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border-color:#dd3333;" href="https://www.yekum.org/category/thinking-he/history-bible-he/">היסטוריה וחקר התנ"ך</a></li></ul> <h1 class="entry-title">מה היה מעמדם של העברים בתקופת המקרא? משה גרנות עונה ליגאל בן נון</h1> <div class="td-module-meta-info"> <div class="td-post-author-name multiple-authors"><div class="td-author-by">By</div><a href="https://www.yekum.org/author/moshegranot">ד״ר משה גרנות</a><div class="td-author-line"> - </div></div> <span class="td-post-date"><time class="entry-date updated td-module-date" datetime="2025-02-24T17:00:00+02:00" >24 פברואר, 2025</time></span> <div class="td-post-views"><i class="td-icon-views"></i><span class="td-nr-views-135233">234</span></div> <div class="td-post-comments"><a href="https://www.yekum.org/2025/02/%d7%9e%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%9e%d7%93%d7%9d-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%91%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%90-%d7%9e%d7%a9%d7%94/#comments"><i 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נון&body=https://www.yekum.org/2025/02/%d7%9e%d7%94-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94-%d7%9e%d7%a2%d7%9e%d7%93%d7%9d-%d7%a9%d7%9c-%d7%94%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%91%d7%aa%d7%a7%d7%95%d7%a4%d7%aa-%d7%94%d7%9e%d7%a7%d7%a8%d7%90-%d7%9e%d7%a9%d7%94/" title="Email" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-mail"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Email</div></a><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-sharing-button-js td-social-network td-social-print" href="#" title="Print" ><div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-print"></i></div><div class="td-social-but-text">Print</div></a></div><div class="td-social-sharing-hidden"><ul class="td-pulldown-filter-list"></ul><a class="td-social-sharing-button td-social-handler td-social-expand-tabs" href="#" data-block-uid="td_social_sharing_article_top" title="More"> <div class="td-social-but-icon"><i class="td-icon-plus td-social-expand-tabs-icon"></i></div> </a></div></div></div> <div class="td-post-content tagdiv-type"> <p>האם היו העברים בתקופת המקרא בני מעמד נחות? פרופסור יגאל בן נון חושב שכן, ד"ר משה גרנות חושב שממש לא.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-full"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" fetchpriority="high" decoding="async" width="696" height="424" data-attachment-id="136188" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2025/02/%d7%94%d7%90%d7%9d-%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94-%d7%a9%d7%9d-%d7%92%d7%a0%d7%90%d7%99-%d7%9c%d7%a2%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%9c-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95/hebrews-beni-hasan-1/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?fit=2400%2C1462&ssl=1" data-orig-size="2400,1462" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="hebrews beni hasan 1" data-image-description="<p>חבירו בכתובות מצריות. מהגרים כנעניים אולי &quot;עבריים&quot; מגיעים למצרים בסביבות המאה ה-19 לפה&quot;ס. The Ibscha Relief, an Egyptian depiction of the arrival of Semitic Hyksos, as displayed on the tomb of Khnumhotep ii at Beni Hassan</p> " data-image-caption="<p>חבירו בכתובות מצריות. מהגרים כנעניים אולי &quot;עבריים&quot; מגיעים למצרים בסביבות המאה ה-19 לפנהס.</p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?fit=300%2C183&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?fit=696%2C424&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=696%2C424&ssl=1" alt="חבירו בכתובות מצריות" class="wp-image-136188" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?w=2400&ssl=1 2400w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=300%2C183&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1024%2C624&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=768%2C468&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1536%2C936&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=2048%2C1248&ssl=1 2048w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=689%2C420&ssl=1 689w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1379%2C840&ssl=1 1379w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=696%2C424&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1392%2C848&ssl=1 1392w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1068%2C651&ssl=1 1068w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/hebrews-beni-hasan-1.jpg?resize=1920%2C1170&ssl=1 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">חבירו בכתובות מצריות</figcaption></figure> <p>תגובה למאמרו של יגאל בן-נון "<a href="https://www.yekum.org/2025/02/האם-עברי-היה-שם-גנאי-לעמים-ישראל-ויהו/" target="_blank" rel="noreferrer noopener">האם עברי היה שם גנאי לעמים 'ישראל' ו-'יהודה' בפי זרים במקרא?</a>".</p> <p>אילו קבע המחבר שרק בעיני הזרים המונח "עברי" הוא שם גנאי, אפשר היה איכשהו לקבל את התזה שלו, אבל מהמאמר שלו משתמע שבני ישראל עצמם ראו במונח "עברי" פחיתות כבוד, כביכול "בני ישראל" הוא המונח הלגיטימי, הנכון, ואילו "עברי" נועד לתאר מעמד נמוך כגון הע'פירו בתעודות המזרח הקדום. </p> <p>הגדיל המחבר לעשות כאשר קבע שהלויים היו במעמד של ע'פירו, כיוון שכביכול הגיעו מאוחר יותר לארץ כנען, ולכן היו מעין גרים חסרי נחלה, והרי התורה גורסת בדיוק הפוך – ששבט לוי הוא שבט מועדף, ולכן משרתים בקודש. משה רבנו עצמו הוא משבט זה.</p> <p>יש ראיות למכביר שהמונח "עברי" הוא בעל מעמד ניטראלי בתנ"ך, כמו המונח "ישראלי" היום, וזה הרי תלוי בהקשר – "הישראלי היפה" הוא זה שנרתם להתנדבות בעת צרה, ו"הישראלי המכוער" הוא זה שמשאיר ערימות של אשפה בפארקים לאחר פיקניקים של יום העצמאות. כך בדיוק הוא מעמדו של "עברי" בתנ"ך – בעיני מי ששונא עברים (לא בעיני זרים ככלל כדעתו של יגאל בן-נון!) המונח "עברי" הוא נחות, ואילו בעיני בני ישראל, ובעיני מחברי התעודות, "עברי" הוא לגיטימי בדיוק כמו "בני ישראל". יש במקרא ביטויים משפילים ליחידות אתניות, כמו "כושים" (ראו עמוס ט' 7), או "ערלים" כשהדברים מכוונים לפלשתים (שמואל ב' א' 20), אבל בביטוי "פלשתים" עצמו אין "הורדה בדרגה", כפי שאין כך בביטוי "עברים".</p> <p>כאמור, רק שונאים, לא סתם זרים, מתייחסים לעברים בבוז. להלן מספר דוגמאות. אשת פוטיפר מבקשת לנקום ביוסף על כך שלא נענה לה, והיא מתייחסת אמנם בזלזול למוצאו של יוסף: "ראו, הביא לנו איש עברי לצחק בנו…" (בראשית ל"ט 14; ראו גם פסוק 17). בהמשך מתוארת סיטואציה שבה מצרים אינם אוכלים יחד עם העברים, כי הרי מדובר בפער שבין אדונים לעבדים: "… כי לא יוכלון המצרים לאכול את העברים לחם, כי תועבה היא למצרים" (בראשית מ"ג 32).</p> <p>בספרי שמואל מתוארת המלחמה המתמשכת בין בני ישראל לפלשתים, והפלשתים אמנם מכנים את בני ישראל "עברים" (שמואל א' ד' 6, 9). הפלשתים מונעים מהעברים אפשרות להכין כלי מלחמה (שמואל א' י"ג 19). מחבר הסיפור על גבורת יהונתן לועג לפלשתים המזלזלים בבני ישראל: "ויאמרו פלשתים הנה עברים יוצאים מן החורים אשר התחבאו שם" (שמואל א' י"ד 11). גם לפני הקרב על הגלבוע סרני הפלשתים מסרבים לסיפוחו של דוד וחבורתו למחנה של אכיש: "ויאמרו שרי פלשתים מה העברים האלה?" (שמואל א' כ"ט 3).</p> <p>ראיה לכך שאין כל דירוג בין "בני ישראל" ובין "עברים", נמצא בשמואל א' י"ג 7-6: "ואיש ישראל ראו כי צר לו כי ניגש העם, ויתחבאו העם במערות ובחווחים ובסלעים ובצריחים ובבורות, ועברים עברו את הירדן ארץ גד וגלעד…", כלומר, מסופר על דרכים שונות של התגוננות מפני פלשתים, ולא בשתי דרגות בתוך העם. ולא רק זאת, שאול תוקע בשופר בכל הארץ "לאמור ישמעו העברים" (שמואל א' י"ג 3). היעלה על הדעת ששאול יבחר בשם מעליב לבני עמו?</p> <p>בזה מסתכמת נימת הבוז של אדונים ושונאים ל"עברים". לא נמצא אצל זרים שום נימה דומה: לא בסיפור המיילדות העבריות (שמות א' 19-15); לא כאשר בת פרעה האמפתית מזהה שמדובר בילד עברי בתיבה (שמות ב' 6); ולא כאשר מוצעת לה מיינקת עברייה (שם, פ' 7); לא כאשר מצרי מכה עברי (שמות ב' 11; או כששני עברים ניצים (שם, פ' 13).</p> <p>זאת אף זאת – המונח "עברי" מוסב במקומות רבים במקרא דווקא למי שזוכה במעמד גבוה: אברם, אבי האומה, מכונה "אברם העברי" (בראשית י"ג 13); יוסף מבקש משר המשקים להזכיר אותו בפני פרעה, תוך שהוא מצהיר שהוא גונב מארץ העברים, כלומר, הוא איננו עבריין, הוא שייך לעם מכובד, העבריין הוא מי שגנב אותו (בראשית מ' 15-14); כשמשה פונה אל פרעה, הוא מצהיר "אלוהי העברים נקרא עלינו" (שמות ג' 13, ה' 3); אלוהים פוקד על משה לציין בפני פרעה ש"ה' אלוהי העברים שלחני אליך" (שמות ז' 16), וכי יעלה על הדעת שהאל הגדול ישפיל את עצמו ואת שם עמו בפני פרעה?! (ראו גם שמות ט' 1); כשיונה נשאל על ידי המלחים ורב החובל על מוצאו, יונה עונה ממש בהתרוממות הרוח "עברי אנוכי, ואת ה' אלוהי השמיים אני ירא, אשר עשה את הים ואת היבשה" (יונה א' 9).</p> <p>וכן, בניגוד למשתמע מדברי בן-נון, אין שום זהות, או דמיון, בין "עברי" ובין עבד. עבד עברי הוא במעמד גבוה יותר מזה של עבד נוכרי. עבד עברי יוצא לחופשי אחרי שש שנים (שמות כ"א 2), ואילו עבד נוכרי, או גר, הוא אחוזת עולם לבעליו וליורשיו: "ועבדך ואמתך אשר יהיו לך מאת הגויים אשר סביבותיכם, מהם תקנו עבד ואמה. גם מבני התושבים הגרים עמכם – מהם תקנו וממשפחותם… והיו לכם לאחוזה, והתנחלתם אותם לבניכם אחריכם לרשת אחוזה לעולם, ובאחיכם בני ישראל איש באחיו לא תרדה בו בפרך" (ויקרא כ"ה 46-44). ספר דברים מציין כי העבד העברי הוא "אחיך", ובוודאי שאין במילה "עברי" כדי להפחית מערכו של העבד. אדרבה, עבד כזה זוכה למענק מהבעלים בצאתו לחופשי (דברים ט"ו 15-12, וראו גם ירמיה ל"ד 16-8).</p> <h3 class="wp-block-heading">לסיכום</h3> <p>אין שום בסיס להנחה של יגאל בן-נון בדבר הדירוג כביכול בין "בני ישראל" ל"עברים" – שני השמות מתייחסים לאותה מסגרת אתנית – ובוודאי שאין זהות או דמיון בין "עברים" ובין עבדים.</p> <figure class="wp-block-image size-large"><a href="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?ssl=1"><img data-recalc-dims="1" decoding="async" width="696" height="462" data-attachment-id="136193" data-permalink="https://www.yekum.org/2025/02/%d7%94%d7%90%d7%9d-%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99-%d7%94%d7%99%d7%94-%d7%a9%d7%9d-%d7%92%d7%a0%d7%90%d7%99-%d7%9c%d7%a2%d7%9e%d7%99%d7%9d-%d7%99%d7%a9%d7%a8%d7%90%d7%9c-%d7%95%d7%99%d7%94%d7%95/judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_lachish/" data-orig-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?fit=1920%2C1275&ssl=1" data-orig-size="1920,1275" data-comments-opened="1" data-image-meta="{"aperture":"0","credit":"Picasa","camera":"","caption":"","created_timestamp":"0","copyright":"","focal_length":"0","iso":"0","shutter_speed":"0","title":"","orientation":"0"}" data-image-title="Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish" data-image-description="<p>אנשי יהודה מגורשים לגלות לאחר לכידת לכיש. Judaean prisoners being deported into exile to other parts of the Assyrian Empire. Wall relief from the Southwest Palace at Nineveh, Mesopotamia, dated to 700–692 BCE (the Neo-Assyrian period). Currently on display at the British Museum.</p> " data-image-caption="<p>אנשי יהודה מגורשים לגלות לאחר לכידת לכיש. </p> " data-medium-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?fit=300%2C199&ssl=1" data-large-file="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?fit=696%2C462&ssl=1" src="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=696%2C462&ssl=1" alt="אנשי יהודה מגורשים לגלות לאחר לכידת לכיש" class="wp-image-136193" srcset="https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=1024%2C680&ssl=1 1024w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=300%2C199&ssl=1 300w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=768%2C510&ssl=1 768w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=1536%2C1020&ssl=1 1536w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=632%2C420&ssl=1 632w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=1265%2C840&ssl=1 1265w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=696%2C462&ssl=1 696w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=1392%2C924&ssl=1 1392w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?resize=1068%2C709&ssl=1 1068w, https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2025/02/Judaean_people_are_being_deported_into_exile_after_the_capture_of_Lachish.jpg?w=1920&ssl=1 1920w" sizes="(max-width: 696px) 100vw, 696px" /></a><figcaption class="wp-element-caption">אנשי יהודה מגורשים לגלות לאחר לכידת לכיש</figcaption></figure> </div> <footer> <div class="td-post-source-tags"> <ul class="td-tags td-post-small-box clearfix"><li><span>תגיות</span></li><li><a href="https://www.yekum.org/tag/%d7%97%d7%91%d7%99%d7%a8%d7%95/">חבירו</a></li><li><a href="https://www.yekum.org/tag/%d7%a2%d7%91%d7%a8%d7%99%d7%9d/">עברים</a></li><li><a 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src='https://i0.wp.com/www.yekum.org/wp-content/uploads/2020/05/%D7%9E%D7%A9%D7%94-%D7%92%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%AA.jpg?fit=102%2C194&ssl=1' class='avatar pp-user-avatar avatar-200 photo ' height='200' width='200'/></a><div class="desc"><div class="td-author-name vcard author"><span class="fn"><a href="https://www.yekum.org/author/moshegranot">ד״ר משה גרנות</a></span></div><div class="td-author-description">בעל תואר תואר ראשון ושני (בהצטיינות) מטעם אוניברסיטת תל אביב, ותואר דוקטור בספרות עברית מטעם אוניברסיטת בר-אילן. שימש כעובד הוראה, והגיע לדרגת מפקח כולל על ב"ס על-יסודיים. פרסם עשרות סיפורים, מאות מאמרים, ערכים לאנציקלופדיות, ולמעלה מ–40 ספרים בסיפורת, ספרות ילדים ונוער, הגות, חינוך, וכן ספרי לימוד וספרי עזר. ערך ספרים, סדרות, אסופות, ושנתונים. סיפורי הילדים שלו "להיות כמו כולם", "הנדר", "מיקי", "הארמון הקפוא", "המלאך שמוחק זיכרונות", "אניזו" שודרו ברדיו בהמשכים. ב-1983 זכה בפרס ע"ש יוסף ברסלבי מטעם החברה לחקר המקרא. עורך את "לקסיקון סופרי ישראל" מטעם אגודת הסופרים.</div><div 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td_block_template_1"> <h4 class="td-comments-title block-title"> <span>תגובה אחת</span> </h4> </div> <ol class="comment-list "> <li class="comment " id="comment-18261"> <article> <footer> <img alt='ס.ג'יבלי' src='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ffc4b42d14fb00491515fe8e0a1c4c9f?s=50&d=mm&r=g' srcset='https://secure.gravatar.com/avatar/ffc4b42d14fb00491515fe8e0a1c4c9f?s=100&d=mm&r=g 2x' class='avatar avatar-50 photo' height='50' width='50' loading='lazy' decoding='async'/> <cite>ס.ג'יבלי</cite> <a class="comment-link" href="#comment-18261"> <time pubdate="1740490584"> 25 פברואר, 2025 At 15:36 </time> </a> </footer> <div class="comment-content tagdiv-type"> <p>יגאל בן נון אינו פרופסור</p> </div> <div class="comment-meta" id="comment-18261"> <a rel="nofollow" class="comment-reply-link" href="#comment-18261" data-commentid="18261" data-postid="135233" data-belowelement="comment-18261" data-respondelement="respond" data-replyto="להגיב לס.ג'יבלי" aria-label="להגיב לס.ג'יבלי">תגובה</a> 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