CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '913433d9e945fe0b',cH: 'QkdwS8y9UNdJl1YjKKrrskJRz7X9Qv1pPvliEDUlpys-1739778794-1.2.1.1-fTu.ZF874Qysct9TdOa_lQx94_KjnHvMVES4SfIbOEide8Jc96bLQiLelqiJPI9d',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=navigation%20channel&__cf_chl_tk=fZF28.GZv2C5Sx68yXRVGWN91EOFOGt_Cq9HbRuUqPc-1739778794-1.0.1.1-fRy7L8DjrSpRHpOTLQPebzZxQYttl7_FmI5T7xkcnlM",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739778794',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=navigation%20channel&__cf_chl_f_tk=fZF28.GZv2C5Sx68yXRVGWN91EOFOGt_Cq9HbRuUqPc-1739778794-1.0.1.1-fRy7L8DjrSpRHpOTLQPebzZxQYttl7_FmI5T7xkcnlM",md: "TDfTzw8q6_prSSqax1eFr6cNlGEyhkIF.mGEsL5ROgI-1739778794-1.2.1.1-BRiENbEU5XZdCn_efsm4sx4VcYIjPmVgQUF0P5PpIG4fdKvK3JNLoQMg8Rmx1oDzwMxAZ4L57Bv.yWeK_HcjgoJn6VUmh_fc7Bm6k1MDv6zky61bdEsctZuVOS0ZurIwApCVroBd7nS9zVsjQukepFgg8BxqnX5WhlcHX5CMEuAW70ie5zqyMM.lT43UUXhuLxAEVkPhY2HNMKHZswMtPA922g_lktuAR4YrcDHuoj00M2IbKS7iXYnvfxeZQ6Qo9URLJuyH19SFGSr9dnWctyH6jQ.6e4j7vGTN_9w1LfnsZ6xnzKhH.MB8jrqiMSr0ljrV5xXV4WgMOUvl8Agg7XiT6V81.sm29rI1hz8Zo7fAy09PCtqpbvpVXmLTp0SkhsgoOOYBV8IQjzlmj8nSugwTT6mF.giyE_nJhJrwsN_prCRxVw929q3iyWIyVCa_nIQOI9t2HnPiONPkqO1YqJGQcJ7JXxj63aoiboeV.vCE3LwMEtUFw758k6x5tYp6nYIcBCaS07_vHPqb107aB0ViqPcgBDBgto4SgPez3Za1PT8arWqPotC5skj3ebr_JunhCJjZIByEGKkcWdZqmZjRaqSjBnoq4aPhvff8k3_KCf.LWjaZI2kGMaxiblDBTVTsmRbaIwsmpe5vbm2SmbyDBap8LkJF03MlghGX49olNTXDCoVWHzhm8IXoDj4WBjMnOBBrneT8_NzMCD9lQExdUuZUQVUc57MnJw3r0RExDWWm8TbgGOr6QHrNEYMNnYleG5Za7c95wyREcB4Ogwc5o7c2A_BLLjxt6dw2oDkvhVt60Y5IMugisdC18WPYJ9Xsjsyo2UytMWhkLjZvNyvwnkH6pe_nsXZnw.8dKnN8bO9DiQ0BwJhmgcFV36zg.ep4TSr6WXzMk.kQ1ugD1mRCiM81Zg6JKgTgqzR20HdfUMvaBU4F27T2dLhCk4t_W8qbKLWN1qeOpA6AvU8E9hTBpJIJtmQJGD.Xrb81ezYzPWI64kbOFLoY6R_cxq4PIZbKfbi1lsWfdTjtjYPzQx8O2vomcHKP.FHBuRlNA7lniMlBi3UsOFbSOw6Depmp.EFciqHc6RjyQcPCBUSSbkdJkjX6q2opz0LhQZPOJe86f5AZXryLJMiPFKRM7EAZR00hbv2cn1dDMkx1eWHXem4qKr3cJaqOkQjEog4KTlc_ByNbjCp_grWAaiO8lYg2TJbzqIQ.WdvtXO.0ZYM.KpNlA42swvYbxRniLshzXVqwt0hR9.ydq5PSPxk8tqOaG5a2LCRkSJiwDJksNi_lWiWcTZNESwGu8U0T5Y0YniscMTNvql17R5HsK6zAqaxRdXMFfxn1GcbC9awDmR34TqO1Lih6AsKlTZQksK9hl7V7WDbogni3unscSq5ssXdXiDTvdHd4PgmEI1XdVY0f_zHFoEPNmmDaIDKjek0t.lm4l7uq4uv3Zx.JMviKD_UJ8F8KLxOx6_HdVPAI4FVzxn6bitfNtZJ8kyDJrER4rteYxoaIO2n2.5C_cHl62NXRqP.QBdsHSCgIK.SSsIbaA.HmbhRNaTDmHAKurwGDCgDlU.FT5w5ZBJYrMUh29v.AQ3k5f1KnzQ1NEOFE7djf8wYLu.dHTB5TFGF3WL48rG_aWR2_PdxjP4TG8n5ENAwbpSTSCjhhB4kr_GRhnt.qQqLzaROD7DQKu.SvTt_hds10bWClSSb8O3uIGJmAmxf1CRYuOrhUrP4grXH5C7n.Jx13lE9FUAC7yeoQ1PTrHU3ZyiQ_PPdjfeQmy.QPGYBzqnXXII8YkIxGaGlD.ub.JOy_RRvhrF9zG2M1Q0fksbTJ4fPO1sjVOQGd8RXkfYE1SxS3Gqygu2UJVpkxsLIF0qAH_0eVosO62IP4OCM1QytUmDWs6XNvPatFxxCPfrRU8u4QhJY0X2jRCdr30hvGiFU4pX0mF2Gt.G28CypLHsk",mdrd: "flKJPTHTQcdF_6uIQ0uG2M8gYaFDVZQHnxuDRZBQJc4-1739778794-1.2.1.1-XhM5qdpmfFuDkPC0rzDewwEEl2mBJoXBs4Yo72r6npJTd.KKlTcjWyr7ciGsrRz1zM3nQlFM3XTpVfQXaePOTPh6QbLkbcMi.Pr3UPBwgFK2rUICy4Hn2GNxH8SGaV1nfDCn0VXcePspaFaXDbzMrywUxp78y1rTKM6T_OGH.H2iwJvjJ93ndWCoTr8b5Qk1wMcT67GRf9HGtVunAvX6orR0xQvS.rPX5LAAFtYJ5HLRL_rQDGykyjzrrZioOIWZeVPNbvNTTU59KM2iztOJI1_PVt6wv9O2zCTCl20w2VjnUYlm_RBVvLAXS4YqbjL3QsIbu_kL_Y8v2zkakNNxNGiDcK4o2fPFd7pOOWBqb40TGhOeaqRnsCUhWMCExf1cQVYAKeffhdBcGKjebwBSTBKUKlLHRVsDCpkBLAfsYZn6UCmvULHwaCAJftalGIDqJT9FBQZGf8bg2u6u3M7bsXJi8HNA6suYka_PK3dyB8M80ACDcLbAGQckrt8ys4eOV.qrIqmkS2aopUBkGhYWTkxK89siqFb7u74AgkTnYTb3XP5t8LpFxP6qUxpsjpkPNc2WZc7WWjgGJyT9.5DFCAkF93bW1puwGODIysI2fPcHW2l1KFY7FtY7JqPmO1KFc1BehMrQXz5RNSUSGplyyUv76lQI.ZJjX0MlWskyS9elplBVWDHu.34eF6QX1pIQW_CPtL7MilIjEm9x2vRn9w2yTZbFCcrIV3.2Wv1ihifu5W87LYWe_gk8AQ010ViURLnsBPiLNpfkG9lPZlxKvThGfDBFV5oO95t4YCHeu0wcF0S1zLwlBoR0O3sYMGrKQNbLLRYjbKcsTeEAUm4i8h.RpKBhIJgSm_lZddK.xY1ZWsr.9uO10156DL7RFz6BbCHZ2XAJY_onx2RYD2zD503jU4g9MzYWb57qUgaSR_Udsi8VoQMUIyidT5R2zJ17BBBZ_xgJKVOXa_SegzQKsa80lcNJezpQAR0O81nEU19w4hZ7yJj4hE_jR94MqkxPHzwg2PhlbN6qDqxSXoDgLiIR2dZud0GwFq2JdGsJ2_reQ_92FSi7SRn_HC.pkVSniEvu4umK.b8cUBnSIKfnw1sHk.g7BKK.OGLfa7vlz4_O6NQXs4I2MYEOtolPDxtJ8zDiFCKR3XF9OA5wS8HZa8Id8XlA9zIb.oz_cxasl9WNLcSsWL48Bhc6vML64nE3Q66Qw6eFbKltgZBIxVsfnS_7B7lE49r1Bt___cV_9kcdt7oXexcubnfD6DKIAwVvVjIXbPGqD.ct_1ysEFIms03PGQrSvVT23_0Elphp.pSSEzhrN8c1.V8_WjzNJOJ_Bu.ONp3Xr0eDuEKOsDNGSZTuh0cdwE8ylMoWIx0CNnsbLB7ig6ThR9GIN93aStXRUHqhNKb1JcEKN9fs466EVvJIrvjzwIFh1e5qqAN9KLVl0vbheonwS.FfvAj4Ybb8rLsx7RLyhPmvBYIDOz41QYQBcG5mz.0Hj6zq9Vi0CFaDBIPY5L5xFl7W1ddHm1EBWR8EOmHRM1gHgBGaYAG6ryjTS6GBf77voXVFZoGrehElyRKO2G4AwsKwqzVg9gFnquFCbuUUT1nfHRvbL8Xx51LGC2fUTIUPN1oSstZmT42OhILeezDljPkJudOfAq1v8g4IBV2KRsGFsuH9MfAsTZrgC3bqFJZ1nxAtTRMVpUnbntFCp2mT.IClYX2BW8Dg0nItDRZyi8qHRsTbLgJkww26VrU7oXBKs6mjkAsP7TqJDGx83yUx0_Ln3Rfe8yDTKweavlvGTC1yznQvN9FgfrBwMrzje74l_WJWdgRjtx8bXKLwydJuIEPFv_6TYcaHxYSQQF7KAkjML2yvzu1qKl0YyB.BZB7l_V8jjzWLLzR3ATHlML501t_UfWCqzmUC_LWs3dm_Yr3RVe0KINEyo5VOJFqkqS5sVBlKrLbYxBp8sqyjUX0d1YyeJm1z6isuvfwsisV_sTNE5kIaxwIIjg"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=913433d9e945fe0b';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=navigation%20channel&__cf_chl_rt_tk=fZF28.GZv2C5Sx68yXRVGWN91EOFOGt_Cq9HbRuUqPc-1739778794-1.0.1.1-fRy7L8DjrSpRHpOTLQPebzZxQYttl7_FmI5T7xkcnlM" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>