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class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Expulsion_and_enslavement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Expulsion_and_enslavement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Expulsion and enslavement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Expulsion_and_enslavement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_suppression" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious_and_cultural_suppression"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Religious and cultural suppression </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious_and_cultural_suppression-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Sharp decline of Hebrew language </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philosophical_and_religious_consequences" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philosophical_and_religious_consequences"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Philosophical and religious consequences </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philosophical_and_religious_consequences-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_losses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_losses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 Roman losses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_losses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.8 Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Archaeology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Archaeology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Archaeology </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Archaeology subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Archaeology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Underground_refuges" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Underground_refuges"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Underground refuges </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Underground_refuges-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hiding_complexes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiding_complexes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.1 Hiding complexes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiding_complexes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2.2 Cliff shelters and natural caves </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coinage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coinage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Coinage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coinage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Roman_legionary_camps" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Roman_legionary_camps"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Roman legionary camps </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Roman_legionary_camps-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.1 Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4.2 Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Geographic extent of the revolt </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-In_Rabbinic_Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Rabbinic_Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 In Rabbinic Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Rabbinic_Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 In Zionism and modern Israel </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Bar Kokhba revolt</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 50 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-50" aria-hidden="true" > 50 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ثورة بار كوخبا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ثورة بار كوخبا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Koxba_%C3%BCsyan%C4%B1" title="Bar-Koxba üsyanı – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bar-Koxba üsyanı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%B9%D9%88%D8%B5%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%8C" title="بارکوخبا عوصیانی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بارکوخبا عوصیانی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Паўстанне Бар-Кохбы – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Паўстанне Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%9E%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Паўстаньне Бар-Кохбы – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Паўстаньне Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D1%8A%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Въстание на Бар Кохба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Въстание на Бар Кохба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Emsavadeg_Bar-Kokhba" title="Emsavadeg Bar-Kokhba – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Emsavadeg Bar-Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Bar_Kokheb%C3%A0" title="Revolta de Bar Kokhebà – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Revolta de Bar Kokhebà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Povst%C3%A1n%C3%AD_Bar_Kochby" title="Povstání Bar Kochby – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Povstání Bar Kochby" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwrthryfel_Bar_Kochba" title="Gwrthryfel Bar Kochba – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Gwrthryfel Bar Kochba" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-opr%C3%B8ret" title="Bar Kokhba-oprøret – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Bar Kokhba-oprøret" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Kochba-Aufstand" title="Bar-Kochba-Aufstand – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Bar-Kochba-Aufstand" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A4%CF%81%CE%AF%CF%84%CE%BF%CF%82_%CE%99%CE%BF%CF%85%CE%B4%CE%B1%CF%8A%CE%BA%CF%8C%CF%82_%CE%A0%CF%8C%CE%BB%CE%B5%CE%BC%CE%BF%CF%82" title="Τρίτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Τρίτος Ιουδαϊκός Πόλεμος" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rebeli%C3%B3n_de_Bar_Kojba" title="Rebelión de Bar Kojba – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Rebelión de Bar Kojba" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar-Ko%C4%A5ba-ribelo" title="Bar-Koĥba-ribelo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bar-Koĥba-ribelo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhbaren_matxinada" title="Bar Kokhbaren matxinada – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Bar Kokhbaren matxinada" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%B4_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="شورش بارکوخبا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شورش بارکوخبا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/R%C3%A9volte_de_Bar_Kokhba" title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Révolte de Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%89ir%C3%AD_Amach_Bhar_Kokhba" title="Éirí Amach Bhar Kokhba – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Éirí Amach Bhar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_de_Bar_Kokhba" title="Revolta de Bar Kokhba – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Revolta de Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B0%94%EB%A5%B4_%EC%BD%94%ED%81%AC%EB%B0%94%EC%9D%98_%EB%82%9C" title="바르 코크바의 난 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="바르 코크바의 난" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Perang_Bar_Kokhba" title="Perang Bar Kokhba – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Perang Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terza_guerra_giudaica" title="Terza guerra giudaica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Terza guerra giudaica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%93_%D7%91%D7%A8_%D7%9B%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%91%D7%90" title="מרד בר כוכבא – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מרד בר כוכבא" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vita_vya_tatu_vya_Kiyahudi" title="Vita vya tatu vya Kiyahudi – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Vita vya tatu vya Kiyahudi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tertium_Bellum_Iudaicum" title="Tertium Bellum Iudaicum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Tertium Bellum Iudaicum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbas_sacel%C5%A1an%C4%81s" title="Bar Kohbas sacelšanās – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bar Kohbas sacelšanās" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohba-felkel%C3%A9s" title="Bar Kohba-felkelés – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bar Kohba-felkelés" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fikomian%27_i_Bar_Kokhba" title="Fikomian' i Bar Kokhba – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Fikomian' i Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AB%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A9_%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7" title="ثورة بار كوخبا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ثورة بار كوخبا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kochba-opstand" title="Bar Kochba-opstand – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Bar Kochba-opstand" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%AB%E3%83%BB%E3%82%B3%E3%82%AF%E3%83%90%E3%81%AE%E4%B9%B1" title="バル・コクバの乱 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バル・コクバの乱" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-oppr%C3%B8ret" title="Bar Kokhba-opprøret – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Bar Kokhba-opprøret" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rev%C3%B2uta_de_Bar_Kokhb%C3%A0" title="Revòuta de Bar Kokhbà – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Revòuta de Bar Kokhbà" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بر کوخبا بغاوت – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بر کوخبا بغاوت" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Powstanie_Bar-Kochby" title="Powstanie Bar-Kochby – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Powstanie Bar-Kochby" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terceira_guerra_judaico-romana" title="Terceira guerra judaico-romana – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Terceira guerra judaico-romana" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Revolta_lui_Bar_Kohba" title="Revolta lui Bar Kohba – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Revolta lui Bar Kohba" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%92%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80-%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D1%8B" title="Восстание Бар-Кохбы – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Восстание Бар-Кохбы" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbova_vstaja" title="Bar Kohbova vstaja – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bar Kohbova vstaja" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%85%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%BA" title="Бар Кохбин устанак – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Бар Кохбин устанак" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kohbin_ustanak" title="Bar Kohbin ustanak – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bar Kohbin ustanak" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toinen_juutalaissota" title="Toinen juutalaissota – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Toinen juutalaissota" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bar_Kokhba-revolten" title="Bar Kokhba-revolten – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Bar Kokhba-revolten" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aklasan_ni_Bar_Kokhba" title="Aklasan ni Bar Kokhba – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Aklasan ni Bar Kokhba" 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href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D9%88%D8%AE%D8%A8%D8%A7_%D8%A8%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%88%D8%AA" title="بر کوخبا بغاوت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بر کوخبا بغاوت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kh%E1%BB%9Fi_ngh%C4%A9a_Bar_Kokhba" title="Khởi nghĩa Bar Kokhba – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Khởi nghĩa Bar Kokhba" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%B7%B4%E7%88%BE%E7%A7%91%E8%B5%AB%E5%B7%B4%E8%B5%B7%E7%BE%A9" title="巴爾科赫巴起義 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="巴爾科赫巴起義" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" 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.hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Hadrian#Third_Roman–Jewish_War_(132–136)" title="Hadrian">Hadrian § Third Roman–Jewish War (132–136)</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;;width:315px"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Bar Kokhba revolt <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1241449095">.mw-parser-output .script-hebrew,.mw-parser-output .script-Hebr{font-family:"Ezra SIL SR","Ezra SIL","SBL Hebrew","Taamey Frank CLM","SBL BibLit","Taamey Ashkenaz","Frank Ruehl CLM","Keter Aram Tsova","Taamey David CLM","Keter YG","Shofar","David CLM","Hadasim CLM","Simple CLM","Nachlieli",Cardo,Alef,"Noto Serif Hebrew","Noto Sans Hebrew","David Libre",David,"Times New Roman",Gisha,Arial,FreeSerif,FreeSans}</style>מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא‎</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Close-up view of the rebellion's leader on a large menorah sculpture in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG/220px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="253" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG/330px-Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/Knesset_Menorah_P5200010_Bar_Kochvah.JPG 2x" data-file-width="411" data-file-height="473" /></a> Detail of <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> from <a href="/wiki/Benno_Elkan" title="Benno Elkan">Benno Elkan</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Menorah" title="Knesset Menorah">Knesset Menorah</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>132–136 CE (main phase: autumn 132 – summer 135)</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, Roman Empire</div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Roman victory<div><ul><li>Restructuring of Judea as <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li><li>Massacre of the Judean populace</li><li>Suppression of Jewish religious/political autonomy by <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li><li>Expulsion of the Jews from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Territorial changes</th><td> Destruction of the rebels' <a href="#Rebel_Judean_statehood">Jewish state</a> by the Roman army</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">Judeans</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Poblicius Marcellus</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Titus_Haterius_Nepos_(consul)" title="Titus Haterius Nepos (consul)">Titus Haterius Nepos</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Lollius_Urbicus" title="Quintus Lollius Urbicus">Quintus Lollius Urbicus</a></li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Akiva ben Joseph</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua_ben_Galgula" title="Yeshua ben Galgula">Yeshua ben Galgula</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li><li>Yonatan ben Bai'in</li><li>Masbelah ben Shimon</li><li>Eleazar ben Khita</li><li>Yehuda bar Menashe</li><li>Shimon ben Matanya</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Cyrenaica" title="Legio III Cyrenaica">Legio III Cyrenaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">Legio II Traiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>?</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> (partial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a> (partial)</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>Bar Kokhba's army</li> <li>* Bar Kokhba's guard</li> <li>* Local militias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> youth bands</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> 2 legions – 20,000 (132–133) 5 legions – 80,000 (133–134) 6–7 full legions, cohorts of 5–6 more, 30–50 auxiliary units – 120,000 (134–135)</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 200,000–400,000 militiamen • 12,000 Bar Kokhba's guard force</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> possibly destroyed<a href="#cite_note-keppie-1">[1]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a> possibly disbanded<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a> sustained heavy casualties<a href="#cite_note-mor334-4">[3]</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> 500,000–600,000 killed<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": 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style="margin:0;float:right;clear:right;width:25.5em;margin-bottom:0.5em;margin-left:1em;;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks navbox-vertical mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Campaignbox_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Template talk:Campaignbox Jewish–Roman wars"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li 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CE)</a></li></ul> Major conflicts <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">Great Revolt (66–74 CE)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt (115–117 CE)</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba Revolt (132–136 CE)</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> The Bar Kokhba revolt (<a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: מֶרֶד בַּר כּוֹכְבָא Mereḏ Bar Kōḵḇāʾ‍) was a large-scale armed rebellion initiated by the <a href="/wiki/Jews" title="Jews">Jews</a> of <a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judea</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>, against the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> in 132 CE.<a href="#cite_note-Axelrod_2009_29-7">[6]</a> Lasting until 135 or early 136, it was the third and final escalation of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> Like the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Second Jewish–Roman War</a>, the Bar Kokhba revolt resulted in a total Jewish defeat; Bar Kokhba was killed by Roman troops at <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Betar</a> in 135, and the Jewish rebels who remained after his death were all killed or enslaved within the next year. Roman rule in Judea was not well-received among the Jewish population, especially after the destruction of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Jerusalem_(70_CE)" title="Siege of Jerusalem (70 CE)">Roman siege of Jerusalem</a> in 70. The Romans had also continued to maintain a large military presence across the province; pushed unpopular changes in administrative and economic life;<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a> constructed the colony of <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a> over the destroyed city of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a>; and erected a place of worship for <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> on Jerusalem's <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>, where the Jews' Second Temple had stood.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_literature" title="Rabbinic literature">Rabbinic literature</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> emphasize the role of <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a>, the erstwhile Roman governor of Judea, in provoking the Bar Kokhba revolt.<a href="#cite_note-William_David_Davies_p._35-11">[10]</a> The charismatic and messianic nature of Bar Kokhba may have also been a factor in popularizing the uprising across all of Judea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor201611-12">[11]</a> With the onset of the conflict, initial rebel victories established an independent Jewish enclave covering much of the province for several years. Bar Kokhba was appointed <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">nasi</a> (נָשִׂיא, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'prince') of the rebels' provisional state, and much of Judea's populace regarded him as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah of Judaism</a> who would restore <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish national independence</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a> This initial setback for the Romans led Emperor <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> to assemble a large army—six full <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legions</a> with <a href="/wiki/Auxilia" title="Auxilia">auxiliaries</a> and other elements from up to six additional legions, all under the command of <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a>—and launch an extensive military campaign across Judea in 134, ultimately crushing the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Israel-Tour-Day-14">[13]</a> The killing of Bar Kokhba and the subsequent defeat of his rebels yielded disastrous consequences for Judea's Jewish populace, even more so than the crackdown that had taken place during and after the First Jewish–Roman War.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15">[14]</a> Based on archeological evidence, ancient sources, and contemporary analysis, between 500,000–600,000 Jews are estimated to have been killed in the conflict.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> Judea was heavily depopulated as a result of the number of Jews killed or expelled by Roman troops, with a significant number of captives sold into slavery.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016471-16">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Following the failure of the Bar Kokhba revolt, the center of Jewish society shifted from Judea to <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeJudaism-19">[18]</a> The province of Judaea was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> as an intended punishment for the Jews and as a result of the desires of the region’s non-Jewish inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The Jews were also subjected to a series of religious edicts by the Romans, including an edict that barred all Jews from entering Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> The Bar Kokhba revolt also had philosophical and religious ramifications; Jewish belief in the Messiah was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The rebellion was also among the events that helped differentiate <a href="/wiki/Early_Christianity" title="Early Christianity">early Christianity</a> from <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAY84-23">[22]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naming">Naming</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Naming">edit</a>]</div> The Bar Kokhba revolt is named for its leader, <a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105-24">[23]</a> Since it was the last of three major <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a>, it is also known as the Third Jewish–Roman War or the Third Jewish Revolt. Some historians also refer to it as the Second Revolt of Judea,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv-25">[24]</a> not counting the <a href="/wiki/Diaspora_Revolt" title="Diaspora Revolt">Diaspora Revolt</a> (115–117), which had only marginally been fought in Judea. While earlier scholars debated whether Bar Kokhba (meaning "son of the star") was the leader's original name and Bar Kosiba (meaning "son of disappointment") a later derogatory term, documents discovered in the 1950s in the Judaean desert confirm that his original name was Simeon ben Kosiba. The name Bar Kokhba was bestowed by supporters including <a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a>, who endorsed him as the <a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">messiah</a> based on the biblical prophecy "A star (kokhav) rises from Jacob." However, this claim was contested by other contemporary sages like Yohanan ben Torta.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-26">[25]</a> Seventeen letters discovered in the Judaean desert reveal some details on Bar Kokhba's personality.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110-27">[26]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:378px;max-width:378px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:249px;max-width:249px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/247px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/371px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg/494px-Hadrian_founder_Aelia_Capitolina.jpg 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="243" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1a/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif/123px-Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif" decoding="async" width="123" height="120" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/1a/Dictionary_of_Roman_Coins.1889_P15S0_illus022.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="155" data-file-height="151" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flow-root"><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:center">The first coin issued at the mint of Aelia Capitolina about 130/132 CE. Reverse: COL[ONIA] AEL[IA] CAPIT[OLINA] COND[ITA] ('The founding of Colonia Aelia Capitolina').</div></div></div></div> After the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> (66–73), Roman authorities took measures to suppress the rebellious province of <a href="/wiki/Judea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judea (Roman province)">Roman Judea</a>. Instead of a <a href="/wiki/Procurator_(Roman)" class="mw-redirect" title="Procurator (Roman)">procurator</a>, they installed a <a href="/wiki/Praetor" title="Praetor">praetor</a> as a <a href="/wiki/Roman_governor" title="Roman governor">governor</a> and stationed an entire <a href="/wiki/Roman_legion" title="Roman legion">legion</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Fretensis" title="Legio X Fretensis">Legio X Fretensis</a>, in the area. Tensions continued to build up in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a>, the second large-scale Jewish insurrection in the Eastern Mediterranean during 115–117, the final stages of which saw fighting in Judea. Mismanagement of the province during the early 2nd century might well have led to the proximate causes of the revolt, largely bringing governors with clear anti-Jewish sentiments to run the province. Historians have suggested multiple reasons for the sparking of the Bar Kokhba revolt, long-term and proximate. Several elements are believed to have contributed to the rebellion; changes in administrative law, the widespread presence of legally-privileged <a href="/wiki/Roman_citizenship" title="Roman citizenship">Roman citizens</a>, alterations in agricultural practice with a shift from landowning to sharecropping, the impact of a possible period of economic decline, and an upsurge of nationalism, the latter influenced by similar revolts among the Jewish communities in Egypt, Cyrenaica and Mesopotamia during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Trajan" title="Trajan">Trajan</a> in the Kitos War.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a> The proximate reasons seem to centre around the construction of a new city, <a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a>, over the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> and the erection of a temple to <a href="/wiki/Jupiter_(god)" title="Jupiter (god)">Jupiter</a> on the <a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a> Until recently, some historians had tried to question the Colonia foundation event as one of the causes of the revolt, suggesting to rather time the Colonia establishment to the aftermath of the revolt as a punishment.<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> However, the 2014 archaeological finding of the Legio X Fretensis inscription in Jerusalem dedicated to <a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a> and dated to 129/130,<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> as well as identification of Colonia Aelia Capitolina struck coins have since been largely accepted as confirmation to the sequence of events depicted in Jewish traditional literature. One interpretation involves the visit in 130 of Hadrian to the ruins of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Temple</a>. At first sympathetic towards the Jews, Hadrian promised to rebuild the Temple, but the Jews felt betrayed when they found out that he intended to build a temple dedicated to Jupiter.<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a> A rabbinic version of this story claims that Hadrian planned on rebuilding the Temple but that a malevolent <a href="/wiki/Samaritans" title="Samaritans">Samaritan</a> convinced him not to. The reference to a malevolent Samaritan is, however, a familiar <a href="/wiki/Plot_device" title="Plot device">device</a> of Jewish literature.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> An additional legion, the <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">VI Ferrata</a>, arrived in the province to maintain order. Works on Aelia Capitolina commenced in 131. Consul <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a> performed the foundation ceremony which involved ploughing over the designated city limits.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> "Ploughing up the Temple",<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> seen as a religious offence, turned many Jews against the Roman authorities. The <a href="/wiki/Church_Fathers" title="Church Fathers">Church Fathers</a> and rabbinic literature emphasize the role of in provoking the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-William_David_Davies_p._35-11">[10]</a> The Romans issued a coin inscribed Aelia Capitolina.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Augustan_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustan History">Historia Augusta</a>, a text which is problematic when used as a source for historical fact,<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> states tensions rose after Hadrian banned <a href="/wiki/History_of_male_circumcision#Male_circumcision_in_the_Greco-Roman_world" class="mw-redirect" title="History of male circumcision">circumcision</a>, referred to as mutilare genitalia,<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> taken to mean <a href="/wiki/Brit_milah" title="Brit milah">brit milah</a>.<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> Were the claim true it has been conjectured that Hadrian, as a <a href="/wiki/Philhellenism" title="Philhellenism">Hellenist</a>, would have viewed circumcision as an undesirable form of <a href="/wiki/Mutilation" title="Mutilation">mutilation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Mackay-43">[42]</a> The claim is often considered suspect, and it may in reality have been intended to constitute a form of mockery of Jewish traditions which seemed absurd to the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a><a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Preparations">Preparations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Preparations">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> reports that:<blockquote>The Jews [...] did not dare try conclusions with the Romans in the open field, but they occupied the advantageous positions in the country and strengthened them with mines and walls, in order that they might have places of refuge whenever they should be hard pressed, and might meet together unobserved underground; and they pierced these subterranean passages from above at intervals to let in air and light.</blockquote>Dio's account has been corroborated by the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">hundreds of hiding complexes</a>, created in large numbers in almost every population center.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-47">[46]</a> Hideout systems were employed in the Judean hills, the Judean desert, northern Negev, and to some degree also in Galilee, Samaria and Jordan Valley. Many houses utilized underground hideouts, where Judean rebels hoped to withstand Roman superiority by the narrowness of the passages and even ambushes from underground. The cave systems were often interconnected and used as hideouts and for storage and refuge for their families.<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a> As of July 2015, some 350 hideout systems have been mapped within the ruins of 140 Jewish villages.<a href="#cite_note-nrg-49">[48]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/220px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="117" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/330px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg/440px-Barkokhba-silver-tetradrachm.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="424" /></a><figcaption>Bar Kokhba's tetradrachm overstruck on a denarius. <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: the <a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Jewish Temple</a> facade with the rising star. <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Reverse</a>: A <a href="/wiki/Lulav" title="Lulav">lulav</a>, the text reads: "to the freedom of Jerusalem"</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:JUDAEA,_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_(CNG_300483).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/220px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="114" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/330px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg/440px-JUDAEA%2C_Bar_Kochba_Revolt._132-135_CE._%C3%86_%28CNG_300483%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="413" /></a><figcaption>Bar Kokhba's coin. <a href="/wiki/Obverse" class="mw-redirect" title="Obverse">Obverse</a>: Grapes, the text reads: "year 1 to the redemption of Israel". <a href="/wiki/Obverse_and_reverse" title="Obverse and reverse">Reverse</a>: a <a href="/wiki/Date_palm" title="Date palm">date palm</a> with two branches of <a href="/wiki/Date_(fruit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Date (fruit)">dates</a>; "Eleazar the Priest" (in Hebrew) around</figcaption></figure>Dio also states that the Jews manufactured their own weapons in preparation for the revolt: "The Jews [...] purposely made of poor quality such weapons as they were called upon to furnish, in order that the Romans might reject them and that they themselves might thus have the use of them." However, there is no archaeological evidence to support Dio's claim that the Jews produced defective weapons. In fact, weapons found at sites controlled by the insurgents are identical to those used by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-47">[46]</a> <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Bethar</a> was selected as the rebels' headquarters because of its strategic location near Jerusalem, abundant springs, and defensible position. Excavations have revealed fortifications likely built by Bar Kokhba's forces, though determining whether these defenses were constructed at the beginning of the revolt or later in the conflict remains unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-26">[25]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolt">Revolt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Revolt">edit</a>]</div> Jewish leaders carefully planned the second revolt to avoid the numerous mistakes that had plagued the first <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a> 60 years earlier.<a href="#cite_note-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer-50">[49]</a> In 132, the revolt, led by Simon bar Kokhba and <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Elasar</a>, quickly spread from <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in" class="mw-redirect" title="Modi'in">Modi'in</a> across the country, cutting off the Roman garrison in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Axelrod_2009_29-7">[6]</a> After Legio X and Legio VI failed to subdue the rebels, additional reinforcements were dispatched from neighbouring provinces. <a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Poblicius Marcellus</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Legate_(ancient_Rome)" title="Legate (ancient Rome)">legate</a> of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Syria" title="Roman Syria">Roman Syria</a>, arrived commanding <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Gallica" title="Legio III Gallica">Legio III Gallica</a>, while <a href="/wiki/Titus_Haterius_Nepos_(consul)" title="Titus Haterius Nepos (consul)">Titus Haterius Nepos</a>, the governor of <a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Roman Arabia</a>, brought <a href="/wiki/Legio_III_Cyrenaica" title="Legio III Cyrenaica">Legio III Cyrenaica</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> Later on it is proposed by some historians[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Vagueness" title="Wikipedia:Vagueness">vague</a>] that <a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a> was sent from Arabia Petraea but was ambushed and massacred on its way to Aelia Capitolina and possibly disbanded as a result.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> According to Rabbinic sources some 400,000 men were at the disposal of Bar Kokhba at the peak of the rebellion.<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> Simon bar Kokhba took the title <a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi Israel</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a> and ruled over an entity named Israel that was virtually independent for over two and a half years. The Jewish sage Rabbi Akiva, who was the spiritual leader of the revolt,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016466-55">[54]</a> identified Simon Bar Koziba as the Jewish messiah and gave him the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic#Aramaic" title="Patronymic">Aramaic patronymic</a> bar Kokhba, meaning "Son of a Star", a reference to the <a href="/wiki/Star_Prophecy" title="Star Prophecy">Star Prophecy</a> in <a href="/wiki/Book_of_Numbers" title="Book of Numbers">Numbers</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bible.oremus.org/?passage=Numbers%2024:17&version=nrsv">24:17</a>: "A star rises from <a href="/wiki/Jacob" title="Jacob">Jacob</a>".<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> The name Bar Kokhba does not appear in the <a href="/wiki/Talmud" title="Talmud">Talmud</a> but in ecclesiastical sources.<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/300px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="365" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/450px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg/600px-Israel_under_Bar_Kokhba.jpg 2x" data-file-width="963" data-file-height="1171" /></a><figcaption>Territory held by the rebels in blue.</figcaption></figure>Following a series of setbacks, Hadrian called his general <a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a> from <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016491-58">[57]</a> and troops were brought from as far as the <a href="/wiki/Danube" title="Danube">Danube</a>. In 133/4, Severus landed in Judea with three legions from Europe (including <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a> and possibly also <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>), cohorts of additional legions and between 30 and 50 auxiliary units.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The size of the Roman army amassed against the rebels was much larger than that commanded by <a href="/wiki/Titus" title="Titus">Titus</a> 60 years earlier—nearly one third of the Roman army took part in the campaign against Bar Kokhba. It is estimated that forces from at least 10 legions participated in Severus' campaign in Judea, including Legio X Fretensis, <a href="/wiki/Legio_VI_Ferrata" title="Legio VI Ferrata">Legio VI Ferrata</a>, Legio III Gallica, Legio III Cyrenaica, <a href="/wiki/Legio_II_Traiana_Fortis" title="Legio II Traiana Fortis">Legio II Traiana Fortis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legio_X_Gemina" title="Legio X Gemina">Legio X Gemina</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Legio V Macedonica</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Legio XI Claudia</a>, cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_XII_Fulminata" title="Legio XII Fulminata">Legio XII Fulminata</a> and cohorts of <a href="/wiki/Legio_IV_Flavia_Felix" title="Legio IV Flavia Felix">Legio IV Flavia Felix</a>, along with 30–50 auxiliary units, for a total force of 60,000–120,000 Roman soldiers facing Bar Kokhba's rebels. It is plausible that <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a> was among the legions Severus brought with him from Europe, and that its demise occurred during Severus' campaign, as its disappearance during the second century is often attributed to this war.<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-59">[58]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] One of the crucial battles of the war took place near Tel Shalem in the <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> valley, near what is now identified as the legionary camp of Legio VI Ferrata. This theory was proposed by <a href="/wiki/Werner_Eck" title="Werner Eck">Werner Eck</a> in 1999, as part of his general maximalist work which did put the Bar Kokhba revolt as a very prominent event on the course of the Roman Empire's history.<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> Next to the camp, archaeologists unearthed the remnants of a <a href="/wiki/Triumphal_arch" title="Triumphal arch">triumphal arch</a>, which featured a dedication to Hadrian, most likely referring to the defeat of Bar Kokhba's army.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Additional finds at Tel Shalem, including a bust of Hadrian, specifically link the site to the period. The theory for a major decisive battle in Tel Shalem implies a significant extension of the area of the rebellion, with Eck suggesting the war encompassed also northern valleys together with Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Beitar-169.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/200px-Beitar-169.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/300px-Beitar-169.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Beitar-169.jpg/400px-Beitar-169.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Ruined walls of the Beitar fortress, the last stand of Bar Kokhba</figcaption></figure> After losing many of their strongholds, Bar Kokhba and the remnants of his army withdrew to the fortress of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(fortress)" class="mw-redirect" title="Betar (fortress)">Betar</a>, which subsequently came under siege in the summer of 135. Legio V Macedonica and Legio XI Claudia are said to have taken part in the siege.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> According to Jewish tradition, the fortress was breached and destroyed on the fast of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27av" class="mw-redirect" title="Tisha B'av">Tisha B'av</a>, the ninth day of the lunar month Av, a day of mourning for the destruction of the Second Temple. Rabbinical literature ascribes the defeat to Bar Kokhba killing his maternal uncle, Rabbi <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Elazar Hamudaʻi</a>, after suspecting him of collaborating with the enemy, thereby forfeiting divine protection.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> The horrendous scene after the city's capture could be best described as a massacre.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> The Jerusalem Talmud relates that the number of dead in Betar was enormous, that the Romans "went on killing until their horses were submerged in blood to their nostrils."<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/220px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/330px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg/440px-Roman_Inscription_found_near_Bettir_in_19th_century.jpg 2x" data-file-width="658" data-file-height="459" /></a><figcaption>Roman Inscription found near Battir mentioning the 5th and 11th Roman Legions</figcaption></figure> According to a rabbinic <a href="/wiki/Midrash" title="Midrash">midrash</a>, the Romans executed eight leading members of the <a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a> (the list of <a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a> includes two earlier rabbis): Rabbi Akiva; <a href="/wiki/Haninah_ben_Teradion" title="Haninah ben Teradion">Haninah ben Teradion</a>; the interpreter of the Sanhedrin, Rabbi Huspith; <a href="/wiki/Eleazar_ben_Shammua" title="Eleazar ben Shammua">Eleazar ben Shammua</a>; <a href="/wiki/Hanina_ben_Hakinai" title="Hanina ben Hakinai">Hanina ben Hakinai</a>; <a href="/wiki/Jeshbab_the_Scribe" title="Jeshbab the Scribe">Jeshbab the Scribe</a>; <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Dama" title="Judah ben Dama">Judah ben Dama</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Judah_ben_Bava" title="Judah ben Bava">Judah ben Bava</a>. The date of Akiva's execution is disputed, some dating it to the beginning of the revolt based on the midrash, while others link it to final phases. The rabbinic account describes agonizing tortures: Akiva was <a href="/wiki/Flaying" title="Flaying">flayed</a> with iron combs, Ishmael had the skin of his head pulled off slowly, and Haninah was <a href="/wiki/Burned_at_a_stake" class="mw-redirect" title="Burned at a stake">burned at a stake</a>, with wet wool held by a <a href="/wiki/Torah_scroll" title="Torah scroll">Torah scroll</a> wrapped around his body to prolong his death.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Following the fall of Betar, the Roman forces went on a rampage of systematic killing, eliminating all remaining Jewish villages in the region and seeking out the refugees. Legio III Cyrenaica was the main force to execute this last phase of the campaign. Historians disagree on the duration of the Roman campaign following the fall of Betar. While some claim further resistance was broken quickly, others argue that pockets of Jewish rebels continued to hide with their families into the winter months of late 135 and possibly even spring 136. By early 136 however, it is clear that the revolt was defeated.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The Babylonian Talmud (<a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin_(tractate)" title="Sanhedrin (tractate)">Sanhedrin</a> 93b) says that Bar Kokhba reigned for a mere two and a half years. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Aftermath">Aftermath</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Aftermath">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destruction_and_extermination">Destruction and extermination</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Destruction and extermination">edit</a>]</div> The revolt had catastrophic consequences for the Jewish population in Judaea, with profound loss of life, extensive forced displacements, and widespread enslavement. The scale of suffering surpassed even the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a>, leaving <a href="/wiki/Judea" title="Judea">central Judea</a> in a state of desolation.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-18">[17]</a> Some scholars characterize these consequences as an act of genocide.<a href="#cite_note-Taylor-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-google.co.il-69">[68]</a> Several decades after the revolt's suppression, Roman historian <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a> (<abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 155–235) wrote:<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">50 of their most important outposts and 985 of their most famous villages were razed to the ground. 580,000 men were slain in the various raids and battles, and the number of those that perished by famine, disease and fire was past finding out, Thus nearly the whole of Judaea was made desolate."<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Cassius Dio, History of Rome, 69.14.1–2</cite></div></blockquote> While several scholars, such as <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a>, thought the numbers to be exaggerations,<a href="#cite_note-schafer-1981-70">[69]</a> they nonetheless acknowledge the large scale of the disaster for Judea's Jewish population. Archaeological evidence confirms widespread destruction in Judea, as every village in the region exhibits signs of devastation from the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> The majority of Roman-period settlements in Judea that have been excavated exhibit destruction or abandonment layers, indicating a significant settlement gap above these layers. It appears that Jewish settlement in Judea was almost completely eradicated by the end of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> Shimeon Applebaum estimates that about two-thirds of the Jewish population of Judea died during the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a> In 2003, Cotton described Dio's figures as highly plausible, given accurate Roman census declarations.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> In 2021, an ethno-archaeological comparison analysis by Dvir Raviv and Chaim Ben David supported the accuracy of Dio's depopulation claims, describing his account as "reliable" and "based on contemporaneous documentation."<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-:42-73">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Expulsion_and_enslavement">Expulsion and enslavement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Expulsion and enslavement">edit</a>]</div> Jewish survivors faced harsh punitive measures from the Romans, who often used <a href="/wiki/Social_engineering_(security)" title="Social engineering (security)">social engineering</a> to stabilize conflict zones.<a href="#cite_note-:4-74">[73]</a> In the aftermath of the war, Jews were expelled from Jerusalem and its surroundings.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> Menahem Mor notes that Jews were also expelled from the districts of <a href="/wiki/Jifna" title="Jifna">Gophna</a>, <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodion</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Aqraba,_Nablus" title="Aqraba, Nablus">Aqraba</a>.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Additionally, the revolt prompted a widespread migration of Jews from Judea to coastal cities and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:42-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eusebius" title="Eusebius">Eusebius</a> writes "[...] all the families of the Jewish nation have suffered pain worthy of wailing and lamentation because God's hand has struck them, delivering their mother-city over to strange nations, laying their Temple low, and driving them from their country, to serve their enemies in a hostile land."<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jerome" title="Jerome">Jerome</a> provides a similar account: "in Hadrian's reign, when Jerusalem was completely destroyed and the Jewish nation was massacred in large groups at a time, with the result that they were even expelled from the borders of Judaea."<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Roman post-war policy also involved removing and <a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_ancient_Rome" title="Slavery in ancient Rome">enslaving</a> large numbers of prisoners of war, a practice also observed after the revolt of the <a href="/wiki/Salassi" title="Salassi">Salassi</a> (25 BCE), the wars with the <a href="/wiki/Rhaetian_people" title="Rhaetian people">Raeti</a> (15 BCE), and the <a href="/wiki/March_of_Pannonia" title="March of Pannonia">Pannonian War</a> (c. 12 BCE).<a href="#cite_note-:43-79">[78]</a> Sources indicate that Jewish captives were sold into slavery and sent to various parts of the empire, and the slave market was flooded with Jewish slaves.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016471-16">[15]</a> Jerome reports that following the war, "innumerable people of diverse ages and both sexes were sold at the marketplace of Terebinthus. For this reason it is an accursed thing among the Jews to visit this acclaimed marketplace." In another work, he notes that thousands of people were sold at this market. The 7th-century <a href="/wiki/Chronicon_Paschale" title="Chronicon Paschale">Chronicon Paschale</a>, drawing on earlier sources, mentions that Hadrian sold Jewish captives "for the price of a daily portion of food for a horse."<a href="#cite_note-:43-79">[78]</a> <a href="/wiki/William_V._Harris" title="William V. Harris">William V. Harris</a> puts the overall number of enslaved captives taken during the revolt at higher than 100,000.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Those who were not sold were transported to <a href="/wiki/Gaza_City" title="Gaza City">Gaza</a> for auction. Many others were relocated to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Egypt" title="Roman Egypt">Egypt</a> and other regions, significantly increasing the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Jewish diaspora</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Powell,_p.8122-81">[80]</a><figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_Galilee.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/225px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg" decoding="async" width="225" height="295" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg/338px-Ancient_Galilee.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/66/Ancient_Galilee.jpg 2x" data-file-width="393" data-file-height="516" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> in <a href="/wiki/Late_antiquity" title="Late antiquity">late antiquity</a></figcaption></figure>While Jewish presence in the region significantly dwindled,<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> there was a continuous small Jewish presence, and <a href="/wiki/Galilee" title="Galilee">Galilee</a> became its religious center.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> Some of the Judean survivors resettled in Galilee, with some rabbinical families gathering in <a href="/wiki/Sepphoris" title="Sepphoris">Sepphoris</a>.<a href="#cite_note-85">[84]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> and part of the <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Talmud</a>, central Jewish texts, were composed during the 2nd to 4th centuries in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> Jewish communities continued to live on the edges of Judea, including <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Jibrin" title="Bayt Jibrin">Eleutheropolis</a>,<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a><a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> and the southern <a href="/wiki/Hebron_Hills" title="Hebron Hills">Hebron Hills</a>. There were also Jewish communities along the coastal plain, in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Beit_She%27an" title="Beit She'an">Beit She'an</a> and on the <a href="/wiki/Golan_Heights" title="Golan Heights">Golan Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CambridgeJudaism2-89">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-:02-90">[89]</a> The maintenance of Jewish settlement in Palestine became a major concern of the rabbis.<a href="#cite_note-smelik2-91">[90]</a> They endeavored to halt Jewish dispersal and even banned emigration from Palestine, branding those who settled outside its borders as idolaters.<a href="#cite_note-smelik2-91">[90]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious_and_cultural_suppression">Religious and cultural suppression</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Religious and cultural suppression">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/220px-thumbnail.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="289" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/330px-thumbnail.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Expulsion_of_the_Jews_in_the_Reign_of_the_Emperor_Hadrian_AD_135_How_Heraclius_turned_the_Jews_out_of_Jerusalem_Fac_simile_of_a_Miniature_in_the_Histoire_des_Empereurs_Manuscript_of_the_Fifteenth_Century.png/440px-thumbnail.png 2x" data-file-width="1448" data-file-height="1900" /></a><figcaption>Expulsion of the Jews from Jerusalem during the reign of Hadrian. A miniature from the 15th-century manuscript "Histoire des Empereurs".</figcaption></figure>Hadrian promulgated a series of religious edicts aimed at uprooting the Jewish nationalism in Judea.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> He prohibited <a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a> law and the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_calendar" title="Hebrew calendar">Hebrew calendar</a> and executed Judaic scholars. The sacred scrolls of Judaism were ceremonially burned at the large Temple complex as an offering to Jupiter. At the Temple, he installed two statues, one of Jupiter, another of himself. These proclamations remained in effect until Hadrian’s death in 138, which marked a significant relief to the surviving Jewish communities.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> Hadrian's post-war policy included a prohibition against Jews living in or even approaching Jerusalem, as described by several ancient sources. Eusebius notes that "Hadrian then commanded that by a legal decree and ordinances the whole nation should be absolutely prevented from entering from thenceforth even the district round Jerusalem, so that it could not even see from a distance its ancestral home [...] Thus when the city came to be bereft of the nation of the Jews, and its ancient inhabitants had completely perished, it was settled by foreigners." Similarly, Jerome writes that Jews were only allowed to visit the city to mourn its ruins, paying for the privilege.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> Under the argument to ensure the prosperity of the newly founded <a href="/wiki/Colonia_(Roman)" title="Colonia (Roman)">Roman colony</a> of Aelia Capitolina, Jews were forbidden to enter the city, except on the day of <a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> A further, more lasting punishment was also implemented by the Romans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> In an attempt to erase any memory of Judea or <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(united_monarchy)" title="Kingdom of Israel (united monarchy)">Ancient Israel</a>, the name Judaea was dropped from the provincial name, which was renamed <a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-94">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-96">[95]</a> Despite such name changes taking place elsewhere, rebellions have never resulted in a nation's name being expunged.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">[21]</a> After Hadrian's death in 138, the Romans scaled back on their crackdown across Judea, but the ban on Jewish entry into Jerusalem remained in place, exempting only those Jews who wished to enter the city for Tisha B'Av.<a href="#cite_note-MAY84-23">[22]</a> By destroying the association of Jews with Judea and forbidding the practice of the Jewish faith, Hadrian aimed to root out a nation that had inflicted heavy casualties on the Roman Empire. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Confiscation_of_lands,_colonization_and_resettlement">Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Confiscation of lands, colonization and resettlement">edit</a>]</div> According to Eitan Klein, artistic, <a href="/wiki/Epigraphy" title="Epigraphy">epigraphic</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Numismatics" title="Numismatics">numismatic</a> evidence from post-revolt Judea indicates that the Roman authorities resettled the region with a diverse population. This included Roman veterans and immigrants from the western parts of the empire, who settled in Aelia Capitolina and its surroundings, administrative centers, and along main roads. Additionally, immigrants from the coastal plain and neighboring provinces such as Syria, <a href="/wiki/Phoenicia_under_Roman_rule" title="Phoenicia under Roman rule">Phoenicia</a>, and Arabia settled in the Judean countryside.<a href="#cite_note-Klein2010-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> In the vicinity of Jerusalem, villages were depopulated, and arable land owned by Jews was confiscated. In the following centuries, the lack of an alternative population to fill the empty villages led Roman and later Byzantine authorities to seek a different approach to benefit the nobles, and ultimately the church, by constructing estate farms and monasteries on the empty village lands.<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a> The Roman legionary tomb at <a href="/wiki/Malha" title="Malha">Manahat</a>, the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Roman_villa" title="Roman villa">Roman villas</a> at Ein Yael, Khirbet er-Ras, Rephaim Valley and <a href="/wiki/Ramat_Rachel" title="Ramat Rachel">Ramat Rachel</a>, and the Tenth Legion's <a href="/wiki/Kiln" title="Kiln">kilns</a> discovered near <a href="/wiki/Givat_Ram" title="Givat Ram">Giv'at Ram</a> are all indications that the rural area surrounding Aelia Capitolina underwent a romanization process, with Roman citizens and Roman veterans settling in the area during the Late Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-ZissuKlein-101">[100]</a> Indications for the settlement of Roman veterans in other parts of Judea proper includes a magnificent marble sarcophagus showing <a href="/wiki/Dionysus" title="Dionysus">Dionysus</a> discovered in <a href="/wiki/Turmus_Ayya" title="Turmus Ayya">Turmus Ayya</a>, Latin-inscribed stone discovered at <a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Tibnah" title="Khirbet Tibnah">Khirbet Tibnah</a>, a statue of <a href="/wiki/Minerva" title="Minerva">Minerva</a> discovered at <a href="/wiki/Khirbat_al-Mafjar" class="mw-redirect" title="Khirbat al-Mafjar">Khirbat al-Mafjar</a>, a tomb of a <a href="/wiki/Centurion" title="Centurion">centurion</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bayt_Nattif" title="Bayt Nattif">Beit Nattif</a> and a Roman mansion with western elements discovered at Arak el-Khala, near <a href="/wiki/Beit_Guvrin-Maresha_National_Park" title="Beit Guvrin-Maresha National Park">Beit Guvrin</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Klein2010-97">[96]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Perea" title="Perea">Perea</a>, a Roman military presence in the middle of the 2nd century suggests that the Jews there were also victims of the revolt. The name of a Roman veteran from the village of Meason in Perea appears on a papyrus that was signed in <a href="/wiki/Caesarea_Maritima" title="Caesarea Maritima">Caesarea</a> in 151, implying that lands there had been expropriated and given to Roman settlers. A building inscription of the Sixth Legion from the 2nd century was discovered at <a href="/wiki/As-Salt" title="As-Salt">as-Salt</a>, which is identified as Gadara, one of the principal Jewish settlements in Perea, and provides more proof of the Roman military presence there.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sharp_decline_of_Hebrew_language">Sharp decline of Hebrew language</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Sharp decline of Hebrew language">edit</a>]</div> Following the revolt, the <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew language</a> disappeared from daily use. Before the revolt, Hebrew was still used as a living language among a very significant part of the Jewish population in this region of the country. In the 3rd century sages no longer knew how to identify the Hebrew names of many plants mentioned in the <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a>. Only a small number of sages who resided in the south still spoke Hebrew. The Jerusalem Talmud and the classic legend midrashes (in which the majority of the acts and stories are in <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Palestinian_Aramaic" title="Jewish Palestinian Aramaic">Aramaic</a>) both demonstrate that Hebrew was used mostly as a literary and artificial language. Hebrew is only found on a small percentage of cemeteries and synagogues.<a href="#cite_note-:3-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philosophical_and_religious_consequences">Philosophical and religious consequences</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Philosophical and religious consequences">edit</a>]</div> Rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative, with Jewish belief in the messiah becoming abstracted and spiritualized. The Talmud refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben Koziva" (בֶּן כּוֹזִיבָא, <abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'Son of Deception'), placing him among the <a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_messiah_claimants" title="List of Jewish messiah claimants">false messiahs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MAY84-23">[22]</a> Eusebius of Caesarea wrote that <a href="/wiki/Jewish_Christianity" title="Jewish Christianity">Christians</a> were killed and suffered "all kinds of persecutions" at the hands of rebel Jews when they refused to help Bar Kokhba against the Roman troops.<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Although Christians regarded <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> as the Messiah and did not support Bar Kokhba,<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> they were barred from Jerusalem along with the Jews.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a> The rebellion contributed to the differentiation between early Christianity and Judaism and their eventual clear separation.<a href="#cite_note-MAY84-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_losses">Roman losses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Roman losses">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem,_Israel_Museum,_Jerusalem_(15472504477).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/220px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="243" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/330px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ec/Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg/440px-Reconstruction_drawing_of_the_triumphal_arch_dedicated_to_Hadrian_near_the_camp_of_the_Sixth_Legion_at_Tel_Shalem%2C_Israel_Museum%2C_Jerusalem_%2815472504477%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1226" data-file-height="1353" /></a><figcaption>Schematic reconstruction of the Arch of Hadrian in Tel Shalem, dedicated to the Emperor for defeating the Jewish revolt of 132–135</figcaption></figure> Roman casualties were heavy; Legio X Fretensis sustained heavy casualties during the revolt,<a href="#cite_note-mor334-4">[3]</a> and Legio XXII Deiotariana was disbanded following the revolt, perhaps because of serious losses.<a href="#cite_note-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229-107">[106]</a> Cassius Dio writes "Many Romans, moreover, perished in this war. Therefore, Hadrian, in writing to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Senate" title="Roman Senate">Senate</a>, did not employ the opening phrase commonly affected by the emperors: 'If you and your children are in health, it is well; I and the army are in health.'"<a href="#cite_note-Cassius-108">[107]</a> Some argue that the exceptional number of preserved Roman veteran diplomas from the late 150s and 160s indicate an unprecedented conscription across the Roman Empire to replenish heavy losses within military legions and auxiliary units between 133 and 135, corresponding to the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Some historians argue that <a href="/wiki/Legio_IX_Hispana" title="Legio IX Hispana">Legio IX Hispana</a>'s disbandment in the mid-2nd century could have also been a result of this war.<a href="#cite_note-livius.org-59">[58]</a> Previously it had generally been accepted that the Ninth disappeared around 108 CE, possibly suffering its demise in Britain, according to German historian <a href="/wiki/Theodor_Mommsen" title="Theodor Mommsen">Theodor Mommsen</a>; but archaeological findings in 2015 from <a href="/wiki/Nijmegen" title="Nijmegen">Nijmegen</a> dated to 121 contain the known inscriptions of two senior officers who were deputy commanders of the Ninth in 120 and lived on for several decades to lead distinguished public careers. It was concluded that the legion was disbanded between 120 and 197, either as a result of fighting the Bar Kokhba revolt, or in <a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_(Roman_province)" title="Cappadocia (Roman province)">Cappadocia</a> (161), or at the Danube (162).<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Reliable_sources" title="Wikipedia:Reliable sources">unreliable source?</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Later_relations_between_the_Jews_and_the_Roman_Empire">Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Later relations between the Jews and the Roman Empire">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></div> Relations between the Jews in the region and the Roman Empire continued to be complicated. <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great_and_Judaism" title="Constantine the Great and Judaism">Constantine I</a> allowed Jews to mourn their defeat and humiliation annually on Tisha B'Av at the <a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a>. In 351–352 the Jews of Galilee launched <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">yet another revolt</a>, provoking heavy retribution.<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> The Gallus revolt came during the rising influence of early Christians in the Eastern Roman Empire, under the <a href="/wiki/Constantinian_dynasty" title="Constantinian dynasty">Constantinian dynasty</a>. In 355, however, the relations with the Roman rulers improved, upon the rise of Emperor <a href="/wiki/Julian_(emperor)" title="Julian (emperor)">Julian</a>, the last of the Constantinian dynasty, who, unlike his predecessors, defied Christianity. In 363, not long before Julian left Antioch to launch his campaign against Sassanian Persia, he ordered the Jewish Temple rebuilt in his effort to foster religions other than Christianity.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> The failure to rebuild the Temple has mostly been ascribed to the dramatic <a href="/wiki/363_Galilee_earthquake" title="363 Galilee earthquake">Galilee earthquake of 363</a>, and traditionally also to the Jews' ambivalence about the <a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">project</a>. Sabotage is a possibility, as is an accidental fire, though Christian historians of the time ascribed it to divine intervention.<a href="#cite_note-Solomon-113">[112]</a> Julian's support of <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a> caused Jews to call him "Julian the <a href="/wiki/Hellenes_(religion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenes (religion)">Hellene</a>".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> In 438, when the Empress <a href="/wiki/Licinia_Eudoxia" title="Licinia Eudoxia">Eudocia</a> removed the ban on Jews' praying at the Temple site, the heads of the community in Galilee issued a call "to the great and mighty people of the Jews" which began: "Know that the end of the exile of our people has come!" However, the Christian population of the city saw this as a threat to their primacy, and a riot erupted which chased Jews from the city.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> During the 5th and 6th centuries, a series of <a href="/wiki/Samaritan_revolts" title="Samaritan revolts">Samaritan revolts</a> broke out across <a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina Prima</a>. Especially violent were the third and the fourth revolts, which resulted in near annihilation of the Samaritan community.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> It is likely that the Samaritan revolt of 556 was joined by the Jewish community, which had also suffered brutal suppression of their religion under Emperor Justinian.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a><a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> In the belief of restoration to come, in the early 7th century the <a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jews made an alliance</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Sasanian_Empire" title="Sasanian Empire">Sasanian Empire</a>, joining the invasion of Palaestina Prima in 614 to overwhelm the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> garrison, and briefly gained autonomy in Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Phoenicia-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Archaeology">Archaeology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Archaeology">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Destroyed_Jewish_villages_and_fortresses">Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Destroyed Jewish villages and fortresses">edit</a>]</div> Several archaeological excavations have been performed during the 20th and 21st centuries in ruins of Roman-period Jewish villages across Judea and Samaria, as well in the Roman-dominated cities on the <a href="/wiki/Israeli_coastal_plain" title="Israeli coastal plain">coastal plain</a>. Most of the villages in Judea's larger region show signs of devastation or abandonment that dates to the Bar Kokhba revolt. Buildings and underground installations carved out beneath or close to towns, such as hiding complexes, burial caves, storage facilities, and field towers, have both been found to have <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layers</a> and abandonment deposits. Furthermore, there is a gap in settlement above these levels. Fragmentary material from <a href="/wiki/Transjordan_(region)" title="Transjordan (region)">Transjordan</a> and the Galilee adds to the discoveries from Judea.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/220px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/330px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4d/Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg/440px-Hurvat-Itri-4713.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4160" data-file-height="2336" /></a><figcaption>The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Ethri" title="Horvat 'Ethri">Horvat 'Ethri</a>/Itri display a <a href="/wiki/Destruction_layer" title="Destruction layer">destruction layer</a> dating to the revolt, along with a mass grave containing the remains of 15 individuals, including one with signs of beheading<a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a></figcaption></figure> Excavations at archaeological sites such as Horvat Ethri and <a href="/wiki/Modi%27in_Illit#Khirbet_Badd_‘Isa" title="Modi'in Illit"> Khirbet Badd ‘Isa</a> have demonstrated that these Jewish villages were destroyed in the revolt, and were only resettled by pagan populations in the 3rd century.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a><a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> Discoveries from towns like Gophna, known to be Jewish before the revolt, demonstrate that pagans of Hellenistic and Roman culture lived there during the Late Roman period.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Herodium" title="Herodium">Herodium</a> was excavated by archaeologist Ehud Netzer in the 1980s, publishing results in 1985. According to findings, during the later Bar-Kokhba revolt, complex tunnels were dug, connecting the earlier cisterns with one another.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> These led from the Herodium fortress to hidden openings, which allowed surprise attacks on Roman units besieging the hill. The ruins of <a href="/wiki/Betar_(ancient_village)" title="Betar (ancient village)">Betar</a>, the last standing stronghold of Bar Kokhba, can be found at Khirbet al-Yahud, an archeological site located in the vicinity of <a href="/wiki/Battir" title="Battir">Battir</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beitar_Illit" title="Beitar Illit">Beitar Illit</a>. A stone inscription bearing Latin characters and discovered near the site shows that the <a href="/wiki/Legio_V_Macedonica" title="Legio V Macedonica">Fifth Macedonian Legion</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Legio_XI_Claudia" title="Legio XI Claudia">Eleventh Claudian Legion</a> took part in the siege.<a href="#cite_note-C._Clermont-Ganneau,_1899,_pp._263-270-128">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Underground_refuges">Underground refuges</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Underground refuges">edit</a>]</div> There were three categories of underground refuges: man-made hiding complexes with living spaces connected by tunnels, cliff shelters carved into steep cliff faces, and natural caves. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hiding_complexes">Hiding complexes</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hiding complexes">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">Bar Kokhba hiding complexes</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/200px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/300px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg/400px-PikiWiki_Israel_19975_Archeological_sites_of_Israel.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Entrance to a hiding complex dating from the revolt which was discovered in <a href="/wiki/Adullam_Grove_Nature_Reserve#Archaeology" title="Adullam Grove Nature Reserve">Hurvat Midras</a></figcaption></figure> The Bar Kokhba revolt has been better understood thanks to the discovery of artificially carved hiding complexes under many sites across Judea, and on a lesser level in the <a href="/wiki/Lower_Galilee" title="Lower Galilee">Lower Galilee</a>. Their discovery is consistent with Cassius Dio's writings, which reported that the rebels used underground networks as part of their tactics to avoid direct confrontations with the Romans. Many were hewn in earlier times and were utilized by rebels during the revolt as indicated by the usage of the <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt_coinage" title="Bar Kokhba revolt coinage">coinage produced by Bar Kokhba</a> and other archaeological findings.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> Hiding complexes were found at more than 130 archaeological sites in Judea; most of them in the <a href="/wiki/Shephelah" title="Shephelah">Judaean Lowlands</a>, but also in the <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Mountains" title="Judaean Mountains">Judaean Mountains</a>, and some also in Galilee.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> Examples include: <a href="/wiki/Hurvat_Midras" class="mw-redirect" title="Hurvat Midras">Hurvat Midras</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tell_ej-Judeideh" title="Tell ej-Judeideh">Tel Goded</a>, <a href="/wiki/Maresha" title="Maresha">Maresha</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aboud" title="Aboud">Aboud</a> and others. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Cliff_shelters_and_natural_caves">Cliff shelters and natural caves</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cliff shelters and natural caves">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">Bar Kokhba refuge caves</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cave_of_Letters_(1).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/220px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="339" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/330px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg/440px-Cave_of_Letters_%281%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1535" data-file-height="2362" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a>, where several documents of the period, including letters from Simeon bar Kokhba to the people of <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a>, were discovered</figcaption></figure> Near the end of the uprising, many Jews fleeing for their life sought asylum in refuge caves, the most of which are found in Israel's <a href="/wiki/Judaean_Desert" title="Judaean Desert">Judaean Desert</a> on high cliffs overlooking the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Jordan_Valley" title="Jordan Valley">Jordan Valley</a>. The majority of these caves are large natural caverns (with few man-made modifications) that are situated in nearly inaccessible vertical cliffs. <a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a> They carried luxury goods, cash, arms, papers and deeds, and even the keys to their homes as a hint that they intended to return there once the fighting was over. These items were frequently discovered with their owners' bones in caverns, which is evidence of their tragic fate. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a> in <a href="/wiki/Nahal_Hever" title="Nahal Hever">Nahal Hever</a> and the caverns in <a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a>, which yielded a plethora of written records from the time of the revolt, are among the best-known refuge caves.<a href="#cite_note-:1-129">[128]</a> The Cave of Letters was surveyed in explorations conducted in 1960–1961, when letters and fragments of papyri were found dating back to the period of the Bar Kokhba revolt. The <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Horror">Cave of Horror</a> is the name given to Cave 8, where the skeletons of 40 Jewish refugees from the Bar Kokhba revolt, including men, women and children, were discovered.<a href="#cite_note-132">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> Three potsherds with the names of three of the deceased were also found alongside the skeletons in the cave. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BabathaScroll.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/3c/BabathaScroll.jpg" decoding="async" width="210" height="385" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="210" data-file-height="385" /></a><figcaption>A scroll found in the cave, part of the <a href="/wiki/Babatha" title="Babatha">Babatha</a> archive</figcaption></figure> In 2023, archaeologists discovered a cache consisting of four Roman swords and a <a href="/wiki/Pilum" title="Pilum">pilum</a> concealed within a crevice in a cave located within the <a href="/wiki/Ein_Gedi" title="Ein Gedi">Ein Gedi</a> nature reserve. Analysis of the sword types and the discovery of a Bar Kokhba revolt coin within the cave strongly support the hypothesis put forth by archaeologists, which suggests that these items were concealed by Jewish rebels during the Bar Kokhba revolt, serving as a precautionary measure to elude detection by Roman authorities.<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coinage">Coinage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Coinage">edit</a>]</div> As of 2023, 24 coins from the Bar Kokhba revolt have been discovered outside of Judaea in various parts of Europe, including what was then the provinces of <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Superior" title="Pannonia Superior">Pannonia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Roman_Dacia" title="Roman Dacia">Dacia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a>. Most of the coins were discovered near Roman military locations, including multiple legionary and auxiliary camps, though not necessarily in a strict military context. It has been suggested to attribute these findings to Roman soldiers who took part in the uprising and brought the coins as souvenirs or commemorative relics, or to Jewish captives, slaves or immigrants who arrived in those areas in the aftermath of the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-EZB2009-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-Grull2023-136">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-CFK2018-137">[136]</a> One <a href="/wiki/Baraita" title="Baraita">Baraita</a> contains a rabbinic depiction of a widespread archeological phenomenon: the discovery of <a href="/wiki/Hoard" title="Hoard">hoards</a> of Bar Kokhba coinage all over Judea. The Jews who hid those hoards were unable to collect them due to the presence of Roman garrisons, or because they were killed during the revolt's suppression. It is reasonable to believe that the extensive destruction played a part in the loss of the hiding locations as well. Thirty hoards from this era have been found, more than any other decade.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Roman_legionary_camps">Roman legionary camps</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Roman legionary camps">edit</a>]</div> A number of locations have been identified with Roman Legionary camps in the time of the Bar Kokhba War, including in Tel Shalem, Jerusalem, Lajjun and more. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Jerusalem_inscription_dedicated_to_Hadrian_(129/130)">Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130)</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Jerusalem inscription dedicated to Hadrian (129/130)">edit</a>]</div> In 2014, one half of a Latin inscription was discovered in Jerusalem during excavations near the Damascus Gate.<a href="#cite_note-i24news-139">[138]</a> It was identified as the right half of a complete inscription, the other part of which was discovered nearby in the late 19th century and is currently on display in the courtyard of Jerusalem's Studium Biblicum Franciscanum Museum. The complete inscription was translated as follows: <blockquote>To the Imperator Caesar Traianus Hadrianus Augustus, son of the deified Traianus Parthicus, grandson of the deified Nerva, high priest, invested with tribunician power for the 14th time, consul for the third time, father of the country (dedicated by) the 10th legion Fretensis Antoniniana.</blockquote> The inscription was dedicated by Legio X Fretensis to Hadrian in 129/130. The inscription is considered to greatly strengthen the claim that indeed the emperor visited Jerusalem that year, supporting the traditional claim that Hadrian's visit was among the main causes of the Bar Kokhba Revolt, and not the other way around.<a href="#cite_note-i24news-139">[138]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Tel_Shalem_triumphal_arc_and_Hadrian's_statue">Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Tel Shalem triumphal arc and Hadrian's statue">edit</a>]</div> The location was identified as a Roman military post during the 20th century, with archaeological excavation performed in the late 20th century following an accidental discovery of Hadrian's bronze statue in the vicinity of the site in 1975.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> Remains of a large Roman military camp and fragments of a triumphal arc dedicated to Hadrian were consequently discovered at the site. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographic_extent_of_the_revolt">Geographic extent of the revolt</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Geographic extent of the revolt">edit</a>]</div> Over the years, two schools formed in the analysis of the revolt. One of them is maximalists, who claim that the revolt spread through the entire Judea Province and beyond it into neighboring provinces. The second one is that of the minimalists, who restrict the revolt to the area of the Judaean hills and immediate environs.<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-141">[140]</a> It is generally accepted that the Bar Kokhba revolt encompassed all of Judea, namely the villages of the <a href="/wiki/Judean_hills" class="mw-redirect" title="Judean hills">Judean hills</a>, the Judean desert, and northern parts of the <a href="/wiki/Negev" title="Negev">Negev</a> desert. It is not known whether the revolt spread outside of Judea.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016152-142">[141]</a> Until 1951, Bar Kokhba Revolt coinage was the sole archaeological evidence for dating the revolt.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-10">[9]</a> These coins include references to "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". Despite the reference to Jerusalem, as of early 2000s, archaeological finds, and the lack of revolt coinage found in Jerusalem, supported the view that the revolt did not capture Jerusalem.<a href="#cite_note-Eshel-2-143">[142]</a> In 2020, the fourth Bar Kokhba minted coin and the first inscribed with the word "Jerusalem" was found in Jerusalem Old City excavations.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> Despite this discovery, the Israel Antiques Authority still maintained the opinion that Jerusalem was not taken by the rebels, because more than 22,000 coins Bar Kokhba coins had been found outside Jerusalem but only four were found within the city. The Israel Antiques Authority's archaeologists Moran Hagbi and Dr. Joe Uziel speculated "It is possible that a Roman soldier from the Tenth Legion found the coin during one of the battles across the country and brought it to their camp in Jerusalem as a souvenir."<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> Among those findings are the rebel hideout systems in the Galilee, which greatly resemble the Bar Kokhba hideouts in Judea, and though they are less numerous, are nevertheless important. The fact that Galilee retained its Jewish character after the end of the revolt has been taken as an indication by some that either the revolt was never joined by Galilee or that the rebellion was crushed relatively early there compared to Judea.<a href="#cite_note-Harkabi1983-146">[145]</a> Several historians, notably W. Eck of the University of Cologne, theorized that the Tel Shalem arch depicted a major battle between Roman armies and Bar Kokhba's rebels in Bet Shean valley,<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-141">[140]</a> thus extending the battle areas some 50 km northwards from Judea. The 2013 discovery of the <a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">military camp</a> of Legio VI Ferrata near <a href="/wiki/Tel_Megiddo" title="Tel Megiddo">Tel Megiddo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> However, Eck's theory on battle in Tel Shalem is rejected by M. Mor, who considers the location implausible given Galilee's minimal (if any) participation in the Revolt and distance from the main conflict flareup in Judea proper.<a href="#cite_note-menahem2013-141">[140]</a> A 2015 archaeological survey in Samaria identified some 40 hideout cave systems from the period, some containing Bar Kokhba's minted coins, suggesting that the war raged in Samaria at high intensity.<a href="#cite_note-nrg-49">[48]</a> Jews from Peraea are thought to have taken part in the revolt. This is demonstrated by a destruction layer dating from the early 2nd century at Tel Abu al-Sarbut in the <a href="/wiki/Deir_Alla" title="Deir Alla">Sukkoth</a> Valley,<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> and by abandonment deposits from the same period that were discovered at al-Mukhayyat<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Callirrhoe_(Jordan)" class="mw-redirect" title="Callirrhoe (Jordan)">Callirrhoe</a>.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a> There is also evidence for Roman military presence in Perea in the middle of the century, as well as evidence of the settlement of Roman veterans in the area.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> This view is supported by a destruction layer in <a href="/wiki/Heshbon" title="Heshbon">Tel Hesban</a> that dates to 130,<a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> and a decline in settlement from the Early Roman to the Late Roman periods discovered in the survey of the <a href="/wiki/Iraq_al-Amir" title="Iraq al-Amir">Iraq al-Amir</a> region.<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> However, it is still unclear whether this decline was caused by the First Jewish–Roman War or the Bar Kokhba revolt.<a href="#cite_note-raviv2021-6">[5]</a> Bowersock suggested of linking the <a href="/wiki/Nabataeans" title="Nabataeans">Nabateans</a> to the revolt, claiming "a greater spread of hostilities than had formerly been thought... the extension of the Jewish revolt into northern Transjordan and an additional reason to consider the spread of local support among <a href="/wiki/Safaitic" title="Safaitic">Safaitic</a> tribes and even at <a href="/wiki/Jerash" title="Jerash">Gerasa</a>."<a href="#cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-96">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> Lacking detailed historical records or surviving accounts from Roman or Jewish sources, reconstructing the Bar Kokhba revolt is challenging. Reliance on sources with varying objectives, reliability, and dates leaves many crucial questions unresolved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-153">[152]</a> Although archaeological discoveries from 1952 onwards, particularly papyrological evidence, provide some insights, they do not offer a comprehensive narrative of the events.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-153">[152]</a> The best recognized source for the revolt is Cassius Dio, Roman History (book 69),<a href="#cite_note-Dio-5">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[153]</a> even though the writings of the Roman historian concerning the Bar Kokhba revolt survived only as fragments. The account extends on about two pages and is largely an historical perspective with the general course of the rebellion and its disastrous results, without mentioning specific names and locations. The Christian author Eusebius of Caesarea wrote a brief account of the revolt within the <a href="/wiki/Ecclesiastical_History_(Eusebius)" title="Ecclesiastical History (Eusebius)">Church History (Eusebius)</a> compilation, notably mentioning Bar Chochebas (which means “star” according to Eusebius) as the leader of the Jewish rebels and their last stand at Beththera (i.e., Betar). Though Eusebius lived one and a half centuries after the revolt and wrote the brief account from the Christian theological perspective, his account provides important details on the revolt and its aftermath in Judea.<figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/2/27/Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png/200px-Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/2/27/Bar_Kokhba%27s_papyrus.png 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="217" /></a><figcaption>A cluster of <a href="/wiki/Papyrus" title="Papyrus">papyrus</a> containing Bar Kokhba's orders during the last year of the revolt, found at the <a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a> in the Judean desert by Israeli archaeologist <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a>.</figcaption></figure> The Jerusalem Talmud contains descriptions of the results of the rebellion, including the Roman executions of Judean leaders and religious persecution. The discovery of the Cave of Letters in the <a href="/wiki/Dead_Sea" title="Dead Sea">Dead Sea</a> area, dubbed as "Bar Kokhba archive",<a href="#cite_note-155">[154]</a> which contained letters actually written by Bar Kokhba and his followers, has added much new primary source data, indicating among other things that either a pronounced part of the Jewish population spoke only Greek or there was a foreign contingent among Bar Kokhba's forces, accounted for by the fact that his military correspondence was, in part, conducted in Greek.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a> The Cave of Horror also contained fragments of letters and writings. Several briefer sources have been uncovered in the area over the past century, including references to the revolt from Nabatea and Roman Syria. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Rabbinic_Judaism">In Rabbinic Judaism</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: In Rabbinic Judaism">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_stance_on_Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt">Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div> The disastrous end of the revolt occasioned major changes in Jewish religious thought. Jewish messianism was abstracted and spiritualized, and rabbinical political thought became deeply cautious and conservative. The Talmud, for instance, refers to Bar Kokhba as "Ben-Kusiba", a derogatory term used to indicate that he was a false Messiah. The deeply ambivalent rabbinical position regarding Messianism, as expressed most famously in <a href="/wiki/Maimonides" title="Maimonides">Maimonides</a>' "Epistle to Yemen," would seem to have its origins in the attempt to deal with the trauma of a failed Messianic uprising.<a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_Zionism_and_modern_Israel">In Zionism and modern Israel</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: In Zionism and modern Israel">edit</a>]</div> In the post-rabbinical era, the Bar Kokhba Revolt became a symbol of valiant national resistance. The <a href="/wiki/Zionist_youth_movement" title="Zionist youth movement">Zionist youth movement</a> <a href="/wiki/Betar" title="Betar">Betar</a> took its name from Bar Kokhba's traditional last stronghold, and <a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a>, Israel's first prime minister, took his Hebrew last name from one of Bar Kokhba's generals.<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> A popular children's song, included in the curriculum of Israeli kindergartens, has the refrain "Bar Kokhba was a Hero/He fought for Liberty," and its words describe Bar Kokhba as being captured and thrown into a lion's den, but managing to escape riding on the lion's back.<a href="#cite_note-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society-159">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Jewish revolt against Heraclius</a>, 614-617/625</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_conflicts_in_the_Near_East" title="List of conflicts in the Near East">List of conflicts in the Near East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicaricon_(Jewish_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sicaricon (Jewish law)">Sicaricon (Jewish law)</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Legion was also possibly disbanded as a result of the campaigns in Brittania or <a href="/wiki/Roman%E2%80%93Parthian_War_of_161%E2%80%93166" title="Roman–Parthian War of 161–166">Roman–Parthian War of 161–166</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-keppie-1"><a href="#cite_ref-keppie_1-0">^</a> L. J. F. Keppie (2000). Legions and veterans: Roman army papers 1971–2000. Franz Steiner Verlag. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8">3-515-07744-8</a>. pp. 228–229. </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMenachem" class="citation cs2">Menachem, Mor, Two Legions: The Same Fate?, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/20186341">20186341</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Two+Legions%3A+The+Same+Fate%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F20186341%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Menachem&rft.aufirst=Mor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-mor334-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mor334_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mor334_4-1">b</a> Mor, M. The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132–136 CE. Brill, 2016. p. 334. </li> <li id="cite_note-Dio-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Dio_5-2">c</a> <a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a>, Translation by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Earnest_Cary&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Earnest Cary (page does not exist)">Earnest Cary</a>. Roman History, book 69, 12.1-14.3. <a href="/wiki/Loeb_Classical_Library" title="Loeb Classical Library">Loeb Classical Library</a>, 9 volumes, Greek texts and facing English translation: Harvard University Press, 1914 thru 1927. Online in <a href="/wiki/LacusCurtius" title="LacusCurtius">LacusCurtius</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/Cassius_Dio/69*.html#12">[1]</a>[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] and livius.org:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">[2]</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160813220152/http://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk05.html">Archived</a> 2016-08-13 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. Book scan in <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://archive.org/stream/diosromanhistory08cassuoft#page/446/mode/2up">[3]</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-raviv2021-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-raviv2021_6-8">i</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRavivBen_David2021" class="citation journal cs1">Raviv, Dvir; Ben David, Chaim (2021-05-27). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">"Cassius Dio's figures for the demographic consequences of the Bar Kokhba War: Exaggeration or reliable account?"</a>. Journal of Roman Archaeology. 34 (2): 585–607. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS1047759421000271">10.1017/S1047759421000271</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1047-7594">1047-7594</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:236389017">236389017</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Roman+Archaeology&rft.atitle=Cassius+Dio%27s+figures+for+the+demographic+consequences+of+the+Bar+Kokhba+War%3A+Exaggeration+or+reliable+account%3F&rft.volume=34&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=585-607&rft.date=2021-05-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A236389017%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1047-7594&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS1047759421000271&rft.aulast=Raviv&rft.aufirst=Dvir&rft.au=Ben+David%2C+Chaim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1017%252FS1047759421000271&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Axelrod_2009_29-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_2009_29_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Axelrod_2009_29_7-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAxelrod2009" class="citation book cs1">Axelrod, Alan (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8x322-89x3MC&pg=PA29">Little-Known Wars of Great and Lasting Impact</a>. Fair Winds Press. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781592333752" title="Special:BookSources/9781592333752"><bdi>9781592333752</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Little-Known+Wars+of+Great+and+Lasting+Impact&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Fair+Winds+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781592333752&rft.aulast=Axelrod&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8x322-89x3MC%26pg%3DPA29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> for the year 136, see: W. Eck, The Bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View, pp. 87–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaviesFinkelsteinHorburySturdy1984" class="citation book cs1">Davies, W. D. (William David); Finkelstein, Louis; Horbury, William; Sturdy, John; Katz, Steven T.; Hart, Mitchell Bryan; Michels, Tony; Karp, Jonathan (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n11/mode/2up">The Cambridge history of Judaism</a>. Cambridge ; New York : Cambridge University Press. p. 106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-21880-1"><bdi>978-0-521-21880-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.pages=106&rft.pub=Cambridge+%3B+New+York+%3A+Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1984&rft.isbn=978-0-521-21880-1&rft.aulast=Davies&rft.aufirst=W.+D.+%28William+David%29&rft.au=Finkelstein%2C+Louis&rft.au=Horbury%2C+William&rft.au=Sturdy%2C+John&rft.au=Katz%2C+Steven+T.&rft.au=Hart%2C+Mitchell+Bryan&rft.au=Michels%2C+Tony&rft.au=Karp%2C+Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fcambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287%2Fpage%2Fn11%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eshel_10-5">f</a> Hanan Eshel,<a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n1082" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n1082"> 'The Bar Kochba revolt, 132-135,'</a> in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period, pp.105-127, p.105. </li> <li id="cite_note-William_David_Davies_p._35-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-William_David_Davies_p._35_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-William_David_Davies_p._35_11-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKatz2006" class="citation book cs1">Katz, Steven T. (2006). The Cambridge history of Judaism. Cambridge University press. p. 35. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cambridge+history+of+Judaism&rft.pages=35&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Katz&rft.aufirst=Steven+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor201611-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor201611_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohn_S._Evans2008" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_S._Evans&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John S. Evans (page does not exist)">John S. Evans</a> (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_lfSnZiVLpsC&pg=PA174">The Prophecies of Daniel 2</a>. Xulon Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781604779035" title="Special:BookSources/9781604779035"><bdi>9781604779035</bdi></a>. <q>Known as the Bar Kokhba Revolt, after its charismatic leader, Simon Bar Kokhba, whom many Jews regarded as their promised messiah</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prophecies+of+Daniel+2&rft.pub=Xulon+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=9781604779035&rft.au=John+S.+Evans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_lfSnZiVLpsC%26pg%3DPA174&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Israel-Tour-Day-14"><a href="#cite_ref-Israel-Tour-Day_14-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110616233531/http://www.rsy-netzer.org.uk/newsletters/mailing-view/65.html">"Israel Tour Daily Newsletter"</a>. 27 July 2010. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rsy-netzer.org.uk/newsletters/mailing-view/65.html">the original</a> on 16 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Israel+Tour+Daily+Newsletter&rft.date=2010-07-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.rsy-netzer.org.uk%2Fnewsletters%2Fmailing-view%2F65.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Taylor-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_15-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Taylor_15-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2012" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, J. E. (15 November 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XWIMFY4VnI4C&pg=PA243">The Essenes, the Scrolls, and the Dead Sea</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780199554485" title="Special:BookSources/9780199554485"><bdi>9780199554485</bdi></a>. <q>These texts, combined with the relics of those who hid in caves along the western side of the Dead Sea, tell us a great deal. What is clear from the evidence of both skeletal remains and artefacts is that the Roman assault on the Jewish population of the Dead Sea was so severe and comprehensive that no one came to retrieve precious legal documents, or bury the dead. Up until this date the Bar Kokhba documents indicate that towns, villages and ports where Jews lived were busy with industry and activity. Afterwards there is an eerie silence, and the archaeological record testifies to little Jewish presence until the Byzantine era, in En Gedi. This picture coheres with what we have already determined in Part I of this study, that the crucial date for what can only be described as genocide, and the devastation of Jews and Judaism within central Judea, was 135 CE and not, as usually assumed, 70 CE, despite the siege of Jerusalem and the Temple's destruction</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Essenes%2C+the+Scrolls%2C+and+the+Dead+Sea&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-11-15&rft.isbn=9780199554485&rft.aulast=Taylor&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXWIMFY4VnI4C%26pg%3DPA243&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016471-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016471_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016471_16-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 471. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDennis2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, L.; Dennis, P. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hhwrDwAAQBAJ">The Bar Kokhba War AD 132–136: The last Jewish revolt against Imperial Rome</a>. Campaign. Bloomsbury Publishing. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1799-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1799-0"><bdi>978-1-4728-1799-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+AD+132%E2%80%93136%3A+The+last+Jewish+revolt+against+Imperial+Rome&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=Bloomsbury+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1799-0&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=L.&rft.au=Dennis%2C+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DhhwrDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_18-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones1971" class="citation book cs1">Jones, A.H.M. (1971). The Cities of the Eastern Roman Provinces (2nd ed.). Oxford. p. 277. <q>This provoked the last Jewish war, which seems from our meager accounts [...] to have resulted in the desolation of Judaea and the practical extermination of its Jewish population.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Cities+of+the+Eastern+Roman+Provinces&rft.pages=277&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Oxford&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=A.H.M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeJudaism-19"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeJudaism_19-0">^</a> David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n437" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n437"> The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp.404-430, p.406. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIsaac2015" class="citation cs2">Isaac, Benjamin (2015-12-22), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-3500">"Judaea-Palaestina"</a>, Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Classics, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3500">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.3500</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-04-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Judaea-Palaestina&rft.btitle=Oxford+Research+Encyclopedia+of+Classics&rft.date=2015-12-22&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.3500&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Isaac&rft.aufirst=Benjamin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-3500&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck2015" class="citation cs2">Eck, Werner (2015-07-30), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://oxfordre.com/classics/display/10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.001.0001/acrefore-9780199381135-e-1056">"Bar Kokhba"</a>, Oxford Classical Dictionary, <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1056">10.1093/acrefore/9780199381135.013.1056</a>, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-938113-5"><bdi>978-0-19-938113-5</bdi></a>, retrieved 2024-04-09</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Classical+Dictionary&rft.atitle=Bar+Kokhba&rft.date=2015-07-30&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.013.1056&rft.isbn=978-0-19-938113-5&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Werner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Foxfordre.com%2Fclassics%2Fdisplay%2F10.1093%2Facrefore%2F9780199381135.001.0001%2Facrefore-9780199381135-e-1056&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105–127_22-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 105–127. </li> <li id="cite_note-MAY84-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-MAY84_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAY84_23-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAY84_23-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-MAY84_23-3">d</a> M. Avi-Yonah, The Jews under Roman and Byzantine Rule, Jerusalem 1984 p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105-24"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105_24-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 105. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv-25"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016i–xxiv_25-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. i–xxiv. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109_26-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 109. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110-27"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006109–110_27-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 109–110. </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> "Jerusalem and the Bar Kokhba Revolt Again: A Note" by Eran Almagor, ELECTRUM Vol. 26 (2019): 141–157, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15133/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15133/</a> (abstract with link to full pdf article) which suggests Aelia Capitolina was founded during the last stage of the revolt which halted earlier reconstruction <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/</a> and "Eusebius and Hadrian's Founding of Aelia Capitolina in Jerusalem" by Miriam Ben Zeev Hofman, ELECTRUM Vol. 26 (2019): 119–128 <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/">http://www.ejournals.eu/electrum/2019/Volume-26/art/15015/</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/not-just-news/watch-2000-year-old-commemorative-inscription-dedicated-to-roman-emperor-hadrian-unveiled-379384">"WATCH: 2,000-year-old inscription dedicated to Roman emperor unveiled in Jerusalem"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Jerusalem_Post" title="The Jerusalem Post">The Jerusalem Post</a> | Jpost.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Jerusalem+Post+%26%23124%3B+Jpost.com&rft.atitle=WATCH%3A+2%2C000-year-old+inscription+dedicated+to+Roman+emperor+unveiled+in+Jerusalem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jpost.com%2Fnot-just-news%2Fwatch-2000-year-old-commemorative-inscription-dedicated-to-roman-emperor-hadrian-unveiled-379384&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (2003). The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest. Translated by David Chowcat. Routledge. p. 146.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Jews+in+the+Greco-Roman+World%3A+The+Jews+of+Palestine+from+Alexander+the+Great+to+the+Arab+Conquest&rft.pages=146&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> See <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlatner1929" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Ball_Platner" title="Samuel Ball Platner">Platner, Samuel Ball</a> (1929). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Gazetteer/Places/Europe/Italy/Lazio/Roma/Rome/_Texts/PLATOP*/Pomerium.html">"Pomerium"</a>. <a href="/wiki/A_Topographical_Dictionary_of_Ancient_Rome" title="A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome">A Topographical Dictionary of Ancient Rome</a> – via LacusCurtius.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Pomerium&rft.btitle=A+Topographical+Dictionary+of+Ancient+Rome&rft.date=1929&rft.aulast=Platner&rft.aufirst=Samuel+Ball&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FGazetteer%2FPlaces%2FEurope%2FItaly%2FLazio%2FRoma%2FRome%2F_Texts%2FPLATOP%2A%2FPomerium.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGates2011" class="citation book cs1">Gates, Charles (2011). Ancient Cities: The Archaeology of Urban Life in the Ancient Near East and Egypt, Greece and Rome. Taylor & Francis. p. 335. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136823282" title="Special:BookSources/9781136823282"><bdi>9781136823282</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ancient+Cities%3A+The+Archaeology+of+Urban+Life+in+the+Ancient+Near+East+and+Egypt%2C+Greece+and+Rome&rft.pages=335&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9781136823282&rft.aulast=Gates&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mishnah" title="Mishnah">Mishnah</a> has a segment: "[O]n the 9th of Ab...and the city was ploughed up." on mas. Taanith, Chapter 4, Mishnah no. 6. See: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlackman1963" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Blackman, Philip, ed. (1963). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hebrewbooks.org/pdfpager.aspx?req=9670&st=&pgnum=432&hilite=">MISHNAYOTH, VOLUME II, ORDER MOED</a> (in Hebrew and English). New York: Judaica. p. 432 – via HebrewBooks.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MISHNAYOTH%2C+VOLUME+II%2C+ORDER+MOED&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=432&rft.pub=Judaica&rft.date=1963&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhebrewbooks.org%2Fpdfpager.aspx%3Freq%3D9670%26st%3D%26pgnum%3D432%26hilite%3D&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenup1921" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Albert_William_Greenup" class="mw-redirect" title="Albert William Greenup">Greenup, Albert William</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/mishnatractateta00greeiala#page/32/mode/2up">The Mishna tractate Taanith (On the public fasts)</a>. London: [Palestine House]. p. 32 – via Internet Archive.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Mishna+tractate+Taanith+%28On+the+public+fasts%29&rft.place=London&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=%5BPalestine+House%5D&rft.date=1921&rft.aulast=Greenup&rft.aufirst=Albert+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fmishnatractateta00greeiala%23page%2F32%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSolaRaphall1843" class="citation book cs1">Sola, D. A.; Raphall, M. J., eds. (1843). "XX. Treatise Taanith, chapter IV, §6.". <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sacred-texts.com/jud/etm/etm093.htm">Eighteen Treatises from the Mishna</a> – via <a href="/wiki/Internet_Sacred_Text_Archive" title="Internet Sacred Text Archive">Internet Sacred Text Archive</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XX.+Treatise+Taanith%2C+chapter+IV%2C+%C2%A76.&rft.btitle=Eighteen+Treatises+from+the+Mishna&rft.date=1843&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacred-texts.com%2Fjud%2Fetm%2Fetm093.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/Babylonian_Talmud" class="mw-redirect" title="Babylonian Talmud">Babylonian Talmud</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Talmud" title="Jerusalem Talmud">Jerusalem Talmud</a> both explicate the segment refers to Rufus: Babylonian: mas. Taanith 29a. See <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200209130750/http://dtorah.com/otzar/shas_soncino.php?ms=Taanith&df=29a">"Shas Soncino: Taanith 29a"</a>. dTorah.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dtorah.com/otzar/shas_soncino.php?ms=Taanith&df=29a">the original</a> on 2020-02-09. Retrieved 2014-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=dTorah.com&rft.atitle=Shas+Soncino%3A+Taanith+29a&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdtorah.com%2Fotzar%2Fshas_soncino.php%3Fms%3DTaanith%26df%3D29a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://instonebrewer.com/RabbinicTraditions/EngText.php?StandardRef=Taan.29a&GotoRef=b.Taan.29a&Words1UC=&Words2UC=&&Words1HA=&Words2HA=&Resource=b.EngSoncino&Reference=#b.Taan.29a">"Bab. Taanith; ch.4.1-8, 26a-31a"</a>. RabbinicTraditions. Retrieved 2014-06-28.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Bab.+Taanith%3B+ch.4.1-8%2C+26a-31a&rft.pub=RabbinicTraditions&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Finstonebrewer.com%2FRabbinicTraditions%2FEngText.php%3FStandardRef%3DTaan.29a%26GotoRef%3Db.Taan.29a%26Words1UC%3D%26Words2UC%3D%26%26Words1HA%3D%26Words2HA%3D%26Resource%3Db.EngSoncino%26Reference%3D%23b.Taan.29a&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://halakhah.com/rst/moed/19%20-%20Ta%27anis%20-%202a-31a.pdf">"Ta'anis 2a-31a"</a> (PDF). Soncino Babylonian Talmud. Translated by I Epstein. Halakhah.com. pp. 92–93. Retrieved 2014-06-27. <q>AND THE CITY WAS PLOUGHED UP. It has been taught: When Turnus Rufus the wicked destroyed[note 20: Var lec.: 'ploughed'.] the Temple,...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Soncino+Babylonian+Talmud&rft.atitle=Ta%27anis+2a-31a&rft.pages=92-93&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhalakhah.com%2Frst%2Fmoed%2F19%2520-%2520Ta%2527anis%2520-%25202a-31a.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988">.</li></ul> See notes on <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181005022855/http://halakhah.com/rst/moed/19%20-%20Ta%27anis%20-%202a-31a.pdf">"Ta'anit 29a-b"</a> (PDF). Daf Yomi series. The Aleph Society/<a href="/wiki/Adin_Steinsaltz" title="Adin Steinsaltz">Adin Steinsaltz</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.steinsaltz.org/learning.php?pg=Daf_Yomi&articleId=530">the original</a> on 2018-10-05. Retrieved 2014-06-27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Daf+Yomi+series&rft.atitle=Ta%27anit+29a-b&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.steinsaltz.org%2Flearning.php%3Fpg%3DDaf_Yomi%26articleId%3D530&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> The Jerusalem Talmud relates it to the Temple, Taanith 25b: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231006223942/https://mechon-mamre.org/b/r/r2904.htm">"דף כה,ב פרק ד"</a>. Mechon Mamre (in Hebrew). הלכה ה גמרא. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mechon-mamre.org/b/r/r2904.htm">the original</a> on 2023-10-06. Retrieved 2014-07-08. <q>ונחרשה העיר. חרש רופוס שחיק עצמות את ההיכל</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mechon+Mamre&rft.atitle=%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%9B%D7%94%2C%D7%91+%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A7+%D7%93&rft.pages=%D7%94%D7%9C%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%94+%D7%92%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%90&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.mechon-mamre.org%2Fb%2Fr%2Fr2904.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/he:%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99_%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%93%D7%A3_%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%91">ירושלמי תענית דף כה ב </a> (in Hebrew) – via <a href="/wiki/Wikisource" title="Wikisource">Wikisource</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%AA%D7%A2%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%93%D7%A3+%D7%9B%D7%94+%D7%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140702134337/http://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/08502/99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA">"Roman provincial coin of Hadrian [image]"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Museum" title="Israel Museum">Israel Museum</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.europeana.eu/resolve/record/08502/99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA">the original</a> on 2014-07-02. Retrieved 2014-07-01 – via <a href="/wiki/Europeana" title="Europeana">Europeana</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Roman+provincial+coin+of+Hadrian+%5Bimage%5D&rft.pub=Israel+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.europeana.eu%2Fresolve%2Frecord%2F08502%2F99CB80CA1CD7849AD1F0D9BDD8A004A1EB6C3BEA&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoatwright2003" class="citation book cs1">Boatwright, Mary Taliaferro (2003). Hadrian and the Cities of the Roman Empire. Princeton University Press. p. 199. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0691094934" title="Special:BookSources/0691094934"><bdi>0691094934</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hadrian+and+the+Cities+of+the+Roman+Empire&rft.pages=199&rft.pub=Princeton+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0691094934&rft.aulast=Boatwright&rft.aufirst=Mary+Taliaferro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMetcalf2012" class="citation book cs1">Metcalf, William (2012-02-23). The Oxford Handbook of Greek and Roman Coinage. Oxford University Press. p. 492. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195305746" title="Special:BookSources/9780195305746"><bdi>9780195305746</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Oxford+Handbook+of+Greek+and+Roman+Coinage&rft.pages=492&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2012-02-23&rft.isbn=9780195305746&rft.aulast=Metcalf&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Benjamin H. Isaac, Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Revolt of Bar Kochba:Ideology and Modern Scholarship,' in <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Isaac" title="Benjamin Isaac">Benjamin H. Isaac</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jjcPG5UInzgC&pg=PA227">The Near East Under Roman Rule: Selected Papers ,</a> BRILL (Volume 177 of Mnemosyne, bibliotheca classica Batava. 177: Supplementum), 1998 pp.220-252, 226-227 </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban on Circumcision as a cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,' in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA55">The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,</a> Mohr Siebeck 2003 pp.55-69 pp.55f. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Craig A. Evans, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DRcQ2bkLxc8C&pg=PA185">Jesus and His Contemporaries: Comparative Studies,</a> BRILL 2001 p.185:'moverunt ea tempestate et Iudaei bellum, quod vetabantur mutilare genitalia.' </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Aharon Oppenheimer, ‘The Ban on Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,’ Aharon Oppenheimer, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BPkfQl2iDx8C&pg=PA243">Between Rome and Babylon,</a> Mohr Siebeck 2005 pp.243-254 pp. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer1998" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Schäfer, Peter</a> (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8jIhYBwkO80C">Judeophobia: Attitudes Toward the Jews in the Ancient World</a>. Harvard University Press. pp. 103–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780674043213" title="Special:BookSources/9780674043213"><bdi>9780674043213</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2014-02-01. <q>[...] Hadrian's ban on circumcision, allegedly imposed sometime between 128 and 132 CE [...]. The only proof for Hadrian's ban on circumcision is the short note in the Historia Augusta: 'At this time also the Jews began war, because they were forbidden to mutilate their genitals (quot vetabantur mutilare genitalia). [...] The historical credibility of this remark is controversial [...] The earliest evidence for circumcision in Roman legislation is an edict by Antoninus Pius (138-161 CE), Hadrian's successor [...] [I]t is not utterly impossible that Hadrian [...] indeed considered circumcision as a 'barbarous mutilation' and tried to prohibit it. [...] However, this proposal cannot be more than a conjecture, and, of course, it does not solve the questions of when Hadrian issued the decree (before or during/after the Bar Kokhba war) and whether it was directed solely against Jews or also against other peoples.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Judeophobia%3A+Attitudes+Toward+the+Jews+in+the+Ancient+World&rft.pages=103-105&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780674043213&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8jIhYBwkO80C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mackay-43"><a href="#cite_ref-Mackay_43-0">^</a> Christopher Mackay, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=6rLDy6qqi0UC&pg=PA230">Ancient Rome a Military and Political History</a> Cambridge University Press 2007 p.230 </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> Peter Schäfer, The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome, Mohr Siebeck 2003. p.68 </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Peter Schäfer, The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest, Routledge, 2003 p. 146. </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a> Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban on Circumcision as a cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration,' in <a href="/wiki/Peter_Sch%C3%A4fer" title="Peter Schäfer">Peter Schäfer</a> (ed.) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA55">The History of the Jews in the Greco-Roman World: The Jews of Palestine from Alexander the Great to the Arab Conquest,</a> Mohr Siebeck 2003 pp.55-69 pp.55f. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006108_47-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 108. </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer2003" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, Peter (September 10, 2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&dq=bar+kokhba+hideout+systems&pg=PA184">The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome</a>. Isd. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pub=Isd&rft.date=2003-09-10&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26dq%3Dbar%2Bkokhba%2Bhideout%2Bsystems%26pg%3DPA184&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-nrg-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-nrg_49-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Hebrew_language" title="Hebrew language">Hebrew</a>: התגלית שהוכיחה: מרד בר כוכבא חל גם בשומרון <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.nrg.co.il/online/1/ART2/709/420.html">[4]</a> NRG. 15 July 2015. </li> <li id="cite_note-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer-50"><a href="#cite_ref-Haaretz:The_Bar_Kochba_Revolt:_A_Disaster_Celebrated_by_Zionists_on_Lag_Ba'Omer_50-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGilad2015" class="citation web cs1">Gilad, Elon (6 May 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/jewish/.premium-bar-kochba-revolt-utter-disaster-1.5358629">"The Bar Kochba Revolt: A Disaster Celebrated by Zionists on Lag Ba'Omer"</a>. Haaretz. Retrieved 14 May 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kochba+Revolt%3A+A+Disaster+Celebrated+by+Zionists+on+Lag+Ba%27Omer&rft.pub=Haaretz&rft.date=2015-05-06&rft.aulast=Gilad&rft.aufirst=Elon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.haaretz.com%2Fjewish%2F.premium-bar-kochba-revolt-utter-disaster-1.5358629&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck" class="citation journal cs1">Eck, Werner. "The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 81.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+bar+Kokhba+Revolt%3A+The+Roman+Point+of+View&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=81&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEck" class="citation journal cs1">Eck, Werner. "The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View". The Journal of Roman Studies. 89: 80.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Roman+Studies&rft.atitle=The+bar+Kokhba+Revolt%3A+The+Roman+Point+of+View&rft.volume=89&rft.pages=80&rft.aulast=Eck&rft.aufirst=Werner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/The_Jewish_Spiritual_Heroes%2C_Volume_I%3B_The_Creators_of_the_Mishna%2C_Rabbi_Akiba_ben_Joseph.32?ven=The_Jewish_spiritual_heroes,_by_Gershom_Bader._New_York,_N.Y._1940&lang=he&with=all&lang2=he">"The Creators of the Mishna, Rabbi Akiba ben Joseph"</a>. www.sefaria.org.il.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org.il&rft.atitle=The+Creators+of+the+Mishna%2C+Rabbi+Akiba+ben+Joseph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FThe_Jewish_Spiritual_Heroes%252C_Volume_I%253B_The_Creators_of_the_Mishna%252C_Rabbi_Akiba_ben_Joseph.32%3Fven%3DThe_Jewish_spiritual_heroes%2C_by_Gershom_Bader._New_York%2C_N.Y._1940%26lang%3Dhe%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Dhe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBourgel2023" class="citation journal cs1">Bourgel, Jonathan (23 March 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F21967954-bja10037">"Ezekiel 40–48 as a Model for Bar Kokhba's Title "Nasi Israel"?"</a>. Journal of Ancient Judaism. 14 (3): 446–481. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.30965%2F21967954-bja10037">10.30965/21967954-bja10037</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1869-3296">1869-3296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:257812293">257812293</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Ancient+Judaism&rft.atitle=Ezekiel+40%E2%80%9348+as+a+Model+for+Bar+Kokhba%27s+Title+%22Nasi+Israel%22%3F&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=446-481&rft.date=2023-03-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A257812293%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1869-3296&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.30965%2F21967954-bja10037&rft.aulast=Bourgel&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.30965%252F21967954-bja10037&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016466-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016466_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 466. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sefaria.org/Numbers.24.17?lang=bi&with=all&lang2=en">"Numbers 24:17"</a>. www.sefaria.org. <q>What I see for them is not yet, What I behold will not be soon: A star rises from Jacob, A scepter comes forth from Israel; It smashes the brow of Moab, The foundation of all children of <a href="/wiki/Seth" title="Seth">Seth</a>.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.sefaria.org&rft.atitle=Numbers+24%3A17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sefaria.org%2FNumbers.24.17%3Flang%3Dbi%26with%3Dall%26lang2%3Den&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrauss1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Krauss, S. (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/articles/2464-bar-cochba-bar-cochbah">"BAR KOKBA AND BAR KOKBA WAR"</a>. In Singer, Isidore (ed.). <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 2. pp. 506–507. <q>Bar Kokba, the hero of the third war against Rome, appears under this name only among ecclesiastical writers: heathen authors do not mention him; and Jewish sources call him Ben (or Bar) Koziba or Kozba...</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=BAR+KOKBA+AND+BAR+KOKBA+WAR&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=506-507&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Krauss&rft.aufirst=S.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjewishencyclopedia.com%2Farticles%2F2464-bar-cochba-bar-cochbah&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016491-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016491_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 491. </li> <li id="cite_note-livius.org-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-livius.org_59-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-viiii-hispana/">"Legio VIIII Hispana"</a>. livius.org. Retrieved 2014-06-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Legio+VIIII+Hispana&rft.pub=livius.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Flegion%2Flegio-viiii-hispana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> Journal of Roman Archaeology , Volume 12 , 1999 , pp. 294–313 DOI: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400018043">https://doi.org/10.1017/S1047759400018043</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. P172. </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2013" class="citation journal cs1">Mor, Menahem (September 10, 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ceeol.com/search/article-detail?id=81536">"What Does Tel Shalem Have To Do with the Bar Kokhba Revolt?"</a>. Scripta Judaica Cracoviensia (11) – via www.ceeol.com.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Scripta+Judaica+Cracoviensia&rft.atitle=What+Does+Tel+Shalem+Have+To+Do+with+the+Bar+Kokhba+Revolt%3F&rft.issue=11&rft.date=2013-09-10&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ceeol.com%2Fsearch%2Farticle-detail%3Fid%3D81536&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Charles Clermont-Ganneau, Archaeological Researches in Palestine during the Years 1873–1874, London 1899, pp. 463–470 </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a> iv. 68d; <a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a> ii. 2 </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Jerusalem Talmud, Taanit 4:5 (24a); Midrash Rabba (Lamentations Rabba 2:5). </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Ta%27anit_(Talmud)" title="Ta'anit (Talmud)">Ta'anit</a> 4:5 </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/12px-PD-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/18px-PD-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/PD-icon.svg/24px-PD-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="196" data-file-height="196" /> This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSinger1901–1906" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Isidore_Singer" title="Isidore Singer">Singer, Isidore</a>; et al., eds. (1901–1906). "10447-martyrs-the-ten". <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a>. New York: Funk & Wagnalls. <q>The fourth martyr was Hananiah ben Teradion, who was wrapped in a scroll of the Law and placed on a pyre of green brushwood; to prolong his agony, wet wool was placed on his chest.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=10447-martyrs-the-ten&rft.btitle=The+Jewish+Encyclopedia&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1901%2F1906&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered. 2003. P160. "Thus it is very likely that the revolt ended only in early 136." </li> <li id="cite_note-google.co.il-69"><a href="#cite_ref-google.co.il_69-0">^</a> Totten, S. Teaching about genocide: issues, approaches and resources. p24. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=LoQo50YPzTUC&pg=PA23">[5]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-schafer-1981-70"><a href="#cite_ref-schafer-1981_70-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchäfer1981" class="citation book cs1">Schäfer, P. (1981). Der Bar Kochba-Aufstand. Tübingen. pp. 131ff.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Der+Bar+Kochba-Aufstand&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.pages=131ff&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Sch%C3%A4fer&rft.aufirst=P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum1989" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum, Shimon (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://brill.com/display/book/9789004666641/B9789004666641_s017.xml">"Romanization and Indigenism in Judaea"</a>. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times. Judaea in Hellenistic and Roman Times (vol. 40). Brill. p. 157. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004666641_017">10.1163/9789004666641_017</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66664-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-66664-1"><bdi>978-90-04-66664-1</bdi></a>. Retrieved 2024-06-18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Romanization+and+Indigenism+in+Judaea&rft.btitle=Judaea+in+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Times&rft.series=Judaea+in+Hellenistic+and+Roman+Times+%28vol.+40%29&rft.pages=157&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1989&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004666641_017&rft.isbn=978-90-04-66664-1&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Shimon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbrill.com%2Fdisplay%2Fbook%2F9789004666641%2FB9789004666641_s017.xml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Mohr Siebek et al. Edited by Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. P142-3. </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonLevy1995" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, James Donald; Levy, Thomas Evan (1995). The Impact of Rome on the Periphery: The Case of Palestina - Roman Period (63 BCE - 324 CE). The Archaeology of Society in the Holy Land. p. 449.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Impact+of+Rome+on+the+Periphery%3A+The+Case+of+Palestina+-+Roman+Period+%2863+BCE+-+324+CE%29&rft.pages=449&rft.pub=The+Archaeology+of+Society+in+the+Holy+Land&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=James+Donald&rft.au=Levy%2C+Thomas+Evan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-74"><a href="#cite_ref-:4_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDennis2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Lindsay; Dennis, Peter (2017). The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-1798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+AD+132-136%3A+the+last+Jewish+revolt+against+imperial+Rome&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1798-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBar2005" class="citation journal cs1">Bar, Doron (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">"Rural Monasticism as a Key Element in the Christianization of Byzantine Palestine"</a>. The Harvard Theological Review. 98 (1): 49–65. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0017816005000854">10.1017/S0017816005000854</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0017-8160">0017-8160</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4125284">4125284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:162644246">162644246</a>. <q>The phenomenon was most prominent in Judea, and can be explained by the demographic changes that this region underwent after the second Jewish revolt of 132-135 C.E. The expulsion of Jews from the area of Jerusalem following the suppression of the revolt, in combination with the penetration of pagan populations into the same region, created the conditions for the diffusion of Christians into that area during the fifth and sixth centuries. [...] This regional population, originally pagan and during the Byzantine period gradually adopting Christianity, was one of the main reasons that the monks chose to settle there. They erected their monasteries near local villages that during this period reached their climax in size and wealth, thus providing fertile ground for the planting of new ideas.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harvard+Theological+Review&rft.atitle=Rural+Monasticism+as+a+Key+Element+in+the+Christianization+of+Byzantine+Palestine&rft.volume=98&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=49-65&rft.date=2005&rft.issn=0017-8160&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A162644246%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0017816005000854&rft.aulast=Bar&rft.aufirst=Doron&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4125284&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the <a href="/wiki/Sicaricon" title="Sicaricon">sikarikon laws</a> were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it." </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> Eusebius of Caesarea, Demonstratio Evangelica, VIII, 4, 23 </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Jerome, Commentary on Daniel (translation by Gleason L. Archer), III, ix, 24 </li> <li id="cite_note-:43-79">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:43_79-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:43_79-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPowellDennis2017" class="citation book cs1">Powell, Lindsay; Dennis, Peter (2017). The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136: the last Jewish revolt against imperial Rome. Campaign. Oxford: Osprey Publishing. pp. 80–81. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4728-1798-3"><bdi>978-1-4728-1798-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+AD+132-136%3A+the+last+Jewish+revolt+against+imperial+Rome&rft.place=Oxford&rft.series=Campaign&rft.pages=80-81&rft.pub=Osprey+Publishing&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-1-4728-1798-3&rft.aulast=Powell&rft.aufirst=Lindsay&rft.au=Dennis%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarris1980" class="citation journal cs1">Harris, William V. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700">"Towards a Study of the Roman Slave Trade"</a>. Memoirs of the American Academy in Rome. 36: 122. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F4238700">10.2307/4238700</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0065-6801">0065-6801</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4238700">4238700</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Memoirs+of+the+American+Academy+in+Rome&rft.atitle=Towards+a+Study+of+the+Roman+Slave+Trade&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=122&rft.date=1980&rft.issn=0065-6801&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238700%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F4238700&rft.aulast=Harris&rft.aufirst=William+V.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4238700&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Powell,_p.8122-81"><a href="#cite_ref-Powell,_p.8122_81-0">^</a> Powell, The Bar Kokhba War AD 132-136, Osprey Publishing, Oxford, ç2017, p.81 </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> Oppenheimer, A'haron and Oppenheimer, Nili. Between Rome and Babylon: Studies in Jewish Leadership and Society. Mohr Siebeck, 2005, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohn-Sherbok1996" class="citation book cs1">Cohn-Sherbok, Dan (1996). Atlas of Jewish History. Routledge. p. 58. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-08800-8"><bdi>978-0-415-08800-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Atlas+of+Jewish+History&rft.pages=58&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=978-0-415-08800-8&rft.aulast=Cohn-Sherbok&rft.aufirst=Dan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLehmann2007" class="citation web cs1">Lehmann, Clayton Miles (18 January 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130407005423/http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">"Palestine"</a>. Encyclopedia of the Roman Provinces. University of South Dakota. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://sunburst.usd.edu/~clehmann/erp/Palestine/palestin.htm">the original</a> on 7 April 2013. Retrieved 9 February 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+of+the+Roman+Provinces&rft.atitle=Palestine&rft.date=2007-01-18&rft.aulast=Lehmann&rft.aufirst=Clayton+Miles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fsunburst.usd.edu%2F~clehmann%2Ferp%2FPalestine%2Fpalestin.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a> Miller, 1984, p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KcsUAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA132">132</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMorçöl2006">Morçöl 2006</a>, p. 304 </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Zissu, B., Ecker, A., and Klein, E, 2017, "Archaeological Explorations North of Bet Guvrin (Eleutheropolis)", in: Speleology and Spelestology, Proceedings of the VIII International Scientific Conference. Nabereznye Chelny, pp. 183-203. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Hirschfeld, Y. (2004). Ein Gedi: A Large Jewish Village1. Qadmoniot, 37, 62-87. "The consequences of the Second Revolt were infinitely more catastrophic for the Jewish population than were those of the First Revolt. The chilling evidence found in the caves of Nahal Hever illustrates the scale of the killing and suffering. However, the Jewish settlement at Ein Gedi survived. As suggested above, relatives of refugees who had fled to the caves traveled to those sites at some point after the revolt to give the deceased a proper burial. The results of the excavations at Ein Gedi indicate a continuity of settlement during the transition from the Late Roman (Stratum III) to the Byzantine (II) period." </li> <li id="cite_note-CambridgeJudaism2-89"><a href="#cite_ref-CambridgeJudaism2_89-0">^</a> David Goodblatt, 'The political and social history of the Jewish community in the Land of Israel,' in William David Davies, Louis Finkelstein, Steven T. Katz (eds.) <a href="//archive.org/details/cambridgehis_xxxx_1984_004_8494287/page/n437" class="extiw" title="iarchive:cambridgehis xxxx 1984 004 8494287/page/n437"> The Cambridge History of Judaism: Volume 4, The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period</a>, Cambridge University Press, 2006 pp.404-430, p.406. </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-90"><a href="#cite_ref-:02_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, pp. 483–484: "Land confiscation in Judaea was part of the suppression of the revolt policy of the Romans and punishment for the rebels. But the very claim that the sikarikon laws were annulled for settlement purposes seems to indicate that Jews continued to reside in Judaea even after the Second Revolt. There is no doubt that this area suffered the severest damage from the suppression of the revolt. Settlements in Judaea, such as Herodion and Bethar, had already been destroyed during the course of the revolt, and Jews were expelled from the districts of Gophna, Herodion, and Aqraba. However, it should not be claimed that the region of Judaea was completely destroyed. Jews continued to live in areas such as Lod (Lydda), south of the Hebron Mountain, and the coastal regions. In other areas of the Land of Israel that did not have any direct connection with the Second Revolt, no settlement changes can be identified as resulting from it." </li> <li id="cite_note-smelik2-91">^ <a href="#cite_ref-smelik2_91-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-smelik2_91-1">b</a> Willem F. Smelik, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tju-IreyEDMC&pg=PA434">The Targum of Judges,</a> BRILL 1995 p.434. </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 473 </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, page 334: "Jews were forbidden to live in the city and were allowed to visit it only once a year, on the Ninth of Ab, to mourn on the ruins of their holy Temple." </li> <li id="cite_note-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334-94"><a href="#cite_ref-H.H._Ben-Sasson,_1976,_page_334_94-0">^</a> H.H. Ben-Sasson, A History of the Jewish People, Harvard University Press, 1976, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-39731-2">0-674-39731-2</a>, page 334: "In an effort to wipe out all memory of the bond between the Jews and the land, Hadrian changed the name of the province from Judaea to Syria-Palestina, a name that became common in non-Jewish literature." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ariel_Lewin_p._33-95"><a href="#cite_ref-Ariel_Lewin_p._33_95-0">^</a> Ariel Lewin. The archaeology of Ancient Judea and Palestine. Getty Publications, 2005 p. 33. "It seems clear that by choosing a seemingly neutral name - one juxtaposing that of a neighboring province with the revived name of an ancient geographical entity (Palestine), already known from the writings of Herodotus - Hadrian was intending to suppress any connection between the Jewish people and that land." <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-89236-800-4">0-89236-800-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered-96">^ <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered_96-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-The_Bar_Kokhba_War_Reconsidered_96-1">b</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&dq=intentionally+suppressed+jewish+national+Aelia+Capitolina+Palaestina&pg=PA33">The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered</a> by Peter Schäfer, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7" title="Special:BookSources/3-16-148076-7">3-16-148076-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Klein2010-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2010_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Klein2010_97-1">b</a> Klein, E. (2010), “The Origins of the Rural Settlers in Judean Mountains and Foothills during the Late Roman Period”, In: E. Baruch., A. Levy-Reifer and A. Faust (eds.), New Studies on Jerusalem, Vol. 16, Ramat-Gan, pp. 321-350 (Hebrew). </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> קליין, א' (2011). היבטים בתרבות החומרית של יהודה הכפרית בתקופה הרומית המאוחרת (135–324 לסה"נ). עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 314–315. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> שדמן, ע' (2016). בין נחל רבה לנחל שילה: תפרוסת היישוב הכפרי בתקופות ההלניסטית, הרומית והביזנטית לאור חפירות וסקרים. עבודת דוקטור, אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. עמ' 271–275. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> Seligman, J. (2019). Were There Villages in Jerusalem's Hinterland During the Byzantine Period? In. Peleg- Barkat O. et.al. (Eds.) Between Sea and Desert: On Kings, Nomads, Cities and Monks. Essays in Honor of Joseph Patrich. Jerusalem; Tzemach. Pp. 167-179. </li> <li id="cite_note-ZissuKlein-101"><a href="#cite_ref-ZissuKlein_101-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissuKlein2011" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:בועז זיסו">Zissu, Boaz</a> [in Hebrew]; Klein, Eitan (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140816223801/http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">"A Rock-Cut Burial Cave from the Roman Period at Beit Nattif, Judaean Foothills"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Israel_Exploration_Journal" title="Israel Exploration Journal">Israel Exploration Journal</a>. 61 (2): 196–216. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/Zissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 2014-08-16. Retrieved 2014-08-16.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Israel+Exploration+Journal&rft.atitle=A+Rock-Cut+Burial+Cave+from+the+Roman+Period+at+Beit+Nattif%2C+Judaean+Foothills&rft.volume=61&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=196-216&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Zissu&rft.aufirst=Boaz&rft.au=Klein%2C+Eitan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Flisa.biu.ac.il%2Ffiles%2Flisa%2Fshared%2FZissu-Klein-IEJ_61-2011.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-102"><a href="#cite_ref-:3_102-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFהר2022" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">הר, משה דוד (2022). "היהודים בארץ-ישראל בימי האימפריה הרומית הנוצרית" [The Jews in the Land of Israel in the Days of the Christian Roman Empire]. ארץ-ישראל בשלהי העת העתיקה: מבואות ומחקרים [Eretz Israel in Late Antiquity: Introductions and Studies] (in Hebrew). Vol. 1. ירושלים: יד יצחק בן-צבי. pp. 218–219. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-965-217-444-4"><bdi>978-965-217-444-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%99%D7%9D+%D7%91%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%94+%D7%94%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%A6%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%AA&rft.btitle=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%A5-%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%94%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%A2%D7%AA%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94%3A+%D7%9E%D7%91%D7%95%D7%90%D7%95%D7%AA+%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.place=%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%9D&rft.pages=218-219&rft.pub=%D7%99%D7%93+%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%97%D7%A7+%D7%91%D7%9F-%D7%A6%D7%91%D7%99&rft.date=2022&rft.isbn=978-965-217-444-4&rft.aulast=%D7%94%D7%A8&rft.aufirst=%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94+%D7%93%D7%95%D7%93&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-103"><a href="#cite_ref-103">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141007011417/https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk03.html#Justin.">"Texts on Bar Kochba: Eusebius"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/ja-jn/jewish_wars/bk03.html#Justin.">the original</a> on 2014-10-07. Retrieved 2020-03-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Texts+on+Bar+Kochba%3A+Eusebius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Fja-jn%2Fjewish_wars%2Fbk03.html%23Justin.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Bourgel, Jonathan, ″The Jewish-Christians in the storm of the Bar Kokhba Revolt″, in: From One Identity to Another: The Mother Church of Jerusalem Between the Two Jewish Revolts Against Rome (66-135/6 EC). Paris: Éditions du Cerf, collection Judaïsme ancien et Christianisme primitive, (French), pp. 127-175. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> Justin, "Apologia", ii.71, compare "Dial." cx; Eusebius "Hist. Eccl." iv.6,§2; Orosius "Hist." vii.13 </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavidson2002" class="citation book cs1">Davidson, Linda (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YVYkrNhPMQkC&pg=PA279">Pilgrimage: From the Ganges to Graceland: An Encyclopedia</a>. Vol. 1. ABC-CLIO. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1576070042" title="Special:BookSources/1576070042"><bdi>1576070042</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pilgrimage%3A+From+the+Ganges+to+Graceland%3A+An+Encyclopedia&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1576070042&rft.aulast=Davidson&rft.aufirst=Linda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYVYkrNhPMQkC%26pg%3DPA279&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229-107"><a href="#cite_ref-F._Keppie_2000_pp_228-229_107-0">^</a> L. J. F. Keppie (2000) Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000 Franz Steiner Verlag, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-515-07744-8">3-515-07744-8</a> pp 228–229 </li> <li id="cite_note-Cassius-108"><a href="#cite_ref-Cassius_108-0">^</a> Cassius Dio, Roman History </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> E. Werner. The bar Kokhba Revolt: The Roman Point of View. The Journal of Roman Studies Vol. 89 (1999), pp. 76-89. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/300735">[6]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-viiii-hispana/">"Legio VIIII Hispana - Livius"</a>. www.livius.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.livius.org&rft.atitle=Legio+VIIII+Hispana+-+Livius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.livius.org%2Farticles%2Flegion%2Flegio-viiii-hispana%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> Bernard Lazare and Robert Wistrich, Antisemitism: Its History and Causes, University of Nebraska Press, 1995, I, pp.46-7. </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> Ammianus Marcellinus, Res Gestae, 23.1.2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-Solomon-113"><a href="#cite_ref-Solomon_113-0">^</a> See <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html">"Julian and the Jews 361–363 CE"</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120520080932/http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/jewish/julian-jews.html">Archived</a> 2012-05-20 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (Fordham University, The Jesuit University of New York) and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051020130904/http://www.gibsoncondo.com/~david/convert/history.html">"Julian the Apostate and the Holy Temple"</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> A Psychoanalytic History of the Jews, <a href="/wiki/Avner_Falk" title="Avner Falk">Avner Falk</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> Avraham Yaari, Igrot Eretz Yisrael (Tel Aviv, 1943), p. 46. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobs2004" class="citation book cs1">Jacobs, Andrew S. (September 10, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8O95ErDSZQgC&dq=eudocia+jews+temple+mount&pg=PA157">Remains of the Jews: The Holy Land and Christian Empire in Late Antiquity</a>. Stanford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804747059" title="Special:BookSources/9780804747059"><bdi>9780804747059</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remains+of+the+Jews%3A+The+Holy+Land+and+Christian+Empire+in+Late+Antiquity&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=2004-09-10&rft.isbn=9780804747059&rft.aulast=Jacobs&rft.aufirst=Andrew+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D8O95ErDSZQgC%26dq%3Deudocia%2Bjews%2Btemple%2Bmount%26pg%3DPA157&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> Shalev-Hurvitz, V. Oxford University Press 2015. p235 </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> Weinberger, p. 143 </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrewer,_Catherine2005" class="citation journal cs1">Brewer, Catherine (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41443760">"The Status of the Jews in Roman Legislation: The Reign of Justinian 527-565 Ce"</a>. European Judaism: A Journal for the New Europe. 38 (2): 127–139. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/41443760">41443760</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=European+Judaism%3A+A+Journal+for+the+New+Europe&rft.atitle=The+Status+of+the+Jews+in+Roman+Legislation%3A+The+Reign+of+Justinian+527-565+Ce&rft.volume=38&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=127-139&rft.date=2005&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41443760%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.au=Brewer%2C+Catherine&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F41443760&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans2005" class="citation book cs1">Evans, James Allan Stewart (September 10, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xDNv6qZ_I-IC&dq=oppression+jews+justinian&pg=PR30">The Emperor Justinian and the Byzantine Empire</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313325823" title="Special:BookSources/9780313325823"><bdi>9780313325823</bdi></a> – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Emperor+Justinian+and+the+Byzantine+Empire&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2005-09-10&rft.isbn=9780313325823&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=James+Allan+Stewart&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DxDNv6qZ_I-IC%26dq%3Doppression%2Bjews%2Bjustinian%26pg%3DPR30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Phoenicia-121"><a href="#cite_ref-Phoenicia_121-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEdward_Lipiński2004" class="citation book cs1">Edward Lipiński (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=SLSzNfdcqfoC&q=Opusculum+de+Persica+captivitate&pg=PA542">Itineraria Phoenicia</a>. 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Retrieved 11 March 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Itineraria+Phoenicia&rft.pages=542-543&rft.pub=Peeters+Publishers&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9789042913448&rft.au=Edward+Lipi%C5%84ski&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DSLSzNfdcqfoC%26q%3DOpusculum%2Bde%2BPersica%2Bcaptivitate%26pg%3DPA542&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZissuGanor2002" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-interwiki-linked-name cs1-prop-script"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%95%D7%A2%D7%96_%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A1%D7%95" class="extiw" title="he:בועז זיסו">Zissu, Boaz</a> [in Hebrew]; Ganor, Amir (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131008061018/http://lisa.biu.ac.il/files/lisa/shared/NIOT_123__2002__by_Boaz_Zissu_and_Amir_Ganor.pdf">"chorevet atari - kfar yahodi mitkupat havit hashani beshpalet yehuda" <bdi lang="he">חורבת עתרי - כפר יהודי מתקופת הבית השני בשפלת יהודה</bdi></a> [Horvat Ethri - a Jewish village from the Second Temple period in the Judean Lowlands] (PDF). <a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%93%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%95%D7%AA" class="extiw" title="he:קדמוניות">קדמוניות</a>. 1 (123). 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Vol. יט. אריאל: מו"פ אזורי השומרון ובקעת הירדן; המרכז האוניברסיטאי אריאל בשומרון. p. 70. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0792-8416">0792-8416</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=%D7%94%D7%A8+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%9A+%D7%A2%D7%93%D7%99%D7%99%D7%9F+%D7%97%D7%99%D7%93%D7%94&rft.btitle=%D7%9E%D7%97%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%99%D7%94%D7%95%D7%93%D7%94+%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.place=%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C&rft.pages=70&rft.pub=%D7%9E%D7%95%22%D7%A4+%D7%90%D7%96%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99+%D7%94%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F+%D7%95%D7%91%D7%A7%D7%A2%D7%AA+%D7%94%D7%99%D7%A8%D7%93%D7%9F%3B+%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%9B%D7%96+%D7%94%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A1%D7%99%D7%98%D7%90%D7%99+%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%9C+%D7%91%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%9E%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%9F&rft.issn=0792-8416&rft.aulast=%D7%A1%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%90%D7%99&rft.aufirst=%D7%96%D7%90%D7%91&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-i24news-139">^ <a href="#cite_ref-i24news_139-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-i24news_139-1">b</a> Jerusalem Post. 21 October 2014 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jpost.com/Not-Just-News/WATCH-2000-year-old-commemorative-inscription-dedicated-to-Roman-emperor-Hadrian-unveiled-379384">WATCH: 2,000-YEAR-OLD INSCRIPTION DEDICATED TO ROMAN EMPEROR UNVEILED IN JERUSALEM</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGergel1991" class="citation journal cs1">Gergel, Richard A. (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/505724">"The Tel Shalem Hadrian Reconsidered"</a>. American Journal of Archaeology. 95 (2): 231–251. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F505724">10.2307/505724</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/505724">505724</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:193092889">193092889</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Archaeology&rft.atitle=The+Tel+Shalem+Hadrian+Reconsidered&rft.volume=95&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=231-251&rft.date=1991&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A193092889%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505724%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F505724&rft.aulast=Gergel&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F505724&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-menahem2013-141">^ <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_141-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_141-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-menahem2013_141-2">c</a> M. Menahem. WHAT DOES TEL SHALEM HAVE TO DO WITH THE BAR KOKHBA REVOLT?. U-ty of Haifa / U-ty of Denver. SCRIPTA JUDAICA CRACOVIENSIA. Vol. 11 (2013) pp. 79–96. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMor2016152-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMor2016152_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMor2016">Mor 2016</a>, p. 152. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eshel-2-143"><a href="#cite_ref-Eshel-2_143-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2003">Eshel 2003</a>, pp. 95–96: "Returning to the Bar Kokhba revolt, we should note that up until the discovery of the first Bar Kokhba documents in Wadi Murabba'at in 1951, Bar Kokhba coins were the sole archaeological evidence available for dating the revolt. Based on coins overstock by the Bar Kokhba administration, scholars dated the beginning of the Bar Kokhba regime to the conquest of Jerusalem by the rebels. The coins in question bear the following inscriptions: "Year One of the redemption of Israel", "Year Two of the freedom of Israel", and "For the freedom of Jerusalem". Up until 1948 some scholars argued that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins predated the others, based upon their assumption that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the rebel capture Jerusalem." L. Mildenberg's study of the dies of the Bar Kokhba definitely established that the "Freedom of Jerusalem" coins were struck later than the ones inscribed "Year Two of the freedom of Israel". He dated them to the third year of the revolt.' Thus, the view that the dating of the Bar Kokhba regime began with the conquest of Jerusalem is untenable. lndeed, archeological finds from the past quarter-century, and the absence of Bar Kokhba coins in Jerusalem in particular, support the view that the rebels failed to take Jerusalem at all." </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.israelhayom.com/2020/05/11/rare-bar-kochba-era-coin-discovered-at-foot-of-temple-mount/">"Rare Bar Kochba-Era Coin Discovered at Foot of Temple Mount"</a>. www.israelhayom.com. May 11, 2020. Retrieved 2024-04-05.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.israelhayom.com&rft.atitle=Rare+Bar+Kochba-Era+Coin+Discovered+at+Foot+of+Temple+Mount&rft.date=2020-05-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelhayom.com%2F2020%2F05%2F11%2Frare-bar-kochba-era-coin-discovered-at-foot-of-temple-mount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.timesofisrael.com/year-2-of-freedom-ancient-coin-from-bar-kochba-revolt-found-near-temple-mount/">"'Year 2 of freedom': Ancient coin from Bar Kochba revolt found near Temple Mount"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Times_of_Israel" title="The Times of Israel">The Times of Israel</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times+of+Israel&rft.atitle=%27Year+2+of+freedom%27%3A+Ancient+coin+from+Bar+Kochba+revolt+found+near+Temple+Mount&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.timesofisrael.com%2Fyear-2-of-freedom-ancient-coin-from-bar-kochba-revolt-found-near-temple-mount%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harkabi1983-146"><a href="#cite_ref-Harkabi1983_146-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYehoshafat_Harkabi1983" class="citation book cs1">Yehoshafat Harkabi (1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=rb00WGipKCIC&pg=RA1-PA37">The Bar Kokhba Syndrome: Risk and Realism in International Politics</a>. SP Books. pp. 1–. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-940646-01-8"><bdi>978-0-940646-01-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+Syndrome%3A+Risk+and+Realism+in+International+Politics&rft.pages=1-&rft.pub=SP+Books&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=978-0-940646-01-8&rft.au=Yehoshafat+Harkabi&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Drb00WGipKCIC%26pg%3DRA1-PA37&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.israelnationalnews.com/News/News.aspx/197910#.VdAs6vmqqko">"Roman Legion Camp Unearthed in Megiddo - Inside Israel - News - Arutz Sheva"</a>. Arutz Sheva. 9 July 2015. Retrieved 2016-03-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Arutz+Sheva&rft.atitle=Roman+Legion+Camp+Unearthed+in+Megiddo+-+Inside+Israel+-+News+-+Arutz+Sheva&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.israelnationalnews.com%2FNews%2FNews.aspx%2F197910%23.VdAs6vmqqko&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> Steiner, M., Mulder-Hymans, N., and Boertien, J.. 2013. “Een joods huishouden in Perea? De resultaten van de eerste opgravingscampagne op Tell Abu Sarbut in 2012.” Tijdschrift voor Mediterrane Archeologie 50: 38–44 </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> Sagiv, N. 2013. “Jewish Finds from Peraea (Transjordan) from the Second Temple Period until the Bar-Kokhba Revolt.” Jerusalem and Eretz-Israel 8–9: 191–210. (Hebrew) </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> Gerber, Y. 1998. Review of Fouilles archéologiques de ʿAïn ez-Zâra/Callirrhoé, villégiature hérodienne, by C. Clamer. BASOR 312: 86–89 </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> Mitchel, L. A. 1992. Hesban 7: Hellenistic and Roman Strata. Berrien Springs, MI: Institute of Archaeology. p. 62-63 </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> Ji, C. C., and Lee, J. K.. 2002. “The survey in the regions of 'Iraq al-Amir and Wadi al-Kafrayn, 2000.” Annual of the Department of Antiquities of Jordan 46: 179–95 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127-153">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_153-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEshel2006105,_127_153-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFEshel2006">Eshel 2006</a>, pp. 105, 127. </li> <li id="cite_note-154"><a href="#cite_ref-154">^</a> Mordechai, Gihon. New insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12-13. University of Pennsylvania Press. The Jewish Quarterly Review Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 15-43. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1454444">10.2307/1454444</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> Peter Schäfer. The Bar Kokhba War reconsidered. 2003. p184. </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> Mordechai Gichon, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1454444">'New Insight into the Bar Kokhba War and a Reappraisal of Dio Cassius 69.12-13,'</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Quarterly_Review" title="The Jewish Quarterly Review">The Jewish Quarterly Review</a>, Vol. 77, No. 1 (Jul., 1986), pp. 15-43, p.40. </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> Wikisource: "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/Epistle_to_Yemen" class="extiw" title="wikisource:Epistle to Yemen">Epistle to Yemen</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://www.knesset.gov.il/vip/BenGurion/eng/BenGurion_Bio_eng.html">[7]</a>" </li> <li id="cite_note-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society-159"><a href="#cite_ref-The-military-and-militarism-in-Israeli-society_159-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tRwTElL0pKcC&dq=%22Bar+Kokhba+was+a+Hero%22&pg=PA150">The military and militarism in Israeli society</a> by Edna Lomsky-Feder, Eyal Ben-Ari]." Retrieved on September 3, 2010 </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em"> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2006" class="citation book cs1">Eshel, Hanan (2006). "The Bar Kochba Revolt, 132–135". In Katz, Steven T. (ed.). The Late Roman-Rabbinic Period. The Cambridge History of Judaism. Vol. 4th. <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-77248-8"><bdi>978-0-521-77248-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Bar+Kochba+Revolt%2C+132%E2%80%93135&rft.btitle=The+Late+Roman-Rabbinic+Period&rft.series=The+Cambridge+History+of+Judaism&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-521-77248-8&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwartz1992" class="citation book cs1">Schwartz, Daniel R. (1992). 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Tübingen: <a href="/wiki/Mohr_Siebeck" title="Mohr Siebeck">Mohr Siebeck</a>. pp. 147–153. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-157327-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-157327-9"><bdi>978-3-16-157327-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+Barnabas+and+Bar-Kokhba&rft.btitle=Studies+in+the+Jewish+Background+of+Christianity&rft.place=T%C3%BCbingen&rft.series=Wissenschaftliche+Untersuchungen+zum+Neuen+Testament+%28WUNT+I%29+60&rft.pages=147-153&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-3-16-157327-9&rft.aulast=Schwartz&rft.aufirst=Daniel+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.mohrsiebeck.com%2Fen%2Fbook%2Fstudies-in-the-jewish-background-of-christianity-9783161573279%2F%3Fno_cache%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmallwood1976" class="citation book cs1">Smallwood, E. Mary (1976). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004502048_023">The Jews under Roman Rule from Pompey to Diocletian</a>. Brill. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004502048_023">10.1163/9789004502048_023</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50204-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-50204-8"><bdi>978-90-04-50204-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Jews+under+Roman+Rule+from+Pompey+to+Diocletian&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=1976&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004502048_023&rft.isbn=978-90-04-50204-8&rft.aulast=Smallwood&rft.aufirst=E.+Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1163%2F9789004502048_023&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFeldman1990" class="citation journal cs1">Feldman, Louis H. (1990). "Some Observations on the Name of Palestine". Hebrew Union College Annual. 61: 1–23. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0360-9049">0360-9049</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23508170">23508170</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hebrew+Union+College+Annual&rft.atitle=Some+Observations+on+the+Name+of+Palestine&rft.volume=61&rft.pages=1-23&rft.date=1990&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23508170%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0360-9049&rft.aulast=Feldman&rft.aufirst=Louis+H.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJacobson2001" class="citation journal cs1">Jacobson, David (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/">"When Palestine Meant Israel"</a>. Biblical Archaeology Review. 27 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220407183723/http://cojs.org/when_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 April 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biblical+Archaeology+Review&rft.atitle=When+Palestine+Meant+Israel&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Jacobson&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcojs.org%2Fwhen_palestine_meant_israel-_david_jacobson-_bar_27-03-_may-jun_2001%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMor2016" class="citation book cs1">Mor, Menahem (4 May 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=T8wJDAAAQBAJ">The Second Jewish Revolt: The Bar Kokhba War, 132-136 CE</a>. BRILL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-31463-4"><bdi>978-90-04-31463-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Second+Jewish+Revolt%3A+The+Bar+Kokhba+War%2C+132-136+CE&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2016-05-04&rft.isbn=978-90-04-31463-4&rft.aulast=Mor&rft.aufirst=Menahem&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DT8wJDAAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEshel2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hanan_Eshel" title="Hanan Eshel">Eshel, Hanan</a> (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=1TA-Fg4wBnUC&pg=PA95">"The Dates used during the Bar Kokhba Revolt"</a>. In Peter Schäfer (ed.). The Bar Kokhba War Reconsidered: New Perspectives on the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome. Mohr Siebeck. pp. 95–96. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-16-148076-8"><bdi>978-3-16-148076-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Dates+used+during+the+Bar+Kokhba+Revolt&rft.btitle=The+Bar+Kokhba+War+Reconsidered%3A+New+Perspectives+on+the+Second+Jewish+Revolt+Against+Rome&rft.pages=95-96&rft.pub=Mohr+Siebeck&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-3-16-148076-8&rft.aulast=Eshel&rft.aufirst=Hanan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D1TA-Fg4wBnUC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Yohannan Aharoni & Michael Avi-Yonah, The MacMillan Bible Atlas, Revised Edition, pp. 164–65 (1968 & 1977 by Carta Ltd.)</li> <li>The Documents from the Bar Kokhba Period in the Cave of Letters (Judean Desert studies). Jerusalem: Israel Exploration Society, 1963–2002. <ul><li>Vol. 2, "Greek Papyri", edited by <a href="/wiki/Naphtali_Lewis" title="Naphtali Lewis">Naphtali Lewis</a>; "Aramaic and Nabatean Signatures and Subscriptions", edited by <a href="/wiki/Yigael_Yadin" title="Yigael Yadin">Yigael Yadin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jonas_C._Greenfield" title="Jonas C. Greenfield">Jonas C. Greenfield</a>. (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652210099" title="Special:BookSources/9652210099">9652210099</a>).</li> <li>Vol. 3, "Hebrew, Aramaic and Nabatean–Aramaic Papyri", edited Yigael Yadin, Jonas C. Greenfield, Ada Yardeni, <a href="/w/index.php?title=BaruchA._Levine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="BaruchA. Levine (page does not exist)">BaruchA. Levine</a> (<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9652210463" title="Special:BookSources/9652210463">9652210463</a>).</li></ul></li> <li>W. Eck, 'The Bar Kokhba Revolt: the Roman point of view' in the Journal of Roman Studies 89 (1999) 76ff.</li> <li>Peter Schäfer (editor), Bar Kokhba reconsidered, Tübingen: Mohr: 2003</li> <li>Aharon Oppenheimer, 'The Ban of Circumcision as a Cause of the Revolt: A Reconsideration', in Bar Kokhba reconsidered, Peter Schäfer (editor), Tübingen: Mohr: 2003</li> <li>Faulkner, Neil. Apocalypse: The Great Jewish Revolt Against Rome. Stroud, Gloucestershire, UK: Tempus Publishing, 2004 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7524-2573-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-7524-2573-0">0-7524-2573-0</a>).</li> <li>Goodman, Martin. The Ruling Class of Judaea: The Origins of the Jewish Revolt against Rome, A.D. 66–70. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-33401-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-33401-2">0-521-33401-2</a>); 1993 (paperback, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-44782-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-44782-8">0-521-44782-8</a>).</li> <li>Richard Marks: The Image of Bar Kokhba in Traditional Jewish Literature: False Messiah and National Hero: University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press: 1994: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-271-00939-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-271-00939-X">0-271-00939-X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorçöl2006" class="citation book cs1">Morçöl, Göktuğ (2006). Handbook of Decision Making. CRC Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-548-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-57444-548-0"><bdi>978-1-57444-548-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+of+Decision+Making&rft.pub=CRC+Press&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-1-57444-548-0&rft.aulast=Mor%C3%A7%C3%B6l&rft.aufirst=G%C3%B6ktu%C4%9F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABar+Kokhba+revolt" class="Z3988"></li> <li>David Ussishkin: "Archaeological Soundings at Betar, Bar-Kochba's Last Stronghold", in: Tel Aviv. Journal of the Institute of Archaeology of Tel Aviv University 20 (1993) 66ff.</li> <li>Yadin, Yigael. Bar-Kokhba: The Rediscovery of the Legendary Hero of the Second Jewish Revolt Against Rome. New York: Random House, 1971 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-394-47184-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-394-47184-9">0-394-47184-9</a>); London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1971 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-297-00345-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-297-00345-3">0-297-00345-3</a>).</li> <li>Mildenberg, Leo. The Coinage of the Bar Kokhba War. Switzerland: Schweizerische Numismatische Gesellschaft, Zurich, 1984 (hardcover, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-7941-2634-3" title="Special:BookSources/3-7941-2634-3">3-7941-2634-3</a>).</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Bar_Kokhba_revolt&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.livius.org/articles/concept/roman-jewish-wars/roman-jewish-wars-8/">Wars between the Jews and Romans: Simon ben Kosiba (130-136 CE)</a>, with English translations of sources.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080117142713/http://www.yadinproductions.com/yadin_archeology.html">Photographs from Yadin's book Bar Kokhba</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.haaretz.com/1.4895760">Archaeologists find tunnels from Jewish revolt against Romans</a> by the Associated Press. <a href="/wiki/Haaretz" title="Haaretz">Haaretz</a>, March 13, 2006</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jewishencyclopedia.com/view.jsp?artid=237&letter=B&search=Bar%20Kokba">"Bar Kokba and Bar Kokba War"</a>—<a href="/wiki/The_Jewish_Encyclopedia" title="The Jewish Encyclopedia">The Jewish Encyclopedia</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r0qjv3nP3Ig">Sam Aronow - The Bar Kochba Revolt | 132 - 136</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Bar_Kokhba_revolt" style=";wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Template:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="View this template" style="color:inherit">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Template talk:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="Discuss this template" style="color:inherit">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Bar Kokhba revolt"><abbr title="Edit this template" style="color:inherit">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Bar_Kokhba_revolt" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div>Part of the <a href="/wiki/Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_wars" title="Jewish–Roman wars">Jewish–Roman wars</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Origins</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Judaea_(Roman_province)" title="Judaea (Roman province)">Judaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish%E2%80%93Roman_War" title="First Jewish–Roman War">First Jewish–Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aelia_Capitolina" title="Aelia Capitolina">Aelia Capitolina</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="6" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Monnaie_-_Zuz,_argent,_H%C3%A9rodion,_Jud%C3%A9e,_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_(1_of_2).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem"><img alt="Bar Kokhba coin displaying the Temple in Jerusalem" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/100px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/150px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/97/Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg/200px-Monnaie_-_Zuz%2C_argent%2C_H%C3%A9rodion%2C_Jud%C3%A9e%2C_Simon_Bar_Kokhba_-_btv1b8498700f_%281_of_2%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2842" data-file-height="2835" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Military engagements </th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Betar" class="mw-redirect" title="Siege of Betar">Siege of Betar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Belligerents and leaders</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Bar Kokhba state</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Simon_bar_Kokhba" title="Simon bar Kokhba">Simon bar Kokhba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeshua_ben_Galgula" title="Yeshua ben Galgula">Yeshua ben Galgula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbi_Akiva" title="Rabbi Akiva">Rabbi Akiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleazar_of_Modi%27im" title="Eleazar of Modi'im">Eleazar of Modi'im</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hadrian" title="Hadrian">Hadrian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quintus_Tineius_Rufus_(consul_127)" title="Quintus Tineius Rufus (consul 127)">Quintus Tineius Rufus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sextus_Julius_Severus" title="Sextus Julius Severus">Sextus Julius Severus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaius_Quinctius_Certus_Poblicius_Marcellus" title="Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus">Gaius Quinctius Certus Poblicius Marcellus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Archaeology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_hiding_complexes" title="Bar Kokhba hiding complexes">Bar Kokhba hiding complexes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Almit" title="Khirbet Almit">Khirbet Almit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kelafa" title="Khirbet Kelafa">Khirbet Kelafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiryat_Arbaya" title="Kiryat Arbaya">Kiryat Arbaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Jamjum" title="Khirbet Jamjum">Khirbet Jamjum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_el-Qutt" title="Khirbet el-Qutt">Khirbet el-Qutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazan_caves" title="Hazan caves">Hazan caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_Burgin" class="mw-redirect" title="Horvat Burgin">Horvat Burgin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Eqed" title="Horvat 'Eqed">Horvat 'Eqed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horvat_%27Ethri" title="Horvat 'Ethri">Horvat 'Ethri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adullam_Grove_Nature_Reserve" title="Adullam Grove Nature Reserve">Horvat Midras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Goded" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Goded">Tel Goded</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tel_Lavnin" class="mw-redirect" title="Tel Lavnin">Tel Lavnin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_refuge_caves" title="Bar Kokhba refuge caves">Bar Kokhba refuge caves</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Horror" class="mw-redirect" title="Cave of Horror">Cave of Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cave_of_Letters" title="Cave of Letters">Cave of Letters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wadi_Murabba%27at" title="Wadi Murabba'at">Wadi Murabba'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/El-Jai_cave" title="El-Jai cave">El-Jai cave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Te%27omim_Cave" title="Te'omim Cave">Te'omim Cave</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Small findings</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_revolt_coinage" title="Bar Kokhba revolt coinage">Bar Kokhba revolt coinage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bar_Kokhba_weight" title="Bar Kokhba weight">Bar Kokhba weights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zuz_(Jewish_coin)" title="Zuz (Jewish coin)">Zuz</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babatha" title="Babatha">Archive of Babatha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Aftermath</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Martyrs" title="Ten Martyrs">Ten Martyrs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Palaestina" title="Syria Palaestina">Syria Palaestina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">History of the Jews in the Roman Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cassius_Dio" title="Cassius Dio">Cassius Dio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messiah_in_Judaism" title="Messiah in Judaism">Messiah in Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lamentations_Rabbah" title="Lamentations Rabbah">Lamentations Rabbah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio" title="Legio">Legio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legio_XXII_Deiotariana" title="Legio XXII Deiotariana">Legio XXII Deiotariana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khirbet_Kuwayzibah" title="Khirbet Kuwayzibah">Koseiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tur_Shimon" title="Tur Shimon">Tur Shimon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_stance_on_Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt">Rabbinic stance on Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;font-weight:normal; background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" title="Category:Bar Kokhba revolt">Category</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Bar_Kokhba_revolt" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Bar Kokhba revolt">Commons</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Jewish_history" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Jewish_history" title="Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Jewish_history" title="Template talk:Jewish history"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish_history" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Jewish history"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Jewish_history" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_history" title="Jewish history">Jewish history</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Overviews</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Jewish_historiography" title="Modern Jewish historiography">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_Judaism_in_the_Land_of_Israel" title="History of the Jews and Judaism in the Land of Israel">Jewish history in Israel/Palestine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historical_Jewish_population_comparisons" class="mw-redirect" title="Historical Jewish population comparisons">Population history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_military_history" title="Jewish military history">Military history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genetic_studies_on_Jews" class="mw-redirect" title="Genetic studies on Jews">Genetic history</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_languages" title="Jewish languages">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsions_and_exoduses_of_Jews" title="Expulsions and exoduses of Jews">Expulsions and exoduses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_schisms" title="Jewish schisms">Schisms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_political_movements" title="Jewish political movements">Political movements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Jewish_history" title="Timeline of Jewish history">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Israelites" title="Israelites">Israelites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_Judaism" title="Origins of Judaism">Origins of Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_ancient_Israel_and_Judah" title="History of ancient Israel and Judah">Ancient Israel and Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Judah" title="Kingdom of Judah">Kingdom of Judah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Israel_(Samaria)" title="Kingdom of Israel (Samaria)">Kingdom of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_Captivity" class="mw-redirect" title="Assyrian Captivity">Assyrian Captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judah%27s_revolts_against_Babylon" title="Judah's revolts against Babylon">Judah's revolts against Babylon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Babylonian_captivity" title="Babylonian captivity">Babylonian captivity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_(Babylonian_province)" title="Yehud (Babylonian province)">Babylonian Yehud</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_period" title="Second Temple period">Second Temple period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_the_Second_Temple_period" title="Timeline of the Second Temple period">Timeline of the Second Temple period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple_Judaism" title="Second Temple Judaism">Second Temple Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellenistic_Judaism" title="Hellenistic Judaism">Hellenistic Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yehud_Medinata" title="Yehud Medinata">Yehud Medinata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_dynasty" title="Hasmonean dynasty">Hasmonean kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herodian_kingdom" title="Herodian kingdom">Herodian kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Judaea" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Judaea">Roman Judaea</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Wars and revolts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Maccabean_Revolt" title="Maccabean Revolt">Maccabean Revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judean_Civil_War" title="Judean Civil War">Judean Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish-Roman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish-Roman Wars">Jewish-Roman Wars</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Jewish-Roman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First Jewish-Roman War">First Jewish-Roman War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Beth_Horon_(66)" title="Battle of Beth Horon (66)">Battle of Beth Horon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galilee_campaign_(67)" title="Galilee campaign (67)">Galilee campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Masada" title="Siege of Masada">Siege of Masada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diaspora_revolt" class="mw-redirect" title="Diaspora revolt">Diaspora revolt</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kitos_War" title="Kitos War">Kitos War</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Bar Kokhba revolt</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jewish_diaspora" title="Jewish diaspora">Diaspora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Roman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Greece" title="History of the Jews in Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Carthage" title="History of the Jews in Carthage">Carthage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Egypt" title="History of the Jews in Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iran" title="History of the Jews in Iran">Persia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Iraq" title="History of the Jews in Iraq">Mesopotamia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_period" title="Rabbinic period">Rabbinic period</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rabbinic_Judaism" title="Rabbinic Judaism">Rabbinic Judaism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Synagogal_Judaism" title="Synagogal Judaism">Synagogal Judaism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nasi_(Hebrew_title)" title="Nasi (Hebrew title)">Nasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhedrin" title="Sanhedrin">Sanhedrin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chazal" title="Chazal">Chazal</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tannaim" title="Tannaim">Tannaim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amoraim" title="Amoraim">Amoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Savoraim" title="Savoraim">Savoraim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geonim" title="Geonim">Geonim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talmudic_academies_in_Babylonia" title="Talmudic academies in Babylonia">Talmudic academies in Babylonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Constantius_Gallus" title="Jewish revolt against Constantius Gallus">Revolt against Gallus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_revolt_against_Heraclius" title="Jewish revolt against Heraclius">Revolt against Heraclius</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Jews_in_the_Middle_Ages" class="mw-redirect" title="Jews in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Mohammedan Wars <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qurayza" title="Siege of Banu Qurayza">Siege of Banu Qurayza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Banu_Qaynuqa" title="Siege of Banu Qaynuqa">Siege of Banu Qaynuqa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Khaybar" title="Battle of Khaybar">Battle of Khaybar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_Banu_Nadir" title="Invasion of Banu Nadir">Invasion of Banu Nadir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_under_Muslim_rule" title="History of the Jews under Muslim rule">Under Muslim rule</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_age_of_Jewish_culture_in_Spain" title="Golden age of Jewish culture in Spain">Sephardic Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kairouan" title="History of the Jews in Kairouan">Kairouan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Byzantine_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Byzantine Empire">Byzantium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_and_the_Crusades" title="History of the Jews and the Crusades">Crusades</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Expulsion_of_Jews_from_Spain" title="Expulsion of Jews from Spain">Expulsion of Jews from Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anusim" title="Anusim">Anusim</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="History of the Jews in the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medieval_antisemitism" title="Medieval antisemitism">Medieval antisemitism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_question" title="Jewish question">Jewish question</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabilities_(Jewish)" title="Disabilities (Jewish)">Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_emancipation" title="Jewish emancipation">Emancipation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haskalah" title="Haskalah">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_Judaism" title="Reform Judaism">Reform Judaism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Zionism" title="History of Zionism">Zionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_Soviet_Union" title="History of the Jews in the Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_the_United_States" title="History of the Jews in the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_during_World_War_II" title="History of the Jews during World War II">World War II</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Holocaust" title="The Holocaust">The Holocaust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_resistance_in_German-occupied_Europe" title="Jewish resistance in German-occupied Europe">Resistance</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Israel" title="History of Israel">Israeli history</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_Yishuv" class="mw-redirect" title="New Yishuv">New Yishuv</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt>See also</dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:JH" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:JH">WP:Jewish history</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Template talk:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Temple_Mount_and_Al-Aqsa" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Temple Mount and Al-Aqsa"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Temple_Mount_/_Al-Aqsa" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount" title="Temple Mount">Temple Mount</a> / <a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa" title="Al-Aqsa">Al-Aqsa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer halls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque">Al-Aqsa Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Marwani Prayer Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Domes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Ascension" title="Dome of the Ascension">Dome of the Ascension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Chain" title="Dome of the Chain">Dome of the Chain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khidr" title="Dome of al-Khidr">Dome of al-Khidr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_al-Khalili" title="Dome of al-Khalili">Dome of al-Khalili</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Prophet" title="Dome of the Prophet">Dome of the Prophet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Rock" title="Dome of the Rock">Dome of the Rock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_the_Spirits" title="Dome of the Spirits">Dome of the Spirits</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf" title="Dome of Yusuf">Dome of Yusuf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dome_of_Yusuf_Agha" title="Dome of Yusuf Agha">Dome of Yusuf Agha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Fountains</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qasim_Pasha" title="Fountain of Qasim Pasha">Fountain of Qasim Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fountain_of_Qayt_Bay" title="Fountain of Qayt Bay">Fountain of Qayt Bay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/An-N%C4%81ranj_Pool" title="An-Nāranj Pool">An-Nāranj Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other structures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Islamic_Museum,_Jerusalem" title="Islamic Museum, Jerusalem">Islamic Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Library" title="Al-Aqsa Library">Library</a></li> <li>Madrasas <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Madrasa_al-Ashrafiyya" title="Madrasa al-Ashrafiyya">Ashrafiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tankiziyya" title="Tankiziyya">Tankiziyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" title="Al-Uthmaniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Uthmaniyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khatuniyya_Madrasa_(Jerusalem)" class="mw-redirect" title="Khatuniyya Madrasa (Jerusalem)">Khatuniyya</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls and entries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Minarets_of_the_Al-Aqsa_Mosque_compound" class="mw-redirect" title="Minarets of the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound">Minarets</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Inspector%27s_Gate" title="Inspector's Gate">Inspector's</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cotton_Merchants%27_Gate" title="Cotton Merchants' Gate">Cotton Merchants'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chain_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Chain Gate (Jerusalem)">Chain</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jerusalem_Islamic_Waqf" class="mw-redirect" title="Jerusalem Islamic Waqf">Jerusalem Islamic Waqf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_is_in_danger" title="Al-Aqsa is in danger">Al-Aqsa is in danger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murabitat" title="Murabitat">Murabitat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Aqsa_massacre&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Al-Aqsa massacre (page does not exist)">Al-Aqsa massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Flood" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Flood">Al-Aqsa Flood</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Jewish elements</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Temple_in_Jerusalem" title="Temple in Jerusalem">Temple</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Temple" title="Solomon's Temple">Solomon's Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ark_of_the_Covenant" title="Ark of the Covenant">Ark of the Covenant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tabernacle" title="Tabernacle">Tabernacle</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Temple" title="Second Temple">Second Temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Altar_(Bible)" title="Altar (Bible)">Altar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hekhal" class="mw-redirect" title="Hekhal">Sanctuary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holy_of_Holies" title="Holy of Holies">Holy of Holies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molten_Sea" title="Molten Sea">Molten Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Porch" title="Solomon's Porch">Solomon's Porch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_menorah" title="Temple menorah">Temple menorah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_treasury" title="Temple treasury">Temple treasury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_denial" title="Temple denial">Temple denial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tisha_B%27Av" title="Tisha B'Av">Tisha B'Av</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Replicas_of_the_Jewish_Temple" title="Replicas of the Jewish Temple">Replicas</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Holyland_Model_of_Jerusalem" title="Holyland Model of Jerusalem">Holyland Model of Jerusalem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schick_models_of_Jerusalem" title="Schick models of Jerusalem">Schick models of Jerusalem</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Third_Temple" title="Third Temple">Third Temple</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall" title="Western Wall">Western Wall</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Little_Western_Wall" title="Little Western Wall">Little Western Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dung_Gate" title="Dung Gate">Dung Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Western_Wall_Heritage_Foundation" title="The Western Wall Heritage Foundation">The Western Wall Heritage Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mughrabi_Bridge" title="Mughrabi Bridge">Mughrabi Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Placing_notes_in_the_Western_Wall" title="Placing notes in the Western Wall">Placing notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilson%27s_Arch_(Jerusalem)" title="Wilson's Arch (Jerusalem)">Wilson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Stone" title="Western Stone">Western Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Wall_Tunnel" title="Western Wall Tunnel">Western Wall Tunnel</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Prayer</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kotel_compromise" title="Kotel compromise">Kotel compromise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1930_Western_Wall_Commission" class="mw-redirect" title="1930 Western Wall Commission">Western Wall Commission</a></li> <li>Advocacy groups <ul><li><a href="/wiki/HaLiba" title="HaLiba">HaLiba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Temple_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="The Temple Institute">The Temple Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Faithful" title="Temple Mount Faithful">Temple Mount Faithful</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Platoon_of_the_Wall" title="Platoon of the Wall">Platoon of the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro%E2%80%93Wailing_Wall_Committee" title="Pro–Wailing Wall Committee">Pro–Wailing Wall Committee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_for_the_Wall" title="Women for the Wall">Women for the Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_of_the_Wall" title="Women of the Wall">Women of the Wall</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shekhinah" title="Shekhinah">Shekhinah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mercy_seat" title="Mercy seat">Mercy seat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boaz_and_Jachin" title="Boaz and Jachin">Boaz and Jachin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robinson%27s_Arch" title="Robinson's Arch">Robinson's Arch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kallal" title="Kallal">Urn for ashes of the Red Heifer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other components</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Walls</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Wall" title="Eastern Wall">Eastern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_Wall" title="Southern Wall">Southern Wall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hall_of_Hewn_Stones" title="Hall of Hewn Stones">Hall of Hewn Stones</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Antiquities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Stone" title="Foundation Stone">Foundation Stone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acra_(fortress)" title="Acra (fortress)">Acra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antonia_Fortress" title="Antonia Fortress">Antonia Fortress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birket_Israel" title="Birket Israel">Birket Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasmonean_Baris" title="Hasmonean Baris">Hasmonean Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monastery_of_the_Virgins" title="Monastery of the Virgins">Monastery of the Virgins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pool_of_Raranj" class="mw-redirect" title="Pool of Raranj">Pool of Raranj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ptolemaic_Baris" title="Ptolemaic Baris">Ptolemaic Baris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Stoa_(Jerusalem)" title="Royal Stoa (Jerusalem)">Royal Stoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon%27s_Stables" title="Solomon's Stables">Solomon's Stables</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Struthion_Pool" title="Struthion Pool">Struthion Pool</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Gates_of_the_Temple_Mount" title="Gates of the Temple Mount">Gates</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mawazin" title="Al-Mawazin">Al-Mawazin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Gate_(Jerusalem)" title="Golden Gate (Jerusalem)">Golden Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huldah_Gates" title="Huldah Gates">Huldah Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lions%27_Gate" title="Lions' Gate">Lions' Gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warren%27s_Gate" title="Warren's Gate">Warren's Gate</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Beautiful_Gate" title="Beautiful Gate">Beautiful Gate</a>"</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Excavations_at_the_Temple_Mount" title="Excavations at the Temple Mount">Excavations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeological_remnants_of_the_Jerusalem_Temple" title="Archaeological remnants of the Jerusalem Temple">Archaeological remnants</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_Sifting_Project" title="Temple Mount Sifting Project">Temple Mount Sifting Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Committee_for_the_Prevention_of_Destruction_of_Antiquities_on_the_Temple_Mount" title="Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount">Committee for the Prevention of Destruction of Antiquities on the Temple Mount</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conflicts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1929_Palestine_riots" title="1929 Palestine riots">1929</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abdullah_I_of_Jordan#Assassination" title="Abdullah I of Jordan">Assassination of Abdullah I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_mosque_fire" title="Al-Aqsa mosque fire">1969 arson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Aqsa_Mosque_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes">Al-Aqsa Mosque clashes</a> (<a href="/wiki/1990_Temple_Mount_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="1990 Temple Mount riots">1990 riots</a>, <a href="/wiki/2009_Temple_Mount_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 Temple Mount clashes">2009 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2015%E2%80%932016_wave_of_violence_in_the_Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="2015–2016 wave of violence in the Israeli–Palestinian conflict">2015–2016 wave of violence</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_crisis" title="2017 Temple Mount crisis">2017 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2017_Temple_Mount_shooting" title="2017 Temple Mount shooting">2017 shooting</a>, <a href="/wiki/2021_Israel%E2%80%93Palestine_crisis" title="2021 Israel–Palestine crisis">2021 crisis</a>, <a href="/wiki/2022_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2022 Al-Aqsa clashes">2022 clashes</a>, <a href="/wiki/2023_Al-Aqsa_clashes" title="2023 Al-Aqsa clashes">2023 clashes</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">See also</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Status_Quo_(Jerusalem_and_Bethlehem)" title="Status Quo (Jerusalem and Bethlehem)">Status quo of Holy Land sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hashemite_custodianship_of_Jerusalem_holy_sites" title="Hashemite custodianship of Jerusalem holy sites">Hashemite custodianship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_Mount_entry_restrictions" title="Temple Mount entry restrictions">Entry restrictions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Templum_Domini" title="Templum Domini">Templum Domini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Well_of_Souls" title="Well of Souls">Well of Souls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navel_of_the_World" class="mw-redirect" title="Navel of the World">Navel of the World</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Temple_Mount" title="Category:Temple Mount">Category</a></li></ul> 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