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class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#COBOL"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>COBOL</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-COBOL-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Standards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Standards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Post-retirement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Post-retirement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Post-retirement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Post-retirement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Anecdotes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Anecdotes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Anecdotes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Anecdotes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Death</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dates_of_rank" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dates_of_rank"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Dates of rank</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dates_of_rank-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Awards_and_honors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Awards_and_honors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Awards and honors</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Awards and honors subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Awards_and_honors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Military_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Military awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Other awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Legacy</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Legacy subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Places" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Places"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Places</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Places-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Programs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Programs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Programs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Programs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3</span> <span>In popular culture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.3.1</span> <span>Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Obituary_notices" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Obituary_notices"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Obituary notices</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Obituary_notices-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">15</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Grace Hopper</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 72 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-72" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">72 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جريس هوبر – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جريس هوبر" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper" title="Grace Murray Hopper – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Grace Murray Hopper" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qreys_M%C3%BCrrey_Hopper" title="Qreys Mürrey Hopper – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Qreys Mürrey Hopper" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B8_%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="গ্রেস হপার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="গ্রেস হপার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Грейс Хопър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Грейс Хопър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopperov%C3%A1" title="Grace Hopperová – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Grace Hopperová" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%BA%CF%81%CE%AD%CE%B9%CF%82_%CE%9C%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%B5%CF%8A_%CE%A7%CF%8C%CF%80%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γκρέις Μάρεϊ Χόπερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γκρέις Μάρεϊ Χόπερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper" title="Grace Murray Hopper – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Grace Murray Hopper" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%87%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="گریس هاپر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="گریس هاپر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B7%B8%EB%A0%88%EC%9D%B4%EC%8A%A4_%ED%98%B8%ED%8D%BC" title="그레이스 호퍼 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="그레이스 호퍼" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B3%D6%80%D5%A5%D5%B5%D5%BD_%D5%80%D5%B8%D6%83%D5%A5%D6%80" title="Գրեյս Հոփեր – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Գրեյս Հոփեր" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रेस हूपर – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="ग्रेस हूपर" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper" title="Grace Murray Hopper – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Grace Murray Hopper" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A1_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A8" title="גרייס הופר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="גרייס הופר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%97%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B5%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D_%E0%B2%AE%E0%B3%81%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%86_%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಗ್ರೇಸ್ ಬ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಮುರ್ರೆ ಹಾಪರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಗ್ರೇಸ್ ಬ್ರೆವ್ಸ್ಟರ್ ಮುರ್ರೆ ಹಾಪರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გრეის ჰოპერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="გრეის ჰოპერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Грейс Хоппер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Грейс Хоппер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gratia_Hopper" title="Gratia Hopper – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Gratia Hopper" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Greisa_Hopera" title="Greisa Hopera – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Greisa Hopera" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%97%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8_%E0%A4%B9%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0" title="ग्रेस हूपर – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="ग्रेस हूपर" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Грејс Хопер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Грејс Хопер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%97%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B5%87%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D_%E0%B4%AE%E0%B5%81%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%87_%E0%B4%B9%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AA%E0%B5%BC" title="ഗ്രേസ് മുറേ ഹോപ്പർ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ഗ്രേസ് മുറേ ഹോപ്പർ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%92%E1%83%A0%E1%83%94%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%B0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="გრეის ჰოპერი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="გრეის ჰოპერი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D8%A8%D8%B1" title="جريس هوبر – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="جريس هوبر" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B0%E3%83%AC%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9B%E3%83%83%E3%83%91%E3%83%BC" title="グレース・ホッパー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="グレース・ホッパー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%81%D8%A7%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="گریس ہاپر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="گریس ہاپر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AB%D8%B1%DB%90%D8%B3_%D9%87%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="ګرېس هوپر – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="ګرېس هوپر" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper" title="Grace Murray Hopper – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Grace Murray Hopper" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Piemontèis</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81" title="Хоппер, Грейс – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хоппер, Грейс" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9C%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B7%84%E0%B7%9C%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A" title="ග්‍රේස් හොපර් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="ග්‍රේස් හොපර්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopperov%C3%A1" title="Grace Hopperová – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Grace Hopperová" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%95%DB%8C%D8%B3_%D9%85%DB%86%D8%B1%D8%A7%DB%8C_%DA%BE%DB%86%D9%BE%DB%95%D8%B1" title="گرەیس مۆرای ھۆپەر – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گرەیس مۆرای ھۆپەر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%93%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%98%D1%81_%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Грејс Хопер – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Грејс Хопер" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%81_%E0%AE%B9%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D" title="கிரேசு ஹாப்பர் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கிரேசு ஹாப்பர்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%8B_%E0%B8%AE%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9B%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="เกรซ ฮอปเปอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เกรซ ฮอปเปอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%90%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B9%D1%81_%D0%93%D0%BE%D0%BF%D0%BF%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Ґрейс Гоппер – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Ґрейс Гоппер" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D8%B1%DB%8C%D8%B3_%DB%81%D9%88%D9%BE%D8%B1" title="گریس ہوپر – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="گریس ہوپر" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grace_Hopper" title="Grace Hopper – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Grace Hopper" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A0%BC%E8%95%BE%E4%B8%9D%C2%B7%E8%B5%AB%E6%9F%8F" title="格蕾丝·赫柏 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="格蕾丝·赫柏" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%91%9B%E9%BA%97%E7%B5%B2%C2%B7%E9%9C%8D%E6%99%AE" title="葛麗絲·霍普 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="葛麗絲·霍普" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11641#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American computer scientist and naval officer (1906–1992)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the residential college, see <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_College" title="Grace Hopper College">Grace Hopper College</a>. For the submarine cable, see <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)</a>.</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Grace Hopper</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper,_USN_(covered)_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg/240px-Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="319" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg/360px-Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg/480px-Commodore_Grace_M._Hopper%2C_USN_%28covered%29_head_and_shoulders_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1542" data-file-height="2051" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Hopper in 1984</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Grace Brewster Murray</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1906-12-09</span>)</span>December 9, 1906<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace">New York City, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">January 1, 1992<span style="display:none">(1992-01-01)</span> (aged 85)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>) <br /> <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Vincent Foster Hopper</div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1930; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1945)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Defense Distinguished Service Medal">Defense Distinguished Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(USA)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meritorious Service Medal (USA)">Meritorious Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medal</a> with two <a href="/wiki/Hourglass_Device" class="mw-redirect" title="Hourglass Device">Hourglass Devices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Medal" title="Naval Reserve Medal">Naval Reserve Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> (posthumous)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight:bold;">Military career</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Allegiance</th><td class="infobox-data">United States</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Service <wbr />/ branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Years of service</th><td class="infobox-data">1943–1986</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em">Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)#Rear_admiral_(lower_half)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear admiral (lower half)</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Known for</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category">Computer science<br />Mathematics</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yale_university" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale university">Yale university</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.proquest.com/docview/301795588/">New Types of Irreducibility Criteria</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1934)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="Øystein Ore">Øystein Ore</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Grace Brewster Hopper</b> (<span title="Name at birth"><a href="/wiki/Birth_name#Maiden_and_married_names" title="Birth name">née</a> <b>Murray</b></span>; December 9, 1906 – January 1, 1992) was an American <a href="/wiki/Computer_scientist" title="Computer scientist">computer scientist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mathematician" title="Mathematician">mathematician</a>, and <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy" title="United States Navy">United States Navy</a> <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was a pioneer of computer programming. Hopper was the first to devise the theory of machine-independent programming languages, and used this theory to develop the <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a> programming language and <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, an early <a href="/wiki/High-level_programming_language" title="High-level programming language">high-level programming language</a> still in use today. She was also one of the first programmers on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Harvard Mark I</a> computer. She is credited with writing the first computer manual, "A Manual of Operation for the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator." </p><p>Before joining the Navy, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in both mathematics and mathematical physics from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> and was a professor of mathematics at <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a>. She left her position at Vassar to join the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Navy_Reserve" title="United States Navy Reserve">United States Navy Reserve</a> during World War II. Hopper began her computing career in 1944 as a member of the Harvard Mark I team, led by <a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken">Howard H. Aiken</a>. In 1949, she joined the <a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation</a> and was part of the team that developed the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a> computer. At Eckert–Mauchly she managed the development of one of the first <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> compilers. </p><p>She believed that programming should be simplified with an English-based computer programming language. Her compiler converted English terms into <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> understood by computers. By 1952, Hopper had finished her program linker (originally called a <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a>), which was written for the <a href="/wiki/A-0_System" title="A-0 System">A-0 System</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Spencer85_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Spencer85-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Laplante01_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Laplante01-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Bunch93_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bunch93-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Booss03_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Booss03-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1954, Eckert–Mauchly chose Hopper to lead their department for automatic programming, and she led the release of some of the first compiled languages like <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a>. In 1959, she participated in the <a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a> consortium, helping to create a machine-independent programming language called <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> language, which was based on English words. Hopper promoted the use of the language throughout the 60s. </p><p>The U.S. Navy <a href="/wiki/Arleigh_Burke-class_destroyer" title="Arleigh Burke-class destroyer"><i>Arleigh Burke</i>-class</a> guided-missile destroyer <a href="/wiki/USS_Hopper" title="USS Hopper">USS <i>Hopper</i></a> was named for her, as was the <a href="/wiki/Cray_XE6" title="Cray XE6">Cray XE6</a> "Hopper" supercomputer at <a href="/wiki/NERSC" class="mw-redirect" title="NERSC">NERSC</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Nvidia GPU architecture "<a href="/wiki/Hopper_(microarchitecture)" title="Hopper (microarchitecture)">Hopper</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During her lifetime, Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities across the world. A <a href="/wiki/Hopper_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopper College">college</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> was renamed in her honor. In 1991, she received the <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology_and_Innovation" title="National Medal of Technology and Innovation">National Medal of Technology</a>. On November 22, 2016, she was posthumously awarded the <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, the <a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Electrical_and_Electronics_Engineers" title="Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers">Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers</a> (IEEE) dedicated a marker in honor of Grace Hopper at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Pennsylvania" title="University of Pennsylvania">University of Pennsylvania</a> for her role in inventing the A-0 compiler during her time as a Lecturer in the School of Engineering, citing her inspirational impact on young engineers.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Grace Brewster Murray was born in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York City</a>. She was the eldest of three children. Her parents, Walter Fletcher Murray and Mary Campbell Van Horne, were of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_people" title="Dutch people">Dutch</a> descent, and attended <a href="/wiki/West_End_Collegiate_Church" title="West End Collegiate Church">West End Collegiate Church</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her great-grandfather, Alexander Wilson Russell, an admiral in the US Navy, fought in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mobile_Bay" title="Battle of Mobile Bay">Battle of Mobile Bay</a> during the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Williams_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Williams-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 2–3">: 2–3 </span></sup> </p><p>Grace was very curious as a child; this was a lifelong trait. At the age of seven, she decided to determine how an alarm clock worked and dismantled seven alarm clocks before her mother realized what she was doing (she was then limited to one clock).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later in life, she was known for keeping a clock that ran backward, she explained, "Humans are allergic to change. They love to say, 'We've always done it this way.' I try to fight that. That's why I have a clock on my wall that runs counterclockwise."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For her <a href="/wiki/University-preparatory_school" class="mw-redirect" title="University-preparatory school">preparatory school</a> education, she attended the <a href="/wiki/Wardlaw-Hartridge_School" title="Wardlaw-Hartridge School">Hartridge School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Plainfield,_New_Jersey" title="Plainfield, New Jersey">Plainfield, New Jersey</a>. Grace was initially rejected for early admission to <a href="/wiki/Vassar_College" title="Vassar College">Vassar College</a> at age 16 (because her test scores in Latin were too low), but she was admitted the next year. She graduated <a href="/wiki/Phi_Beta_Kappa_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Phi Beta Kappa Society">Phi Beta Kappa</a> from Vassar in 1928 with a bachelor's degree in mathematics and physics and earned her master's degree at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> in 1930. </p><p>In 1930, Grace Murray married <a href="/wiki/New_York_University" title="New York University">New York University</a> professor Vincent Foster Hopper (1906–1976); they divorced in 1945.<sup id="cite_ref-greenladuke09_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenladuke09-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She did not marry again and retained his surname. </p><p>In 1934, Hopper earned a Ph.D. in mathematics from Yale<sup id="cite_ref-NWHM_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NWHM-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> under the direction of <a href="/wiki/%C3%98ystein_Ore" title="Øystein Ore">Øystein Ore</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-greenladuke09_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-greenladuke09-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>, "New Types of Irreducibility Criteria",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was published that same year.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She began teaching mathematics at Vassar in 1931, and was promoted to associate professor in 1941.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogilvie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career">Career</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_II">World War II</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: World War II"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg/220px-Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg/330px-Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg/440px-Harvard_Mark_I_sign-up.agr.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Hopper's name on a duty roster for the Bureau of Ships Computation Project at Harvard, which built and operated the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Mark I</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Hopper tried to be commissioned in the Navy early in <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, however she was turned down. At age 34, she was too old to enlist and her weight-to-height ratio was too low. She was also denied on the basis that her job as a mathematician and mathematics professor at Vassar College was valuable to the war effort.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the war in 1943, Hopper obtained a leave of absence from Vassar and was sworn into the United States Navy Reserve; she was one of many women who volunteered to serve in the <a href="/wiki/WAVES" title="WAVES">WAVES</a>. </p><p>She had to get an exemption to be commissioned; she was 15 pounds (6.8 kg) below the Navy minimum weight of 120 pounds (54 kg). She reported in December and trained at the Naval Reserve Midshipmen's School at <a href="/wiki/Smith_College" title="Smith College">Smith College</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northampton,_Massachusetts" title="Northampton, Massachusetts">Northampton, Massachusetts</a>. Hopper graduated first in her class in 1944, and was assigned to the <a href="/wiki/Bureau_of_Ships" title="Bureau of Ships">Bureau of Ships</a> Computation Project at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> as a lieutenant, junior grade. She served on the <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_I" title="Harvard Mark I">Mark I computer</a> programming staff headed by <a href="/wiki/Howard_H._Aiken" title="Howard H. Aiken">Howard H. Aiken</a>. </p><p>Hopper and Aiken co-authored three papers on the Mark I, also known as the Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator. Hopper's request to transfer to the regular Navy at the end of the war was declined due to her advanced age of 38. She continued to serve in the Navy Reserve. Hopper remained at the Harvard Computation Lab until 1949, turning down a full professorship at Vassar in favor of working as a research fellow under a Navy contract at Harvard.<sup id="cite_ref-KBW_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBW-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Murray_Hopper,_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC,_1978,_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/170px-Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="261" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/255px-Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg/340px-Grace_Murray_Hopper%2C_in_her_office_in_Washington_DC%2C_1978%2C_%C2%A9Lynn_Gilbert.jpg 2x" data-file-width="782" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Hopper in a computer room in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>, 1978, photographed by <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Gilbert" title="Lynn Gilbert">Lynn Gilbert</a></figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNIVAC">UNIVAC</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: UNIVAC"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1949, Hopper became an employee of the <a href="/wiki/Eckert%E2%80%93Mauchly_Computer_Corporation" title="Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation">Eckert–Mauchly Computer Corporation</a> as a senior mathematician and joined the team developing the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogilvie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopper also served as UNIVAC director of Automatic Programming Development for Remington Rand. The UNIVAC was the first known large-scale electronic computer to be on the market in 1951, and was more competitive at processing information than the Mark I.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hopper recommended the development of a new programming language that would use entirely English words, she "was told very quickly that [she] couldn't do this because computers didn't understand English." Still, she persisted. "It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols", she explained. "So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code."<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her idea was not accepted for three years. In the meantime, she published her first paper on the subject, compilers, in 1952. In the early 1950s, the company was taken over by the <a href="/wiki/Remington_Rand" title="Remington Rand">Remington Rand</a> corporation, and it was while she was working for them that her original <a href="/wiki/Compiler" title="Compiler">compiler</a> work was done. The program was known as the A compiler and its first version was <a href="/wiki/A-0_programming_language" class="mw-redirect" title="A-0 programming language">A-0</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee2004_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 11">: 11 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1952, she had an operational link-loader, which at the time was referred to as a compiler. She later said that "Nobody believed that", and that she "had a running compiler and nobody would touch it. They told me computers could only do arithmetic."<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1954 Hopper was named the company's first director of automatic programming.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogilvie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Beginning in 1954, Hopper's work was influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Laning_and_Zierler_system" title="Laning and Zierler system">Laning and Zierler system</a>, which was the first compiler to accept algebraic notation as input.<sup id="cite_ref-Beyer_ch10_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beyer_ch10-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Her department released some of the first compiler-based programming languages, including <a href="/wiki/MATH-MATIC" title="MATH-MATIC">MATH-MATIC</a> and <a href="/wiki/FLOW-MATIC" title="FLOW-MATIC">FLOW-MATIC</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ogilvie-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopper said that her compiler <a href="/wiki/A-0_System" title="A-0 System">A-0</a>, "translated mathematical notation into machine code. Manipulating symbols was fine for mathematicians but it was no good for data processors who were not symbol manipulators. Very few people are really symbol manipulators. If they are, they become professional mathematicians, not data processors. It's much easier for most people to write an English statement than it is to use symbols. So I decided data processors ought to be able to write their programs in English, and the computers would translate them into machine code. That was the beginning of <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Computer_language" title="Computer language">computer language</a> for data processors. I could say 'Subtract income tax from pay' instead of trying to write that in octal code or using all kinds of symbols. <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> is the major language used today in data processing."<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="COBOL">COBOL</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: COBOL"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg/220px-Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="193" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg/330px-Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg/440px-Grace_Hopper_and_UNIVAC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="513" data-file-height="450" /></a><figcaption>Hopper at the <a href="/wiki/UNIVAC_I" title="UNIVAC I">UNIVAC I</a> console, c. 1960</figcaption></figure> <p>In the spring of 1959, computer experts from industry and government were brought together in a two-day conference known as the Conference on Data Systems Languages (<a href="/wiki/CODASYL" title="CODASYL">CODASYL</a>). Hopper served as a technical consultant to the committee, and many of her former employees served on the short-term committee that defined the new language <a href="/wiki/COBOL" title="COBOL">COBOL</a> (an acronym for <b>CO</b>mmon <b>B</b>usiness-<b>O</b>riented <b>L</b>anguage). The new language extended Hopper's FLOW-MATIC language with some ideas from the <a href="/wiki/IBM" title="IBM">IBM</a> equivalent, <a href="/wiki/COMTRAN" title="COMTRAN">COMTRAN</a>. Hopper's belief that programs should be written in a language that was close to English (rather than in <a href="/wiki/Machine_code" title="Machine code">machine code</a> or in languages close to machine code, such as <a href="/wiki/Assembly_language" title="Assembly language">assembly languages</a>) was captured in the new business language, and COBOL went on to be the most ubiquitous business language to date.<sup id="cite_ref-KWB_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KWB-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the members of the committee that worked on COBOL was <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> alumna <a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Jean E. Sammet</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1967 to 1977, Hopper served as the director of the Navy Programming Languages Group in the Navy's Office of Information Systems Planning and was promoted to the rank of <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captain</a> in 1973. She developed validation software for COBOL and its compiler as part of a COBOL standardization program for the entire Navy.<sup id="cite_ref-KBW_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-KBW-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards">Standards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Standards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1970s, Hopper advocated for the Defense Department to replace large, centralized systems with networks of small, distributed computers. Any user on any computer node could access common databases on the network.<sup id="cite_ref-mcgee2004_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mcgee2004-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 119">: 119 </span></sup> She developed the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Standardization" title="Standardization">standards</a> for testing computer systems and components, most significantly for early <a href="/wiki/Programming_language" title="Programming language">programming languages</a> such as <a href="/wiki/FORTRAN" class="mw-redirect" title="FORTRAN">FORTRAN</a> and COBOL. The Navy tests for conformance to these standards led to significant convergence among the programming language dialects of the major computer vendors. In the 1980s, these tests (and their official administration) were assumed by the National Bureau of Standards (NBS), known today as the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Standards_and_Technology" title="National Institute of Standards and Technology">National Institute of Standards and Technology</a> (NIST). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Retirement">Retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg/220px-Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg/330px-Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg/440px-Grace_Hopper_being_promoted_to_Commodore.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2389" /></a><figcaption>Hopper being promoted to the rank of commodore in 1983</figcaption></figure> <p>In accordance with Navy attrition regulations, Hopper retired from the Naval Reserve with the rank of <a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">commander</a> at age 60 at the end of 1966.<sup id="cite_ref-urlAttrition/Retirement_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-urlAttrition/Retirement-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was recalled to active duty in August 1967 for a six-month period that turned into an indefinite assignment. She again retired in 1971 but was again asked to return to active duty in 1972. She was promoted to <a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">captain</a> in 1973 by <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(United_States)" title="Admiral (United States)">Admiral</a> <a href="/wiki/Elmo_R._Zumwalt_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr.">Elmo R. Zumwalt Jr.</a><sup id="cite_ref-navybio_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navybio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a> Representative <a href="/wiki/Philip_Crane" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Crane">Philip Crane</a> saw her on a March 1983 segment of <i><a href="/wiki/60_Minutes" title="60 Minutes">60 Minutes</a></i>, he championed a joint <a href="/wiki/Resolution_(law)" title="Resolution (law)">resolution</a> to promote Hopper to <a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">commodore</a> on the retired list; the resolution was referred to, but not reported out of, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate_Committee_on_Armed_Services" title="United States Senate Committee on Armed Services">Senate Armed Services Committee</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopper was instead promoted to commodore on December 15, 1983, via the <a href="/wiki/Appointments_Clause" title="Appointments Clause">Appointments Clause</a> by President <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-navybio_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navybio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-commodore_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commodore-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-DavidLetterman86_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidLetterman86-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She remained on active duty for several years beyond mandatory retirement by special approval of Congress.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Effective November 8, 1985, the rank of commodore was renamed <a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">rear admiral</a> (lower half) and Hopper became one of the Navy's few female admirals. </p><p>After a career that spanned more than 42 years, Hopper retired from the Navy on August 14, 1986.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the time, she was the oldest serving member of the Navy. At a celebration held in Boston on the <a href="/wiki/USS_Constitution" title="USS Constitution">USS <i>Constitution</i></a> to commemorate her retirement, Hopper was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Defense Distinguished Service Medal">Defense Distinguished Service Medal</a>, the highest non-combat decoration awarded by the Department of Defense.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the time of her retirement, she was the oldest active-duty commissioned officer in the United States Navy (79 years, eight months and five days), and had her retirement ceremony aboard the oldest commissioned ship in the United States Navy (188 years, 9 months, 23 days).<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Post-retirement">Post-retirement</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Post-retirement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After her retirement from the Navy, Hopper was hired as a senior consultant to <a href="/wiki/Digital_Equipment_Corporation" title="Digital Equipment Corporation">Digital Equipment Corporation</a> (DEC). Hopper was initially offered a position by Rita Yavinsky, but she insisted on going through the typical formal interview process. She then proposed in jest that she would be willing to accept a position which made her available on alternating Thursdays, exhibited at their museum of computing as a pioneer, in exchange for a generous salary and unlimited expense account. Instead, she was hired as a full-time Principal Corporate Consulting Engineer, a tech-track SVP-equivalent. In this position, Hopper represented the company at industry forums, serving on various industry committees, along with other obligations.<sup id="cite_ref-williams_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williams-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She retained that position until her death at age 85 in 1992. </p><p>At DEC Hopper served primarily as a goodwill ambassador. She lectured widely about the early days of computing, her career, and on efforts that computer vendors could take to make life easier for their users. She visited most of Digital's engineering facilities, where she generally received a standing ovation at the conclusion of her remarks. Although no longer a serving officer, she always wore her Navy full dress uniform to these lectures contrary to U.S. Department of Defense policy.<sup id="cite_ref-32CFR53.2_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32CFR53.2-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016 Hopper received the Presidential Medal of Freedom, the nation's highest civilian honor, in recognition of her remarkable contributions to the field of computer science. </p><p>"The most important thing I've accomplished, other than building the compiler", she said, "is training young people. They come to me, you know, and say, 'Do you think we can do this?' I say, 'Try it.' And I back 'em up. They need that. I keep track of them as they get older and I stir 'em up at intervals so they don't forget to take chances."<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Anecdotes">Anecdotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Anecdotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:First_Computer_Bug,_1945.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg/300px-First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg/450px-First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg/600px-First_Computer_Bug%2C_1945.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2889" data-file-height="2285" /></a><figcaption>Log book showing the "bug" found caught in a Mark II relay</figcaption></figure> <p>Throughout much of her later career, Hopper was much in demand as a speaker at various computer-related events. She was well known for her lively and irreverent speaking style, as well as a rich treasury of early war stories. She also received the nickname "Grandma COBOL".<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While Hopper was working on a <a href="/wiki/Harvard_Mark_II" title="Harvard Mark II">Mark II</a> Computer at Harvard University in 1947,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> her associates discovered a <a href="/wiki/Moth" title="Moth">moth</a> that was stuck in a <a href="/wiki/Relay" title="Relay">relay</a> and impeding the operation of the computer. Upon extraction, the insect was affixed to a log sheet for that day with the notation, "First actual case of bug being found". While neither she nor her crew members mentioned the exact phrase, "<a href="/wiki/Debugging" title="Debugging">debugging</a>", in their log entries, the case is held as a historical instance of "debugging" a computer and Hopper is credited with popularizing the term in computing. For many decades, the term "bug" for a malfunction had been in use in several fields before being applied to <a href="/wiki/Computer_bug" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer bug">computers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The remains of the moth can be found taped into the group's log book at the <a href="/wiki/Smithsonian_Institution" title="Smithsonian Institution">Smithsonian Institution</a>'s <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_American_History" title="National Museum of American History">National Museum of American History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a><sup id="cite_ref-:0_47-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hopper became known for her <i>nanoseconds</i> visual aid. People (such as generals and admirals) used to ask her why <a href="/wiki/Satellite" title="Satellite">satellite</a> communication took so long. She started handing out pieces of wire that were just under one foot long—11.8 inches (30 cm)—the distance that light travels in one <a href="/wiki/Nanosecond" title="Nanosecond">nanosecond</a>. She gave these pieces of wire the <a href="/wiki/Metonymy" title="Metonymy">metonym</a> "nanoseconds".<sup id="cite_ref-DavidLetterman86_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DavidLetterman86-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was careful to tell her audience that the length of her nanoseconds was actually the maximum distance the signals would travel in a vacuum, and that signals would travel more slowly through the actual wires that were her teaching aids. Later she used the same pieces of wire to illustrate why computers had to be small to be fast. At many of her talks and visits, she handed out "nanoseconds" to everyone in the audience, contrasting them with a coil of wire 984 feet (300 meters) long,<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> representing a <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">microsecond</a>. Later, while giving these lectures while working for DEC, she passed out packets of pepper, calling the individual grains of ground pepper <a href="/wiki/Picosecond" title="Picosecond">picoseconds</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Jay Elliot described Hopper as appearing to be "'all Navy', but when you reach inside, you find a 'Pirate' dying to be released".<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Death"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On New Year's Day 1992, Hopper died in her sleep of natural causes at her home in Arlington County, Virginia;<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> she was 85 years of age. She was interred with full military honors in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_National_Cemetery" title="Arlington National Cemetery">Arlington National Cemetery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Dates_of_rank">Dates of rank</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Dates of rank"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <th scope="row">Rank </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Midshipman" title="Midshipman">Midshipman</a><br />MIDN </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(junior_grade)" title="Lieutenant (junior grade)">Lieutenant junior grade</a><br />O-2 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_(navy)" title="Lieutenant (navy)">Lieutenant</a><br />O-3 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_commander_(United_States)" title="Lieutenant commander (United States)">Lieutenant commander</a><br />O-4 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Commander_(United_States)" title="Commander (United States)">Commander</a><br />O-5 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Captain_(United_States_O-6)" title="Captain (United States O-6)">Captain</a><br />O-6 </th> <th scope="col"><a href="/wiki/Commodore_(United_States)" title="Commodore (United States)">Commodore</a>/<br /><a href="/wiki/Rear_admiral_(United_States)" title="Rear admiral (United States)">Rear admiral (lower half)</a><br />O-7 </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Insignia </th> <td>N/A </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O2_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O3_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/60px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/90px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg/120px-U.S._Navy_O-4_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O5_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O6_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td> <td><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg/60px-US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg/90px-US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg/120px-US_Navy_O7_insignia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="245" data-file-height="420" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Date </th> <td>May 4, 1944<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>June 27, 1944<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>June 1, 1946<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>April 1, 1952<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>July 1, 1957<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>n 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>August 2, 1973<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td> <td>December 15, 1983<sup id="cite_ref-commodore_37-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-commodore-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>/<br />redesignated November 8, 1985<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Awards_and_honors">Awards and honors</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Awards and honors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Military_awards">Military awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Military awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table style="margin:1em auto; text-align:center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/34/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/106px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/159px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg/212px-Legion_of_Merit_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-Meritorious_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_(ribbon).svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/106px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/159px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg/212px-Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom_%28ribbon%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="204" data-file-height="56" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-American_Campaign_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-World_War_II_Victory_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="140" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><div style="position:relative; width:106px; border:none; line-height:1.5em; display:-moz-inline-stack; display:inline-block; zoom:1; *display:inline;"><div style="position:relative; display:inline-block;"><div style="position: absolute; left: 43px; top: 5px; padding: 0;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribbonstar-bronze.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bronze service star"><img alt="Bronze star" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/18px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="17" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/27px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Ribbonstar-bronze.svg/36px-Ribbonstar-bronze.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="214" data-file-height="200" /></a></span></div><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-National_Defense_Service_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span></div></div> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png/106px-Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png/159px-Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/e2/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal_with_two_bronze_hourglass_devices.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="47" /></a></span> </td> <td colspan="2"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg/106px-U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="106" height="29" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg/159px-U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg/212px-U.S._Naval_Reserve_Medal_ribbon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="279" /></a></span> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable" style="margin: 0 auto; text-align: center;"> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Defense_Distinguished_Service_Medal" title="Defense Distinguished Service Medal">Defense Distinguished Service Medal</a><br />(1986) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Legion_of_Merit" title="Legion of Merit">Legion of Merit</a><br />(1967) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Meritorious_Service_Medal_(United_States)" title="Meritorious Service Medal (United States)">Meritorious Service Medal</a><br />(1980) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a><br />(2016, Posthumous) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/American_Campaign_Medal" title="American Campaign Medal">American Campaign Medal</a><br />(1944) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/World_War_II_Victory_Medal" title="World War II Victory Medal">World War II Victory Medal</a><br />(1945) </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/National_Defense_Service_Medal" title="National Defense Service Medal">National Defense Service Medal</a> <br />with bronze service star<br />(1953, 1966) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Armed_Forces_Reserve_Medal" title="Armed Forces Reserve Medal">Armed Forces Reserve Medal</a><br />with two bronze hourglass devices<br />(1963, 1973, 1983) </td> <td colspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Naval_Reserve_Medal" title="Naval Reserve Medal">Naval Reserve Medal</a><br />(1953) </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_awards">Other awards</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Other awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>1964: Hopper was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers" title="Society of Women Engineers">Society of Women Engineers</a> Achievement Award, the Society's highest honor, "In recognition of her significant contributions to the burgeoning computer industry as an engineering manager and originator of automatic programming systems."<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In May 1955, Hopper was one of the founding members of the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers#History" title="Society of Women Engineers">Society of Women Engineers</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1969: Hopper was awarded the inaugural <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Information_Technology_Professionals" title="Association of Information Technology Professionals">Data Processing Management Association</a> Man of the Year award (now called the Distinguished Information Sciences Award).<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1971: The annual <a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Award" title="Grace Murray Hopper Award">Grace Murray Hopper Award for Outstanding Young Computer Professionals</a> was established in 1971 by the <a href="/wiki/Association_for_Computing_Machinery" title="Association for Computing Machinery">Association for Computing Machinery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_61-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1973: Elected to the <a href="/wiki/National_Academy_of_Engineering" title="National Academy of Engineering">U.S. National Academy of Engineering</a>.</li> <li>1973: First American and first woman of any nationality to be made a <a href="/wiki/DFBCS" class="mw-redirect" title="DFBCS">Distinguished Fellow of the British Computer Society</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1981: Received an Honorary PhD from Clarkson University.</li> <li>1982: <a href="/wiki/American_Association_of_University_Women" title="American Association of University Women">American Association of University Women</a> Achievement Award and an Honorary Doctor of Science from <a href="/wiki/Marquette_University" title="Marquette University">Marquette University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1983: Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985: Honorary Doctor of Science from <a href="/wiki/Wright_State_University" title="Wright State University">Wright State University</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1985: Honorary Doctor of Letters from <a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Western New England College">Western New England College</a> (now <a href="/wiki/Western_New_England_University" title="Western New England University">Western New England University</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1986: Received the Defense Distinguished Service Medal at her retirement.</li> <li>1986: Received an Honorary Doctor of Science from Syracuse University.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1987: She became the first <a href="/wiki/Computer_History_Museum" title="Computer History Museum">Computer History Museum</a> Fellow Award Recipient "for contributions to the development of programming languages, for standardization efforts, and for lifelong naval service."<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1988: Received the Golden Gavel Award, <a href="/wiki/Toastmasters_International" title="Toastmasters International">Toastmasters International</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991: <a href="/wiki/National_Medal_of_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="National Medal of Technology">National Medal of Technology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_71-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1991: Elected a Fellow of the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-AAAS_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AAAS-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1992: The <a href="/wiki/Society_of_Women_Engineers" title="Society of Women Engineers">Society of Women Engineers</a> established three annual, renewable, "Admiral Grace Murray Hopper Scholarships"<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1994: Inducted into the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>1996: <a href="/wiki/USS_Hopper" title="USS Hopper">USS <i>Hopper</i> (DDG-70)</a> was launched.<sup id="cite_ref-USN_61-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USN-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nicknamed <i>Amazing Grace</i>, it is on a very short <a href="/wiki/List_of_U.S._military_vessels_named_after_women" title="List of U.S. military vessels named after women">list of U.S. military vessels named after women</a>.</li> <li>2001: <a href="/wiki/Eavan_Boland" title="Eavan Boland">Eavan Boland</a> wrote a poem dedicated to Grace Hopper titled "Code" in her 2001 release <i>Against Love Poetry</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2001: The Gracies, the Government Technology Leadership Award were named in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009: The Department of Energy's <a href="/wiki/National_Energy_Research_Scientific_Computing_Center" title="National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center">National Energy Research Scientific Computing Center</a> named its flagship system "Hopper".<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2009: <a href="/wiki/Office_of_Naval_Intelligence" title="Office of Naval Intelligence">Office of Naval Intelligence</a> creates the Grace Hopper Information Services Center.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2013: Google made the <a href="/wiki/Google_Doodle" title="Google Doodle">Google Doodle</a> for Hopper's 107th birthday an animation of her sitting at a computer, using COBOL to print out her age. At the end of the animation, a moth flies out of the computer.<sup id="cite_ref-Google_Doodle_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Google_Doodle-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2016: On November 22, 2016, Hopper was posthumously awarded a <a href="/wiki/Presidential_Medal_of_Freedom" title="Presidential Medal of Freedom">Presidential Medal of Freedom</a> for her accomplishments in the field of computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2017: <a href="/wiki/Hopper_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopper College">Hopper College</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> was named in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-82" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>2021: The Admiral Grace Hopper Award was established by the chancellor of the <a href="/wiki/College_of_Information_and_Cyberspace" title="College of Information and Cyberspace">College of Information and Cyberspace</a> (CIC) of the <a href="/wiki/National_Defense_University" title="National Defense University">National Defense University</a> to recognize leaders in the fields of information and cybersecurity throughout the National Security community.<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Prose plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-Prose" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is in <a href="/wiki/MOS:LIST" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:LIST">list</a> format but may read better as <a href="/wiki/MOS:PROSE" class="mw-redirect" title="MOS:PROSE">prose</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> You can help by <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit">converting this section</a>, if appropriate. <a href="/wiki/Help:Editing" title="Help:Editing">Editing help</a> is available.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">May 2021</span>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li>Grace Hopper was awarded 40 honorary degrees from universities worldwide during her lifetime.<sup id="cite_ref-84" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-86" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-86"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nvidia" title="Nvidia">Nvidia</a> has named their 2024 <a href="/wiki/CPU" class="mw-redirect" title="CPU">CPU</a> generation Grace<sup id="cite_ref-87" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-87"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>86<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/GPU" class="mw-redirect" title="GPU">GPU</a> generation <a href="/wiki/Hopper_(microarchitecture)" title="Hopper (microarchitecture)">Hopper</a> after Grace Hopper.</li> <li>The Navy's <a href="/wiki/Hopper_Information_Services_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Hopper Information Services Center">Hopper Information Services Center</a> is named for her.</li> <li>The Navy named a guided-missile destroyer <i><a href="/wiki/USS_Hopper" title="USS Hopper">Hopper</a></i> after her.<sup id="cite_ref-88" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-88"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>87<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>On 30 June 2021, a satellite named after her (<a href="/wiki/%C3%91uSat" title="ÑuSat">ÑuSat 20</a> or "Grace", COSPAR 2021-059AU) was launched into space.</li> <li>On 26 August 2024 the <a href="/wiki/National_Security_Agency" title="National Security Agency">NSA</a> released a 90-minute talk<sup id="cite_ref-89" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-89"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>88<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in 1982 by Hopper in two parts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Places">Places</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Places"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Grace Hopper Avenue in <a href="/wiki/Monterey,_California" title="Monterey, California">Monterey, California</a>, is the location of the Navy's <a href="/wiki/Fleet_Numerical_Meteorology_and_Oceanography_Center" title="Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center">Fleet Numerical Meteorology and Oceanography Center</a><sup id="cite_ref-90" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-90"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>89<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> as well as the <a href="/wiki/National_Weather_Service" title="National Weather Service">National Weather Service</a>'s San Francisco Bay Area forecast office.<sup id="cite_ref-91" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-91"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>90<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grace M. Hopper Navy Regional Data Automation Center at <a href="/wiki/Naval_Air_Station,_North_Island" class="mw-redirect" title="Naval Air Station, North Island">Naval Air Station, North Island</a>, California.<sup id="cite_ref-92" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-92"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>91<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Murray_Hopper_Park" title="Grace Murray Hopper Park">Grace Murray Hopper Park</a>, on South Joyce Street in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>, is a small memorial park in front of her former residence (River House Apartments) and is now owned by <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington County, Virginia</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-93" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-93"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>92<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brewster_Academy" title="Brewster Academy">Brewster Academy</a>, a school in <a href="/wiki/Wolfeboro,_New_Hampshire" title="Wolfeboro, New Hampshire">Wolfeboro, New Hampshire</a>, United States, dedicated their computer lab to her in 1985, calling it the Grace Murray Hopper Center for Computer Learning.<sup id="cite_ref-navybio_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navybio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The academy bestows a Grace Murray Hopper Prize to a graduate who excelled in the field of computer systems.<sup id="cite_ref-94" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-94"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>93<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hopper had spent her childhood summers at a family home in Wolfeboro.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_College" title="Grace Hopper College">Grace Hopper College</a>, one of the residential colleges of <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-yalenews_2017_95-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-yalenews_2017-95"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>94<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>An administration building on Naval Support Activity Annapolis (previously known as Naval Station Annapolis) in Annapolis, Maryland is named the Grace Hopper Building in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-navybio_33-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-navybio-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Hopper Hall is <a href="/wiki/United_States_Naval_Academy" title="United States Naval Academy">Naval Academy</a>'s newest academic building that houses its cyber science department, among others. It is the first building at any service academy named after a woman.<sup id="cite_ref-96" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-96"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>95<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The US Naval Academy also owns a Cray XC-30 supercomputer named "Grace", hosted at the University of Maryland-College Park.<sup id="cite_ref-97" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-97"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>96<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Building 1482 aboard Naval Air Station North Island, housing the Naval Computer and Telecommunication Station San Diego, is named the Grace Hopper Building, and also contains the History of Naval Communications Museum.<sup id="cite_ref-98" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-98"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>97<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Building 6007, C2/CNT West in <a href="/wiki/Aberdeen_Proving_Ground" title="Aberdeen Proving Ground">Aberdeen Proving Ground</a>, Maryland, is named after her.<sup id="cite_ref-99" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-99"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>98<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The street outside of the Nathan Deal Georgia Cyber Innovation and Training Center in Augusta, Georgia, is named Grace Hopper Lane.<sup id="cite_ref-100" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-100"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>99<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grace Hopper Academy is a for-profit immersive programming school in New York City named in Grace Hopper's honor. It opened in January 2016 with the goal of increasing the proportion of women in software engineering careers.<sup id="cite_ref-101" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-101"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>100<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-102" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-102"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>101<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A bridge over Goose Creek, to join the north and south sides of the <a href="/wiki/Naval_Support_Activity_Charleston" title="Naval Support Activity Charleston">Naval Support Activity Charleston</a> side of <a href="/wiki/Joint_Base_Charleston" title="Joint Base Charleston">Joint Base Charleston</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Carolina" title="South Carolina">South Carolina</a>, is named the Grace Hopper Memorial Bridge in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-103" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-103"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>102<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Minor planet <a href="/wiki/5773_Hopper" class="mw-redirect" title="5773 Hopper">5773 Hopper</a> discovered by <a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Helin" class="mw-redirect" title="Eleanor Helin">Eleanor Helin</a> is named in her honor. The official naming citation was published by the <a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Center" title="Minor Planet Center">Minor Planet Center</a> on 8 November 2019 (<span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Minor_Planet_Circulars" class="mw-redirect" title="Minor Planet Circulars">M.P.C.</a> 117229</span>).<sup id="cite_ref-104" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-104"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>103<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Grace Hopper Hall, a community meeting hall in Orlando, Florida, on the site of the former Orlando Naval Training Center, is named for her.<sup id="cite_ref-105" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>104<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>The United States Naval Academy dedicated Hopper Hall, their cyber, computer science, and computer engineering building, to RDML Hopper in 2020, and it opened to midshipmen in the spring of 2021.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Programs">Programs</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Programs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Women at <a href="/wiki/Microsoft_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Microsoft Corporation">Microsoft Corporation</a> formed an employee group called Hoppers and established a scholarship in her honor.<sup id="cite_ref-106" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-106"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>105<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Beginning in 2015, one of the nine competition fields at the <a href="/wiki/FIRST_Robotics_Competition" title="FIRST Robotics Competition">FIRST Robotics Competition</a> world championship is named for Hopper.<sup id="cite_ref-107" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-107"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>106<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>A named professorship in the Department of Computer Sciences was established at Yale University in her honor. <a href="/wiki/Joan_Feigenbaum" title="Joan Feigenbaum">Joan Feigenbaum</a> was named to this chair in 2008.<sup id="cite_ref-108" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-108"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>107<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 2020, <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> named its new <a href="/wiki/Undersea_network_cable" class="mw-redirect" title="Undersea network cable">undersea network cable</a> <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_(submarine_communications_cable)" title="Grace Hopper (submarine communications cable)">'Grace Hopper'</a>. The cable connects the US, UK and Spain and it was estimated to be completed by 2022.<sup id="cite_ref-109" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-109"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>108<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Nonetheless, The Grace Hopper cable was completed in 2021, and it stretches 3,900 miles.<sup id="cite_ref-110" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-110"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>109<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_popular_culture">In popular culture</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: In popular culture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In his comic book series, <i>Secret Coders</i> by <a href="/wiki/Gene_Luen_Yang" title="Gene Luen Yang">Gene Luen Yang</a>, the main character is named Hopper Gracie-Hu.<sup id="cite_ref-111" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-111"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>110<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Since 2013, Hopper's official portrait has been included in the <a href="/wiki/Matplotlib" title="Matplotlib">matplotlib</a> python library as sample data to replace the controversial <a href="/wiki/Lenna" title="Lenna">Lenna</a> image.<sup id="cite_ref-112" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-112"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>111<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing">Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Her legacy was an inspiring factor in the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Grace_Hopper_Celebration_of_Women_in_Computing" title="Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing">Grace Hopper Celebration of Women in Computing</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-113" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-113"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>112<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Held yearly, this conference is designed to bring the research and career interests of women in computing to the forefront.<sup id="cite_ref-114" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-114"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>113<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_computing" title="Women in computing">Women in computing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hopper_(microarchitecture)" title="Hopper (microarchitecture)">Hopper (microarchitecture)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_the_United_States_Navy" title="Women in the United States Navy">Women in the United States Navy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_United_States_military_generals_and_flag_officers" title="List of female United States military generals and flag officers">List of female United States military generals and flag officers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_science" title="Timeline of women in science">Timeline of women in science</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 40em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-56"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">On the retired list from December 31, 1966 to August 1, 1967 and from 1971–1972.<sup id="cite_ref-USNavy_55-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-USNavy-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFCantrell2014" class="citation news cs1">Cantrell, Mark (March 1, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://content.yudu.com/A2qfj4/201403March/resources/3.htm">"Amazing Grace: Rear Adm. Grace Hopper, USN, was a pioneer in computer science"</a>. <i>Military Officer</i>. Vol. 12, no. 3. Military Officers Association of America. pp. 52–55, 106<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Military+Officer&rft.atitle=Amazing+Grace%3A+Rear+Adm.+Grace+Hopper%2C+USN%2C+was+a+pioneer+in+computer+science&rft.volume=12&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=52-55%2C+106&rft.date=2014-03-01&rft.aulast=Cantrell&rft.aufirst=Mark&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcontent.yudu.com%2FA2qfj4%2F201403March%2Fresources%2F3.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Spencer85-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Spencer85_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDonald_D._Spencer1985" class="citation book cs1">Donald D. Spencer (1985). <i>Computers and Information Processing</i>. C.E. Merrill Publishing Co. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-675-20290-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-675-20290-9"><bdi>978-0-675-20290-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Computers+and+Information+Processing&rft.pub=C.E.+Merrill+Publishing+Co&rft.date=1985&rft.isbn=978-0-675-20290-9&rft.au=Donald+D.+Spencer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Laplante01-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Laplante01_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaplante2001" class="citation book cs1">Laplante, Phillip A. (2001). <i>Dictionary of computer science, engineering, and technology</i>. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2691-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8493-2691-2"><bdi>978-0-8493-2691-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Dictionary+of+computer+science%2C+engineering%2C+and+technology&rft.place=Boca+Raton%2C+FL&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8493-2691-2&rft.aulast=Laplante&rft.aufirst=Phillip+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Bunch93-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Bunch93_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBunchHellemans1993" class="citation book cs1">Bunch, Bryan H.; Hellemans, Alexander (1993). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/timetablesoftech00brya"><i>The Timetables of Technology: A Chronology of the Most Important People and Events in the History of Technology</i></a>. New York: Simon & Schuster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76918-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-671-76918-5"><bdi>978-0-671-76918-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Timetables+of+Technology%3A+A+Chronology+of+the+Most+Important+People+and+Events+in+the+History+of+Technology&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=978-0-671-76918-5&rft.aulast=Bunch&rft.aufirst=Bryan+H.&rft.au=Hellemans%2C+Alexander&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ftimetablesoftech00brya&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Booss03-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Booss03_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBooss-BavnbekHøyrup2003" class="citation book cs1">Booss-Bavnbek, Bernhelm; Høyrup, Jens (2003). <i>Mathematics and War</i>. Birkhäuser Verlag. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-1634-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7643-1634-1"><bdi>978-3-7643-1634-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mathematics+and+War&rft.pub=Birkh%C3%A4user+Verlag&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-7643-1634-1&rft.aulast=Booss-Bavnbek&rft.aufirst=Bernhelm&rft.au=H%C3%B8yrup%2C+Jens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160314142943/http://www.nersc.gov/users/computational-systems/retired-systems/hopper">"Hopper"</a>. <i>National Energ Research Scientific Computing Center</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nersc.gov/users/computational-systems/retired-systems/hopper/">the original</a> on March 14, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 25,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=NVIDIA+GH200+Grace+Hopper+Superchip&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nvidia.com%2Fen-us%2Fdata-center%2Fgrace-hopper-superchip%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHelmore2024" class="citation news cs1">Helmore, Edward (February 23, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2024/feb/23/grace-hopper-nvidia-superchip">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Amazing Grace': the name behind Nvidia's $2tn chip empire"</a>. <i>The Guardian</i>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=%27Amazing+Grace%27%3A+the+name+behind+Nvidia%27s+%242tn+chip+empire&rft.date=2024-02-23&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Helmore&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftechnology%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F23%2Fgrace-hopper-nvidia-superchip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarson2016" class="citation web cs1">Carson, Erin (November 23, 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/white-house-medal-of-freedom-margaret-hamilton-grace-hopper/">"White House honors two of tech's female pioneers"</a>. <i>CBS News</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 23,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=White+House+honors+two+of+tech%27s+female+pioneers&rft.date=2016-11-23&rft.aulast=Carson&rft.aufirst=Erin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fwhite-house-medal-of-freedom-margaret-hamilton-grace-hopper%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScheffler2024" class="citation web cs1">Scheffler, Ian (May 16, 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.seas.upenn.edu/recognizing-a-pioneer-the-ieee-dedicates-milestone-to-grace-hopper-at-penn-engineering/">"Recognizing a Pioneer: The IEEE Dedicates Milestone to Grace Hopper at Penn Engineering"</a>. <i>Penn Engineering Blog</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Grace_Murray_Hopper.htm">the original</a> on July 12, 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Chips&rft.atitle=Looking+Back%3A+Grace+Murray+Hopper%27s+Younger+Years&rft.date=1992-04&rft.aulast=Dickason&rft.aufirst=Elizabeth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finventors.about.com%2Flibrary%2Finventors%2Fbl_Grace_Murray_Hopper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://alltogether.swe.org/2021/03/womens-history-month-which-women-engineers-have-exceeded-by-breaking-the-rules/">"Women's History Month: Which Women Engineers Have Succeeded by Breaking the Rules? – All Together"</a>. March 29, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 25,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women%27s+History+Month%3A+Which+Women+Engineers+Have+Succeeded+by+Breaking+the+Rules%3F+%E2%80%93+All+Together&rft.date=2021-03-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Falltogether.swe.org%2F2021%2F03%2Fwomens-history-month-which-women-engineers-have-exceeded-by-breaking-the-rules%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-greenladuke09-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-greenladuke09_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-greenladuke09_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenLaDuke2009" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Judy_Green_(mathematician)" title="Judy Green (mathematician)">Green, Judy</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeanne_LaDuke" title="Jeanne LaDuke">LaDuke, Jeanne</a> (2009). <a href="/wiki/Pioneering_Women_in_American_Mathematics" title="Pioneering Women in American Mathematics"><i>Pioneering Women in American Mathematics: The Pre-1940 PhD's</i></a>. Providence, RI: American Mathematical Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4376-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8218-4376-5"><bdi>978-0-8218-4376-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pioneering+Women+in+American+Mathematics%3A+The+Pre-1940+PhD%27s&rft.place=Providence%2C+RI&rft.pub=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-8218-4376-5&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Judy&rft.au=LaDuke%2C+Jeanne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span> Biography on pp. 281–289 of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/bookpages/hmath-34-PioneeringWomen.pdf">Supplementary Material</a> at <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/publications/authors/books/postpub/hmath-34">AMS</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1976/01/21/archives/prof-vincent-hopper-of-nyu-literature-teacher-dead-at-69.html">"Prof. Vincent Hopper of N.YU., Literature Teacher, Dead at 69"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. January 21, 1976<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 14,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Prof.+Vincent+Hopper+of+N.YU.%2C+Literature+Teacher%2C+Dead+at+69&rft.date=1976-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1976%2F01%2F21%2Farchives%2Fprof-vincent-hopper-of-nyu-literature-teacher-dead-at-69.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-NWHM-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-NWHM_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper">"Grace Hopper"</a>. <i>womenshistory.org</i>. National Women's History Museum<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 11,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=womenshistory.org&rft.atitle=Grace+Hopper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.womenshistory.org%2Feducation-resources%2Fbiographies%2Fgrace-hopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Though some books, including Kurt Beyer's <i>Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age</i>, reported that Hopper was the first woman to earn a Yale Ph.D. in mathematics, the first of ten women before 1934 was Charlotte Cynthia Barnum (1860–1934). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2010" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Margaret A. M. (May–June 2010). "The first lady of math?". <i>Yale Alumni Magazine</i>. Vol. 73, no. 5. pp. 5–6. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0044-0051">0044-0051</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Yale+Alumni+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+first+lady+of+math%3F&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=5-6&rft.date=2010-05%2F2010-06&rft.issn=0044-0051&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Margaret+A.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray_Hopper1934" class="citation web cs1">Murray Hopper, Grace (1934). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201903/hopper_thesis.pdf">"New Types of Irreducibility Criteria"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>American Mathematical Society</i> (Thesis). New Haven, CT: Yale University. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200218163518/https://www.ams.org/journals/notices/201903/hopper_thesis.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on February 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=New+Types+of+Irreducibility+Criteria&rft.date=1934&rft.aulast=Murray+Hopper&rft.aufirst=Grace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ams.org%2Fjournals%2Fnotices%2F201903%2Fhopper_thesis.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G. M. Hopper and O. Ore, "New types of irreducibility criteria", <i>Bull. Amer. Math. Soc.</i> 40 (1934) 216 <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1934-05818-X">"New types of irreducibility criteria"</a>. <i>Bulletin of the American Mathematical Society</i>. <b>40</b> (3): 209–234. 1934. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1934-05818-X">10.1090/S0002-9904-1934-05818-X</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+American+Mathematical+Society&rft.atitle=New+types+of+irreducibility+criteria&rft.volume=40&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=209-234&rft.date=1934&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1090%2FS0002-9904-1934-05818-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1090%252FS0002-9904-1934-05818-X&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Ogilvie-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ogilvie_21-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgilvieJoy_Harvey2000" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Ogilvie" class="mw-redirect" title="Marilyn Ogilvie">Ogilvie, Marilyn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Joy_Harvey" title="Joy Harvey">Joy Harvey</a> (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I4hUAAAAMAAJ&q=hopper"><i>The biographical dictionary of women in science: pioneering lives from ancient times to the mid-20th century</i></a>. New York: Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-92040-7"><bdi>978-0-415-92040-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+biographical+dictionary+of+women+in+science%3A+pioneering+lives+from+ancient+times+to+the+mid-20th+century&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-0-415-92040-7&rft.aulast=Ogilvie&rft.aufirst=Marilyn&rft.au=Joy+Harvey&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI4hUAAAAMAAJ%26q%3Dhopper&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="doesn't seem to support those dates (November 2013)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thocp.net/biographies/hopper_grace.html">"Grace Hopper"</a>. <i>www.thocp.net</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 12,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thocp.net&rft.atitle=Grace+Hopper&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thocp.net%2Fbiographies%2Fhopper_grace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KBW-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KBW_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-KBW_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kathleen Broome (2001). <i>Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-961-1"><bdi>978-1-55750-961-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improbable+Warriors%3A+Women+Scientists+and+the+U.S.+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-961-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Broome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnn.2004" class="citation book cs1">Ann., Camp, Carole (2004). <i>American women inventors</i>. Berkeley Heights, NJ: Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-1538-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7660-1538-8"><bdi>978-0-7660-1538-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/48398924">48398924</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+women+inventors&rft.place=Berkeley+Heights%2C+NJ&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F48398924&rft.isbn=978-0-7660-1538-8&rft.aulast=Ann.&rft.aufirst=Camp%2C+Carole&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://stories.vassar.edu/2017/assets/images/170706-legacy-of-grace-hopper-hopperpdf.pdf">"Women in History"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171006153044/http://stories.vassar.edu/2017/assets/images/170706-legacy-of-grace-hopper-hopperpdf.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on October 6, 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Women+in+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fstories.vassar.edu%2F2017%2Fassets%2Fimages%2F170706-legacy-of-grace-hopper-hopperpdf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-mcgee2004-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee2004_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-mcgee2004_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGee2004" class="citation book cs1">McGee, Russell C. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/pdf/McGee_Book-4.2.2.pdf"><i>My Adventure with Dwarfs: A Personal History in Mainframe Computers</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. University of Minnesota: Charles Babbage Institute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070613163123/http://www.cbi.umn.edu/hostedpublications/pdf/McGee_Book-4.2.2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 13, 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 7,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=My+Adventure+with+Dwarfs%3A+A+Personal+History+in+Mainframe+Computers&rft.place=University+of+Minnesota&rft.pub=Charles+Babbage+Institute&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=McGee&rft.aufirst=Russell+C.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbi.umn.edu%2Fhostedpublications%2Fpdf%2FMcGee_Book-4.2.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchreiber1987" class="citation web cs1">Schreiber, Philip (March–April 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cs.yale.edu/homes/tap/Files/hopper-wit.html">"The Wit and Wisdom of Grace Hopper"</a>. <i>Yale University</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Yale+University&rft.atitle=The+Wit+and+Wisdom+of+Grace+Hopper&rft.date=1987-03%2F1987-04&rft.aulast=Schreiber&rft.aufirst=Philip&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cs.yale.edu%2Fhomes%2Ftap%2FFiles%2Fhopper-wit.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beyer_ch10-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beyer_ch10_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2012" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Kurt W. (2012). "10". <i>Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780262517263" title="Special:BookSources/9780262517263"><bdi>9780262517263</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9780262517263&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert1981" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Lynn (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://itunes.apple.com/us/book/grace-murray-hopper/id1197529986?mt=11"><i>Women of Wisdom: Grace Murray Hopper</i></a>. Lynn Gilbert, Inc.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+of+Wisdom%3A+Grace+Murray+Hopper&rft.pub=Lynn+Gilbert%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Gilbert&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fitunes.apple.com%2Fus%2Fbook%2Fgrace-murray-hopper%2Fid1197529986%3Fmt%3D11&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-KWB-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-KWB_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Kurt W. (2009). <i>Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age</i>. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01310-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01310-9"><bdi>978-0-262-01310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+MA&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01310-9&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLohr2017" class="citation news cs1">Lohr, Steve (June 4, 2017). <span class="id-lock-limited" title="Free access subject to limited trial, subscription normally required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/technology/obituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html">"Jean Sammet, Co-Designer of a Pioneering Computer Language, Dies at 89"</a></span>. <i>The New York Times</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220102/https://www.nytimes.com/2017/06/04/technology/obituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 2, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 5,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Jean+Sammet%2C+Co-Designer+of+a+Pioneering+Computer+Language%2C+Dies+at+89&rft.date=2017-06-04&rft.aulast=Lohr&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2017%2F06%2F04%2Ftechnology%2Fobituary-jean-sammet-software-designer-cobol.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-urlAttrition/Retirement-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-urlAttrition/Retirement_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.public.navy.mil/BUPERS-NPC/CAREER/RESERVEPERSONNELMGMT/OFFICERS/Pages/AttritionRetirement.aspx">"Attrition/Retirement"</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 29,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Attrition%2FRetirement&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.public.navy.mil%2FBUPERS-NPC%2FCAREER%2FRESERVEPERSONNELMGMT%2FOFFICERS%2FPages%2FAttritionRetirement.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-navybio-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-navybio_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navybio_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navybio_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-navybio_33-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/research/histories/bios/hopper-grace.html">"Rear Admiral Grace Murray Hopper, USN"</a>. <i>Biographies in Naval History</i>. United States Navy Naval Historical Center<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 28,</span> 2007</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographies+in+Naval+History&rft.atitle=Rear+Admiral+Grace+Murray+Hopper%2C+USN&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fresearch%2Fhistories%2Fbios%2Fhopper-grace.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/bill/98th-congress/house-joint-resolution/341/actions">"H.J.Res.341 - A joint resolution authorizing and requesting the President to appoint Captain Grace M. Hopper (United States Naval Reserve, Retired) to the grade of commodore on the retired list"</a>. <i>U.S. Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 30,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Congress&rft.atitle=H.J.Res.341+-+A+joint+resolution+authorizing+and+requesting+the+President+to+appoint+Captain+Grace+M.+Hopper+%28United+States+Naval+Reserve%2C+Retired%29+to+the+grade+of+commodore+on+the+retired+list.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.congress.gov%2Fbill%2F98th-congress%2Fhouse-joint-resolution%2F341%2Factions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.congress.gov/nomination/98th-congress/538">"PN538 — Grace Hopper — Navy, 98th Congress (1983-1984)"</a>. <i>U.S. Congress</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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United States Navy Naval Historical Center. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.navy.mil/photos/pers-us/uspers-h/g-hoppr7.htm">the original</a> on December 11, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 2,</span> 2013</span>. <q>Commodore Grace M. Hopper, USNR. receives congratulations from President Ronald Reagan, following her promotion from the rank of Captain to Commodore in ceremonies at the White House, 15 December 1983</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Biographies+in+Naval+History&rft.atitle=Rear+Admiral+Grace+Murray+Hopper%2C+USNR%2C+%281906%E2%80%931992%29+Informal+Images+taken+during+the+1980s&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.navy.mil%2Fphotos%2Fpers-us%2Fuspers-h%2Fg-hoppr7.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-commodore-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-commodore_37-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-commodore_37-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131019185550/http://www.defense.gov/specials/reagan/reaganphotoessay/grace_11.html">"Historic Images of Ronald Reagan"</a>. U.S. Defense Department. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.defense.gov/specials/reagan/reaganphotoessay/grace_11.html">the original</a> on October 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 7,</span> 2016</span>. <q>President Ronald Reagan greets Navy Capt. Grace Hopper as she arrives at the White House for her promotion to Commodore, Dec. 15, 1983. 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Annapolis, MD: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-265-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-61251-265-5"><bdi>978-1-61251-265-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper%3A+Admiral+of+the+Cyber+Sea&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+MD&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-61251-265-5&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKKmiw-_2gYIC%26q%3D%2522Grace%2BHooper%2522%2Band%2Bmilitary%2Branks%26pg%3DPR9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32CFR53.2-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32CFR53.2_44-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/cfr/text/32/53.2">"32 CFR § 53.2 – Policy"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell University<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 26,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=32+CFR+%C2%A7+53.2+%E2%80%93+Policy.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fcfr%2Ftext%2F32%2F53.2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilbert2012" class="citation book cs1">Gilbert, Lynn (2012). <i>Particular Passions: Grace Murray Hopper</i>. Women of Wisdom Series (1st ed.). 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Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracehopper.org/">the original</a> on January 9, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 9,</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+Celebration+of+Women+in+Computing&rft.pub=Gracehopper.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gracehopper.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://open.blogs.nytimes.com/2016/10/31/we-went-to-the-grace-hopper-celebration-heres-what-were-bringing-back">"We Went to the Grace Hopper Celebration. Here's What We're Bringing Back"</a>. <i>The New York Times</i>. October 31, 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=We+Went+to+the+Grace+Hopper+Celebration.+Here%27s+What+We%27re+Bringing+Back&rft.date=2016-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopen.blogs.nytimes.com%2F2016%2F10%2F31%2Fwe-went-to-the-grace-hopper-celebration-heres-what-were-bringing-back&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Obituary_notices">Obituary notices</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Obituary notices"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Betts, Mitch (<i><a href="/wiki/Computerworld" title="Computerworld">Computerworld</a></i> 26: 14, 1992)</li> <li>Bromberg, Howard (<i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Software" title="IEEE Software">IEEE Software</a></i> 9: 103–104, 1992)</li> <li>Danca, Richard A. (<i>Federal Computer Week</i> 6: 26–27, 1992)</li> <li>Hancock, Bill (<i>Digital Review</i> 9: 40, 1992)</li> <li>Power, Kevin (<i>Government Computer News</i> 11: 70, 1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_E._Sammet" title="Jean E. Sammet">Sammet, J. E.</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Communications_of_the_ACM" title="Communications of the ACM">Communications of the ACM</a></i> 35 (4): 128–131, 1992)</li> <li>Weiss, Eric A. (<i><a href="/wiki/IEEE_Annals_of_the_History_of_Computing" title="IEEE Annals of the History of Computing">IEEE Annals of the History of Computing</a></i> 14: 56–58, 1992)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeyer2009" class="citation book cs1">Beyer, Kurt W. (2009). <i>Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age</i>. Cambridge, Massachusetts: MIT Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01310-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-262-01310-9"><bdi>978-0-262-01310-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+Massachusetts&rft.pub=MIT+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-262-01310-9&rft.aulast=Beyer&rft.aufirst=Kurt+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Christy_Marx" title="Christy Marx">Marx, Christy</a> (2003). <i>Grace Hopper: the first woman to program the first computer in the United States</i>. Women hall of famers in mathematics and science. New York: Rosen Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3877-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8239-3877-3"><bdi>978-0-8239-3877-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper%3A+the+first+woman+to+program+the+first+computer+in+the+United+States&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Women+hall+of+famers+in+mathematics+and+science&rft.pub=Rosen+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-8239-3877-3&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Christy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1997" class="citation web cs1">Norman, Rebecca (June 1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.agnesscott.edu/lriddle/women/hopper.htm">"Biographies of Women Mathematicians: Grace Murray Hopper"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Agnes_Scott_College" title="Agnes Scott College">Agnes Scott College</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 17,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Biographies+of+Women+Mathematicians%3A+Grace+Murray+Hopper&rft.pub=Agnes+Scott+College&rft.date=1997-06&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=Rebecca&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.agnesscott.edu%2Flriddle%2Fwomen%2Fhopper.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2004" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kathleen Broome (2004). <i>Grace Hopper: Admiral of the Cyber Sea</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-952-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-952-9"><bdi>978-1-55750-952-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper%3A+Admiral+of+the+Cyber+Sea&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-952-9&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Broome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams2001" class="citation book cs1">Williams, Kathleen Broome (2001). <i>Improbable Warriors: Women Scientists and the U.S. Navy in World War II</i>. Annapolis, Maryland: Naval Institute Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-961-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-55750-961-1"><bdi>978-1-55750-961-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Improbable+Warriors%3A+Women+Scientists+and+the+U.S.+Navy+in+World+War+II&rft.place=Annapolis%2C+Maryland&rft.pub=Naval+Institute+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-1-55750-961-1&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Broome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span> Williams' book focuses on the lives and contributions of four notable women scientists: <a href="/wiki/Mary_Sears_(oceanographer)" title="Mary Sears (oceanographer)">Mary Sears</a> (1905–1997); <a href="/wiki/Florence_van_Straten" title="Florence van Straten">Florence van Straten</a> (1913–1992); Grace Murray Hopper (1906–1992); <a href="/wiki/Mina_Spiegel_Rees" class="mw-redirect" title="Mina Spiegel Rees">Mina Spiegel Rees</a> (1902–1997).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIgnotofsky2017" class="citation book cs1">Ignotofsky, Rachel (2017). <i>Women in Science: 50 fearless pioneers who changed the world</i>. London: Wren & Rook. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-5615-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-9848-5615-9"><bdi>978-1-9848-5615-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Women+in+Science%3A+50+fearless+pioneers+who+changed+the+world&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Wren+%26+Rook&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-9848-5615-9&rft.aulast=Ignotofsky&rft.aufirst=Rachel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVining2012" class="citation journal cs1">Vining, Margaret (2012). "Reviewed work: Grace Hopper and the Invention of the Information Age, Kurt W. Beyer". <i>Technology and Culture</i>. <b>53</b> (2): 516–517. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Ftech.2012.0051">10.1353/tech.2012.0051</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41475535">41475535</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:111125455">111125455</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Technology+and+Culture&rft.atitle=Reviewed+work%3A+Grace+Hopper+and+the+Invention+of+the+Information+Age%2C+Kurt+W.+Beyer&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=516-517&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A111125455%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41475535%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Ftech.2012.0051&rft.aulast=Vining&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliams1999" class="citation journal cs1">Williams, Kathleen Broome (1999). "Scientists in Uniform: The Harvard Computation Laboratory in World War II". <i>Naval War College Review</i>. <b>52</b> (3): 90–110. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/44643011">44643011</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Naval+War+College+Review&rft.atitle=Scientists+in+Uniform%3A+The+Harvard+Computation+Laboratory+in+World+War+II&rft.volume=52&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=90-110&rft.date=1999&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F44643011%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Williams&rft.aufirst=Kathleen+Broome&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBillings1989" class="citation book cs1">Billings, Charlene (1989). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/gracehoppernavya0000bill"><i>Grace Hopper : Navy admiral and computer pioneer</i></a></span>. Enslow Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89490-194-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-89490-194-X"><bdi>0-89490-194-X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grace+Hopper+%3A+Navy+admiral+and+computer+pioneer&rft.pub=Enslow+Publishers&rft.date=1989&rft.isbn=0-89490-194-X&rft.aulast=Billings&rft.aufirst=Charlene&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgracehoppernavya0000bill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Grace_Hopper&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15664">Grace Murray Hopper</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Mathematics_Genealogy_Project" title="Mathematics Genealogy Project">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Grace_Hopper" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Grace_Hopper" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Grace Hopper">Grace Hopper</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171225202555/http://archive.computerhistory.org/resources/text/Oral_History/Hopper_Grace/102702026.05.01.pdf">Oral History of Captain Grace Hopper – Interviewed by: Angeline Pantages</a> 1980, Naval Data Automation Command, Maryland.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100224101438/http://www.chips.navy.mil/links/grace_hopper/womn.htm">RADM Grace Hopper, USN Ret.</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 24, 2010) from <i>Chips</i>, the United States Navy <a href="/wiki/Information_technology" title="Information technology">information technology</a> magazine.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/12/09/grace-hopper-navy-to-the-core-a-pirate-at-heart/"><i>Grace Hopper: Navy to the Core, a Pirate at Heart</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170922165446/http://usnhistory.navylive.dodlive.mil/2014/12/09/grace-hopper-navy-to-the-core-a-pirate-at-heart/">Archived</a> September 22, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (2014), To learn more about Hopper's story and Navy legacy <a href="/wiki/Navy.mil" class="mw-redirect" title="Navy.mil">navy.mil</a>.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://fivethirtyeight.com/features/the-queen-of-code/"><i>The Queen of Code</i></a> (2015), a documentary film about Grace Hopper produced by <a href="/wiki/FiveThirtyEight" title="FiveThirtyEight">FiveThirtyEight</a>.</li> <li>Norwood, Arlisha. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.womenshistory.org/education-resources/biographies/grace-hopper">"Grace Hopper"</a>. National Women's History Museum. 2017.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'ConnorRobertson" class="citation cs2">O'Connor, John J.; <a href="/wiki/Edmund_F._Robertson" title="Edmund F. Robertson">Robertson, Edmund F.</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk/Biographies/Hopper.html">"Grace Hopper"</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/MacTutor_History_of_Mathematics_Archive" title="MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive">MacTutor History of Mathematics Archive</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/University_of_St_Andrews" title="University of St Andrews">University of St Andrews</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Grace+Hopper&rft.btitle=MacTutor+History+of+Mathematics+Archive&rft.pub=University+of+St+Andrews&rft.aulast=O%27Connor&rft.aufirst=John+J.&rft.au=Robertson%2C+Edmund+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmathshistory.st-andrews.ac.uk%2FBiographies%2FHopper.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGrace+Hopper" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1950%E2%80%931979" title="Timeline of computing 1950–1979">1950–1979</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1980%E2%80%931989" title="Timeline of computing 1980–1989">1980s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_1990%E2%80%931999" title="Timeline of computing 1990–1999">1990s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2000%E2%80%932009" title="Timeline of computing 2000–2009">2000s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2010%E2%80%932019" title="Timeline of computing 2010–2019">2010s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computing_2020%E2%80%93present" title="Timeline of computing 2020–present">2020s</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_scientific_computing" title="Timeline of scientific computing">Scientific</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_women_in_computing" title="Timeline of women in computing">Women in computing</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_algorithms" title="Timeline of algorithms">Algorithms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_artificial_intelligence" title="Timeline of artificial intelligence">Artificial intelligence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_binary_prefixes" title="Timeline of binary prefixes">Binary prefixes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_cryptography" title="Timeline of cryptography">Cryptography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_machine_learning" title="Timeline of machine learning">Machine learning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_quantum_computing_and_communication" title="Timeline of quantum computing and communication">Quantum computing and communication</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_free_and_open-source_software" title="Timeline of free and open-source software">Free and open-source software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_hypertext_technology" title="Timeline of hypertext technology">Hypertext technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_operating_systems" title="Timeline of operating systems">Operating systems</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_DOS_operating_systems" title="Timeline of DOS operating systems">DOS family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Microsoft_Windows" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of Microsoft Windows">Windows</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linux_kernel_version_history" title="Linux kernel version history">Linux</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_programming_languages" title="Timeline of programming languages">Programming languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_virtualization_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of virtualization development">Virtualization development</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_computer_viruses_and_worms" title="Timeline of computer viruses and worms">Malware</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Internet_conflicts" title="Timeline of Internet conflicts">Internet conflicts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_browsers" title="Timeline of web browsers">Web browsers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_web_search_engines" title="Timeline of web search engines">Web search engines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Notable people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Antonelli" title="Kathleen Antonelli">Kathleen Antonelli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Vincent_Atanasoff" title="John Vincent Atanasoff">John Vincent Atanasoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Babbage" title="Charles Babbage">Charles Babbage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus" title="John Backus">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Bartik" title="Jean Bartik">Jean Bartik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Boole" title="George Boole">George Boole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vint_Cerf" title="Vint Cerf">Vint Cerf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Cocke_(computer_scientist)" title="John Cocke (computer scientist)">John Cocke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Cook" title="Stephen Cook">Stephen Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edsger_W._Dijkstra" title="Edsger W. Dijkstra">Edsger W. Dijkstra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._Presper_Eckert" title="J. Presper Eckert">J. Presper Eckert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adele_Goldstine" title="Adele Goldstine">Adele Goldstine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lois_Haibt" title="Lois Haibt">Lois Haibt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Holberton" title="Betty Holberton">Betty Holberton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Hamilton_(software_engineer)" title="Margaret Hamilton (software engineer)">Margaret Hamilton</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_A._Huffman" title="David A. Huffman">David A. Huffman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Kahn_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Kahn (computer scientist)">Bob Kahn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Kernighan" title="Brian Kernighan">Brian Kernighan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Koenig_(programmer)" title="Andrew Koenig (programmer)">Andrew Koenig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Korsakov" title="Semyon Korsakov">Semyon Korsakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Leveson" title="Nancy Leveson">Nancy Leveson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ada_Lovelace" title="Ada Lovelace">Ada Lovelace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Knuth" title="Donald Knuth">Donald Knuth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kruskal" title="Joseph Kruskal">Joseph Kruskal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_McIlroy" title="Douglas McIlroy">Douglas McIlroy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlyn_Meltzer" title="Marlyn Meltzer">Marlyn Meltzer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_von_Neumann" title="John von Neumann">John von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kl%C3%A1ra_D%C3%A1n_von_Neumann" title="Klára Dán von Neumann">Klára Dán von Neumann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dennis_Ritchie" title="Dennis Ritchie">Dennis Ritchie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guido_van_Rossum" title="Guido van Rossum">Guido van Rossum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Shannon" title="Claude Shannon">Claude Shannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Spence" title="Frances Spence">Frances Spence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjarne_Stroustrup" title="Bjarne Stroustrup">Bjarne Stroustrup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Teitelbaum" title="Ruth Teitelbaum">Ruth Teitelbaum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ken_Thompson" title="Ken Thompson">Ken Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linus_Torvalds" title="Linus Torvalds">Linus Torvalds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Vixie" title="Paul Vixie">Paul Vixie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larry_Wall" title="Larry Wall">Larry Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Wolfram" title="Stephen Wolfram">Stephen Wolfram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niklaus_Wirth" title="Niklaus Wirth">Niklaus Wirth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steve_Wozniak" title="Steve Wozniak">Steve Wozniak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konrad_Zuse" title="Konrad Zuse">Konrad Zuse</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Software_engineering" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Software_engineering" title="Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Software_engineering" title="Template talk:Software engineering"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Software_engineering" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Software engineering"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Software_engineering" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Software_engineering" title="Software engineering">Software engineering</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_programming" title="Computer programming">Computer programming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DevOps" title="DevOps">DevOps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empirical_software_engineering" title="Empirical software engineering">Empirical software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Experimental_software_engineering" title="Experimental software engineering">Experimental software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formal_methods" title="Formal methods">Formal methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Requirements_engineering" title="Requirements engineering">Requirements engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Search-based_software_engineering" title="Search-based software engineering">Search-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Site_reliability_engineering" title="Site reliability engineering">Site reliability engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_software_engineering" title="Social software engineering">Social software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_deployment" title="Software deployment">Software deployment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_design" title="Software design">Software design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_maintenance" title="Software maintenance">Software maintenance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_testing" title="Software testing">Software testing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_analysis" title="Systems analysis">Systems analysis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstraction_(computer_science)" title="Abstraction (computer science)">Abstraction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Component-based_software_engineering" title="Component-based software engineering">Component-based software engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_compatibility" title="Computer compatibility">Software compatibility</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Backward_compatibility" title="Backward compatibility">Backward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_layer" title="Compatibility layer">Compatibility layer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compatibility_mode" title="Compatibility mode">Compatibility mode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forward_compatibility" title="Forward compatibility">Forward compatibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_incompatibility" title="Software incompatibility">Software incompatibility</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_modeling" title="Data modeling">Data modeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_architecture" title="Enterprise architecture">Enterprise architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Functional_specification" title="Functional specification">Functional specification</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modeling_language" title="Modeling language">Modeling language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Programming_paradigm" title="Programming paradigm">Programming paradigm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">Software</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_archaeology" title="Software archaeology">Software archaeology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_architecture" title="Software architecture">Software architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_configuration_management" title="Software configuration management">Software configuration management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_development_process" title="Software development process">Software development process/methodology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality" title="Software quality">Software quality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_quality_assurance" title="Software quality assurance">Software quality assurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_verification_and_validation" title="Software verification and validation">Software verification and validation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_system" title="Software system">Software system</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Structured_analysis" title="Structured analysis">Structured analysis</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Essential_systems_analysis" title="Essential systems analysis">Essential analysis</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CI/CD" title="CI/CD">CI/CD</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Orientations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aspect-oriented_programming" title="Aspect-oriented programming">Aspect-oriented</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object-oriented_programming" title="Object-oriented programming">Object orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontology_(information_science)" title="Ontology (information science)">Ontology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Service-oriented_architecture" title="Service-oriented architecture">Service orientation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_development_life_cycle" title="Systems development life cycle">SDLC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Models</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Developmental</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agile_software_development" title="Agile software development">Agile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enterprise_unified_process" title="Enterprise unified process">EUP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executable_UML" title="Executable UML">Executable UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Incremental_build_model" title="Incremental build model">Incremental model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iterative_and_incremental_development" title="Iterative and incremental development">Iterative model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Software_prototyping" title="Software prototyping">Prototype model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapid_application_development" title="Rapid application development">RAD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Process" class="mw-redirect" title="Unified Process">UP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scrum_(software_development)" title="Scrum (software development)">Scrum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiral_model" title="Spiral model">Spiral model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V-model_(software_development)" title="V-model (software development)">V-model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfall_model" title="Waterfall model">Waterfall model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_programming" title="Extreme programming">XP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model-driven_engineering" title="Model-driven engineering">Model-driven engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Round-trip_engineering" title="Round-trip engineering">Round-trip engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/ISO/IEC_15504" title="ISO/IEC 15504">SPICE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capability_Maturity_Model_Integration" title="Capability Maturity Model Integration">CMMI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Data_model" title="Data model">Data model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entity%E2%80%93relationship_model" title="Entity–relationship model">ER model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Function_model" title="Function model">Function model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_model" title="Information model">Information model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metamodeling" title="Metamodeling">Metamodeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Object_model" title="Object model">Object model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling" title="Systems modeling">Systems model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/View_model" title="View model">View model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Languages</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/IDEF" title="IDEF">IDEF</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unified_Modeling_Language" title="Unified Modeling Language">UML</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Systems_Language" title="Universal Systems Language">USL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_modeling_language" title="Systems modeling language">SysML</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">Computer science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_engineering" title="Computer engineering">Computer engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_science" title="Information science">Information science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_management" title="Project management">Project management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Risk_management" title="Risk management">Risk management</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systems_engineering" title="Systems engineering">Systems engineering</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons page"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Software engineering">Commons</a></li> <li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Software_engineering" title="Category:Software engineering">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Template talk:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="Special:EditPage/Template:National Women's Hall of Fame"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Inductees_to_the_National_Women&#039;s_Hall_of_Fame" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Inductees to the <a href="/wiki/National_Women%27s_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Women's Hall of Fame">National Women's Hall of Fame</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1970–1979" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1970–1979</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1973</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Addams" title="Jane Addams">Jane Addams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Anderson" title="Marian Anderson">Marian Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_B._Anthony" title="Susan B. Anthony">Susan B. Anthony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Barton" title="Clara Barton">Clara Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_McLeod_Bethune" title="Mary McLeod Bethune">Mary McLeod Bethune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Blackwell" title="Elizabeth Blackwell">Elizabeth Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_S._Buck" title="Pearl S. Buck">Pearl S. Buck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Cassatt" title="Mary Cassatt">Mary Cassatt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Dickinson" title="Emily Dickinson">Emily Dickinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Earhart" title="Amelia Earhart">Amelia Earhart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Hamilton" title="Alice Hamilton">Alice Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Hayes" title="Helen Hayes">Helen Hayes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_R._Sabin" title="Florence R. Sabin">Florence Sabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Chase_Smith" title="Margaret Chase Smith">Margaret Chase Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Cady_Stanton" title="Elizabeth Cady Stanton">Elizabeth Cady Stanton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_B._Taussig" title="Helen B. Taussig">Helen Brooke Taussig</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abigail_Adams" title="Abigail Adams">Abigail Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mead" title="Margaret Mead">Margaret Mead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babe_Didrikson_Zaharias" title="Babe Didrikson Zaharias">Mildred "Babe" Didrikson Zaharias</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1979</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Dix" title="Dorothea Dix">Dorothea Dix</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juliette_Gordon_Low" title="Juliette Gordon Low">Juliette Gordon Low</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Paul" title="Alice Paul">Alice Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ann_Seton" title="Elizabeth Ann Seton">Elizabeth Bayley Seton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1980–1989" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1980–1989</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1981</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sojourner_Truth" title="Sojourner Truth">Sojourner Truth</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1982</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Chapman_Catt" title="Carrie Chapman Catt">Carrie Chapman Catt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Perkins" title="Frances Perkins">Frances Perkins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1983</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belva_Ann_Lockwood" title="Belva Ann Lockwood">Belva Lockwood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucretia_Mott" title="Lucretia Mott">Lucretia Mott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1984</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Jones" title="Mother Jones">Mary "Mother" Harris Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Smith" title="Bessie Smith">Bessie Smith</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1986</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_McClintock" title="Barbara McClintock">Barbara McClintock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Stone" title="Lucy Stone">Lucy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Beecher_Stowe" title="Harriet Beecher Stowe">Harriet Beecher Stowe</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1988</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gwendolyn_Brooks" title="Gwendolyn Brooks">Gwendolyn Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Ride" title="Sally Ride">Sally Ride</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Risteau" title="Mary Risteau">Mary Risteau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_B._Wells" title="Ida B. Wells">Ida B. Wells-Barnett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="1990–1999" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1990–1999</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1990</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Bourke-White" title="Margaret Bourke-White">Margaret Bourke-White</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Jordan" title="Barbara Jordan">Barbara Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Jean_King" title="Billie Jean King">Billie Jean King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_B._Seibert" title="Florence B. Seibert">Florence B. Seibert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1991</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_B._Elion" title="Gertrude B. Elion">Gertrude Belle Elion</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1993</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Percy_Andrus" title="Ethel Percy Andrus">Ethel Percy Andrus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antoinette_Brown_Blackwell" title="Antoinette Brown Blackwell">Antoinette Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Blackwell" title="Emily Blackwell">Emily Blackwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Chisholm" title="Shirley Chisholm">Shirley Chisholm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Cochran" title="Jacqueline Cochran">Jacqueline Cochran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Johnson_Colvin" title="Ruth Johnson Colvin">Ruth Colvin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Wright_Edelman" title="Marian Wright Edelman">Marian Wright Edelman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Catherine_Evans" title="Alice Catherine Evans">Alice Evans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Friedan" title="Betty Friedan">Betty Friedan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Grasso" title="Ella Grasso">Ella Grasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Griffiths" title="Martha Griffiths">Martha Wright Griffiths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Lou_Hamer" title="Fannie Lou Hamer">Fannie Lou Hamer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Height" title="Dorothy Height">Dorothy Height</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolores_Huerta" title="Dolores Huerta">Dolores Huerta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Putnam_Jacobi" title="Mary Putnam Jacobi">Mary Putnam Jacobi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mae_Jemison" title="Mae Jemison">Mae Jemison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Lyon" title="Mary Lyon">Mary Lyon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Eliza_Mahoney" title="Mary Eliza Mahoney">Mary Mahoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Mankiller" title="Wilma Mankiller">Wilma Mankiller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constance_Baker_Motley" title="Constance Baker Motley">Constance Baker Motley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgia_O%27Keeffe" title="Georgia O'Keeffe">Georgia O'Keeffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Oakley" title="Annie Oakley">Annie Oakley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esther_Peterson" title="Esther Peterson">Esther Peterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeannette_Rankin" title="Jeannette Rankin">Jeannette Rankin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Swallow_Richards" title="Ellen Swallow Richards">Ellen Swallow Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elaine_Roulet" title="Elaine Roulet">Elaine Roulet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Siva_Saubel" title="Katherine Siva Saubel">Katherine Siva Saubel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Steinem" title="Gloria Steinem">Gloria Steinem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Stephens" title="Helen Stephens">Helen Stephens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Wald" title="Lillian Wald">Lillian Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madam_C._J._Walker" title="Madam C. J. Walker">Madam C. J. Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Wattleton" title="Faye Wattleton">Faye Wattleton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalyn_Sussman_Yalow" title="Rosalyn Sussman Yalow">Rosalyn S. Yalow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Yerkovich" title="Gloria Yerkovich">Gloria Yerkovich</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1994</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bella_Abzug" title="Bella Abzug">Bella Abzug</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Baker" title="Ella Baker">Ella Baker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myra_Bradwell" title="Myra Bradwell">Myra Bradwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Jump_Cannon" title="Annie Jump Cannon">Annie Jump Cannon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Cunningham_Croly" title="Jane Cunningham Croly">Jane Cunningham Croly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Shipe_East" title="Catherine Shipe East">Catherine East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geraldine_Ferraro" title="Geraldine Ferraro">Geraldine Ferraro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Perkins_Gilman" title="Charlotte Perkins Gilman">Charlotte Perkins Gilman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_LaKelly_Hunt" title="Helen LaKelly Hunt">Helen LaKelly Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zora_Neale_Hurston" title="Zora Neale Hurston">Zora Neale Hurston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Hutchinson" title="Anne Hutchinson">Anne Hutchinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wisebart_Jacobs" title="Frances Wisebart Jacobs">Frances Wisebart Jacobs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susette_La_Flesche" title="Susette La Flesche">Susette La Flesche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_McManus" title="Louise McManus">Louise McManus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Mitchell" title="Maria Mitchell">Maria Mitchell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Novello" title="Antonia Novello">Antonia Novello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linda_Richards" title="Linda Richards">Linda Richards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Rudolph" title="Wilma Rudolph">Wilma Rudolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bone_Schiess" title="Betty Bone Schiess">Betty Bone Schiess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muriel_Siebert" title="Muriel Siebert">Muriel Siebert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nettie_Stevens" title="Nettie Stevens">Nettie Stevens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Winnemucca" title="Sarah Winnemucca">Sarah Winnemucca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Wright" title="Frances Wright">Fanny Wright</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1995</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Apgar" title="Virginia Apgar">Virginia Apgar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Bancroft" title="Ann Bancroft">Ann Bancroft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amelia_Bloomer" title="Amelia Bloomer">Amelia Bloomer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Carson_Breckinridge" title="Mary Carson Breckinridge">Mary Breckinridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eileen_Collins" title="Eileen Collins">Eileen Collins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dole" title="Elizabeth Dole">Elizabeth Hanford Dole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Dallas_Dudley" title="Anne Dallas Dudley">Anne Dallas Dudley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Baker_Eddy" title="Mary Baker Eddy">Mary Baker Eddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Fitzgerald" title="Ella Fitzgerald">Ella Fitzgerald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Fuller" title="Margaret Fuller">Margaret Fuller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Joslyn_Gage" title="Matilda Joslyn Gage">Matilda Joslyn Gage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Moller_Gilbreth" title="Lillian Moller Gilbreth">Lillian Moller Gilbreth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nannerl_O._Keohane" title="Nannerl O. Keohane">Nannerl O. Keohane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Kuhn" title="Maggie Kuhn">Maggie Kuhn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Day_O%27Connor" title="Sandra Day O'Connor">Sandra Day O'Connor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Josephine_St._Pierre_Ruffin" title="Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin">Josephine St. Pierre Ruffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pat_Schroeder" title="Pat Schroeder">Pat Schroeder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_G._Solomon" title="Hannah G. Solomon">Hannah Greenebaum Solomon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1996</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louisa_May_Alcott" title="Louisa May Alcott">Louisa May Alcott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bunch" title="Charlotte Bunch">Charlotte Anne Bunch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Xavier_Cabrini" title="Frances Xavier Cabrini">Frances Xavier Cabrini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Hallaren" title="Mary Hallaren">Mary A. Hallaren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oveta_Culp_Hobby" title="Oveta Culp Hobby">Oveta Culp Hobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilhelmina_Holladay" title="Wilhelmina Holladay">Wilhelmina Cole Holladay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Morrow_Lindbergh" title="Anne Morrow Lindbergh">Anne Morrow Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Maria Goeppert Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernestine_Rose" title="Ernestine Rose">Ernestine Louise Potowski Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maria_Tallchief" title="Maria Tallchief">Maria Tallchief</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wharton" title="Edith Wharton">Edith Wharton</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1998</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madeleine_Albright" title="Madeleine Albright">Madeleine Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Angelou" title="Maya Angelou">Maya Angelou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nellie_Bly" title="Nellie Bly">Nellie Bly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Moss_Bradley" title="Lydia Moss Bradley">Lydia Moss Bradley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Calderone" title="Mary Calderone">Mary Steichen Calderone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Shadd" title="Mary Ann Shadd">Mary Ann Shadd Cary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_Ganz_Cooney" title="Joan Ganz Cooney">Joan Ganz Cooney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerty_Cori" title="Gerty Cori">Gerty Cori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Moore_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Sarah Moore Grimké">Sarah Grimké</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Ward_Howe" title="Julia Ward Howe">Julia Ward Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Ann_Jackson" title="Shirley Ann Jackson">Shirley Ann Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shannon_Lucid" title="Shannon Lucid">Shannon Lucid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_McCormick" title="Katharine McCormick">Katharine Dexter McCormick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rozanne_L._Ridgway" title="Rozanne L. Ridgway">Rozanne L. Ridgway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Nourse_Rogers" title="Edith Nourse Rogers">Edith Nourse Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Felice_Schwartz" title="Felice Schwartz">Felice Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Kennedy_Shriver" title="Eunice Kennedy Shriver">Eunice Kennedy Shriver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beverly_Sills" title="Beverly Sills">Beverly Sills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Florence_Wald" title="Florence Wald">Florence Wald</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angelina_Grimk%C3%A9" title="Angelina Grimké">Angelina Grimké Weld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chien-Shiung_Wu" title="Chien-Shiung Wu">Chien-Shiung Wu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Faye_Glenn_Abdellah" title="Faye Glenn Abdellah">Faye Glenn Abdellah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Smith_DeVoe" title="Emma Smith DeVoe">Emma Smith DeVoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjory_Stoneman_Douglas" title="Marjory Stoneman Douglas">Marjory Stoneman Douglas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Dyer" title="Mary Dyer">Mary Dyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Earle" title="Sylvia Earle">Sylvia A. Earle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crystal_Eastman" title="Crystal Eastman">Crystal Eastman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeanne_M._Holm" title="Jeanne M. Holm">Jeanne Holm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leontine_T._Kelly" title="Leontine T. Kelly">Leontine T. Kelly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Oldham_Kelsey" title="Frances Oldham Kelsey">Frances Oldham Kelsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mullany" title="Kate Mullany">Kate Mullany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Reno" title="Janet Reno">Janet Reno</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Howard_Shaw" title="Anna Howard Shaw">Anna Howard Shaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Smith_(Smith_College)" title="Sophia Smith (Smith College)">Sophia Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ida_Tarbell" title="Ida Tarbell">Ida Tarbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilma_Vaught" title="Wilma Vaught">Wilma L. Vaught</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Edwards_Walker" title="Mary Edwards Walker">Mary Edwards Walker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annie_Dodge_Wauneka" title="Annie Dodge Wauneka">Annie Dodge Wauneka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eudora_Welty" title="Eudora Welty">Eudora Welty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Willard" title="Frances Willard">Frances E. Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Hansine_Andersen" title="Dorothy Hansine Andersen">Dorothy H. Andersen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosalynn_Carter" title="Rosalynn Carter">Rosalynn Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia_Maria_Child" title="Lydia Maria Child">Lydia Maria Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Coleman" title="Bessie Coleman">Bessie Coleman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Day" title="Dorothy Day">Dorothy Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_de_Forest" title="Marian de Forest">Marian de Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Althea_Gibson" title="Althea Gibson">Althea Gibson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beatrice_Hicks" title="Beatrice Hicks">Beatrice A. Hicks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Holdridge" title="Barbara Holdridge">Barbara Holdridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Williams_Russell_Strong" title="Harriet Williams Russell Strong">Harriet Williams Russell Strong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howell_Warner" title="Emily Howell Warner">Emily Howell Warner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Woodhull" title="Victoria Woodhull">Victoria Woodhull</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paulina_Kellogg_Wright_Davis" class="mw-redirect" title="Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis">Paulina Kellogg Wright Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Bader_Ginsburg" title="Ruth Bader Ginsburg">Ruth Bader Ginsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Graham" title="Katharine Graham">Katharine Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bertha_Holt" title="Bertha Holt">Bertha Holt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Engle_Pennington" title="Mary Engle Pennington">Mary Engle Pennington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_Otis_Warren" title="Mercy Otis Warren">Mercy Otis Warren</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Linda_G._Alvarado" title="Linda G. Alvarado">Linda G. Alvarado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_de_Varona" title="Donna de Varona">Donna de Varona</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gertrude_Ederle" title="Gertrude Ederle">Gertrude Ederle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Matilda_Harper" title="Martha Matilda Harper">Martha Matilda Harper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Roberts_Harris" title="Patricia Roberts Harris">Patricia Roberts Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephanie_Kwolek" title="Stephanie Kwolek">Stephanie L. Kwolek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothea_Lange" title="Dorothea Lange">Dorothea Lange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Robbins_Leet" title="Mildred Robbins Leet">Mildred Robbins Leet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Mink" title="Patsy Mink">Patsy Takemoto Mink</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacagawea" title="Sacagawea">Sacagawea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Sullivan" title="Anne Sullivan">Anne Sullivan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Widnall" title="Sheila Widnall">Sheila E. Widnall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Florence_E._Allen" title="Florence E. Allen">Florence E. Allen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Benedict" title="Ruth Benedict">Ruth Fulton Benedict</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Bumpers" title="Betty Bumpers">Betty Bumpers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_R._Colwell" title="Rita R. Colwell">Rita Rossi Colwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marianne_Cope" title="Marianne Cope">Mother Marianne Cope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_Lin" title="Maya Lin">Maya Y. Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Locke" title="Patricia Locke">Patricia A. Locke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blanche_Scott" class="mw-redirect" title="Blanche Scott">Blanche Stuart Scott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Burnett_Talbert" title="Mary Burnett Talbert">Mary Burnett Talbert</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_K._Baum" title="Eleanor K. Baum">Eleanor K. Baum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julia_Child" title="Julia Child">Julia Child</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Coffin_Wright" title="Martha Coffin Wright">Martha Coffin Pelham Wright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swanee_Hunt" title="Swanee Hunt">Swanee Hunt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winona_LaDuke" title="Winona LaDuke">Winona LaDuke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elisabeth_K%C3%BCbler-Ross" title="Elisabeth Kübler-Ross">Elisabeth Kübler-Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Pipher" title="Judith Pipher">Judith L. Pipher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catherine_Filene_Shouse" title="Catherine Filene Shouse">Catherine Filene Shouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Szold" title="Henrietta Szold">Henrietta Szold</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Bourgeois" title="Louise Bourgeois">Louise Bourgeois</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_Cohn" title="Mildred Cohn">Mildred Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karen_DeCrow" title="Karen DeCrow">Karen DeCrow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Kelly-Dreiss" title="Susan Kelly-Dreiss">Susan Kelly-Dreiss</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allie_B._Latimer" title="Allie B. Latimer">Allie B. Latimer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Lazarus" title="Emma Lazarus">Emma Lazarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Patrick" title="Ruth Patrick">Ruth Patrick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Talbot_Perkins" title="Rebecca Talbot Perkins">Rebecca Talbot Perkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Susan_Solomon" title="Susan Solomon">Susan Solomon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Stoneman" title="Kate Stoneman">Kate Stoneman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Katharine_Drexel" title="Katharine Drexel">St. Katharine Drexel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Harrison_Eustis" title="Dorothy Harrison Eustis">Dorothy Harrison Eustis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ford" title="Loretta Ford">Loretta C. Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abby_Kelley_Foster" title="Abby Kelley Foster">Abby Kelley Foster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Murray_Free" title="Helen Murray Free">Helen Murray Free</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billie_Holiday" title="Billie Holiday">Billie Holiday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coretta_Scott_King" title="Coretta Scott King">Coretta Scott King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lilly_Ledbetter" title="Lilly Ledbetter">Lilly Ledbetter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Mikulski" title="Barbara Mikulski">Barbara A. Mikulski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donna_Shalala" title="Donna Shalala">Donna E. Shalala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathrine_Switzer" title="Kathrine Switzer">Kathrine Switzer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Ford" title="Betty Ford">Betty Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ina_May_Gaskin" title="Ina May Gaskin">Ina May Gaskin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julie_Krone" title="Julie Krone">Julie Krone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Millett" title="Kate Millett">Kate Millett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Pelosi" title="Nancy Pelosi">Nancy Pelosi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Joseph_Rogers" title="Mary Joseph Rogers">Mary Joseph Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernice_Sandler" title="Bernice Sandler">Bernice Sandler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Schwartz" title="Anna Schwartz">Anna Schwartz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emma_Willard" title="Emma Willard">Emma Willard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tenley_Albright" title="Tenley Albright">Tenley Albright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Brinker" title="Nancy Brinker">Nancy Brinker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marcia_Greenberger" title="Marcia Greenberger">Marcia Greenberger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Iglewski" title="Barbara Iglewski">Barbara Iglewski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Kilbourne" title="Jean Kilbourne">Jean Kilbourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlotta_Walls_LaNier" title="Carlotta Walls LaNier">Carlotta Walls LaNier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippa_Marrack" title="Philippa Marrack">Philippa Marrack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Harriman_Rumsey" title="Mary Harriman Rumsey">Mary Harriman Rumsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Smeal" title="Eleanor Smeal">Eleanor Smeal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Matilda_Cuomo" title="Matilda Cuomo">Matilda Cuomo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Grandin" title="Temple Grandin">Temple Grandin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lorraine_Hansberry" title="Lorraine Hansberry">Lorraine Hansberry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Jackson_(entrepreneur)" title="Victoria Jackson (entrepreneur)">Victoria Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherry_Lansing" title="Sherry Lansing">Sherry Lansing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clare_Boothe_Luce" title="Clare Boothe Luce">Clare Boothe Luce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aimee_Mullins" title="Aimee Mullins">Aimee Mullins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_Mutter" title="Carol Mutter">Carol Mutter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janet_Rowley" title="Janet Rowley">Janet Rowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Waters" title="Alice Waters">Alice Waters</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloria_Allred" title="Gloria Allred">Gloria Allred</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Davis" title="Angela Davis">Angela Davis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Deer" title="Sarah Deer">Sarah Deer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_Fonda" title="Jane Fonda">Jane Fonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicole_Malachowski" title="Nicole Malachowski">Nicole Malachowski</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rose_O%27Neill" title="Rose O'Neill">Rose O'Neill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Slaughter" title="Louise Slaughter">Louise Slaughter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sonia_Sotomayor" title="Sonia Sotomayor">Sonia Sotomayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laurie_Spiegel" title="Laurie Spiegel">Laurie Spiegel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flossie_Wong-Staal" title="Flossie Wong-Staal">Flossie Wong-Staal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hillary_(adventurer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbara Hillary (adventurer)">Barbara Hillary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Rose Johns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henrietta_Lacks" title="Henrietta Lacks">Henrietta Lacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toni_Morrison" title="Toni Morrison">Toni Morrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Church_Terrell" title="Mary Church Terrell">Mary Church Terrell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2022</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Octavia_E._Butler" title="Octavia E. Butler">Octavia E. Butler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_Chicago" title="Judy Chicago">Judy Chicago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_S._Halstead" title="Rebecca S. Halstead">Rebecca S. Halstead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mia_Hamm" title="Mia Hamm">Mia Hamm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joy_Harjo" title="Joy Harjo">Joy Harjo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emily_Howland" title="Emily Howland">Emily Howland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indra_Nooyi" title="Indra Nooyi">Indra Nooyi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelle_Obama" title="Michelle Obama">Michelle Obama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2024</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Patricia_Bath" title="Patricia Bath">Patricia Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruby_Bridges" title="Ruby Bridges">Ruby Bridges</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elouise_P._Cobell" title="Elouise P. Cobell">Elouise P. Cobell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kimberl%C3%A9_Crenshaw" title="Kimberlé Crenshaw">Kimberlé Crenshaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peggy_McIntosh" title="Peggy McIntosh">Peggy McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Plaskow" title="Judith Plaskow">Judith Plaskow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Ross" title="Loretta Ross">Loretta Ross</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Stone_(artist)" title="Sandy Stone (artist)">Sandy Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Wessels_Williams" title="Anna Wessels Williams">Anna Wessels Williams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serena_Williams" title="Serena Williams">Serena Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Virginia_Women_in_History" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Template:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Template talk:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia_Women_in_History_Honorees" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Virginia Women in History Honorees"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Virginia_Women_in_History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Women_in_History" title="Virginia Women in History">Virginia Women in History</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2000–2009" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2000–2009</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ella_Graham_Agnew" title="Ella Graham Agnew">Ella Graham Agnew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Julia_Baldwin" title="Mary Julia Baldwin">Mary Julia Baldwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Brent" title="Margaret Brent">Margaret Brent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willa_Cather" title="Willa Cather">Willa Cather</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennie_Dean" title="Jennie Dean">Jennie Dean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Lee_Fain" title="Sarah Lee Fain">Sarah Lee Fain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Glasgow" title="Ellen Glasgow">Ellen Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dolley_Madison" title="Dolley Madison">Dolley Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pocahontas" title="Pocahontas">Pocahontas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clementina_Rind" title="Clementina Rind">Clementina Rind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine" title="Lila Meade Valentine">Lila Meade Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_L._Walker" title="Maggie L. Walker">Maggie L. Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Dixon_Bowser" title="Rosa Dixon Bowser">Rosa Dixon Bowser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Campbell_(television)" title="Elizabeth Campbell (television)">Elizabeth Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomasina_Jordan" title="Thomasina Jordan">Thomasina Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Keckley" title="Elizabeth Keckley">Elizabeth Keckley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theresa_Pollak" title="Theresa Pollak">Theresa Pollak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Louisa_Tompkins" title="Sally Louisa Tompkins">Sally Louisa Tompkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Van_Lew" title="Elizabeth Van Lew">Elizabeth Van Lew</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Wilson" title="Edith Wilson">Edith Wilson</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2002</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rebecca_Adamson" title="Rebecca Adamson">Rebecca Adamson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janie_Porter_Barrett" title="Janie Porter Barrett">Janie Porter Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patsy_Cline" title="Patsy Cline">Patsy Cline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hannah_Lee_Corbin" title="Hannah Lee Corbin">Hannah Lee Corbin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Darden" title="Christine Darden">Christine Darden</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillian_Ward_McDaniel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillian Ward McDaniel (page does not exist)">Lillian Ward McDaniel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary-Cooke_Branch_Munford" title="Mary-Cooke Branch Munford">Mary-Cooke Branch Munford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessie_M._Rattley" title="Jessie M. Rattley">Jessie M. Rattley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2003</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Astor,_Viscountess_Astor" title="Nancy Astor, Viscountess Astor">Nancy Astor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pearl_Bailey" title="Pearl Bailey">Pearl Bailey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Whitehead_Bodeker" title="Anna Whitehead Bodeker">Anna Whitehead Bodeker</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Ann_Elliott&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Ann Elliott (page does not exist)">Mary Ann Elliott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annabella_R._Jenkins" class="mw-redirect" title="Annabella R. Jenkins">Annabelle Ravenscroft Gibson Jenkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Benjamin_Johnston" title="Frances Benjamin Johnston">Frances Benjamin Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Anne_Dobie_Peebles&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anne Dobie Peebles (page does not exist)">Anne Dobie Peebles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Spencer" title="Anne Spencer">Annie Bannister Spencer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2004</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grace_Arents" title="Grace Arents">Grace Arents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockacoeske" title="Cockacoeske">Cockacoeske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katie_Couric" title="Katie Couric">Katie Couric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Makemie_Holden" title="Anne Makemie Holden">Anne Makemie Holden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Draper_Ingles" title="Mary Draper Ingles">Mary Draper Ingles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_Garland_Boyd_Jones" title="Sarah Garland Boyd Jones">Sarah Garland Boyd Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Annie_Snyder&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Annie Snyder (page does not exist)">Annie Snyder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Washington" title="Martha Washington">Martha Washington</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2005</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clara_Leach_Adams-Ender" class="mw-redirect" title="Clara Leach Adams-Ender">Clara Leach Adams-Ender</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Caitlyn_Day&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Caitlyn Day (page does not exist)">Caitlyn Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Blount_Griffin" title="Bessie Blount Griffin">Bessie Blount Griffin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Johnston" title="Mary Johnston">Mary Johnston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Rose_Johns" title="Barbara Rose Johns">Barbara Johns Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Smith_(fiction_author)" title="Lee Smith (fiction author)">Lee Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Belvin_Wade" title="Mary Belvin Wade">Mary Belvin Wade</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2006</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Waller_Barrett" title="Kate Waller Barrett">Kate Waller Barrett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marie_Majella_Berg" class="mw-redirect" title="Marie Majella Berg">Marie Majella Berg</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=John-Geline_MacDonald_Bowman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John-Geline MacDonald Bowman (page does not exist)">John-Geline MacDonald Bowman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benita_Fitzgerald-Brown" title="Benita Fitzgerald-Brown">Benita Fitzgerald-Brown</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Grace Hopper</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Tyler_Freeman_Cheek_McClenahan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan (page does not exist)">Mary Tyler Freeman Cheek McClenahan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G._Anne_Richardson" title="G. Anne Richardson">G. Anne Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Virginia_Terhune" title="Mary Virginia Terhune">Mary Virginia Terhune</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2007</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Willing_Byrd" title="Mary Willing Byrd">Mary Willing Byrd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maybelle_Carter" title="Maybelle Carter">Maybelle Carter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Laura_Copenhaver" title="Laura Copenhaver">Laura Lu Scherer Copenhaver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Futrell" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Futrell">Mary Alice Franklin Hatwood Futrell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Jeffery_Galt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Jeffery Galt (page does not exist)">Mary Jeffery Galt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Johnson" title="Sheila Johnson">Sheila Crump Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opossunoquonuske" title="Opossunoquonuske">Opossunoquonuske</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Camilla_Williams" title="Camilla Williams">Camilla Williams</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2008</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Frances_Culpeper_Berkeley" title="Frances Culpeper Berkeley">Frances Culpeper Berkeley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Goode_Brooks" title="Lucy Goode Brooks">Lucy Goode Brooks</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Providencia_Velazquez_Gonzalez&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez (page does not exist)">Providencia Velazquez Gonzalez</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_B._Lacy" title="Elizabeth B. Lacy">Elizabeth B. Lacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharyn_McCrumb" title="Sharyn McCrumb">Sharyn McCrumb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P._Buckley_Moss" title="P. Buckley Moss">P. Buckley Moss</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Isabel_Wood_Rogers&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Isabel Wood Rogers (page does not exist)">Isabel Wood Rogers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edith_Turner" title="Edith Turner">Edith Turner</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2009</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Adams" title="Pauline Adams">Pauline Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caroline_Bradby_Cook" title="Caroline Bradby Cook">Caroline Bradby Cook</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claudia_Emerson" title="Claudia Emerson">Claudia Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drew_Gilpin_Faust" title="Drew Gilpin Faust">Drew Gilpin Faust</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Joann_Hess_Grayson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Joann Hess Grayson (page does not exist)">Joann Hess Grayson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Randolph" title="Mary Randolph">Mary Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Randolph" title="Virginia Randolph">Virginia Randolph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Sue_Terry" title="Mary Sue Terry">Mary Sue Terry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2010–2019" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2010–2019</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2010</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mollie_Holmes_Adams" title="Mollie Holmes Adams">Mollie Holmes Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethel_Furman" title="Ethel Furman">Ethel Furman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edythe_Harrison" title="Edythe Harrison">Edythe C. Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Janis_Martin" title="Janis Martin">Janis Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Mason_Rowland" title="Kate Mason Rowland">Kate Mason Rowland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Skipwith" title="Jean Skipwith">Jean Miller Skipwith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queena_Stovall" title="Queena Stovall">Queena Stovall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Van_Landingham" title="Marian Van Landingham">Marian Van Landingham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2011</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Addison" title="Lucy Addison">Lucy Addison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Bontecou" title="Eleanor Bontecou">Eleanor Bontecou</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Emily_White_Fleming&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Emily White Fleming (page does not exist)">Emily White Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pearl_Fu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pearl Fu (page does not exist)">Pearl Fu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Lincoln" title="Lillian Lincoln">Lillian Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bessie_Niemeyer_Marshall" title="Bessie Niemeyer Marshall">Bessie Niemeyer Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Felicia_Warburg_Rogan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Felicia Warburg Rogan (page does not exist)">Felicia Warburg Rogan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Henry_Campbell_Russell" title="Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell">Elizabeth Henry Campbell Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2012</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Susie_May_Ames" title="Susie May Ames">Susie May Ames</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monica_Beltran" title="Monica Beltran">Monica Beltran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christiana_Burdett_Campbell" title="Christiana Burdett Campbell">Christiana Burdett Campbell</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_Sams_Christian&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty Sams Christian (page does not exist)">Betty Sams Christian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Peet_McIntosh" title="Elizabeth Peet McIntosh">Elizabeth Peet McIntosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orelena_Hawks_Puckett" class="mw-redirect" title="Orelena Hawks Puckett">Orelena Hawks Puckett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judith_Shatin" title="Judith Shatin">Judith Shatin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alice_Jackson_Stuart" title="Alice Jackson Stuart">Alice Jackson Stuart</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2013</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Alexander" title="Mary C. Alexander">Mary C. Alexander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Archer" title="Louise Archer">Louise Archer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Jaquelin_Ambler_Brent_Carrington" title="Elizabeth Jaquelin Ambler Brent Carrington">Elizabeth Ambler Brent Carrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ann_Compton" title="Ann Compton">Ann Compton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/JoAnn_Falletta" title="JoAnn Falletta">JoAnn Falletta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cleo_Powell" title="Cleo Powell">Cleo Powell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inez_Pruitt" title="Inez Pruitt">Inez Pruitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eva_Mae_Fleming_Scott" title="Eva Mae Fleming Scott">Eva Mae Fleming Scott</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2014</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Berkeley_Minor_Blackford" title="Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford">Mary Berkeley Minor Blackford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naomi_Silverman_Cohn" title="Naomi Silverman Cohn">Naomi Silverman Cohn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Ashburn_Duke" title="Elizabeth Ashburn Duke">Elizabeth Ashburn Duke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Findlay" title="Rachel Findlay">Rachel Findlay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christine_Herter_Kendall" title="Christine Herter Kendall">Christine Herter Kendall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mildred_and_Richard_Loving" title="Mildred and Richard Loving">Mildred Loving</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debbie_Ryan" title="Debbie Ryan">Debbie Ryan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoner_Winslett" title="Stoner Winslett">Stoner Winslett</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2015</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nancy_Melvina_Caldwell" title="Nancy Melvina Caldwell">Nancy Melvina Caldwell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikki_Giovanni" title="Nikki Giovanni">Nikki Giovanni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruth_Coles_Harris" title="Ruth Coles Harris">Ruth Coles Harris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Shoemaker_McDiarmid" title="Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid">Dorothy Shoemaker McDiarmid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rebekah_Dulaney_Peterkin" title="Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin">Rebekah Dulaney Peterkin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivian_Pinn" title="Vivian Pinn">Vivian Pinn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Bray_Allen" title="Elizabeth Bray Allen">Elizabeth Bray Allen Smith Stith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karenne_Wood" title="Karenne Wood">Karenne Wood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2016</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Flora_D._Crittenden" title="Flora D. Crittenden">Flora D. Crittenden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Nottingham_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day">Mary Elizabeth Nottingham Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarah_A._Gray" title="Sarah A. Gray">Sarah A. Gray</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwilda_Gustava_Allen_Isaac" title="Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac">Edwilda Gustava Allen Isaac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katherine_Johnson" title="Katherine Johnson">Katherine Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ana_Ines_Barragan_King" title="Ana Ines Barragan King">Ana Ines Barragan King</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Betty_Masters&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Betty Masters (page does not exist)">Betty Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meyera_Oberndorf" title="Meyera Oberndorf">Meyera Oberndorf</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2017</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Doris_Crouse-Mays" title="Doris Crouse-Mays">Doris Crouse-Mays</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Corazon_Sandoval_Foley&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Corazon Sandoval Foley (page does not exist)">Corazon Sandoval Foley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nora_Houston" title="Nora Houston">Nora Houston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cynthia_Eppes_Hudson" title="Cynthia Eppes Hudson">Cynthia Eppes Hudson</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mary_Virginia_Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mary Virginia Jones (page does not exist)">Mary Virginia Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Harrison_McCraw" title="Louise Harrison McCraw">Louise Harrison McCraw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undine_Smith_Moore" title="Undine Smith Moore">Undine Smith Moore</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Martha_Rollins&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Martha Rollins (page does not exist)">Martha Rollins</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2018</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gaye_Adegbalola" title="Gaye Adegbalola">Gaye Todd Adegbalola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rita_Dove" title="Rita Dove">Rita Dove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marii_Hasegawa" title="Marii Hasegawa">Marii Kyogoku Hasegawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kay_Coles_James" title="Kay Coles James">Kay Coles James</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Kingsolver" title="Barbara Kingsolver">Barbara Kingsolver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_A._R._Marshall" title="Mary A. R. Marshall">Mary Aydelotte Rice Marshall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temperance_Flowerdew" title="Temperance Flowerdew">Temperance Flowerdew Yeardley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2019</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sharifa_Alkhateeb" title="Sharifa Alkhateeb">Sharifa Alkhateeb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Ann_(Pamunkey_chief)" title="Queen Ann (Pamunkey chief)">Queen Ann</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Claudia_Lane_Dodson&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Claudia Lane Dodson (page does not exist)">Claudia Lane Dodson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/India_Hamilton" title="India Hamilton">India Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgeanna_Seegar_Jones" title="Georgeanna Seegar Jones">Georgeanna Seegar Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oney_Judge" class="mw-redirect" title="Oney Judge">Ona Maria Judge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Randolph_Mason" title="Lucy Randolph Mason">Lucy Randolph Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Peters_Sturgill" title="Kate Peters Sturgill">Kate Peters Sturgill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="2020–2029" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">2020–2029</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2020</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Adams" title="Pauline Adams">Pauline Adams</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fannie_Bayly_King" title="Fannie Bayly King">Fannie Bayly King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dabney_Langhorne_Lewis" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis">Elizabeth Dabney Langhorne Lewis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophie_G._Meredith" class="mw-redirect" title="Sophie G. Meredith">Sophie G. Meredith</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Josephine_Mathes_Norcom&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Josephine Mathes Norcom (page does not exist)">Josephine Mathes Norcom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Elizabeth_Pidgeon" title="Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon">Mary Elizabeth Pidgeon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ora_Brown_Stokes_Perry" title="Ora Brown Stokes Perry">Ora Brown Stokes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lila_Meade_Valentine" title="Lila Meade Valentine">Lila Meade Valentine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggie_Lena_Mitchell_Walker" class="mw-redirect" title="Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker">Maggie Lena Mitchell Walker</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2021</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Krista_N._Jones&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Krista N. Jones (page does not exist)">Krista N. Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lerla_G._Joseph&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lerla G. Joseph (page does not exist)">Lerla G. Joseph</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lillie_Louise_Boone_Lucas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lillie Louise Boone Lucas (page does not exist)">Lillie Louise Boone Lucas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evelyn_Reid_Syphax" class="mw-redirect" title="Evelyn Reid Syphax">Evelyn Reid Syphax</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11641#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11641#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000110349992">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/873229">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/118017/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRJ4KkDxVJVCHXRQWxDq">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/121579948">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n83175996">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16228841g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb16228841g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an36506213">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20100825003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p324982577">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/98034489">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810570379205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007379312505171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=15664">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dl.acm.org/profile/81100172438">Association for Computing Machinery</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:hopper.grace">zbMATH</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zbmath.org/authors/?q=ai:murray-hopper.grace">2</a></span></li></ul></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dblp.org/pid/51/3005">DBLP</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mathscinet.ams.org/mathscinet/MRAuthorID/284767">MathSciNet</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/1262981">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/121579948">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/079152783">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6nt1htb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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