosn</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/vince-gill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Vince Gill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ruth-bader-ginsburg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/louise-gluck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louise Glück</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/whoopi-goldberg/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Whoopi Goldberg</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jane-goodall/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dame Jane Goodall</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/doris-kearns-goodwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Doris Kearns Goodwin, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/mikhail-s-gorbachev/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mikhail S. Gorbachev</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/nadine-gordimer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nadine Gordimer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-jay-gould/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Jay Gould, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carol-greider-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carol W. Greider, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-grisham/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Grisham</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-john-gurdon/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir John Gurdon</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/dorothy-hamill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dorothy Hamill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/demis-hassabis-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Demis Hassabis, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lauryn-hill/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lauryn Hill</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-edmund-hillary/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Edmund Hillary</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/reid-hoffman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reid Hoffman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/khaled-hosseini/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Khaled Hosseini, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ron-howard/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ron Howard</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-hume/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Hume</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/louis-ignarro-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Louis Ignarro, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/daniel-inouye/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Daniel K. Inouye</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jeremy-irons/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jeremy Irons</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-irving/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John Irving</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/kazuo-ishiguro/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Kazuo Ishiguro</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sir-peter-jackson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sir Peter Jackson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/donald-c-johanson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Donald C. Johanson, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-m-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank M. Johnson, Jr.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/philip-johnson/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Philip C. Johnson</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/chuck-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Chuck Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-earl-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Earl Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/quincy-jones/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Quincy Jones</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/beverly-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Beverly Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/dereck-joubert/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Dereck Joubert</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-kagame/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul Kagame</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/thomas-keller-2/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Thomas Keller</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-m-kennedy/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony M. Kennedy</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carole-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carole King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/b-b-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">B.B. King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/coretta-scott-king/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Coretta Scott King</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-kissinger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry A. Kissinger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/willem-j-kolff/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willem J. Kolff, M.D., Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/wendy-kopp/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wendy Kopp</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/henry-r-kravis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Henry R. Kravis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/nicholas-d-kristof/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Nicholas D. Kristof</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/mike-krzyzewski/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mike Krzyzewski</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ray-kurzwell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ray Kurzweil</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/eric-lander-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Eric S. Lander, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-s-langer-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert S. Langer, Sc.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-leakey/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard E. Leakey</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-lederman-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Lederman, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/robert-lefkowitz-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Robert J. Lefkowitz, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/congressman-john-r-lewis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Congressman John R. Lewis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/maya-lin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Maya Lin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-lucas/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George Lucas</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/paul-b-maccready-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Paul B. MacCready, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/norman-mailer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Norman Mailer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/peyton-manning/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peyton Manning</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/wynton-marsalis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wynton Marsalis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/john-c-mather-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">John C. Mather, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/johnny-mathis/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Johnny Mathis</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ernst-mayr-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ernst Mayr, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/willie-mays/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Willie Mays</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frank-mccourt/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frank McCourt</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/david-mccullough/"><span class="achiever-list-name">David McCullough</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/audra-mcdonald/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Audra McDonald</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-william-h-mcraven/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral William H. McRaven, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/w-s-merwin/"><span class="achiever-list-name">W. S. Merwin</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/reinhold-messner/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Reinhold Messner</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-a-michener/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James A. Michener</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/marvin-minsky-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Marvin Minsky, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/mario-j-molina-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Mario J. Molina, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/n-scott-momaday-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">N. Scott Momaday, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/story-musgrave/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Story Musgrave, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ralph-nader/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ralph Nader</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/peggy-noonan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Peggy Noonan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jessye-norman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jessye Norman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/tommy-norris/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lt. Thomas R. Norris, USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/joyce-carol-oates/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Joyce Carol Oates</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/pierre-omidyar/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pierre Omidyar</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jimmy-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jimmy Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/larry-page/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Larry Page</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/arnold-palmer/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Arnold Palmer</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/leon-panetta/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Leon Panetta</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/rosa-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Rosa Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/suzan-lori-parks/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Suzan-Lori Parks</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/linus-pauling/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Linus C. Pauling, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/shimon-peres/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Shimon Peres</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/itzhak-perlman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Itzhak Perlman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-david-petraeus/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General David H. Petraeus, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sidney-poitier/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sidney Poitier</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-colin-l-powell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General Colin L. Powell, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/harold-prince/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Harold Prince</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/venki-ramakrishnan-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Venki Ramakrishnan, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lord-martin-rees/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lord Martin Rees</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/lloyd-richards/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Lloyd Richards</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sally-ride-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sally K. Ride, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sonny-rollins/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonny Rollins</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/anthony-romero/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Anthony D. Romero</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/james-rosenquist/"><span class="achiever-list-name">James Rosenquist</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/pete-rozelle/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Pete Rozelle</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/bill-russell/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Bill Russell</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/albie-sachs/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Albie Sachs</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/oliver-sacks-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Oliver Sacks, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/jonas-salk-m-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Jonas Salk, M.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frederick-sanger-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick Sanger, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/george-b-schaller-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">George B. Schaller, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/barry-scheck/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Barry Scheck</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/richard-evans-schultes-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Richard Evans Schultes, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/general-h-norman-schwarzkopf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">General H. Norman Schwarzkopf, USA</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-schwarzman/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen A. Schwarzman</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/glenn-t-seaborg-ph-d/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Glenn T. Seaborg, Ph.D.</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/neil-sheehan/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Neil Sheehan</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-alan-shepard-jr/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral Alan B. Shepard, Jr., USN</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/ellen-johnson-sirleaf/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Ellen Johnson Sirleaf</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/carlos-slim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Carlos Slim Helú</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/frederick-w-smith/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Frederick W. Smith</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/stephen-sondheim/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Stephen Sondheim</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/sonia-sotomayor/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Sonia Sotomayor</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/wole-soyinka/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Wole Soyinka</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/esperanza-spalding/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Esperanza Spalding</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/martha-stewart/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Martha Stewart</span></a> </li> <li> <a href="/web/20200917235325/https://achievement.org/achiever/admiral-james-b-stockdale/"><span class="achiever-list-name">Admiral James B. 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