Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes

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Image analysis with CellProfiler automatically identifies and extracts data from individual cells. In morphological profiling, quantitative data are extracted from microscopy images of cells to identify biologically relevant similarities and differences among samples based on these profiles. This protocol describes the design and execution of experiments using Cell Painting, which is a morphological profiling assay that multiplexes six fluorescent dyes, imaged in five channels, to reveal eight broadly relevant cellular components or organelles. Cells are plated in multiwell plates, perturbed with the treatments to be tested, stained, fixed, and imaged on a high-throughput microscope. Next, an automated image analysis software identifies individual cells and measures ∼1,500 morphological features (various measures of size, shape, texture, intensity, and so on) to produce a rich profile that is suitable for the detection of subtle phenotypes. Profiles of cell populations treated with different experimental perturbations can be compared to suit many goals, such as identifying the phenotypic impact of chemical or genetic perturbations, grouping compounds and/or genes into functional pathways, and identifying signatures of disease. 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class="c-article-author-list c-article-author-list--short" data-test="authors-list" data-component-authors-activator="authors-list"><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Mark_Anthony-Bray-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Mark_Anthony-Bray-Aff1" data-author-search="Bray, Mark-Anthony">Mark-Anthony Bray</a><span class="u-js-hide"> <a class="js-orcid" href="http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-3592"><span class="u-visually-hidden">ORCID: </span>orcid.org/0000-0002-9748-3592</a></span><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Shantanu-Singh-Aff1" data-author-popup="auth-Shantanu-Singh-Aff1" data-author-search="Singh, Shantanu">Shantanu Singh</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff1">1</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Han-Han-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Han-Han-Aff2" data-author-search="Han, Han">Han Han</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Chadwick_T-Davis-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Chadwick_T-Davis-Aff2" data-author-search="Davis, Chadwick T">Chadwick T Davis</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Blake-Borgeson-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Blake-Borgeson-Aff2" data-author-search="Borgeson, Blake">Blake Borgeson</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Cathy-Hartland-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Cathy-Hartland-Aff3" data-author-search="Hartland, Cathy">Cathy Hartland</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Maria-Kost_Alimova-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Maria-Kost_Alimova-Aff3" data-author-search="Kost-Alimova, Maria">Maria Kost-Alimova</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Sigrun_M-Gustafsdottir-Aff3" data-author-popup="auth-Sigrun_M-Gustafsdottir-Aff3" data-author-search="Gustafsdottir, Sigrun M">Sigrun M Gustafsdottir</a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff3">3</a></sup>, </li><li class="c-article-author-list__item c-article-author-list__item--hide-small-screen"><a data-test="author-name" data-track="click" data-track-action="open author" data-track-label="link" href="#auth-Christopher_C-Gibson-Aff2" data-author-popup="auth-Christopher_C-Gibson-Aff2" data-author-search="Gibson, Christopher C" data-corresp-id="c1">Christopher C Gibson<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-mail-medium"></use></svg></a><sup class="u-js-hide"><a href="#Aff2">2</a></sup> & </li><li class="c-article-author-list__show-more" aria-label="Show all 10 authors for this 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data-test="journal-link" href="/nprot" data-track="click" data-track-action="journal homepage" data-track-category="article body" data-track-label="link"><i data-test="journal-title">Nature Protocols</i></a> <b data-test="journal-volume"><span class="u-visually-hidden">volume</span> 11</b>, <span class="u-visually-hidden">pages </span>1757–1774 (<span data-test="article-publication-year">2016</span>)<a href="#citeas" class="c-article-info-details__cite-as u-hide-print" data-track="click" data-track-action="cite this article" data-track-label="link">Cite this article</a> </p> <div class="c-article-metrics-bar__wrapper u-clear-both"> <ul class="c-article-metrics-bar u-list-reset"> <li class=" c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="access-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">60k <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Accesses</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="citation-count"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">487 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Citations</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item" data-test="altmetric-score"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__count">90 <span class="c-article-metrics-bar__label">Altmetric</span></p> </li> <li class="c-article-metrics-bar__item"> <p class="c-article-metrics-bar__details"><a href="/articles/nprot.2016.105/metrics" data-track="click" data-track-action="view metrics" data-track-label="link" rel="nofollow">Metrics <span class="u-visually-hidden">details</span></a></p> </li> </ul> </div> </header> <div class="u-js-hide" data-component="article-subject-links"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Subjects</h3> <ul class="c-article-subject-list"> <li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/fluorescence-imaging" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Fluorescence imaging</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/high-throughput-screening" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">High-throughput screening</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/image-processing" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Image processing</a></li><li class="c-article-subject-list__subject"><a href="/subjects/phenotypic-screening" data-track="click" data-track-action="view subject" data-track-label="link">Phenotypic screening</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="c-article-body"> <section aria-labelledby="Abs2" data-title="Abstract" lang="en"><div class="c-article-section" id="Abs2-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Abs2">Abstract</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Abs2-content"><p>In morphological profiling, quantitative data are extracted from microscopy images of cells to identify biologically relevant similarities and differences among samples based on these profiles. This protocol describes the design and execution of experiments using Cell Painting, which is a morphological profiling assay that multiplexes six fluorescent dyes, imaged in five channels, to reveal eight broadly relevant cellular components or organelles. Cells are plated in multiwell plates, perturbed with the treatments to be tested, stained, fixed, and imaged on a high-throughput microscope. Next, an automated image analysis software identifies individual cells and measures <span class="stix">∼</span>1,500 morphological features (various measures of size, shape, texture, intensity, and so on) to produce a rich profile that is suitable for the detection of subtle phenotypes. Profiles of cell populations treated with different experimental perturbations can be compared to suit many goals, such as identifying the phenotypic impact of chemical or genetic perturbations, grouping compounds and/or genes into functional pathways, and identifying signatures of disease. 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The RNAi Cell Painting knockdown experiment used in this paper was previously published<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 31" title="Singh, S. et al. Morphological profiles of RNAi-induced gene knockdown are highly reproducible but dominated by seed effects. PLoS One 10, e0131370 (2015)." href="/articles/nprot.2016.105#ref-CR31" id="ref-link-section-d93186485e3623">31</a></sup> and was supported in part by the Slim Initiative for Genomic Medicine, a project funded by the Carlos Slim Foundation in Mexico. The authors thank the original developers of earlier versions of the protocol, who are the authors of the original paper describing the assay<sup><a data-track="click" data-track-action="reference anchor" data-track-label="link" data-test="citation-ref" aria-label="Reference 29" title="Gustafsdottir, S.M. et al. Multiplex cytological profiling assay to measure diverse cellular states. PLoS One 8, e80999 (2013)." href="/articles/nprot.2016.105#ref-CR29" id="ref-link-section-d93186485e3627">29</a></sup>; these authors are S.M. Gustafsdottir, V. Ljosa, K.L. Sokolnicki, J.A. Wilson, D. Walpita, M.M. Kemp, K. Petri Seiler, H.A. Carrel, T.R. Golub, S.L. Schreiber, P.A. Clemons, A.E. Carpenter, and A.F. Shamji. For enabling this work, Recursion Pharmaceuticals thanks the University of Utah Core Facilities (J. Phillips), specifically the Drug Discovery Core (B. Luo) and the Fluorescent Imaging Core (C. Rodesch). We thank members of the Broad Institute's Center for the Development of Therapeutics, especially T.P. Hasaka, for technical assistance. We also thank A. Kozol for proofreading the Equipment and Reagents sections and for testing the image analysis workflow, and A. Berger and X. Wu for offering helpful comments and suggestions during manuscript preparation.</p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="author-information" data-title="Author information"><div class="c-article-section" id="author-information-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="author-information">Author information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="author-information-content"><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="affiliations">Authors and Affiliations</h3><ol class="c-article-author-affiliation__list"><li id="Aff1"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Imaging Platform, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Mark-Anthony Bray, Shantanu Singh & Anne E Carpenter</p></li><li id="Aff2"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Recursion Pharmaceuticals, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA., </p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Han Han, Chadwick T Davis, Blake Borgeson & Christopher C Gibson</p></li><li id="Aff3"><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__address">Center for the Science of Therapeutics, Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge,, Massachusetts, USA</p><p class="c-article-author-affiliation__authors-list">Cathy Hartland, Maria Kost-Alimova & Sigrun M Gustafsdottir</p></li></ol><div class="u-js-hide u-hide-print" data-test="author-info"><span class="c-article__sub-heading">Authors</span><ol class="c-article-authors-search u-list-reset"><li id="auth-Mark_Anthony-Bray-Aff1"><span class="c-article-authors-search__title u-h3 js-search-name">Mark-Anthony Bray</span><div class="c-article-authors-search__list"><div class="c-article-authors-search__item c-article-authors-search__list-item--left"><a href="/search?author=Mark-Anthony%20Bray" class="c-article-button" data-track="click" data-track-action="author link - 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C.T.D., H.H., and S.M.G. contributed to describing the benchwork aspects of the protocol. C.H., M.K.-A., M.-A.B., and C.T.D. contributed to updates to the experimental design. M.-A.B. and S.S. contributed most heavily to describing the computational aspects of the protocol. A.E.C., C.C.G., B.B., and S.S. contributed most heavily to describing the rationale and the experimental design.</p><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading" id="corresponding-author">Corresponding authors</h3><p id="corresponding-author-list">Correspondence to <a id="corresp-c1" href="mailto:chris.gibson@recursionpharma.com">Christopher C Gibson</a> or <a id="corresp-c2" href="mailto:anne@broadinstitute.org">Anne E Carpenter</a>.</p></div></div></section><section data-title="Ethics declarations"><div class="c-article-section" id="ethics-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="ethics">Ethics declarations</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="ethics-content"> <h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Competing interests</h3> <p>Recursion Pharmaceuticals is a biotechnology company in which C.C.G., B.B., C.T.D., H.H., and A.E.C. have real or optional ownership interest.</p> </div></div></section><section data-title="Supplementary information"><div class="c-article-section" id="Sec27-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="Sec27">Supplementary information</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="Sec27-content"><div data-test="supplementary-info"><div id="figshareContainer" class="c-article-figshare-container" data-test="figshare-container"></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM16"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary method" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnprot.2016.105/MediaObjects/41596_2016_BFnprot2016105_MOESM16_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Method</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Steps for producing per-well morphological profiles from single-cell measurements (PDF 163 kb)</p></div></div><div class="c-article-supplementary__item" data-test="supp-item" id="MOESM17"><h3 class="c-article-supplementary__title u-h3"><a class="print-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="view supplementary info" data-test="supp-info-link" data-track-label="supplementary note" href="https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1038%2Fnprot.2016.105/MediaObjects/41596_2016_BFnprot2016105_MOESM17_ESM.pdf" data-supp-info-image="">Supplementary Note</a></h3><div class="c-article-supplementary__description" data-component="thumbnail-container"><p>Imaging considerations for wide-field versus confocal microscopes (PDF 308 kb)</p></div></div></div></div></div></section><section data-title="Rights and permissions"><div class="c-article-section" id="rightslink-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="rightslink">Rights and permissions</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="rightslink-content"><p class="c-article-rights"><a data-track="click" data-track-action="view rights and permissions" data-track-label="link" href="https://s100.copyright.com/AppDispatchServlet?title=Cell%20Painting%2C%20a%20high-content%20image-based%20assay%20for%20morphological%20profiling%20using%20multiplexed%20fluorescent%20dyes&author=Mark-Anthony%20Bray%20et%20al&contentID=10.1038%2Fnprot.2016.105&copyright=Springer%20Nature%20Limited&publication=1754-2189&publicationDate=2016-08-25&publisherName=SpringerNature&orderBeanReset=true">Reprints and permissions</a></p></div></div></section><section aria-labelledby="article-info" data-title="About this article"><div class="c-article-section" id="article-info-section"><h2 class="c-article-section__title js-section-title js-c-reading-companion-sections-item" id="article-info">About this article</h2><div class="c-article-section__content" id="article-info-content"><div class="c-bibliographic-information"><div class="u-hide-print c-bibliographic-information__column c-bibliographic-information__column--border"><a data-crossmark="10.1038/nprot.2016.105" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://crossmark.crossref.org/dialog/?doi=10.1038/nprot.2016.105" data-track="click" data-track-action="Click Crossmark" data-track-label="link" data-test="crossmark"><img loading="lazy" width="57" height="81" alt="Check for updates. 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id="citeas">Cite this article</h3><p class="c-bibliographic-information__citation">Bray, MA., Singh, S., Han, H. <i>et al.</i> Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes. <i>Nat Protoc</i> <b>11</b>, 1757–1774 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.105</p><p class="c-bibliographic-information__download-citation u-hide-print"><a data-test="citation-link" data-track="click" data-track-action="download article citation" data-track-label="link" data-track-external="" rel="nofollow" href="https://citation-needed.springer.com/v2/references/10.1038/nprot.2016.105?format=refman&flavour=citation">Download citation<svg width="16" height="16" focusable="false" role="img" aria-hidden="true" class="u-icon"><use xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink" xlink:href="#icon-eds-i-download-medium"></use></svg></a></p><ul class="c-bibliographic-information__list" data-test="publication-history"><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Published<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-08-25">25 August 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item"><p>Issue Date<span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value"><time datetime="2016-09">September 2016</time></span></p></li><li class="c-bibliographic-information__list-item c-bibliographic-information__list-item--full-width"><p><abbr title="Digital Object Identifier">DOI</abbr><span class="u-hide">: </span><span class="c-bibliographic-information__value">https://doi.org/10.1038/nprot.2016.105</span></p></li></ul><div data-component="share-box"><div class="c-article-share-box u-display-none" hidden=""><h3 class="c-article__sub-heading">Share this article</h3><p class="c-article-share-box__description">Anyone you share the following link with will be able to read this content:</p><button 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Cell Painting, a high-content image-based assay for morphological profiling using multiplexed fluorescent dyes | Nature Protocols