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mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_funerary_complex_of_al-Zahir_Baybars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Background:_Sultan_al-Zahir_Baybars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Background:_Sultan_al-Zahir_Baybars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Background:_Sultan_al-Zahir_Baybars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_madrasa_and_mausoleum" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_madrasa_and_mausoleum"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The madrasa and mausoleum</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_madrasa_and_mausoleum-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Library" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Library"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The Library</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Library-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z%C9%99hiriyy%C9%99_Kitabxanas%C4%B1" title="Zəhiriyyə Kitabxanası – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Zəhiriyyə Kitabxanası" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblioteca_de_Al-Zahiriyah" title="Biblioteca de Al-Zahiriyah – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Biblioteca de Al-Zahiriyah" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%AA%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%AE%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87_%D8%B8%D8%A7%D9%87%D8%B1%DB%8C%D9%87" title="کتابخانه ظاهریه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" 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<div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><span id="coordinates"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zahiriyya_Library&params=33_30_44.5_N_36_18_18.5_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°30′44.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°18′18.5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.512361°N 36.305139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.512361; 36.305139</span></span></span></a></span></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Al-Zahiriyah_Library&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Al-Zahiriyah Library</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Historic monument and mausoleum in Damascus, Syria</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the madrasa of the same name in Aleppo, see <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org" style="font-size:125%; text-align:center">Zahiriyya Library</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Az-Zahiriyah.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Az-Zahiriyah.jpg/200px-Az-Zahiriyah.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="267" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Az-Zahiriyah.jpg/300px-Az-Zahiriyah.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4e/Az-Zahiriyah.jpg/400px-Az-Zahiriyah.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Entrance to Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa and Library</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Location</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria"><img alt="Syria" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/23px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/35px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/53/Flag_of_Syria.svg/45px-Flag_of_Syria.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="geo-inline"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><span class="plainlinks nourlexpansion"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Zahiriyya_Library&params=33_30_44.5_N_36_18_18.5_E_type:landmark"><span class="geo-default"><span class="geo-dms" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location"><span class="latitude">33°30′44.5″N</span> <span class="longitude">36°18′18.5″E</span></span></span><span class="geo-multi-punct"> / </span><span class="geo-nondefault"><span class="geo-dec" title="Maps, aerial photos, and other data for this location">33.512361°N 36.305139°E</span><span style="display:none"> / <span class="geo">33.512361; 36.305139</span></span></span></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Founder</th><td class="infobox-data">Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Said_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Said Barakah">Al-Malik al-Sa'id</a> (son of Baybars)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built</th><td class="infobox-data">1277-1281</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Built for</th><td class="infobox-data">Sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Zahir_Baybars" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahir Baybars">al-Zahir Baybars</a> (his tomb)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Original use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum" title="Mausoleum">mausoleum</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Current use</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Public_library" title="Public library">public library</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architect</th><td class="infobox-data">Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:bold">Architectural style(s)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_architecture" title="Islamic architecture">Islamic</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Zahiriyya Library</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مكتبة الظاهرية</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Maktaba al-Ẓāhirīyya</i></span>), also known as the <b>Madrasa al-Zahiriyya</b> (<a href="/wiki/Arabic_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Arabic language">Arabic</a>: <span lang="ar" dir="rtl">مَدْرَسَة الظَّاهِرِيَّة</span>, <small><a href="/wiki/Romanization_of_Arabic" title="Romanization of Arabic">romanized</a>: </small><span title="Arabic-language romanization"><i lang="ar-Latn">Madrasah aẓ-Ẓāhirīyah</i></span>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an Islamic library, <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasa</a>, and mausoleum in <a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a>. It was established in 1277, taking its name from the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">Mamluk</a> sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baybars al-Zahir</a> (<span style="white-space:nowrap;"><abbr title="reigned">r.</abbr> 1260–1277</span>), who is buried in this place. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_funerary_complex_of_al-Zahir_Baybars">The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: The funerary complex of al-Zahir Baybars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_(retouched).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg/220px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg/330px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg/440px-Ancient_City_of_Damascus-107601_%28retouched%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1536" /></a><figcaption>The mausoleum chamber of <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baybars</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Background:_Sultan_al-Zahir_Baybars">Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Background: Sultan al-Zahir Baybars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Sultan <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Al-Zahir Baybars</a>, also known as Rukn Uddin Baybrus (full name: <i>al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn al-Din Baibars al-Bunduqdari</i>) was a political and military leader of major historical importance. He played an important role in the establishment of a new <a href="/wiki/Mamluk" title="Mamluk">mamluk</a>-based regime in <a href="/wiki/Cairo" title="Cairo">Cairo</a> that would rule <a href="/wiki/Egypt" title="Egypt">Egypt</a> and <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a> for a long period known as the <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_Sultanate_(Cairo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mamluk Sultanate (Cairo)">Mamluk Sultanate</a> (1250–1517).<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After playing a central role in repelling the <a href="/wiki/Mongol_Empire" title="Mongol Empire">Mongol</a> advance at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ain_Jalut" title="Battle of Ain Jalut">Battle of Ain Jalut</a> in 1260 (often cited as a turning point in history<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) he rose to the position of <a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">sultan</a>. During his reign, he undertook a series of effective campaigns against the remaining <a href="/wiki/Crusader_states" title="Crusader states">Crusader states</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Levant" title="Levant">Levant</a>, conquering a number of important cities and fortresses such as <a href="/wiki/Antioch" title="Antioch">Antioch</a> and the famous <a href="/wiki/Krak_des_Chevaliers" title="Krak des Chevaliers">Krak des Chevaliers</a>, which paved the way for the later final demise of the Crusader presence in the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Baybars died unexpectedly in July 1277 in his palace (called <i>al-Qasr al-<a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">Ablaq</a></i>) in Damascus after drinking a poisoned cup that was intended for someone else.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His death was kept a secret and he was temporarily buried in the <a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a> while arrangements could be made for his permanent burial and for a transition of power to his 18-year-old son <a href="/wiki/Al-Malik_al-Said_Nasir_al-Din_Barakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Malik al-Said Nasir al-Din Barakah">al-Sa'id Barakah</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Baybars had reportedly expressed a desire to be buried near the town of <a href="/wiki/Darayya" title="Darayya">Darayya</a>, but his son judged that he should be buried in a more prestigious location near the great mosque and near the tombs of illustrious <a href="/wiki/Ayyubid_dynasty" title="Ayyubid dynasty">Ayyubid</a> sultans, including the <a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Salah ad-Din</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On al-Sa'id's orders, the governor of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Emir" title="Emir">emir</a> Aydamur, purchased a house opposite the <a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">'Adiliyya Madrasa</a>, in the <a href="/wiki/Al-Amarah,_Syria" title="Al-Amarah, Syria">al-Amara</a> neighbourhood near the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Great Umayyad Mosque</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The house, called <i>Dar al-'Aqiqi</i>, had originally belonged to the father of <a href="/wiki/Saladin" title="Saladin">Salah ad-Din</a> (Saladin), and Salah ad-Din himself had spent part of his childhood there.<sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was remodeled into a madrasa and funerary complex. When al-Sa'id himself died in 1280, he was buried in the same mausoleum as his father.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_madrasa_and_mausoleum">The madrasa and mausoleum</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The madrasa and mausoleum"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Construction of the complex began in 1277 but did not finish until later. It was still unfinished when al-Sa'id died and was buried here in 1280, and the new sultan <a href="/wiki/Al-Mansur_Qalawun" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Mansur Qalawun">al-Mansur Qalawun</a> was required to see to its completion.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This may have been accomplished in 1281, with the mausoleum's decoration probably being the last element to be executed.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:4_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:4-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The architect of the complex was Ibrahim ibn Ghana’im al-Muhandis,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> who was also responsible for building <i>al-Qasr al-Ablaq,</i> the palace of Baybars in Damascus, in 1264.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: 200">: 200 </span></sup> </p><p>Like many subsequent <a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk foundations</a>, the funerary complex of Baybars served multiple functions, which were outlined in its <i><a href="/wiki/Waqf" title="Waqf">waqf</a></i> (trust agreement for charitable foundations under Islamic law). It included two <a href="/wiki/Madrasa" title="Madrasa">madrasas</a> (teaching <a href="/wiki/Sharia" title="Sharia">Islamic law</a>), a <i>Dar al-Hadith</i> (school for teaching the <a href="/wiki/Hadith" title="Hadith">sayings of the Prophet</a>), and the sultan's mausoleum (called a <i>turba</i>). The complex included a monumental portal with a broad canopy of stone-carved <a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a> (honeycomb or stalactite-like forms) culminating in a shell-like hood, considered one of the most accomplished examples of its kind in Syria.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The portal and exterior of the building also demonstrates alternating layers of dark and light stone, known as <a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">ablaq</a> masonry. Today, the portal and the mausoleum are the best-preserved historical parts of the complex.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The mausoleum is covered by a large dome and its interior is boldly decorated with marble paneling along its lower walls (<a href="/wiki/Dado_(architecture)" title="Dado (architecture)">dadoes</a>) and a large frieze of glass <a href="/wiki/Mosaic" title="Mosaic">mosaics</a> along its upper walls. The mosaics are reminiscent of the more famous ones found in the <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a> nearby, illustrating scenes of trees and palaces. However, their craftsmanship is of somewhat lesser quality, suggesting that this skill was in decline compared to earlier periods.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">mihrab</a> (a wall niche symbolizing the <a href="/wiki/Qibla" title="Qibla">direction of prayer</a>) also features an elaborate composition of marble mosaic paneling forming geometric and foliated patterns.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The muqarnas portal (the earliest example of which is the <a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Bimaristan of Nur al-Din</a>), the marble dadoes, and (to a lesser extent) the mosaic friezes of the mausoleum were decorative elements that would recur throughout the Mamluk period after Baybars.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_9-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Entranceway_(5348347368).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The entrance portal of the madrasa complex, composed of different coloured stone (ablaq), Arabic inscriptions, and a muqarnas canopy."><img alt="The entrance portal of the madrasa complex, composed of different coloured stone (ablaq), Arabic inscriptions, and a muqarnas canopy." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg/150px-Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg/225px-Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg/300px-Entranceway_%285348347368%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1536" data-file-height="2048" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The entrance portal of the madrasa complex, composed of different coloured stone (<i><a href="/wiki/Ablaq" title="Ablaq">ablaq</a></i>), <a href="/wiki/Arabic" title="Arabic">Arabic</a> inscriptions, and a <i><a href="/wiki/Muqarnas" title="Muqarnas">muqarnas</a></i> canopy.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="The exterior of the mausoleum's dome."><img alt="The exterior of the mausoleum's dome." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg/128px-DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg" decoding="async" width="128" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg/193px-DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg/257px-DamaskusBaibarMausoleum.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2084" data-file-height="3240" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">The exterior of the mausoleum's dome.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya,_Damascus_(%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82),_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_(edited).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Mihrab of the mausoleum of Baybars, with marble mosaic paneling and glass mosaics above."><img alt="Mihrab of the mausoleum of Baybars, with marble mosaic paneling and glass mosaics above." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg/173px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="173" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg/260px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg/347px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Burial_chamber_mihrab_looking_southwest_-_PHBZ024_2016_1317_-_Dumbarton_Oaks_%28edited%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3212" data-file-height="3703" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext"><a href="/wiki/Mihrab" title="Mihrab">Mihrab</a> of the mausoleum of <a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baybars</a>, with marble mosaic paneling and glass mosaics above.</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 235px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 230px; height: 230px;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya,_Damascus_(%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82),_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="A section of the glass mosaics along the walls of the mausoleum."><img alt="A section of the glass mosaics along the walls of the mausoleum." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg/200px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg/300px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg/400px-Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya%2C_Damascus_%28%D8%AF%D9%85%D8%B4%D9%82%29%2C_Syria_-_Detail_of_burial_chamber_mosaic_-_PHBZ024_2016_1321_-_Dumbarton_Oaks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4804" data-file-height="3175" /></a></span></div> <div class="gallerytext">A section of the glass mosaics along the walls of the mausoleum.</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_Library">The Library</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Library"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The madrasa had a library from the outset. Its first books were donated by the mother of al-Sa'id Barakah as part of the madrasa's endowment.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It was only turned into a "general library" in 1876 or 1877 by Sheikh <a href="/wiki/Tahir_al-Jazairi" title="Tahir al-Jazairi">Tahir al-Jazairi</a> and Salim al-Bukhari, who collected thousands of items for the library.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was helped in part by the governor of Damascus, <a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha" title="Midhat Pasha">Midhat Pasha</a>, who used an edict from the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman</a> sultan to collect books from around the region.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Library" title="Library">library</a> was nationally recognized by the Syrian state and opened to the public in 1880 or 1881.<sup id="cite_ref-:6_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It continued to consolidate collections throughout the late 19th century and early 20th century and became the National Library.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It played a part in the <a href="/wiki/Nahda" title="Nahda">Arabic literary renaissance</a> that was ongoing in Syria in that period.<sup id="cite_ref-:7_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:7-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1919 the "<a href="/wiki/Arab_Academy_of_Damascus" title="Arab Academy of Damascus">Arab Academy</a> was charged with the supervision of the al-Zahiriyya Library. … Its collection consisted at that time of the surviving manuscripts from different small libraries in Syria. … The collection grew from 2,465 manuscripts to 22,000 volumes between 1919 and 1945."<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1949 a legal deposit law decreed that two copies of every work published in Syria be deposited in the library. The law was not enforced until July 1983, when a presidential decree required the deposit of 5 copies of each work published by a Syrian author. In 1984 the <a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_National_Library" title="Al-Assad National Library">Al-Assad Library</a> became the Syrian national library, replacing al-Zahiriyah Library. </p><p>The manuscript department includes over 13,000 classical <a href="/wiki/Islamic" class="mw-redirect" title="Islamic">Islamic</a> manuscripts, the oldest being Imam <a href="/wiki/Ahmad_ibn_Hanbal" title="Ahmad ibn Hanbal">Ahmad ibn Hanbal</a>’s <i>Kitab al-zuhd</i> and <i>Kitab al-fada'il</i>.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (May 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other notable manuscripts include <i><a href="/wiki/Ta%27rikh_Dimashq" class="mw-redirect" title="Ta'rikh Dimashq">Ta'rikh Dimashq</a></i> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_%27Asakir" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn 'Asakir">Ibn 'Asakir</a> (1105–1175), <i>al-Jam bayn al-gharibayn</i> by Abu `Ubaydah Ahmad ibn Muhammad Al-Harawi (d. 1010), and <i>Gharib al-hadith</i> by <a href="/wiki/Ibn_Qutaybah_al-Dinawari" class="mw-redirect" title="Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari">Ibn Qutaybah al-Dinawari</a> (d. 889).<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2011, the library's holdings included some 100,000 holdings, 13,000 manuscripts, and 50,000 periodicals.<sup id="cite_ref-Gruyter-2011_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gruyter-2011-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baibars" class="mw-redirect" title="Baibars">Baybars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">Al-Adiliyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mamluk_architecture" title="Mamluk architecture">Mamluk Architecture</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Madrasa_al-Zahiriyya_(Damascus)" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus)">Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus)</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1854">"Madrasa al-Zahiriyya (Damascus)"</a>. <i>Archnet</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Archnet&rft.atitle=Madrasa+al-Zahiriyya+%28Damascus%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchnet.org%2Fsites%2F1854&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClot2009" class="citation book cs1">Clot, André (2009). <i>L'Égypte des Mamelouks: L'empire des esclaves 1250-1517</i>. Perrin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27%C3%89gypte+des+Mamelouks%3A+L%27empire+des+esclaves+1250-1517&rft.pub=Perrin&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Clot&rft.aufirst=Andr%C3%A9&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSaunders2001" class="citation book cs1">Saunders, J.J. (2001). <i>The History of the Mongol Conquests</i>. University of Pennsylvania Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+the+Mongol+Conquests&rft.pub=University+of+Pennsylvania+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Saunders&rft.aufirst=J.J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baybars-I">"Baybars I | Mamlūk sultan of Egypt and Syria"</a>. <i>Encyclopedia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Encyclopedia+Britannica&rft.atitle=Baybars+I+%7C+Maml%C5%ABk+sultan+of+Egypt+and+Syria&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2Fbiography%2FBaybars-I&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeiser1984" class="citation journal cs1">Leiser, Gary (1984). "The Endowment of the Al-Zahiriyya in Damascus". <i>Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient</i>. <b>27</b> (1): 33–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F156852084X00029">10.1163/156852084X00029</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+Economic+and+Social+History+of+the+Orient&rft.atitle=The+Endowment+of+the+Al-Zahiriyya+in+Damascus&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=33-55&rft.date=1984&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F156852084X00029&rft.aulast=Leiser&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDegeorge2004" class="citation book cs1">Degeorge, Gérard (2004). <i>Damascus</i>. Flammarion. pp. 107–110.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Damascus&rft.pages=107-110&rft.pub=Flammarion&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Degeorge&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A9rard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBurns2005" class="citation book cs1">Burns, Ross (2005). <i>Damascus: A History</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 14,</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Islamic+Art%2C+Museum+With+No+Frontiers&rft.atitle=Madrasa+al-Zahiriyya&rft.aulast=Daiber&rft.aufirst=Verena&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fislamicart.museumwnf.org%2Fdatabase_item.php%3Fid%3Dmonument%3BISL%3Bsy%3BMon01%3B18%3Ben&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_9-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlairBloom1995" class="citation book cs1">Blair, Sheila S.; Bloom, Jonathan (1995). <i>The Art and Architecture of Islam: 1250-1800</i>. New Haven; London: Yale University Press. pp. 71–72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Art+and+Architecture+of+Islam%3A+1250-1800&rft.place=New+Haven%3B+London&rft.pages=71-72&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Blair&rft.aufirst=Sheila+S.&rft.au=Bloom%2C+Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:5_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRabat1995" class="citation book cs1">Rabat, Nasser O. (1995). <i>The Citadel of Cairo: A New Interpretation of Royal Mamluk Architecture</i>. E.J. Brill.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Citadel+of+Cairo%3A+A+New+Interpretation+of+Royal+Mamluk+Architecture&rft.pub=E.J.+Brill&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Rabat&rft.aufirst=Nasser+O.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarkusDelius2011" class="citation book cs1">Markus, Hattstein; Delius, Peter, eds. (2011). <i>Islam: Art and Architecture</i>. h.f.ullman. p. 192.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Islam%3A+Art+and+Architecture&rft.pages=192&rft.pub=h.f.ullman&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:6_12-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldbulletin.net/art-culture/damascus-cultural-heritage-al-zahiriyya-library-h194640.html">"Damascus' Cultural Heritage: Al-Zahiriyya Library"</a>. <i>worldbulletin.net/</i> (in Turkish)<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-11-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldbulletin.net%2F&rft.atitle=Damascus%27+Cultural+Heritage%3A+Al-Zahiriyya+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldbulletin.net%2Fart-culture%2Fdamascus-cultural-heritage-al-zahiriyya-library-h194640.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTamariHudson1996" class="citation journal cs1">Tamari, Steve; Hudson, Leila (1996). "Historical Research and Resources in Damascus". <i>Middle East Studies Association Bulletin</i>. <b>30</b> (1): 10–17. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0026318400032983">10.1017/S0026318400032983</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:133314943">133314943</a> – via JSTOR.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Middle+East+Studies+Association+Bulletin&rft.atitle=Historical+Research+and+Resources+in+Damascus&rft.volume=30&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=10-17&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0026318400032983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A133314943%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Tamari&rft.aufirst=Steve&rft.au=Hudson%2C+Leila&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChristof_Galli2001" class="citation cs2">Christof Galli (2001), "Middle Eastern Libraries", <i>International Dictionary of Library Histories</i>, Chicago: Fitzroy Dearborn Publishers, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1579582443" title="Special:BookSources/1579582443"><bdi>1579582443</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OL_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OL (identifier)">OL</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://openlibrary.org/books/OL3623623M">3623623M</a>, 1579582443</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Middle+Eastern+Libraries&rft.btitle=International+Dictionary+of+Library+Histories&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Fitzroy+Dearborn+Publishers&rft.date=2001&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fopenlibrary.org%2Fbooks%2FOL3623623M%23id-name%3DOL&rft.isbn=1579582443&rft.au=Christof+Galli&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bibliography for Alternative Sources of <a href="/wiki/Nahj_al-Balagha" class="mw-redirect" title="Nahj al-Balagha">Nahj al-Balagha</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gruyter-2011-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Gruyter-2011_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><i>World Guide to Libraries</i> (25th ed.), De Gruyter Saur, 2011</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=World+Guide+to+Libraries&rft.edition=25th&rft.pub=De+Gruyter+Saur&rft.date=2011&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AZahiriyya+Library" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zahiriyya_Library&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archnet.org/sites/1854">Madrasa al-Zahiriyya at ArchNet</a> (includes pictures and floor plan)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.manar-al-athar.ox.ac.uk/pages/search.php?search=%21collection5179">Images of the Mausoleum of Baybars</a>, Manar al-Athar digital photo archive</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Madrasas_in_Syria" title="Template:Madrasas in Syria"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Madrasas_in_Syria" title="Template talk:Madrasas in Syria"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Madrasas_in_Syria" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Madrasas in Syria"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Madrasas_in_Syria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Madrasah" class="mw-redirect" title="Madrasah">Madrasas</a> in <a href="/wiki/Syria" title="Syria">Syria</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Aleppo" title="Aleppo">Aleppo</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Ahmadiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Ahmadiyah Madrasa">Al-Ahmadiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Firdaws_Madrasa" title="Al-Firdaws Madrasa">Al-Firdaws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Halawiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Halawiyah Madrasa">Al-Halawiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Kameliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Kameliyah Madrasa">Al-Kameliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muqaddamiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Muqaddamiyah Madrasa">Al-Muqaddamiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shadbakhtiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Shadbakhtiyah Madrasa">Al-Shadbakhtiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sharafiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sharafiyah Madrasa">Al-Sharafiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sultaniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sultaniyah Madrasa">Al-Sultaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Turantaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Turantaiyah Madrasa">Al-Turantaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Uthmaniyah_Madrasa_(Aleppo)" title="Al-Uthmaniyah Madrasa (Aleppo)">Al-Uthmaniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Zahiriyah Madrasa">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;padding:0;"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">Al-Adiliyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Fathiyah Madrasa">Al-Fathiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mujahidiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa">Al-Mujahidiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qilijiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa">Al-Qilijiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rukniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Rukniyah Madrasa">Al-Rukniyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahiba_Madrasa" title="Al-Sahiba Madrasa">Al-Sahiba Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Madrasa" title="Salimiyya Madrasa">Al-Salimiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiyah_al-Kubra_Madrasa" title="Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa">Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sibaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa">Al-Sibaiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Al-Zahiriyah</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Damascus" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Damascus" title="Template:Damascus"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Damascus" title="Template talk:Damascus"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Damascus" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Damascus"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Damascus" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Damascus" title="Damascus">Damascus</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic and<br />other landmarks</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Azem_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Azem Palace">Al-Azem Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">Khan As'ad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Straight_Street" title="Straight Street">Straight Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mausoleum_of_Saladin" title="Mausoleum of Saladin">Mausoleum of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Citadel_of_Damascus" title="Citadel of Damascus">Citadel of Damascus</a></li> <li>Grand Serail of Damascus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khadra_Palace" title="Khadra Palace">Khadra Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Bimaristan" title="Nur al-Din Bimaristan">Nur al-Din Bimaristan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maktab_Anbar" title="Maktab Anbar">Maktab Anbar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hejaz_Train_Station" class="mw-redirect" title="Hejaz Train Station">Hejaz Train Station</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Saladin" title="Statue of Saladin">Statue of Saladin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tomb_of_the_Unknown_Soldier_(Damascus)" title="Tomb of the Unknown Soldier (Damascus)">Tomb of the Unknown Soldier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temple_of_Jupiter,_Damascus" title="Temple of Jupiter, Damascus">Temple of Jupiter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Palace" title="Tishreen Palace">Tishreen Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presidential_Palace,_Damascus" title="Presidential Palace, Damascus">Al-Shaab Palace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/October_War_Panorama" title="October War Panorama">October War Panorama</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Madrasas and takiyyas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Adiliyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Adiliyah Madrasa">Al-Adiliyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shamiyah_al-Kubra_Madrasa" title="Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa">Al-Shamiyah al-Kubra Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fathiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Fathiyah Madrasa">Al-Fathiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Mujahidiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa">Al-Mujahidiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Qilijiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa">Al-Qilijiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Rukniyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Rukniyah Madrasa">Al-Rukniyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sahiba_Madrasa" title="Al-Sahiba Madrasa">Al-Sahiba Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Madrasa" title="Salimiyya Madrasa">Salimiyya Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Sibaiyah_Madrasa" title="Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa">Al-Sibaiyah Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Zahiriyah_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Zahiriyah Library">Al-Zahiriyah Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nur_al-Din_Madrasa" title="Nur al-Din Madrasa">Nur al-Din Madrasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Takiyya" title="Salimiyya Takiyya">Salimiyya Takiyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_mosques_in_Damascus" title="List of mosques in Damascus">Mosques</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aqsab_Mosque" title="Aqsab Mosque">Aqsab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwish_Pasha_Mosque" title="Darwish Pasha Mosque">Darwish Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanabila_Mosque" title="Hanabila Mosque">Hanabila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salimiyya_Takiyya" title="Salimiyya Takiyya">Ibn 'Arabi Mosque (Salimiyya Mosque)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murad_Pasha_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Murad Pasha Mosque">Murad Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nabi_Habeel_Mosque" title="Nabi Habeel Mosque">Nabi Habeel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sayyidah_Ruqayya_Mosque" title="Sayyidah Ruqayya Mosque">Sayyidah Ruqayyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinan_Pasha_Mosque_(Damascus)" title="Sinan Pasha Mosque (Damascus)">Sinan Pasha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulaymaniyya_Takiyya_Mosque" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque">Sulaymaniyya Takiyya Mosque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Mosque" title="Umayyad Mosque">Umayyad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yalbugha_Mosque" title="Yalbugha Mosque">Yalbugha</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Churches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholic</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Ananias_House" title="Saint Ananias House">Chapel of Saint Ananias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chapel_of_Saint_Paul" title="Chapel of Saint Paul">Chapel of Saint Paul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Our_Lady_of_the_Dormition" title="Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition">Cathedral of Our Lady of the Dormition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syriac_Catholic_Cathedral_of_Saint_Paul" title="Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul">Syriac Catholic Cathedral of Saint Paul</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Orthodox">Eastern Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mariamite_Cathedral_of_Damascus" title="Mariamite Cathedral of Damascus">Mariamite Cathedral</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Orthodox" class="mw-redirect" title="Oriental Orthodox">Oriental Orthodox</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Saint_George,_Damascus" title="Cathedral of Saint George, Damascus">Syriac Cathedral of Saint George</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Synagogues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elfrange_Synagogue" title="Elfrange Synagogue">Elfrange Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobar_Synagogue" title="Jobar Synagogue">Jobar Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menarsha_Synagogue" title="Menarsha Synagogue">Menarsha Synagogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racqy_Synagogue" title="Racqy Synagogue">Racqy Synagogue</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Historic gates</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Faradis" title="Bab al-Faradis">Bab al-Faradis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Jabiyah" title="Bab al-Jabiyah">Bab al-Jabiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Saghir" title="Bab al-Saghir">Bab al-Saghir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_al-Salam" title="Bab al-Salam">Bab al-Salam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Kisan" title="Bab Kisan">Bab Kisan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Sharqi" title="Bab Sharqi">Bab Sharqi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bab_Tuma" title="Bab Tuma">Bab Tuma</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Souqs and caravanserais</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jaqmaq_Caravansarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Jaqmaq Caravansarai">Jaqmaq Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_As%27ad_Pasha" title="Khan As'ad Pasha">As'ad Pasha Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sulayman_Pasha_Caravansarai" class="mw-redirect" title="Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai">Sulayman Pasha Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Harir_Caravansarai_(Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Harir Caravansarai (Damascus)">Al-Harir Caravansarai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Midhat_Pasha_Souq" title="Midhat Pasha Souq">Midhat Pasha Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Hamidiyah_Souq" title="Al-Hamidiyah Souq">Al-Hamidiyah Souq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Buzuriyah_Souq" title="Al-Buzuriyah Souq">Al-Buzuriyah Souq</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and <br />education</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Damascus" title="National Museum of Damascus">National Museum of Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Assad_National_Library" title="Al-Assad National Library">Al-Assad National Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Opera_House" title="Damascus Opera House">Damascus Opera House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_University" title="Damascus University">Damascus University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Virtual_University" title="Syrian Virtual University">Syrian Virtual University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_University_for_Science_and_Technology" title="International University for Science and Technology">International University for Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_Private_University" title="Syrian Private University">Syrian Private University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_International_University" title="Arab International University">Arab International University</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_for_Applied_Science_and_Technology" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology">Higher Institute for Applied Science and Technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_of_Music_in_Damascus" title="Higher Institute of Music in Damascus">Higher Institute of Music in Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Higher_Institute_for_Dramatic_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts">Higher Institute for Dramatic Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Administration" title="National Institute of Administration">National Institute of Administration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Community_School" title="Damascus Community School">Damascus Community School</a></li> <li>Lycée Charles de Gaulle</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shami_Hospital" title="Shami Hospital">Shami Hospital</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Entertainment</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bakdash_(ice_cream_parlor)" title="Bakdash (ice cream parlor)">Bakdash (ice cream parlor)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bawabet_Dimashq" title="Bawabet Dimashq">Bawabet Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Havana_Cafe" title="Havana Cafe">Havana Cafe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beit_al-Mamlouka_Hotel" title="Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel">Beit al-Mamlouka Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Tower_Hotel" title="Blue Tower Hotel">Blue Tower Hotel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_Seasons_Hotel_Damascus" title="Four Seasons Hotel Damascus">Four Seasons Hotel Damascus</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Streets and squares</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baghdad_Street_(Damascus)" title="Baghdad Street (Damascus)">Baghdad Street</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marjeh_Square" title="Marjeh Square">Marjeh Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rawda_Square" title="Rawda Square">Rawda Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sabaa_Bahrat_Square_(Damascus)" title="Sabaa Bahrat Square (Damascus)">Sabaa Bahrat Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Square" title="Umayyad Square">Umayyad Square</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yusuf_al-Azma_Square" title="Yusuf al-Azma Square">Yusuf al-Azma Square</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Nature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barada" title="Barada">Barada River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharpar" title="Pharpar">Pharpar River</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Qasioun" title="Mount Qasioun">Mount Qasioun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salera_Hill" title="Salera Hill">Salera Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghouta" class="mw-redirect" title="Ghouta">Ghouta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sport</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Venues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abbasiyyin_Stadium" title="Abbasiyyin Stadium">Abbasiyyin Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayhaa_Sports_Complex" title="Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex">Al-Fayhaa Sports Complex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Fayhaa_Stadium_(Damascus)" title="Al-Fayhaa Stadium (Damascus)">Al-Fayhaa Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jalaa_Stadium" title="Al-Jalaa Stadium">Al-Jalaa Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tishreen_Stadium" title="Tishreen Stadium">Tishreen Stadium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhafaza_Stadium" title="Al-Muhafaza Stadium">Al-Muhafaza Stadium</a></li> <li>Al-Fayhaa Sports Arena</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Clubs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Al-Jaish_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Jaish SC (Syria)">Al-Jaish SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Majd_SC" title="Al-Majd SC">Al-Majd SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Muhafaza_SC" title="Al-Muhafaza SC">Al-Muhafaza SC</a></li> <li>Al-Nidal SC</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shorta_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Shorta SC (Syria)">Al-Shorta SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Wahda_SC_(Syria)" title="Al-Wahda SC (Syria)">Al-Wahda SC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barada_SC" title="Barada SC">Barada SC</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Damascus" title="Municipalities of Damascus">Municipal districts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Old_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Damascus">Old Damascus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarouja" title="Sarouja">Sarouja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qanawat_(Damascus)" class="mw-redirect" title="Qanawat (Damascus)">Qanawat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jobar" title="Jobar">Jobar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Midan" title="Al-Midan">Al-Midan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Shaghour" class="mw-redirect" title="Al-Shaghour">Al-Shaghour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qadam" title="Qadam">Qadam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kafr_Sousa" title="Kafr Sousa">Kafr Sousa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mezzeh" title="Mezzeh">Mezzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dummar" title="Dummar">Dummar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barzeh,_Syria" title="Barzeh, Syria">Barzeh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qaboun" title="Qaboun">Qaboun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rukneddine" title="Rukneddine">Rukn al-Din</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Al-Salihiyah,_Damascus" title="Al-Salihiyah, Damascus">Al-Salihiyah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muhajreen" title="Muhajreen">Muhajreen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yarmouk_Camp" title="Yarmouk Camp">Yarmouk</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Damascus" title="Timeline of Damascus">Timeline</a><br />(<a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Damascus" title="List of rulers of Damascus">List of rulers</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aram_Damascus" class="mw-redirect" title="Aram Damascus">Aram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(634)" title="Siege of Damascus (634)">Siege (634)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jund_Dimashq" title="Jund Dimashq">Jund Dimashq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burid_dynasty" title="Burid dynasty">Burid dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Damascus_(1148)" title="Siege of Damascus (1148)">Siege (1148)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Eyalet" title="Damascus Eyalet">Eyalet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_affair" title="Damascus affair">Affair</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Protocol" title="Damascus Protocol">Protocol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Damascus" title="State of Damascus">State</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(1941)" title="Battle of Damascus (1941)">Battle (1941)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Airport" title="Damascus International Airport">International Airport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1976_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1976 Pan Arab Games">1976 Pan Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/World_Military_Cup_1977" class="mw-redirect" title="World Military Cup 1977">World Military Cup 1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_International_Film_Festival" title="Damascus International Film Festival">International Film Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Azbakiyah_bombing" title="1981 Azbakiyah bombing">1981 Azbakiyah bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1986_Damascus_bombings" title="1986 Damascus bombings">1986 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1992_Pan_Arab_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="1992 Pan Arab Games">1992 Pan Arab Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Spring" title="Damascus Spring">Spring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2002_West_Asian_Football_Federation_Championship" class="mw-redirect" title="2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship">2002 West Asian Football Federation Championship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2004_WABA_Champions_Cup" title="2004 WABA Champions Cup">2004 WABA Champions Cup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Damascus_Declaration" title="Damascus Declaration">Declaration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_Capital_of_Culture" title="2008 Arab Capital of Culture">2008 Arab Capital of Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Arab_League_summit" title="2008 Arab League summit">2008 Arab League summit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2008_Damascus_car_bombing" title="2008 Damascus car bombing">2008 car bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Damascus_bombings" title="2011 Damascus bombings">2011 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011%E2%80%932012_Damascus_clashes" class="mw-redirect" title="2011–2012 Damascus clashes">2011–2012 clashes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/January_2012_al-Midan_bombing" title="January 2012 al-Midan bombing">January 2012 al-Midan bombing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/March_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="March 2012 Damascus bombings">March 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/April_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="April 2012 Damascus bombings">April 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/10_May_2012_Damascus_bombings" title="10 May 2012 Damascus bombings">May 2012 bombings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Damascus_(2012)" title="Battle of Damascus (2012)">Battle (2012)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/18_July_2012_Damascus_bombing" title="18 July 2012 Damascus bombing">July 2012 bombing</a></li> <li><a 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