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id="mw-head-base" class="noprint"></div> <div id="content" class="mw-body" role="main"> <a id="top"></a> <div id="siteNotice"></div> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Punjab (Indien)</span></h1> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body"> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">aus Wikipedia, der freien Enzyklopädie</div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="contentSub2"></div> <div id="jump-to-nav"></div> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#mw-head">Zur Navigation springen</a> <a class="mw-jump-link" href="#searchInput">Zur Suche springen</a> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="de" dir="ltr"><div class="infobox float-right" style="margin: 0 0 1em 1em; width: auto; text-align: center; font-size: 95%; line-height: 1.2em;"> <div style="border: 1px solid #ccd2d9; width: auto; background: #f9f9f9; padding: 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em 0.5em;"> <table style="width: 300px; background: transparent; text-align: left; table-layout: auto; border-collapse: collapse; padding: 0; font-size: 100%; line-height: 1.1em;" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0"> <caption style="border-bottom: solid 2px #ccd2d9; margin-left: inherit; font-size: 135%; font-weight: bold; padding-bottom: 0.5em; padding-top: 0.3em; line-height: 1.1em;">Punjab – ਪੰਜਾਬ </caption> <tbody><tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; border-bottom: solid 2px #ccd2d9;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_(Black_On_White).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Wappen"><img alt="Wappen" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/100px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/150px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg/200px-Seal_of_the_Government_Of_Punjab_%28Black_On_White%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1958" data-file-height="2330" /></a><figcaption>Wappen</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Status</a></b> </td> <td style="padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Bundesstaat</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_St%C3%A4dte_in_Indien" title="Liste der Städte in Indien">Hauptstadt</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.3em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Fläche</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.3em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;">50.362 km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.3em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Einwohner</a></b> </td> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.3em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;">27.743.338 <small>(2011)</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Bevölkerungsdichte</a></b> </td> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;">551 Einwohner je km² </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Sprachen_Indiens" title="Sprachen Indiens">Sprachen</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi">Panjabi</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Gouverneure_in_Indien" title="Liste der Gouverneure in Indien">Gouverneur</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gulab_Chand_Kataria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gulab Chand Kataria (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Gulab Chand Kataria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Chief_Minister_in_Indien" title="Liste der Chief Minister in Indien">Chief Minister</a></b> </td> <td style="padding: 0.3em 0.4em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Mann" title="Bhagwant Mann">Bhagwant Mann</a> (<a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">AAP</a>) </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">Website</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjab.gov.in/">punjab.gov.in</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;"><b><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:IN" title="ISO 3166-2:IN">ISO-Code</a></b> </td> <td style="border-top: solid 1px #ccd2d9; padding: 0.4em 1em 0.4em 0em; vertical-align:top; text-align: left;">IN-PB </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:center; padding: 0em 0em 0em 0em;"><figure class="noresize mw-ext-imagemap-desc-bottom-right" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Karte"><img alt="Karte" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg/300px-Punjab_in_India_%28disputed_hatched%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="323" 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alt="China" title="China" /><area href="/wiki/Myanmar" shape="poly" coords="238,167,243,175,247,180,247,191,247,197,249,210,253,216,261,222,275,217,280,211,284,212,288,223,288,231,287,237,285,245,283,250,283,257,285,267,286,272,285,280,287,291,291,297,295,298,299,295,299,233,293,224,292,220,295,218,296,212,297,209,294,204,289,196,286,193,284,187,287,178,288,175,297,175,299,175,299,143,297,142,296,133,286,137,286,132,286,126,289,119,292,116,295,113,297,108,296,101,295,99,295,99,292,99,291,94,289,92,287,92,285,94,283,96,282,98,281,99,283,102,283,105,282,106,279,104,276,103,271,104,266,109,265,110,263,113,262,116,261,119,259,122,259,124,259,128,259,131,256,134,255,137,251,135,247,135,246,137,247,142,246,145,246,148,245,154,244,154,242,155,241,155,241,156,241,159,241,161,240,161,239,161,238,162,238,164" alt="Myanmar" title="Myanmar" /><area href="/wiki/Thailand" shape="poly" 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href="/wiki/Kerala" shape="poly" coords="74,246,88,257,87,259,92,265,92,271,96,270,95,291,88,282,84,266" alt="Kerala" title="Kerala" /><area href="/wiki/Andhra_Pradesh" shape="poly" 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shape="poly" coords="231,97,240,95,246,88,259,81,266,84,272,80,278,87,274,90,285,92,280,98,282,104,276,102,265,108,265,104,272,100,270,95,255,99,250,104,235,105" alt="Arunachal Pradesh" title="Arunachal Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Assam" shape="poly" coords="213,112,215,107,235,105,251,105,255,99,270,95,272,100,255,109,247,119,244,131,237,132,236,128,242,121,236,114,216,115,214,120" alt="Assam" title="Assam" /><area href="/wiki/Bihar" shape="poly" coords="158,101,163,109,158,109,164,116,153,122,155,129,175,129,176,127,182,130,188,129,192,121,197,119,195,115,200,110,198,109,190,111,175,106,170,106,160,99" alt="Bihar" title="Bihar" /><area href="/wiki/Chhattisgarh" shape="poly" coords="124,187,131,196,135,196,142,184,139,174,147,176,147,174,144,172,146,163,151,162,162,145,153,133,137,136,137,139,142,141,132,150,126,164,126,175,130,179,125,181" alt="Chhattisgarh" title="Chhattisgarh" /><area href="/wiki/Gujarat" shape="poly" coords="38,127,55,130,57,129,60,137,69,144,67,155,64,158,65,167,53,174,52,152,49,152,47,163,35,167,17,151,33,144,20,146,11,138,12,135,16,131,35,132" alt="Gujarat" title="Gujarat" /><area href="/wiki/Haryana" shape="poly" coords="70,77,72,82,79,82,85,93,84,96,87,96,88,93,93,93,93,97,99,96,97,90,92,89,95,85,95,77,99,71,91,66,93,71,86,74,86,76,79,76,78,78,73,74" alt="Haryana" title="Haryana" /><area href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="91,65,99,71,102,70,101,63,106,62,113,64,106,48,100,46,95,46,90,43,83,46,81,54" alt="Himachal Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Jharkhand" shape="poly" coords="155,129,153,132,162,145,160,149,169,150,169,153,178,153,178,149,185,152,186,151,183,144,177,142,179,138,194,132,195,122,195,122,192,121,188,129,182,130,176,126,175,129" alt="Jharkhand" title="Jharkhand" /><area href="/wiki/Karnataka" shape="poly" coords="99,190,98,214,94,214,95,224,91,223,93,236,102,235,109,241,106,245,101,245,99,251,101,253,88,257,74,246,67,224,68,216,71,207,81,204,81,199,88,200,93,192" alt="Karnataka" title="Karnataka" /><area href="/wiki/Madhya_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="67,155,68,143,74,125,83,127,81,136,87,131,93,132,93,124,97,123,96,119,90,120,89,116,106,106,112,107,110,117,106,120,106,129,111,132,108,121,111,119,115,123,125,120,127,123,131,125,136,123,148,128,147,134,138,136,137,139,143,141,132,150,128,161,124,158,99,160,98,156,88,163" alt="Madhya Pradesh" title="Madhya Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Maharashtra" shape="poly" coords="67,155,88,163,98,157,99,160,124,158,128,161,126,164,127,176,130,179,125,181,125,186,121,185,120,177,106,175,99,191,92,192,88,200,81,199,81,204,70,208,68,216,61,217,53,173,57,174,58,171,64,167,63,158" alt="Maharashtra" title="Maharashtra" /><area href="/wiki/Manipur" shape="poly" coords="247,121,250,122,251,118,259,117,259,120,259,122,260,123,254,135,243,133" alt="Manipur" title="Manipur" /><area href="/wiki/Meghalaya" shape="poly" coords="214,119,216,115,236,114,242,121,239,124,234,123,214,122" alt="Meghalaya" title="Meghalaya" /><area href="/wiki/Mizoram" shape="poly" coords="237,137,237,132,244,130,244,133,247,134,247,144,245,144,245,153,243,155,240,154" alt="Mizoram" title="Mizoram" /><area href="/wiki/Nagaland" shape="poly" coords="247,121,249,122,251,118,259,117,258,120,264,114,264,104,254,111" alt="Nagaland" title="Nagaland" /><area href="/wiki/Odisha" shape="poly" coords="160,149,169,150,169,153,178,154,178,149,185,152,193,158,186,162,188,167,181,175,166,183,161,186,154,184,147,191,145,189,143,194,135,195,142,184,140,174,147,176,147,174,145,172,146,163,151,162" alt="Odisha" title="Odisha" /><area href="/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" shape="poly" coords="78,52,81,54,92,66,93,71,86,74,87,76,79,76,77,79,73,75,64,75,64,72,71,63,70,56" alt="Punjab" title="Punjab" /><area href="/wiki/Rajasthan" shape="poly" coords="64,75,70,75,72,82,79,82,85,93,84,96,87,96,88,93,93,93,93,98,96,96,103,108,89,115,90,120,96,119,97,123,93,124,92,132,87,132,82,136,82,127,74,126,68,143,61,137,57,130,38,128,33,117,30,117,28,109,23,106,23,103,32,94,36,97,46,95,55,81" alt="Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan" /><area href="/wiki/Sikkim" shape="rect" coords="197,94,205,103" alt="Sikkim" title="Sikkim" /><area href="/wiki/Telangana" shape="poly" coords="98,214,98,210,96,209,97,207,98,203,97,202,100,198,97,197,99,194,98,190,99,188,102,185,101,183,102,180,104,181,106,178,106,177,106,175,110,176,112,178,113,177,118,178,119,178,121,179,121,185,122,187,124,187,126,188,128,189,129,192,131,192,131,196,132,195,136,195,138,195,138,196,136,196,135,197,135,199,130,202,129,203,127,202,125,203,125,204,127,204,127,206,126,205,124,205,124,203,123,203,121,204,122,205,121,207,120,206,115,208,114,211,112,211,110,213,107,212,104,215,100,214" alt="Telangana" title="Telangana" /><area href="/wiki/Tripura" shape="poly" coords="236,128,237,132,237,137,234,137,232,144,228,143,226,136,231,132" alt="Tripura" title="Tripura" /><area href="/wiki/Uttarakhand" shape="poly" coords="101,70,101,63,106,62,117,64,131,72,125,77,122,87,110,82,111,80,106,76,101,77" alt="Uttarakhand" title="Uttarakhand" /><area href="/wiki/Uttar_Pradesh" shape="poly" coords="99,71,101,70,101,77,106,76,111,80,110,82,122,87,139,96,159,101,163,108,159,109,164,117,152,122,155,129,154,133,148,134,148,127,134,123,132,125,126,123,124,120,115,123,111,119,108,121,111,132,105,129,105,120,110,118,112,107,106,106,103,108,96,97,99,95,95,85,95,77" alt="Uttar Pradesh" title="Uttar Pradesh" /><area href="/wiki/Westbengalen" shape="poly" coords="193,158,185,152,186,150,182,144,177,143,178,139,194,132,195,120,197,119,196,115,199,110,198,109,197,103,205,103,207,107,215,107,212,114,201,110,198,116,206,121,198,125,197,129,203,131,207,157" alt="Westbengalen" title="Westbengalen" /><area href="/wiki/Andamanen_und_Nikobaren" shape="rect" coords="234,231,253,306" alt="Andamanen und Nikobaren" title="Andamanen und Nikobaren" /><area href="/wiki/Lakshadweep" shape="rect" coords="47,256,63,293" alt="Lakshadweep" title="Lakshadweep" /></map><figcaption>Karte</figcaption></figure> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> </div> <p><b>Punjab</b> (<span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal"><a href="/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi">Panjabi</a></span> <span lang="pa-Guru" class="Guru" style="font-style:normal">ਪੰਜਾਬ</span> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r183723573">.mw-parser-output .Latn{font-family:"Akzidenz Grotesk","Arial","Avant Garde Gothic","Calibri","Futura","Geneva","Gill Sans","Helvetica","Lucida Grande","Lucida Sans Unicode","Lucida Grande","Stone Sans","Tahoma","Trebuchet","Univers","Verdana"}</style><span class="Latn" lang="pa-Latn" style="font-weight:normal;font-style:italic">Pañjāb</span> [<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r227981795">.mw-parser-output .IPA a{text-decoration:none}</style><span class="navigation-not-searchable"><span class="IPA"><a href="/wiki/Liste_der_IPA-Zeichen" title="Liste der IPA-Zeichen"><span title="Aussprache im Internationalen Phonetischen Alphabet (IPA)" lang="zxx">pʌnˈʤɑːb</span></a></span></span>]) ist ein <a href="/wiki/Indien" title="Indien">indischer</a> Bundesstaat mit einer Fläche von 50.362 km² und knapp 28 Millionen Einwohnern (Volkszählung 2011) im Nordwesten Indiens. </p><p>Der Bundesstaat umfasst den östlichen Teil der zwischen Indien und <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">Pakistan</a> geteilten Großregion <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Punjab</a>. Die Hauptsprache des Punjab ist <a href="/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi">Panjabi</a>, die Mehrheit der Bevölkerung gehört der Religionsgemeinschaft der <a href="/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus">Sikhs</a> an. Die Hauptstadt <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> ist auch gleichzeitig die Hauptstadt des benachbarten <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, an dessen Grenze sie liegt, und wird als <a href="/wiki/Unionsterritorium" title="Unionsterritorium">Unionsterritorium</a> von der Zentralregierung in <a href="/wiki/Neu-Delhi" title="Neu-Delhi">Neu-Delhi</a> direkt verwaltet. </p><p>Mit einem Wert von 0,706 erreicht Punjab 2015 den dritten Platz unter den 29 Bundesstaaten Indiens im <a href="/wiki/Index_der_menschlichen_Entwicklung" title="Index der menschlichen Entwicklung">Index der menschlichen Entwicklung</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"><input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none" /><div class="toctitle" lang="de" dir="ltr"><h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Inhaltsverzeichnis</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span></div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="#Name"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Name</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="#Geographie"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Geographie</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-3"><a href="#Größte_Städte"><span class="tocnumber">2.1</span> <span class="toctext">Größte Städte</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-4"><a href="#Bevölkerung"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Bevölkerung</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-5"><a href="#Demografie"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Demografie</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-6"><a href="#Sprachen"><span class="tocnumber">3.2</span> <span class="toctext">Sprachen</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-7"><a href="#Religionen"><span class="tocnumber">3.3</span> <span class="toctext">Religionen</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-8"><a href="#Geschichte"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Geschichte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-9"><a href="#Politik"><span class="tocnumber">5</span> <span class="toctext">Politik</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-10"><a href="#Politisches_System"><span class="tocnumber">5.1</span> <span class="toctext">Politisches System</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-11"><a href="#Parteien"><span class="tocnumber">5.2</span> <span class="toctext">Parteien</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-12"><a href="#Verwaltungsgliederung"><span class="tocnumber">6</span> <span class="toctext">Verwaltungsgliederung</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-13"><a href="#Distrikte"><span class="tocnumber">6.1</span> <span class="toctext">Distrikte</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-14"><a href="#Kommunale_Selbstverwaltung"><span class="tocnumber">6.2</span> <span class="toctext">Kommunale Selbstverwaltung</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-15"><a href="#Wirtschaft"><span class="tocnumber">7</span> <span class="toctext">Wirtschaft</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-16"><a href="#Soziales_und_Bildung"><span class="tocnumber">8</span> <span class="toctext">Soziales und Bildung</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-17"><a href="#Drogenproblematik"><span class="tocnumber">8.1</span> <span class="toctext">Drogenproblematik</span></a></li> </ul> </li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-18"><a href="#Weblinks"><span class="tocnumber">9</span> <span class="toctext">Weblinks</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-19"><a href="#Einzelnachweise"><span class="tocnumber">10</span> <span class="toctext">Einzelnachweise</span></a></li> </ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Name">Name</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Name" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=1" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Name"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Der Name <i>Punjab</i> (auch: <i>Panjab</i>, eingedeutscht <i>Pandschab</i>) kommt aus <a href="/wiki/Persische_Sprache" title="Persische Sprache">persisch</a> <bdo dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl" lang="fa" class="arabic spanAr" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:120%;">پنجاب</bdi></bdo>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> <i><span lang="fa-Latn" style="font-style:italic">panǧāb</span></i>, ‚Fünfstromland‘ (zusammengesetzt aus <bdo dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl" lang="fa" class="arabic spanAr" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:120%;">پنج</bdi></bdo>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> <i><span lang="fa-Latn" style="font-style:italic">panǧ</span></i>, ‚fünf‘ und <bdo dir="ltr"><bdi dir="rtl" lang="fa" class="arabic spanAr" style="unicode-bidi:isolate;font-size:120%;">آب</bdi></bdo>, <a href="/wiki/DIN_31635" title="DIN 31635">DMG</a> <i><span lang="fa-Latn" style="font-style:italic">āb</span></i>, ‚Wasser‘) und bedeutet wörtlich „fünf Wasser“. Der Name verweist auf die fünf großen Flüsse <a href="/wiki/Beas_(Fluss)" title="Beas (Fluss)">Beas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jhelam_(Fluss)" title="Jhelam (Fluss)">Jhelam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chanab" title="Chanab">Chanab</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ravi_(Fluss)" title="Ravi (Fluss)">Ravi</a> und <a href="/wiki/Satluj" title="Satluj">Satluj</a>, welche die Region durchfließen. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geographie">Geographie</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Geographie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=2" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geographie"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Punjab grenzt an das <a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Bundesstaaten_und_Unionsterritorien_in_Indien" title="Liste der Bundesstaaten und Unionsterritorien in Indien">Unionsterritorium</a> <a href="/wiki/Jammu_und_Kashmir_(Unionsterritorium)" title="Jammu und Kashmir (Unionsterritorium)">Jammu und Kashmir</a>, die Bundesstaaten <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> und <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>, das Unionsterritorium <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a> und den Bundesstaat <a href="/wiki/Rajasthan" title="Rajasthan">Rajasthan</a> (im Uhrzeigersinn, beginnend im <a href="/wiki/Norden" title="Norden">Norden</a>) sowie an die gleichnamige <a href="/wiki/Pakistan" title="Pakistan">pakistanische</a> Provinz <a href="/wiki/Punjab_(Pakistan)" title="Punjab (Pakistan)">Punjab</a>. </p><p>Der größte Teil Punjabs besteht aus relativ flachem, fruchtbaren Schwemmland (<i><a href="/wiki/Alluvialboden" title="Alluvialboden">Alluvium</a></i>). Das Klima ist semiaride und das ganze Land ist von einer Vielzahl von Bewässerungsanlagen und Kanälen durchzogen. Punjab kann in drei Großregionen untergliedert werden:<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ul><li>die Region <a href="/w/index.php?title=Malwa_(Punjab)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Malwa (Punjab) (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Malwa</a> umfasst den größten Teil Punjabs und Teile von Haryana und wird durch die Flüsse <a href="/wiki/Sutlej" class="mw-redirect" title="Sutlej">Sutlej</a> und <a href="/wiki/Yamuna" title="Yamuna">Yamuna</a> begrenzt. Hier liegen die Städte <a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bhatinda" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhatinda">Bhatinda</a> und <a href="/wiki/Mohali" class="mw-redirect" title="Mohali">Mohali</a>.</li> <li>die Region <a href="/w/index.php?title=Majha&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Majha (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Majha</a> liegt zwischen den Flüssen <a href="/wiki/Ravi_(Fluss)" title="Ravi (Fluss)">Ravi</a> und <a href="/wiki/Satluj" title="Satluj">Sutlej</a>. Sie umfasst den größten Teil der Distrikte <a href="/wiki/Amritsar_(Distrikt)" title="Amritsar (Distrikt)">Amritsar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_(Distrikt)" title="Gurdaspur (Distrikt)">Gurdaspur</a> und <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tarn_Taran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tarn Taran (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Tarn Taran</a>. Die Region gilt als Herzland Punjabs und „Wiege des Sikhismus“.</li> <li>die Region <a href="/w/index.php?title=Doaba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doaba (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Doaba</a> („Land zwischen den zwei Flüssen“; von Panjabi „Do“ – ‚zwei‘, „Ab“ – ‚Fluss‘) zwischen den Flüssen <a href="/wiki/Beas_(Fluss)" title="Beas (Fluss)">Beas</a> und Sutlej. Hier findet sich äußerst fruchtbares Ackerland und von hier aus nahm Indiens <a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%BCne_Revolution" title="Grüne Revolution">grüne Revolution</a> in den 1960er Jahren ihren Ausgang. Die Region gilt als eine Kornkammer Indiens. Angebaut wird hauptsächlich Weizen.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Größte_Städte"><span id="Gr.C3.B6.C3.9Fte_St.C3.A4dte"></span>Größte Städte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Größte Städte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=3" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Größte Städte"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG/220px-Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG/330px-Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG/440px-Amritsar_Street_Scene.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption>Straßenszene in Amritsar</figcaption></figure> <p>(Stand: Volkszählung 2011) </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th> </th> <th>Stadt </th> <th>Einwohner </th> <th> </th> <th>Stadt </th> <th>Einwohner </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a> </td> <td align="right">1.613.878 </td> <td align="center">8 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moga_(Punjab)" title="Moga (Punjab)">Moga</a> </td> <td align="right">150.432 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a> </td> <td align="right">1.132.761 </td> <td align="center">9 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a> </td> <td align="right">148.357 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a> </td> <td align="right">862.196 </td> <td align="center">10 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar">S.A.S. Nagar</a> </td> <td align="right">146.104 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a> </td> <td align="right">405.164 </td> <td align="center">11 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abohar" title="Abohar">Abohar</a> </td> <td align="right">145.238 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a> </td> <td align="right">285.813 </td> <td align="center">12 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malerkotla_(Stadt)" title="Malerkotla (Stadt)">Malerkotla</a> </td> <td align="right">135.330 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a> </td> <td align="right">168.443 </td> <td align="center">13 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Khanna_(Stadt)" title="Khanna (Stadt)">Khanna</a> </td> <td align="right">128.130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Batala" title="Batala">Batala</a> </td> <td align="right">156.400 </td> <td align="center">14 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Muktsar" class="mw-redirect" title="Muktsar">Muktsar</a> </td> <td align="right">117.085 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="6"><small>Quelle: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011-prov-results/paper2/data_files/India2/Table_2_PR_Cities_1Lakh_and_Above.pdf">Census of India 2011.</a> (PDF; 154 kB)</small> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bevölkerung"><span id="Bev.C3.B6lkerung"></span>Bevölkerung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Bevölkerung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=4" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Bevölkerung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Demografie">Demografie</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Demografie" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=5" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Demografie"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg/220px-Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg/330px-Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg/440px-Audience_at_the_Wagah_Border.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>Publikum bei der Flaggeneinholung am Grenzübergang in <a href="/wiki/Wagah" title="Wagah">Wagah</a></figcaption></figure> <p>Nach der indischen Volkszählung 2011 hat der Bundesstaat Punjab 27.743.338 Einwohner. Damit gehört Punjab zu den mittelgroßen indischen Bundesstaaten. Gemessen an der Einwohnerzahl steht er an 16. Stelle unter den 29 Bundesstaaten Indiens. Mit 551 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer ist Punjab aber dichter besiedelt als der indische Durchschnitt, der bei 382 Einwohnern pro Quadratkilometer liegt. Zwischen 2001 und 2011 wuchs die Einwohnerzahl um 14 Prozent und damit etwas langsamer als im Landesmittel (18 Prozent). 37 Prozent der Einwohner des Bundesstaates leben in Städten. Der Urbanisierungsgrad ist damit etwas höher als der Landesdurchschnitt von 31 Prozent. Das Geschlechterverhältnis ist unausgeglichen: Auf 1000 Männer kommen nur 895 Frauen, während der entsprechende Wert für Gesamtindien 943 beträgt. Unter den 0–6-Jährigen sind es sogar nur 846 (Indien: 919).<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Im Zeitraum von 2010 bis 2014 betrug die durchschnittliche Lebenserwartung 71,6 Jahre (der indische Durchschnitt betrug 67,9 Jahre).<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die <a href="/wiki/Fertilit%C3%A4tsrate" title="Fertilitätsrate">Fertilitätsrate</a> betrug 1,64 Kinder pro Frau (Stand: 2016) während der indische Durchschnitt im selben Jahr bei 2,23 Kinder lag.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Der Bundesstaat kombiniert damit eine relativ hohe Lebenserwartung mit einer niedrigen Geburtenrate, was auf ein höheres sozioökonomisches Niveau als in anderen indischen Bundesstaaten hindeutet. </p><p>Zensusbevölkerung von Punjab (in den heutigen Grenzen) seit der ersten Volkszählung im Jahr 1951.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Zensusjahr </th> <th>Einwohnerzahl </th></tr> <tr> <td>1951 </td> <td>9.160.990 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1961 </td> <td>11.135.404 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1971 </td> <td>13.551.069 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1981 </td> <td>16.788.920 </td></tr> <tr> <td>1991 </td> <td>20.281.971 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2001 </td> <td>24.289.130 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2011 </td> <td>27.743.338 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sprachen">Sprachen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Sprachen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=6" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Sprachen"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="rahmenfarbe1 float-right" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:solid; font-size:90%; padding:0.4em; width:300px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background:#f2f2f4; color:#202122;">Sprachen im Punjab </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0;">Sprache </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="width:100px;"> </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;">Prozent </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi">Panjabi</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: yellow; width:91.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">91,7 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: orange; width:7.6%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">7,6 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em">Andere </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: silver; width:0.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">0,7 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="padding:4px;">Verteilung der Sprachen (Volkszählung 2001)<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die Hauptsprache und alleinige Amtssprache im Bundesstaat Punjab ist <a href="/wiki/Panjabi" title="Panjabi">Panjabi</a>, das nach der Volkszählung 2001 von 92 Prozent der Einwohner des Bundesstaats als Muttersprache gesprochen wird. Seine heutigen Grenzen erhielt der Bundesstaat 1966 nach den Sprachgrenzen des Panjabi. Außer im indischen Bundesstaat Punjab wird das Panjabi auch im pakistanischen Teil des Punjab gesprochen. Im Gegensatz zu Pakistan, wo eine Variante des <a href="/wiki/Arabisches_Alphabet" title="Arabisches Alphabet">arabischen Alphabets</a> benutzt wird, wird das Panjabi in Indien in einer eigenen Schrift, <a href="/wiki/Gurmukhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Gurmukhi">Gurmukhi</a>, geschrieben. </p><p>Die zweitgrößte Sprache im Bundesstaat Punjab ist das <a href="/wiki/Hindi" title="Hindi">Hindi</a>, die größte Sprache Indiens. Es wird von knapp acht Prozent der Bevölkerung als Muttersprache gesprochen und von den meisten Panjabi-Sprechern verstanden. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Englische_Sprache" title="Englische Sprache">Englisch</a> ist wie in ganz Indien als Verkehrs- und Bildungssprache verbreitet. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religionen">Religionen</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Religionen" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=7" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Religionen"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="rahmenfarbe1 float-right" style="border-collapse:collapse; border-style:solid; font-size:90%; padding:0.4em; width:300px;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="5" style="text-align:center; font-size:larger; background:#f2f2f4; color:#202122;">Religionen im Punjab </th></tr> <tr style="font-size:90%; height:4px;"> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0;">Religion </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;"> </td> <td style="width:100px;"> </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;">Prozent </td> <td style="padding:0 4px; min-width:0; text-align:right;"> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus">Sikhismus</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: #FF7F00; width:57.7%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">57,7 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus">Hinduismus</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: orange; width:38.5%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">38,5 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indien" title="Islam in Indien">Islam</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: green; width:1.9%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">1,9 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em"><a href="/wiki/Christentum" title="Christentum">Christentum</a> </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: #9955BB; width:1.3%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">1,3 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em; min-width:8em">Andere </td> <td style="width:180px; border-left:solid 1px silver; border-right:solid 1px silver;"><div style="background: silver; width:0.6%; overflow:hidden">  </div> </td> <td colspan="2" style="text-align:right; padding-left:0.4em; padding-right:0.4em">0,6 % </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="5" style="padding:4px;">Verteilung der Religionen (Volkszählung 2011)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar,_Punjab,_India.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG/220px-Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG/330px-Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG/440px-Golden_Temple_of_Amritsar%2C_Punjab%2C_India.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Der Goldene Tempel in Amritsar</figcaption></figure> <p>Punjab ist das Zentrum des <a href="/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus">Sikhismus</a>: Die Religion ist in dieser Region entstanden und hat hier mit dem <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib">Goldenen Tempel</a> von Amritsar ihr wichtigstes Heiligtum. Nach der Volkszählung 2011 leben drei Viertel aller indischen Sikhs in Punjab. Mit einem Bevölkerungsanteil von 58 Prozent bilden die Sikhs die Mehrheit im Bundesstaat. Die zweitgrößte Religionsgemeinschaft in Punjab sind die <a href="/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus">Hindus</a>, die 39 Prozent der Bevölkerung ausmachen. <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indien" title="Islam in Indien">Muslime</a> sind mit knapp 2 Prozent dagegen nur eine kleine Minderheit, ebenso wie die <a href="/wiki/Christentum_in_Indien" title="Christentum in Indien">Christen</a> mit etwas über 1 Prozent. </p><p>Um 1900 hatte der Bevölkerungsanteil der Muslime im Gebiet des heutigen Bundesstaates Punjab noch fast 40 Prozent betragen. Als Ergebnis der Gewalttätigkeiten nach der Teilung Indiens wurde die muslimische Bevölkerung fast vollständig aus dem Ostpunjab vertrieben. Gleichzeitig flohen fast alle Sikhs und Hindus aus dem pakistanischen Westpunjab nach Indien. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geschichte">Geschichte</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Geschichte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=8" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Geschichte"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Punjab_1951-66.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjab_1951-66.svg/450px-Punjab_1951-66.svg.png" decoding="async" width="450" height="182" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjab_1951-66.svg/675px-Punjab_1951-66.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/44/Punjab_1951-66.svg/900px-Punjab_1951-66.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1055" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Territoriale Entwicklung des Punjab im unabhängigen Indien (P.E.P.S.U. = <a href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a>). Seit dem <i>Punjab Reorganisation Act</i> von 1966 sind die Grenzen unverändert.</figcaption></figure> <p>Für die Vorgeschichte vor 1947 siehe (<a href="/wiki/Punjab#Geschichte" title="Punjab">Artikel: Punjab im Abschnitt „Geschichte“</a>) </p><p>Bei der Unabhängigkeit und <a href="/wiki/Teilung_Indiens" title="Teilung Indiens">Teilung Indiens</a> 1947 kam der westliche, überwiegend muslimische Teil der früheren britisch-indischen <a href="/wiki/Punjab" title="Punjab">Provinz Punjab</a> zu Pakistan, der östliche, überwiegend von Sikhs und Hindus besiedelte Teil zu Indien. Während der Zeit <a href="/wiki/Britisch-Indien" title="Britisch-Indien">Britisch-Indiens</a> hatten sich die Mitglieder der Religionsgemeinschaft der Sikhs in den Konflikten zwischen <a href="/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus">Hindus</a> und <a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Indien" title="Islam in Indien">Muslimen</a> immer auf die Seite der Hindus geschlagen, ohne dabei allerdings ihre ausgeprägte Eigen-Identität zu verleugnen. Infolge der Teilung kam es zu massiven gewalttätigen Ausschreitungen. Hunderttausende Sikhs und Hindus flohen aus Pakistan nach Indien bzw. kamen ums Leben. Auf der anderen Seite flohen viele Muslime aus dem östlichen, indischen Teil des Punjab nach Pakistan. <a href="/wiki/Lahore" title="Lahore">Lahore</a>, die alte Hauptstadt, fiel bei der Neugliederung dieses Territoriums an Pakistan, worauf Indien für den Bundesstaat Punjab die Errichtung eines neuen Regierungssitzes beschloss. Als Position wählte man ein Gelände am Fuße des Himalaya unmittelbar anschließend an das Dorf Chandigarh, dessen Namen man auf die neue Hauptstadt übertrug. </p><p>Durch die massenhafte Flucht und Vertreibung kam es zu erheblichen demografischen Verschiebungen. Während vor der Teilung die Sikhs bis auf wenige Gebiete nirgendwo in der alten Provinz Punjab eine Mehrheit gebildet hatten, stellten sie nun die deutliche Bevölkerungsmehrheit in einigen westlichen Gebieten des indischen Punjab. Die politischen Vertreter der Sikhs, die sich in der Partei <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Akali Dal</a> sammelten, forderten die Bildung eines Bundesstaats, in dem die Sikhs die Mehrheit haben sollten und die Anerkennung des Panjabi als offizielle Sprache des Punjab. Als Begründung wurde angeführt, dass die Sikhs nur auf diese Weise ihre eigenständige Kultur gegenüber der großen Hindu-Mehrheit bewahren könnten. Panjabi war in der 1950 in Kraft getretenen indischen Verfassung als eine der damals 14 Hauptsprachen Indiens anerkannt worden. Der neu gebildete Bundesstaat Punjab umfasste jedoch auch eine große Zahl Hindi-Sprecher, die darauf bestanden, dass der Staat zweisprachig sein müsse.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zur Enttäuschung der Sikhs blieben ihre Forderungen nach einem eigenen Bundesstaat beim <i><a href="/wiki/States_Reorganisation_Act" title="States Reorganisation Act">States Reorganisation Act</a></i> 1956, der die Grenzen der Bundesstaaten neu zog, unberücksichtigt. </p><p>Schließlich kam es unter der Regierung von Premierministerin <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> im <i>Punjab Reorganisation Act</i>, der am 18. September 1966 in Kraft trat, zur Abtrennung der nicht Punjabi-sprachigen Gebiete. Ein Teil wurde an das benachbarte Unionsterritorium <a href="/wiki/Himachal_Pradesh" title="Himachal Pradesh">Himachal Pradesh</a> angegliedert und aus dem Rest entstand der neue Bundesstaat <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a>. Gemeinsame Hauptstadt von Punjab und Haryana wurde und ist bis heute Stadt Chandigarh, die zum <a href="/wiki/Unionsterritorium" title="Unionsterritorium">Unionsterritorium</a> umgewandelt wurde.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In dem neuen verkleinerten Bundesstaat bildeten die Sikhs nun die Mehrheit. Allerdings verblieben weitere Streitfragen. Sikh-Politiker waren mit der neuen Grenzziehung zum Teil nicht zufrieden und beanspruchten beispielsweise Chandigarh ganz für den Punjab. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Terror_in_Punjab.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terror_in_Punjab.svg/220px-Terror_in_Punjab.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="136" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terror_in_Punjab.svg/330px-Terror_in_Punjab.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/Terror_in_Punjab.svg/440px-Terror_in_Punjab.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1134" data-file-height="703" /></a><figcaption>Todesopfer bei gewalttätigen Auseinandersetzungen im Punjab in den Jahren 1981 bis 2000</figcaption></figure> <p>In den 1970er und 1980er Jahren gewannen radikale politische Strömungen, die mehr Autonomie für den Punjab forderten, bei den Sikhs an Gewicht. Einige forderten die Errichtung eines eigenen unabhängigen Sikh-Staates „<a href="/wiki/Khalistan" title="Khalistan">Khalistan</a>“. 1984 ließ die damalige indische Premierministerin <a href="/wiki/Indira_Gandhi" title="Indira Gandhi">Indira Gandhi</a> nach schweren Unruhen zwischen <a href="/wiki/Hinduismus" title="Hinduismus">Hindus</a> und <a href="/wiki/Fundamentalismus" title="Fundamentalismus">fundamentalistischen</a> <a href="/wiki/Sikhismus" title="Sikhismus">Sikhs</a> deren höchstes Heiligtum, den <a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" title="Harmandir Sahib">Goldenen Tempel</a> von <a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a>, der von bewaffneten Sikh-Extremisten besetzt worden war, stürmen. Die zentrale Figur der fundamentalistischen Sikhs, <a href="/wiki/Jarnail_Singh_Bhindranwale" title="Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale">Jarnail Singh Bhindranwale</a>, wurde dabei getötet. Bei der <a href="/wiki/Operation_Blue_Star" title="Operation Blue Star">Stürmung</a> kamen über 250 Zivilisten ums Leben und der Tempel wurde schwer beschädigt. Am 31. Oktober 1984 wurde Indira Gandhi daraufhin von ihrer Sikh-<a href="/wiki/Personenschutz" title="Personenschutz">Leibgarde</a> ermordet. Dies führte in der Folge zu pogromartigen Ausschreitungen gegen Sikhs in ganz Indien, denen mehrere Tausend Menschen zum Opfer fielen. Der Bundesstaat Punjab geriet in den folgenden Jahren in einen <a href="/wiki/Ausnahmezustand" title="Ausnahmezustand">Ausnahmezustand</a> und musste über viele Jahre direkt von der Zentralregierung verwaltet werden, da die Regionalregierung der Gewalt nicht mehr Herr werden konnte. Beide Konfliktparteien (Sikh-Extremisten und Sicherheitskräfte) nahmen bei den Auseinandersetzungen wenig Rücksicht auf die Zivilbevölkerung, die Hauptleidtragende des Konflikts war. Erst nachdem 1992 unter massiven Sicherheitsvorkehrungen <a href="/wiki/Parlamentswahl_in_Indien_1992_(Punjab)" title="Parlamentswahl in Indien 1992 (Punjab)">Wahlen im Punjab</a> abgehalten worden waren und erneut eine lokale gewählte Zivilregierung eingesetzt worden war, ebbte die Gewalt ab. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politik">Politik</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Politik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=9" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politik"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politisches_System">Politisches System</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Politisches System" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=10" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Politisches System"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Assembly_09.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/220px-Assembly_09.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/330px-Assembly_09.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Assembly_09.jpg/440px-Assembly_09.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>Parlamentsgebäude in Chandigarh</figcaption></figure> <p>Die <a href="/wiki/Legislative" title="Legislative">Legislative</a> des Bundesstaates Punjab besteht aus einem <a href="/wiki/Einkammernparlament" class="mw-redirect" title="Einkammernparlament">Einkammernparlament</a>, der <i>Punjab Legislative Assembly</i> oder <i>Punjab Vidhan Sabha</i>. Die 117 Abgeordneten des Parlaments werden alle fünf Jahre durch <a href="/wiki/Direktwahl" title="Direktwahl">Direktwahl</a> bestimmt. Das Parlament hat seinen Sitz in <a href="/wiki/Chandigarh" title="Chandigarh">Chandigarh</a>, das den Bundesstaaten Punjab und <a href="/wiki/Haryana" title="Haryana">Haryana</a> als gemeinsame Hauptstadt gilt und selbst als <a href="/wiki/Unionsterritorium" title="Unionsterritorium">Unionsterritorium</a> direkt von der indischen Zentralregierung verwaltet wird. </p><p>Der <i><a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a></i> (Regierungschef) von Punjab, wird vom Parlament gewählt. An der Spitze des Bundesstaats steht jedoch der vom indischen Präsidenten ernannte Gouverneur (<i>Governor</i>). Seine Hauptaufgaben sind die Ernennung des Chief Ministers und dessen Beauftragung mit der Regierungsbildung. </p><p>Höchster Gerichtshof in Punjab ist der <a href="/wiki/Punjab_and_Haryana_High_Court" title="Punjab and Haryana High Court">Punjab and Haryana High Court</a> in Chandigarh, in dessen Zuständigkeitsbereich auch der Nachbarbundesstaat Haryana fällt. </p><p>Punjab stellt 13 Abgeordnete in der <a href="/wiki/Lok_Sabha" title="Lok Sabha">Lok Sabha</a>, dem Unterhaus des indischen Parlaments, und sieben in der <a href="/wiki/Rajya_Sabha" title="Rajya Sabha">Rajya Sabha</a>, dem indischen Oberhaus. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parteien">Parteien</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Parteien" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=11" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Parteien"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="float-right" cellspacing="0" cellpadding="0" style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:95%; padding:0.4em;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#F2F2F4;"> <th style="text-align:center;" colspan="2">Sitzverteilung nach der<br />Parlamentswahl 2022<sup id="cite_ref-ECIresult2022_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECIresult2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">AAP</a></td> <td align="right">92 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Indischer_Nationalkongress" title="Indischer Nationalkongress">Kongress</a></td> <td align="right">18 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">SAD</a></td> <td align="right">3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">BJP</a></td> <td align="right">2 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">BSP</a></td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Parteilose</td> <td align="right">1 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Gesamt</b></td> <td align="right">117 </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Die Politik im Punjab wird von der sikhistischen Regionalpartei <a href="/wiki/Shiromani_Akali_Dal" title="Shiromani Akali Dal">Shiromani Akali Dal</a> (SAD) und dem <a href="/wiki/Indischer_Nationalkongress" title="Indischer Nationalkongress">Indischen Nationalkongress</a> geprägt. Seit Ende der 1960er Jahre haben sich diese beiden Parteien bei praktisch jeder Wahl an der Regierung abgewechselt. 2012 konnte die SAD erstmals im Bündnis mit ihrem Koalitionspartner, der <a href="/wiki/Hindu-Nationalismus" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu-Nationalismus">hindunationalistischen</a> Partei <a href="/wiki/Bharatiya_Janata_Party" title="Bharatiya Janata Party">Bharatiya Janata Party</a> (BJP), ihren Wahlerfolg wiederholen. Als Ergebnis der Wahl verfügten Shiromani Akali Dal und BJP über 56 bzw. 12 Parlamentssitze und hatten gemeinsam die Mehrheit im Parlament. Die Kongresspartei war mit 46 Sitzen in der Opposition.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Minister" title="Chief Minister">Chief Minister</a> blieb danach weiterhin der seit dem 2. Februar 2007 amtierende <a href="/wiki/Parkash_Singh_Badal" title="Parkash Singh Badal">Parkash Singh Badal</a> von der Shiromani Akali Dal. Die Parlamentswahl am 4. Februar 2017 wurde dagegen von der Kongresspartei gewonnen. Bei dieser Wahl standen sich drei große Gruppierungen gegenüber: die Kongresspartei, die bisherige Regierungskoalition aus BJP und SAD und die „Anti-Korruptionspartei“ <a href="/wiki/Aam_Aadmi_Party" title="Aam Aadmi Party">Aam Aadmi Party</a> (AAP) im Bündnis mit der kleinen <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lok_Insaaf_Party&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lok Insaaf Party (Seite nicht vorhanden)">Lok Insaaf Party</a> (LIP).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuer Chief Minister wurde am 16. März 2017 <a href="/wiki/Amarinder_Singh" title="Amarinder Singh">Amarinder Singh</a> (INC),<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> der bis zum 19. September 2021 amtierte. Sein Nachfolger wurde <a href="/wiki/Charanjit_Singh_Channi" title="Charanjit Singh Channi">Charanjit Singh Channi</a> (ebenfalls Kongresspartei). </p><p>Die Wahl zum Parlament des Punjab am 20. Februar 2022 brachte eine grundlegende Veränderung der politischen Kräfteverhältnisse mit sich. Zum ersten Mal gelang es der AAP, die bisher in ihrem politischen Aktionsradius weitgehend auf die Hauptstadt Delhi beschränkt war, die Regierungsmehrheit in einem Bundesstaatsparlament zu erringen. Die AAP profitierte dabei von den innerparteilichen Streitigkeiten in der Kongresspartei kurz vor der Wahl und allgemeinen Unzufriedenheiten mit den „etablierten Parteien“ (insbesondere Kongress und SAD) im Punjab.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die AAP gewann mit 42 % der Stimmen 92 der 117 Wahlkreise. Die Kongresspartei erhielt mit 23 % Stimmenanteil 18 Mandate, SAD mit 18,4 % drei Mandate und die BJP mit 6,6 % zwei. Je ein Mandat ging an einen Unabhängigen und einen Kandidaten der <a href="/wiki/Bahujan_Samaj_Party" title="Bahujan Samaj Party">Bahujan Samaj Party</a> (BSP).<sup id="cite_ref-ECIresult2022_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ECIresult2022-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Neuer Chief Minster wurde ab dem 16. März 2022 <a href="/wiki/Bhagwant_Mann" title="Bhagwant Mann">Bhagwant Mann</a> (AAP). </p> <div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Gouverneure_von_Punjab_(Indien)" title="Liste der Gouverneure von Punjab (Indien)">Liste der Gouverneure von Punjab (Indien)</a></div> <div class="sieheauch" role="navigation" style="font-style:italic;"><span class="sieheauch-text">Siehe auch</span>: <a href="/wiki/Liste_der_Chief_Minister_von_Punjab_(Indien)" title="Liste der Chief Minister von Punjab (Indien)">Liste der Chief Minister von Punjab (Indien)</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Verwaltungsgliederung">Verwaltungsgliederung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Verwaltungsgliederung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=12" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Verwaltungsgliederung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distrikte">Distrikte</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Distrikte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=13" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Distrikte"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg/350px-Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg/525px-Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg/700px-Punjab_2012_administrativ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Distrikte des Punjab nach der Neuschaffung der Distrikte Fazilka und Pathankot</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg/350px-Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg.png" decoding="async" width="350" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg/525px-Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg/700px-Punjab_2011_administrativ.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Distrikte des Punjab (Anfang 2011)</figcaption></figure> <p>Der Bundesstaat Punjab ist in 22 <a href="/wiki/Distrikt_(Indien)" title="Distrikt (Indien)">Distrikte</a> unterteilt (Daten nach der Volkszählung 2011):<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Nr.</th> <th>Distrikt</th> <th>Verwaltungssitz</th> <th>Fläche (km²)</th> <th>Einwohner<br />(2011)</th> <th>Bev.-<br />dichte<br />(Ew./km²) </th></tr> <tr> <td>1</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amritsar_(Distrikt)" title="Amritsar (Distrikt)">Amritsar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></td> <td align="right">2.683 km²</td> <td align="right">2.490.656</td> <td align="right">928 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnala_(Distrikt)" title="Barnala (Distrikt)">Barnala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Barnala" title="Barnala">Barnala</a></td> <td align="right">1.482 km²</td> <td align="right">595.527</td> <td align="right">402 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bathinda_(Distrikt)" title="Bathinda (Distrikt)">Bathinda</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></td> <td align="right">3.353 km²</td> <td align="right">1.388.525</td> <td align="right">414 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_(Distrikt)" title="Faridkot (Distrikt)">Faridkot</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Faridkot_(Stadt)" title="Faridkot (Stadt)">Faridkot</a></td> <td align="right">1.458 km²</td> <td align="right">617.508</td> <td align="right">424 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fatehgarh_Sahib_(Distrikt)" title="Fatehgarh Sahib (Distrikt)">Fatehgarh Sahib</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sirhind-Fatehgarh_Sahib" title="Sirhind-Fatehgarh Sahib">Sirhind-Fatehgarh Sahib</a></td> <td align="right">1.180 km²</td> <td align="right">600.163</td> <td align="right">509 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazilka_(Distrikt)" title="Fazilka (Distrikt)">Fazilka</a><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r247957335">.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-marke{font-size:0.75rem;font-style:normal;font-variant:normal;font-weight:normal;unicode-bidi:isolate;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-marke.reference,.mw-parser-output span.fussnoten-inhalt{padding-left:0.1rem}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-marke.reference~.fussnoten-marke.reference,.mw-parser-output span.fussnoten-inhalt~span.fussnoten-inhalt{padding-left:0.15rem}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-block{margin-bottom:0.1rem}.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt{display:inline-block;padding-left:0.8rem;text-indent:-0.8rem}.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt p,.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt dl,.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt ol,.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt ul{text-indent:0}.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt.fussnoten-floatfix{display:block}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-box{margin-top:0.5rem;padding-left:0.8rem}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-box,.mw-parser-output div.fussnoten-inhalt{font-size:94%}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-box div.fussnoten-inhalt,.mw-parser-output span.fussnoten-inhalt,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-inhalt .reference-text{font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-inhalt .reference-text{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie{display:inline-block;position:relative;top:-1em;border-top:solid 1px #808080;width:8rem}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie+p,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie+dl,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie+ol,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie+ul,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-linie+link+div{margin-top:-1em}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-marke.reference:target,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-inhalt:target{background-color:#eaf3ff;box-shadow:0 0 0 0.25em #eaf3ff}.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-marke.reference:target,.mw-parser-output .fussnoten-inhalt:target .fussnoten-marke{font-weight:bold}</style> <span class="reference"><sup class="fussnoten-marke" data-annotationpair-m="1">1</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fazilka" title="Fazilka">Fazilka</a></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">–</td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">–</td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>7</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Firozpur_(Distrikt)" title="Firozpur (Distrikt)">Firozpur</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"> <span class="reference"><sup class="fussnoten-marke" data-annotationpair-m="2">2</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Firozpur" title="Firozpur">Firozpur</a></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="5,305"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r198372224">.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-1000::after{content:"."}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus>span,.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec>span{position:absolute;left:-10000px;top:auto;width:1px;height:1px;overflow:hidden}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-minus::after{content:"−"}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-dec::after{content:","}.mw-parser-output .numericFormat-fractpart{margin-right:0.2em}</style>5<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>305 km²)</span></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="2029074"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r198372224"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span><span class="numericFormat-1000">029</span>074 )</span></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="382"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( 382 )</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>8</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur_(Distrikt)" title="Gurdaspur (Distrikt)">Gurdaspur</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"> <span class="reference"><sup class="fussnoten-marke" data-annotationpair-m="2">2</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Gurdaspur" title="Gurdaspur">Gurdaspur</a></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="3,551"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r198372224">3<span class="numericFormat-dec"><span>.</span></span>551 km²)</span></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="2298323"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r198372224"><span class="numericFormat-1000">2</span><span class="numericFormat-1000">298</span>323 )</span></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="647"><span style="white-space:nowrap">( 647 )</span> </td></tr> <tr> <td>9</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur_(Distrikt)" title="Hoshiarpur (Distrikt)">Hoshiarpur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></td> <td align="right">3.386 km²</td> <td align="right">1.586.625</td> <td align="right">469 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar_(Distrikt)" title="Jalandhar (Distrikt)">Jalandhar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></td> <td align="right">2.624 km²</td> <td align="right">2.193.590</td> <td align="right">836 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_(Distrikt)" title="Kapurthala (Distrikt)">Kapurthala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kapurthala_(Stadt)" title="Kapurthala (Stadt)">Kapurthala</a></td> <td align="right">1.633 km²</td> <td align="right">815.168</td> <td align="right">499 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana_(Distrikt)" title="Ludhiana (Distrikt)">Ludhiana</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></td> <td align="right">3.578 km²</td> <td align="right">3.498.739</td> <td align="right">978 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansa_(Distrikt,_Indien)" title="Mansa (Distrikt, Indien)">Mansa</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mansa_(Indien)" title="Mansa (Indien)">Mansa</a></td> <td align="right">2.198 km²</td> <td align="right">769.751</td> <td align="right">350 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moga_(Distrikt)" title="Moga (Distrikt)">Moga</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Moga_(Punjab)" title="Moga (Punjab)">Moga</a></td> <td align="right">2.242 km²</td> <td align="right">995.746</td> <td align="right">444 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib_(Distrikt)" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib (Distrikt)">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sri_Muktsar_Sahib" title="Sri Muktsar Sahib">Sri Muktsar Sahib</a></td> <td align="right">2.593 km²</td> <td align="right">901.896</td> <td align="right">348 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathankot_(Distrikt)" title="Pathankot (Distrikt)">Pathankot</a><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"> <span class="reference"><sup class="fussnoten-marke" data-annotationpair-m="1">1</sup></span></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">–</td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">–</td> <td align="right" data-sort-value="0">– </td></tr> <tr> <td>17</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patiala_(Distrikt)" title="Patiala (Distrikt)">Patiala</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></td> <td align="right">3.325 km²</td> <td align="right">1.895.686</td> <td align="right">570 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar_(Distrikt)" title="Rupnagar (Distrikt)">Rupnagar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rupnagar" title="Rupnagar">Rupnagar</a></td> <td align="right">1.356 km²</td> <td align="right">684.627</td> <td align="right">505 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar_(Distrikt)" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar (Distrikt)">Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar">S.A.S. Nagar</a></td> <td align="right">1.094 km²</td> <td align="right">994.628</td> <td align="right">909 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangrur_(Distrikt)" title="Sangrur (Distrikt)">Sangrur</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sangrur" title="Sangrur">Sangrur</a></td> <td align="right">3.625 km²</td> <td align="right">1.655.169</td> <td align="right">457 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Shahid_Bhagat_Singh_Nagar" title="Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar">Shahid Bhagat Singh Nagar</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nawanshahr" title="Nawanshahr">Nawanshahr</a></td> <td align="right">1.282 km²</td> <td align="right">612.310</td> <td align="right">478 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_(Distrikt)" title="Tarn Taran (Distrikt)">Tarn Taran</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tarn_Taran_Sahib" title="Tarn Taran Sahib">Tarn Taran Sahib</a></td> <td align="right">2.414 km²</td> <td align="right">1.119.627</td> <td align="right">464 </td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"><div class="fussnoten-box"> <div class="fussnoten-linie" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"><div class="fussnoten-block"><div class="fussnoten-inhalt references"><sup class="fussnoten-marke mw-cite-backlink" data-annotationpair-a="1">1</sup> <div class="reference-text">Nach der Volkszählung 2011 neu gegründet, Zahlen liegen nicht vor.</div></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r247957335"><div class="fussnoten-block"><div class="fussnoten-inhalt references"><sup class="fussnoten-marke mw-cite-backlink" data-annotationpair-a="2">2</sup> <div class="reference-text">Nach der Volkszählung 2011 durch Abspaltung neuer Distrikte verkleinert, Zahlen beziehen sich auf den Distrikt in den Grenzen von 2011.</div></div></div> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Kommunale_Selbstverwaltung">Kommunale Selbstverwaltung</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Kommunale Selbstverwaltung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=14" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Kommunale Selbstverwaltung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Anfang 2016 gab es in Punjab 10 <i>Municipal Corporations</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-pun_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pun-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Municipal Corporations</i>: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amritsar" title="Amritsar">Amritsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bathinda" title="Bathinda">Bathinda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hoshiarpur" title="Hoshiarpur">Hoshiarpur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jalandhar" title="Jalandhar">Jalandhar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludhiana" title="Ludhiana">Ludhiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moga_(Punjab)" title="Moga (Punjab)">Moga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahibzada_Ajit_Singh_Nagar" title="Sahibzada Ajit Singh Nagar">Mohali</a> (S.A.S. Nagar)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pathankot" title="Pathankot">Pathankot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patiala" title="Patiala">Patiala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phagwara" title="Phagwara">Phagwara</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Wirtschaft">Wirtschaft</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Wirtschaft" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=15" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Wirtschaft"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datei:Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/220px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/330px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2a/Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg/440px-Agriculture_in_Punjab_India.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Landwirtschaft im Punjab</figcaption></figure> <p>Die Wirtschaft des Bundesstaats Punjab ist klassischerweise geprägt von der <a href="/wiki/Landwirtschaft" title="Landwirtschaft">Landwirtschaft</a> und der mittelständischen <a href="/wiki/Werkzeughersteller" title="Werkzeughersteller">Werkzeugindustrie</a>. Gerade um die Hauptstadt Chandigarh hat sich ein Speckgürtel von z. B. <a href="/wiki/Fahrrad" title="Fahrrad">Fahrradherstellern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Webmaschine" title="Webmaschine">Webmaschinenherstellern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Autozulieferer" class="mw-redirect" title="Autozulieferer">Autozulieferern</a>, lebensmittelverarbeitender Industrie etc. angesiedelt. </p><p>Aber auch die Büro- und <a href="/wiki/Computer" title="Computer">Computerindustrie</a> siedelte sich in Punjab an, so z. B. <a href="/wiki/Dell" class="mw-redirect" title="Dell">Dell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hitachi_(Unternehmen)" title="Hitachi (Unternehmen)">Hitachi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fujitsu" title="Fujitsu">Fujitsu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kenwood_(Elektronik)" title="Kenwood (Elektronik)">Kenwood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Motorola" class="mw-redirect" title="Motorola">Motorola</a>, <a href="/wiki/Olivetti" title="Olivetti">Olivetti</a> und <a href="/wiki/Quark_Inc." title="Quark Inc.">Quark Inc.</a> </p><p>Mit einem Pro-Kopf <a href="/wiki/Bruttoinlandsprodukt" title="Bruttoinlandsprodukt">Bruttoinlandsprodukt</a> von 92.350 <a href="/wiki/Indische_Rupie" title="Indische Rupie">Rupien</a> (2.026 <a href="/wiki/US-Dollar" title="US-Dollar">US-Dollar</a>) im Jahre 2015 lag Punjab auf Platz 10 von 29 indischen Bundesstaaten.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Die Entwicklungsindikatoren des Staates liegen generell über dem indischen Durchschnitt, so ist die Rate der <a href="/wiki/Unterern%C3%A4hrung" title="Unterernährung">Unterernährung</a> mit 2,2 % der Bevölkerung, die niedrigste in ganz Indien.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Die traditionelle Messing- und Kupferfertigung von Gebrauchsgegenständen durch die Thathera-Gemeinschaft in Jandiala Guru (Distrikt Amritsar) wurde 2014 in die <a href="/wiki/Repr%C3%A4sentative_Liste_des_immateriellen_Kulturerbes_der_Menschheit" title="Repräsentative Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes der Menschheit">UNESCO-Liste des immateriellen Kulturerbes der Menschheit</a> aufgenommen.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Soziales_und_Bildung">Soziales und Bildung</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Soziales und Bildung" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=16" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Soziales und Bildung"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>76 Prozent der Einwohner des Bundesstaats Punjab können lesen und schreiben (Männer: 80 Prozent, Frauen: 71 Prozent). Die <a href="/wiki/Alphabetisierung_(Lesef%C3%A4higkeit)" title="Alphabetisierung (Lesefähigkeit)">Alphabetisierungsrate</a> liegt damit nur wenig über dem indischen Durchschnitt von 73 Prozent.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Es gibt mehr als dreißig private und staatliche Universitäten im Punjab. Sechs dieser Universitäten zählen zu den Top 100 Universitäten in Indien, darunter die Central University of Punjab, die Chandigarh University und die Punjab Agricultural University.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Drogenproblematik">Drogenproblematik</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Drogenproblematik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=17" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Drogenproblematik"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Zu einem erheblichen gesellschaftlichen Problem ist seit etlichen Jahren der <a href="/wiki/Droge" title="Droge">Drogenkonsum</a> unter Jugendlichen und jungen Erwachsenen geworden. Nach einer umfassenden regierungsoffiziellen Studie aus dem Jahr 2015 konsumierten etwa 860.000 Personen im Punjab zumindest zeitweise <a href="/wiki/Opiat" title="Opiat">Opiate</a> zum Zweck der Berauschung.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von diesen waren geschätzt etwa 230.000 opiatabhängig (etwa 1,2 % der Bevölkerung; indischer Durchschnitt etwa 0,7 %).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ungefähr die Hälfte dieser Personen konsumierte <a href="/wiki/Heroin" title="Heroin">Heroin</a>, ein Drittel <a href="/wiki/Opium" title="Opium">Opium</a> und der Rest verschiedene Medikamente. Ein Drittel der Abhängigen betrieb einen intravenösen Drogenkonsum. Der typische Drogenabhängige wurde als „jung, männlich (über 99 %), Panjabi-sprechend, und aus der unteren Mittelklasse stammend“ charakterisiert. Die zitierte Studie stellte fest, dass es im Punjab kaum Einrichtungen zur Behandlung von Drogenabhängigen gibt. Die Quelle für das Opium und die davon abgeleiteten Drogen ist Afghanistan. Ausgeklügelte Schmugglernetzwerke schleusen die Drogen über die indisch-pakistanische Grenze – z. B. in Form von drogenbeladenen, schwimmenden Autoreifen auf den Flüssen.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Weblinks">Weblinks</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Weblinks" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=18" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Weblinks"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noresize noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Commons"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div><b><span class="plainlinks"><a class="external text" href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Punjab,_India?uselang=de"><span lang="en">Commons</span>: Punjab</a></span></b> – Sammlung von Bildern, Videos und Audiodateien</div> <div class="sisterproject" style="margin:0.1em 0 0 0;"><div class="noviewer" style="display:inline-block; line-height:10px; min-width:1.6em; text-align:center;" aria-hidden="true" role="presentation"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Wikivoyage"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/16px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/24px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/32px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></span></span></div><b><a href="https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" class="extiw" title="voy:Punjab (Indien)">Wikivoyage: Punjab (Indien)</a></b> – Reiseführer</div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://punjab.gov.in/">Offizielle Website der Regierung Punjabs</a> (englisch)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Einzelnachweise">Einzelnachweise</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Abschnitt bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>Bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&action=edit&section=19" title="Quellcode des Abschnitts bearbeiten: Einzelnachweise"><span>Quelltext bearbeiten</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdi.globaldatalab.org/areadata/shdi/"><i>Sub-national HDI – Area Database – Global Data Lab.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 12. August 2018</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft.description=Sub-national+HDI+%E2%80%93+Area+Database+%E2%80%93+Global+Data+Lab&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fhdi.globaldatalab.org%2Fareadata%2Fshdi%2F&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170328233335/http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/DP/PUNJAB.PDF"><i>NIDM Punjab.</i></a> (PDF) National Institute of Disaster Management, archiviert vom <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r235239667">.mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-position:center right;background-repeat:no-repeat}body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/OOjs_UI_icon_external-link-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:10px;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-timeless .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a,body.skin-monobook .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/30/MediaWiki_external_link_icon.svg")!important;padding-right:13px!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output .dewiki-iconexternal>a{background-image:url("https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Link-external-small-ltr-progressive.svg")!important;background-size:0.857em;padding-right:1em!important}</style><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fnidm.gov.in%2FPDF%2FDP%2FPUNJAB.PDF">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">28. März 2017</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=NIDM+Punjab&rft.description=NIDM+Punjab&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20170328233335%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fnidm.gov.in%2FPDF%2FDP%2FPUNJAB.PDF&rft.publisher=National+Institute+of+Disaster+Management&rft.source=http://nidm.gov.in/PDF/DP/PUNJAB.PDF&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-1.pdf">Census of India 2011: <i>Primary Census Data Highlights – India. Chapter 1 (Population, Size and Decadal Change)</i></a> (PDF; 9,2 MB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Vital_Statistics/SRS_Life_Table/2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf"><i>Indian States by Life Expectancy 2010-2014.</i></a> (PDF)<span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 19. März 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Indian+States+by+Life+Expectancy+2010-2014&rft.description=Indian+States+by+Life+Expectancy+2010-2014&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.censusindia.gov.in%2FVital_Statistics%2FSRS_Life_Table%2F2.Analysis_2010-14.pdf"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180618152254/http://164.100.47.234/question/annex/242/Au2958.pdf"><i>Fertility Rates.</i></a> (PDF) Archiviert vom <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r235239667"><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.234%2Fquestion%2Fannex%2F242%2FAu2958.pdf">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">18. Juni 2018</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 19. März 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Fertility+Rates&rft.description=Fertility+Rates&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180618152254%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2F164.100.47.234%2Fquestion%2Fannex%2F242%2FAu2958.pdf&rft.source=http://164.100.47.234/question/annex/242/Au2958.pdf"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180319084710/http://statisticstimes.com/population/population-of-indian-states.php"><i>Population of Indian States | Indian states population 1901–2011 – StatisticsTimes.com.</i></a> Archiviert vom <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r235239667"><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatisticstimes.com%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation-of-indian-states.php">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">19. März 2018</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 18. März 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Population+of+Indian+States+%7C+Indian+states+population+1901%E2%80%932011+%E2%80%93+StatisticsTimes.com&rft.description=Population+of+Indian+States+%7C+Indian+states+population+1901%E2%80%932011+%E2%80%93+StatisticsTimes.com&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180319084710%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fstatisticstimes.com%2Fpopulation%2Fpopulation-of-indian-states.php&rft.source=http://statisticstimes.com/population/population-of-indian-states.php"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/Census_Data_2001/Census_Data_Online/Language/Statement3.htm">Census of India 2001: <i>Distribution of 10,000 Persons by Language – India, States and Union Territories.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/C-01.html">Census of India 2011: <i>Population by religious community.</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Gurdarshan Singh Dhillon: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">Evolution of the demand for a Sikh homeland</cite>. In: <cite class="lang" lang="en" dir="auto" style="font-style:italic">The Indian Journal of Political Science</cite>. <span style="white-space:nowrap">Band<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>35</span>, <span style="white-space:nowrap">Nr.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>4</span>. Indian Political Science, Dezember 1974, <span style="white-space:nowrap">S.<span style="display:inline-block;width:.2em"> </span>362–373</span>, <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/41852106">41852106</a> (englisch).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Punjab+%28Indien%29&rft.atitle=Evolution+of+the+demand+for+a+Sikh+homeland&rft.au=Gurdarshan+Singh+Dhillon&rft.date=1974-12&rft.genre=journal&rft.issue=4&rft.jtitle=The+Indian+Journal+of+Political+Science&rft.pages=362-373&rft.pub=Indian+Political+Science&rft.volume=35" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://indiankanoon.org/doc/933499/"><i>The Punjab Reorganisation Act, 1966.</i></a> indiankanoon.org/, 18. September 1966,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 13. Mai 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=The+Punjab+Reorganisation+Act%2C+1966&rft.description=The+Punjab+Reorganisation+Act%2C+1966&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Findiankanoon.org%2Fdoc%2F933499%2F&rft.publisher=indiankanoon.org%2F&rft.date=1966-09-18&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECIresult2022-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECIresult2022_11-0">a</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-ECIresult2022_11-1">b</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://results.eci.gov.in/ResultAcGenMar2022/partywiseresult-S19.htm?st=S19"><i>GEN ELECTION TO VIDHAN SABHA TRENDS & RESULT MARCH-2022.</i></a> Indische Wahlkommission,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 12. März 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=GEN+ELECTION+TO+VIDHAN+SABHA+TRENDS+%26+RESULT+MARCH-2022&rft.description=GEN+ELECTION+TO+VIDHAN+SABHA+TRENDS+%26+RESULT+MARCH-2022&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fresults.eci.gov.in%2FResultAcGenMar2022%2Fpartywiseresult-S19.htm%3Fst%3DS19&rft.publisher=Indische+Wahlkommission&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r246413598">.mw-parser-output .webarchiv-memento{color:var(--color-base,#202122)!important}</style><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141218160549/http://eciresults.nic.in/">Election Commission of India.</a> (<a href="/wiki/Web-Archivierung#Begrifflichkeiten" title="Web-Archivierung"><span class="webarchiv-memento">Memento</span></a> vom 18. Dezember 2014 im <i><a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a></i>)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.livemint.com/punjab-election-results-2017"><i>Punjab Election Results 2017.</i></a> livemint.com,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 12. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Punjab+Election+Results+2017&rft.description=Punjab+Election+Results+2017&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.livemint.com%2Fpunjab-election-results-2017&rft.publisher=livemint.com&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hindustantimes.com/assembly-elections/live-capt-amarinder-singh-to-be-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister-today/story-3VrKBwb8fB64x0a3UQltcI.html"><i>Capt Amarinder takes oath as Punjab CM; Modi tweets best wishes.</i></a> Hndustan Times, 16. März 2017,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 16. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Capt+Amarinder+takes+oath+as+Punjab+CM%3B+Modi+tweets+best+wishes&rft.description=Capt+Amarinder+takes+oath+as+Punjab+CM%3B+Modi+tweets+best+wishes&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hindustantimes.com%2Fassembly-elections%2Flive-capt-amarinder-singh-to-be-sworn-in-as-punjab-chief-minister-today%2Fstory-3VrKBwb8fB64x0a3UQltcI.html&rft.publisher=Hndustan+Times&rft.date=2017-03-16&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Ravi Tripathi: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dnaindia.com/analysis/report-punjab-elections-2022-what-voting-trends-and-voters-attitude-indicate-2935324"><i>Punjab Elections 2022: What voting trends and voters' attitude indicate.</i></a> In: <i>dnaindia.com.</i> 21. Februar 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 12. März 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Punjab+Elections+2022%3A+What+voting+trends+and+voters%27+attitude+indicate&rft.description=Punjab+Elections+2022%3A+What+voting+trends+and+voters%27+attitude+indicate&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dnaindia.com%2Fanalysis%2Freport-punjab-elections-2022-what-voting-trends-and-voters-attitude-indicate-2935324&rft.creator=Ravi+Tripathi&rft.date=2022-02-21&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Vivek Gupta: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thewire.in/politics/punjab-election-2022-villages-push-badlav-narrative-no-clear-frontrunner-in-cities"><i>Punjab Election 2022: Villages Push ‘Badlav’ Narrative; No Clear Frontrunner in Cities.</i></a> The Wire, 20. Februar 2022,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 12. März 2022</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Punjab+Election+2022%3A+Villages+Push+%E2%80%98Badlav%E2%80%99+Narrative%3B+No+Clear+Frontrunner+in+Cities&rft.description=Punjab+Election+2022%3A+Villages+Push+%E2%80%98Badlav%E2%80%99+Narrative%3B+No+Clear+Frontrunner+in+Cities&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fthewire.in%2Fpolitics%2Fpunjab-election-2022-villages-push-badlav-narrative-no-clear-frontrunner-in-cities&rft.creator=Vivek+Gupta&rft.publisher=The+Wire&rft.date=2022-02-20&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/hlo/pca/PCA_pdf/PCA-CRC-0300.pdf">Census of India 2011: <i>Primary Census Abstract – Punjab</i></a> (PDF; 621 kB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pun-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-pun_18-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.punjabdata.com/Municipal-Corporations-In-Punjab.aspx"><i>Municipal Corporations in Punjab.</i></a> punjabdata.com</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180316143828/http://statisticstimes.com/economy/comparing-indian-states-and-countries-by-gdp-capita.php"><i>Comparing Indian States and Countries by GDP per capita – StatisticsTimes.com.</i></a> Archiviert vom <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r235239667"><span class="dewiki-iconexternal"><a class="external text" href="https://redirecter.toolforge.org/?url=http%3A%2F%2Fstatisticstimes.com%2Feconomy%2Fcomparing-indian-states-and-countries-by-gdp-capita.php">Original</a></span> (nicht mehr online verfügbar) am <span style="white-space:nowrap;">16. März 2018</span><span>;</span><span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 18. März 2018</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Comparing+Indian+States+and+Countries+by+GDP+per+capita+%E2%80%93+StatisticsTimes.com&rft.description=Comparing+Indian+States+and+Countries+by+GDP+per+capita+%E2%80%93+StatisticsTimes.com&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20180316143828%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fstatisticstimes.com%2Feconomy%2Fcomparing-indian-states-and-countries-by-gdp-capita.php&rft.source=http://statisticstimes.com/economy/comparing-indian-states-and-countries-by-gdp-capita.php"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">International Institute for Population Sciences-IIPS/India, Macro International: <cite style="font-style:italic">India National Family Health Survey (NFHS-3) 2005-06</cite>. 2007 (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dhsprogram.com/publications/publication-frind3-dhs-final-reports.cfm">dhsprogram.com</a> [abgerufen am 18. März 2018]).<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rfr_id=info:sid/de.wikipedia.org:Punjab+%28Indien%29&rft.au=International+Institute+for+Population+Sciences-IIPS%2FIndia%2C+Macro+International&rft.btitle=India+National+Family+Health+Survey+%28NFHS-3%29+2005-06&rft.date=2007&rft.genre=book" style="display:none"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/00845"><i>Traditional brass and copper craft of utensil making among the Thatheras of Jandiala Guru, Punjab, India.</i></a> UNESCO Intangible Cultural Heritage, 2014,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 20. Dezember 2023</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Traditional+brass+and+copper+craft+of+utensil+making+among+the+Thatheras+of+Jandiala+Guru%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.description=Traditional+brass+and+copper+craft+of+utensil+making+among+the+Thatheras+of+Jandiala+Guru%2C+Punjab%2C+India&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fich.unesco.org%2Fen%2FRL%2F00845&rft.publisher=UNESCO+Intangible+Cultural+Heritage&rft.date=2014&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.censusindia.gov.in/2011census/PCA/PCA_Highlights/pca_highlights_file/India/Chapter-3.pdf">Census of India 2011: <i>Primary Census Data Highlights – India. Chapter 3 (Literates and Literacy Rate)</i></a> (PDF; 2,5 MB).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aubsp.com/universities-in-punjab/"><i>List of Govt and Private Universities in Punjab 2023 – AUBSP.</i></a><span class="Abrufdatum"> Abgerufen am 21. Oktober 2023</span>.</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=List+of+Govt+and+Private+Universities+in+Punjab+2023+%E2%80%93+AUBSP&rft.description=List+of+Govt+and+Private+Universities+in+Punjab+2023+%E2%80%93+AUBSP&rft.identifier=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aubsp.com%2Funiversities-in-punjab%2F"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pbhealth.gov.in/scan0003%20(2).pdf"><i>Punjab Opoid Dependence Survey – Estimation of the Size of Opioid-dependent population in Punjab.</i></a> (PDF) Society for the Promotion of Youth and Masses, National Drug Dependence Treatment Centre,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Punjab+Opoid+Dependence+Survey+%E2%80%93+Estimation+of+the+Size+of+Opioid-dependent+population+in+Punjab&rft.description=Punjab+Opoid+Dependence+Survey+%E2%80%93+Estimation+of+the+Size+of+Opioid-dependent+population+in+Punjab&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fpbhealth.gov.in%2Fscan0003%2520%282%29.pdf&rft.publisher=Society+for+the+Promotion+of+Youth+and+Masses%2C+National+Drug+Dependence+Treatment+Centre&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-25">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Shimona Kanwar: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/city/chandigarh/1-2-adults-hooked-to-opioids-in-Punjab-reveals-AIIMS-study/articleshow/52663964.cms"><i>1.2% adults hooked to opioids in Punjab, reveals AIIMS study.</i></a> The Times of India, 9. Juni 2016,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=1.2%25+adults+hooked+to+opioids+in+Punjab%2C+reveals+AIIMS+study&rft.description=1.2%25+adults+hooked+to+opioids+in+Punjab%2C+reveals+AIIMS+study&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Ftimesofindia.indiatimes.com%2Fcity%2Fchandigarh%2F1-2-adults-hooked-to-opioids-in-Punjab-reveals-AIIMS-study%2Farticleshow%2F52663964.cms&rft.creator=Shimona+Kanwar&rft.publisher=The+Times+of+India&rft.date=2016-06-09&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="cite">Mark Dummett: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/world-south-asia-11925617"><i>Punjab’s drugs epidemic.</i></a> BBC News, 8. Dezember 2010,<span class="Abrufdatum"> abgerufen am 15. März 2017</span> (englisch).</span><span style="display: none;" class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adc&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fde.wikipedia.org%3APunjab+%28Indien%29&rft.title=Punjab%E2%80%99s+drugs+epidemic&rft.description=Punjab%E2%80%99s+drugs+epidemic&rft.identifier=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fworld-south-asia-11925617&rft.creator=Mark+Dummett&rft.publisher=BBC+News&rft.date=2010-12-08&rft.language=en"> </span></span> </li> </ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r248673343">.mw-parser-output div.NavFrame{border-width:1px;border-style:solid;border-left-color:var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1);border-right-color:var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1);border-top-color:var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1);border-bottom-color:var(--dewiki-rahmenfarbe1);clear:both;font-size:95%;margin-top:1.5em;min-height:0;padding:2px;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Patiala_and_East_Punjab_States_Union" title="Patiala and East Punjab States Union">Patiala and East Punjab States Union</a> • <a href="/wiki/Saurashtra_(Staat)" title="Saurashtra (Staat)">Saurashtra</a> • <a href="/wiki/Travancore-Cochin" title="Travancore-Cochin">Travancore-Cochin</a> • <a href="/wiki/Vindhya_Pradesh" title="Vindhya Pradesh">Vindhya Pradesh</a> </p> </td></tr> </tbody></table></div></div> <div class="hintergrundfarbe1 rahmenfarbe1 navigation-not-searchable normdaten-typ-g" style="border-style: solid; border-width: 1px; clear: left; margin-bottom:1em; margin-top:1em; padding: 0.25em; overflow: hidden; word-break: break-word; word-wrap: break-word;" id="normdaten"> <div style="display: table-cell; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%;"> <div> Normdaten (Geografikum): <a href="/wiki/Gemeinsame_Normdatei" title="Gemeinsame Normdatei">GND</a>: <span class="plainlinks-print"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4044457-0">4044457-0</a></span> <span class="noprint">(<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lobid.org/gnd/4044457-0">lobid</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://swb.bsz-bw.de/DB=2.104/SET=1/TTL=1/CMD?retrace=0&trm_old=&ACT=SRCHA&IKT=2999&SRT=RLV&TRM=4044457-0">OGND</a><span class="metadata">, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://prometheus.lmu.de/gnd/4044457-0">AKS</a></span>)</span> <span class="metadata"></span></div> </div></div> <p><span class="geo noexcerpt" style="display:none"><span class="body"></span><span class="latitude">30.7</span><span class="longitude">75.5</span><span class="elevation"></span></span><span id="coordinates" class="coordinates plainlinks-print"><span title="Koordinatensystem WGS84">Koordinaten: </span><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Punjab_(Indien)&language=de&params=30.7_N_75.5_E_region:IN-PB_type:adm1st"><span 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id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spezial:DownloadAsPdf&page=Punjab_%28Indien%29&action=show-download-screen"><span>Als PDF herunterladen</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Punjab_(Indien)&printable=yes" title="Druckansicht dieser Seite [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Druckversion</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" > <h3 id="p-wikibase-otherprojects-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In anderen Projekten</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC" hreflang="en"><span>Commons</span></a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" hreflang="de"><span>Wikivoyage</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22424" title="Link zum verbundenen Objekt im Datenrepositorium [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata-Datenobjekt</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </nav> <nav id="p-lang" class="mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang vector-menu-portal portal vector-menu" aria-labelledby="p-lang-label" > <h3 id="p-lang-label" class="vector-menu-heading " > <span class="vector-menu-heading-label">In anderen Sprachen</span> </h3> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ace mw-list-item"><a href="https://ace.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Aceh" lang="ace" hreflang="ace" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Acèh" data-language-local-name="Aceh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Acèh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indi%C3%AB" title="Punjab, Indië – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Punjab, Indië" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8D%90%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%83%E1%89%A5%E1%8D%A3_%E1%88%95%E1%8A%95%E1%8B%B5" title="ፐንጃብ፣ ሕንድ – Amharisch" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ፐንጃብ፣ ሕንድ" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="البنجاب (الهند) – Arabisch" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="البنجاب (الهند)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত – Assamesisch" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="পঞ্জাব, ভাৰত" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panyab_(India)" title="Panyab (India) – Asturisch" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Panyab (India)" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C9%99ncab_%C5%9Ftat%C4%B1" title="Pəncab ştatı – Aserbaidschanisch" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Pəncab ştatı" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Aserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="پنجاب (هند) – Südaserbaidschanisch" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="پنجاب (هند)" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="Südaserbaidschanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Balinesisch" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82)" title="Пенджаб (штат) – Belarussisch" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Пенджаб (штат)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarussisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%8B%D1%8F)" title="Панджаб (Індыя) – Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Панджаб (Індыя)" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Weißrussisch (Taraschkewiza)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Bulgarisch" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Пенджаб (Индия)" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC,_%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4" title="পাঞ্জাব, ভারত – Bengalisch" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="পাঞ্জাব, ভারত" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%94%E0%BD%93%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%87%E0%BD%96%E0%BC%8D" title="པན་ཇབ། – Tibetisch" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="པན་ཇབ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bpy mw-list-item"><a href="https://bpy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%9E%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4)" title="পাঞ্জাব (ভারত) – Bishnupriya" lang="bpy" hreflang="bpy" data-title="পাঞ্জাব (ভারত)" data-language-autonym="বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী" data-language-local-name="Bishnupriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বিষ্ণুপ্রিয়া মণিপুরী</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(India)" title="Panjab (India) – Bretonisch" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Panjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Katalanisch" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Panjab (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%89ng-d%C3%B4)" title="Punjab (Éng-dô) – Min Dong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Punjab (Éng-dô)" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Min Dong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%A5%D3%80%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Пенджаб (ХӀинди) – Tschetschenisch" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Пенджаб (ХӀинди)" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Tschetschenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/State_of_Punjab" title="State of Punjab – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="State of Punjab" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%DB%95%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پەنجاب، ھیند – Zentralkurdisch" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="پەنجاب، ھیند" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Zentralkurdisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pa%C5%88d%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_st%C3%A1t)" title="Paňdžáb (indický stát) – Tschechisch" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Paňdžáb (indický stát)" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Tschechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Walisisch" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Walisisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Dänisch" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Dänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पञ्जाब (भारत) – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="पञ्जाब (भारत)" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%95%DE%A6%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%96%DE%A7%DE%84%DE%AA_(%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%82%DE%B0%DE%91%DE%A8%DE%94%DE%A7)" title="ޕަންޖާބު (އިންޑިޔާ) – Dhivehi" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ޕަންޖާބު (އިންޑިޔާ)" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Dhivehi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A0%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%84%CE%B6%CE%AC%CE%BC%CF%80_(%CE%99%CE%BD%CE%B4%CE%AF%CE%B1)" title="Παντζάμπ (Ινδία) – Griechisch" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Παντζάμπ (Ινδία)" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Griechisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Englisch" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pan%C4%9Dabo_(Barato)" title="Panĝabo (Barato) – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Panĝabo (Barato)" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punyab_(India)" title="Punyab (India) – Spanisch" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Punyab (India)" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab_(India)" title="Pandžab (India) – Estnisch" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Pandžab (India)" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Baskisch" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF)" title="ایالت پنجاب (هند) – Persisch" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ایالت پنجاب (هند)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Intia)" title="Punjab (Intia) – Finnisch" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Punjab (Intia)" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pendjab_(Inde)" title="Pendjab (Inde) – Französisch" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Pendjab (Inde)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Französisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Nordfriesisch" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Nordfriesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Galicisch" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galicisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gom mw-list-item"><a href="https://gom.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Goa-Konkani" lang="gom" hreflang="gom" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni" data-language-local-name="Goa-Konkani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>गोंयची कोंकणी / Gõychi Konknni</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%82%E0%AA%9C%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AC,_%E0%AA%AD%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%A4" title="પંજાબ, ભારત – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="પંજાબ, ભારત" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indiya)" title="Punjab (Indiya) – Haussa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Punjab (Indiya)" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Haussa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%A0%D7%92%27%D7%90%D7%91" title="פנג'אב – Hebräisch" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פנג'אב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebräisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_(%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4)" title="पंजाब (भारत) – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="पंजाब (भारत)" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Fidschi-Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fidschi-Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(indijska_dr%C5%BEava)" title="Punjab (indijska država) – Kroatisch" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Punjab (indijska država)" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Kroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pandzs%C3%A1b_(India)" title="Pandzsáb (India) – Ungarisch" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Pandzsáb (India)" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%93%D5%A5%D5%B6%D5%BB%D5%A1%D5%A2_(%D5%B6%D5%A1%D5%B0%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%A3)" title="Փենջաբ (նահանգ) – Armenisch" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Փենջաբ (նահանգ)" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stato_Punjab" title="Stato Punjab – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Stato Punjab" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Indonesisch" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C3%BAnjab_(Indlandi)" title="Púnjab (Indlandi) – Isländisch" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Púnjab (Indlandi)" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Isländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Italienisch" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italienisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%91%E3%83%B3%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E5%B7%9E_(%E3%82%A4%E3%83%B3%E3%83%89)" title="パンジャーブ州 (インド) – Japanisch" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="パンジャーブ州 (インド)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A1_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბის შტატი – Georgisch" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="პენჯაბის შტატი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%8E%80%EC%9E%90%EB%B8%8C%EC%A3%BC_(%EC%9D%B8%EB%8F%84)" title="펀자브주 (인도) – Koreanisch" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="펀자브주 (인도)" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Koreanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%8E%D9%86%D9%9B%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%DB%81%D9%90%D9%86%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%A7%D9%86)" title="پَنٛجاب (ہِندوستان) – Kaschmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="پَنٛجاب (ہِندوستان)" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kaschmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pengabum_(India)" title="Pengabum (India) – Latein" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Pengabum (India)" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latein" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Ladinisch" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladinisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEabas_(Indija)" title="Pandžabas (Indija) – Litauisch" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pandžabas (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litauisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BE%C4%81ba_(Indija)" title="Pendžāba (Indija) – Lettisch" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Pendžāba (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Lettisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब, भारत – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="पञ्जाब, भारत" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Пенџаб (Индија) – Mazedonisch" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Пенџаб (Индија)" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Mazedonisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%9E%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%9A%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%8D,_%E0%B4%87%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF" title="പഞ്ചാബ്, ഇന്ത്യ – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പഞ്ചാബ്, ഇന്ത്യ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%AD%D0%BD%D1%8D%D1%82%D1%85%D1%8D%D0%B3)" title="Панжаб (Энэтхэг) – Mongolisch" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Панжаб (Энэтхэг)" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC" title="पंजाब – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="पंजाब" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Malaiisch" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaiisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF_%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8" title="هند پنجاب – Masanderanisch" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="هند پنجاب" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Masanderanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पन्जाब, भारत – Nepalesisch" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="पन्जाब, भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AC_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF,_%E0%A4%AD%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%A4" title="पञ्जाब राज्य, भारत – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="पञ्जाब राज्य, भारत" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Niederländisch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Niederländisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_i_India" title="Panjab i India – Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Panjab i India" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Nynorsk)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Norwegisch (Bokmål)" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegisch (Bokmål)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjab_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjab (Índia) – Okzitanisch" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Panjab (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Okzitanisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%AA%E0%AC%9E%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9C%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%AC,_%E0%AC%AD%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%A4" title="ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଭାରତ – Oriya" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ପଞ୍ଜାବ, ଭାରତ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Oriya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8)" title="Пенджаб (Инди) – Ossetisch" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Пенджаб (Инди)" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AA%E0%A9%B0%E0%A8%9C%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%AC,_%E0%A8%AD%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%A4" title="ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਪੰਜਾਬ, ਭਾਰਤ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Pampanggan" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanggan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kapampangan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pend%C5%BCab_(Indie)" title="Pendżab (Indie) – Polnisch" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Pendżab (Indie)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polnisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8_(%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA)" title="پنجاب (بھارت) – Westliches Panjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="پنجاب (بھارت)" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Westliches Panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D9%87%D9%86%D8%AF" title="پنجاب، هند – Paschtu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="پنجاب، هند" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paschtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjabe_(%C3%8Dndia)" title="Panjabe (Índia) – Portugiesisch" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Panjabe (Índia)" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugiesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Rumänisch" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumänisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Пенджаб (Индия) – Russisch" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Пенджаб (Индия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%9E%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="पञ्चापराज्यम् – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="पञ्चापराज्यम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%AF%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%A1%E1%B1%9F%E1%B1%B5%E1%B1%BD,_%E1%B1%A5%E1%B1%A4%E1%B1%A7%E1%B1%9A%E1%B1%9B" title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ – Santali" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱯᱟᱧᱡᱟᱵᱽ, ᱥᱤᱧᱚᱛ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="Santali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_Indie" title="Punjab, Indie – Schottisch" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Punjab, Indie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Schottisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%DA%80%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، ڀارت – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="پنجاب، ڀارت" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab_(Indija)" title="Pandžab (Indija) – Serbokroatisch" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pandžab (Indija)" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbokroatisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B4%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A2%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B6%E0%B6%BA,_%E0%B6%89%E0%B6%B1%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="පන්ජාබය, ඉන්දියාව – Singhalesisch" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="පන්ජාබය, ඉන්දියාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singhalesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – einfaches Englisch" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="einfaches Englisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BE%C3%A1b_(indick%C3%BD_%C5%A1t%C3%A1t)" title="Pandžáb (indický štát) – Slowakisch" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Pandžáb (indický štát)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slowakisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pand%C5%BEab,_Indija" title="Pandžab, Indija – Slowenisch" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Pandžab, Indija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slowenisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%9F%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D0%98%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0)" title="Панџаб (Индија) – Serbisch" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Панџаб (Индија)" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indien)" title="Punjab (Indien) – Schwedisch" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Punjab (Indien)" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Schwedisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Uhindi)" title="Punjab (Uhindi) – Suaheli" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Punjab (Uhindi)" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Suaheli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%9E%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9A%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%87%E0%AE%A8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE)" title="பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா) – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பஞ்சாப் (இந்தியா)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B2%82%E0%B2%9C%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪಂಜಾಬ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%82%E0%B0%9C%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AC%E0%B1%8D" title="పంజాబ్ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పంజాబ్" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D0%BD%D2%B7%D0%BE%D0%B1_(%D2%B2%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BD)" title="Панҷоб (Ҳиндустон) – Tadschikisch" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Панҷоб (Ҳиндустон)" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tadschikisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%90%E0%B8%9B%E0%B8%B1%E0%B8%8D%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%9A" title="รัฐปัญจาบ – Thailändisch" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="รัฐปัญจาบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thailändisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_India" title="Punjab, India – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Punjab, India" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pencap,_Hindistan" title="Pencap, Hindistan – Türkisch" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Pencap, Hindistan" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Türkisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D3%99%D0%BD%D2%97%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D2%BA%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD)" title="Пәнҗаб (Һиндстан) – Tatarisch" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Пәнҗаб (Һиндстан)" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B6%D0%B0%D0%B1_(%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%82_%D0%86%D0%BD%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%97)" title="Пенджаб (штат Індії) – Ukrainisch" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Пенджаб (штат Індії)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%86%D8%AC%D8%A7%D8%A8%D8%8C_%D8%A8%DA%BE%D8%A7%D8%B1%D8%AA" title="پنجاب، بھارت – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="پنجاب، بھارت" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panjob_(shtat)" title="Panjob (shtat) – Usbekisch" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Panjob (shtat)" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Usbekisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Venetisch" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab,_%E1%BA%A4n_%C4%90%E1%BB%99" title="Punjab, Ấn Độ – Vietnamesisch" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Punjab, Ấn Độ" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(Indya)" title="Punjab (Indya) – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Punjab (Indya)" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9E%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%AF%E1%83%90%E1%83%91%E1%83%98%E1%83%A8_%E1%83%A8%E1%83%A2%E1%83%90%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="პენჯაბიშ შტატი – Mingrelisch" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="პენჯაბიშ შტატი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(India)" title="Punjab (India) – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Punjab (India)" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Chinesisch" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Punjab_(%C3%8Cn-t%C5%8D%CD%98)" title="Punjab (Ìn-tō͘) – Min Nan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Punjab (Ìn-tō͘)" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Min Nan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%97%81%E9%81%AE%E6%99%AE%E9%82%A6" title="旁遮普邦 – Kantonesisch" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="旁遮普邦" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Kantonesisch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q22424#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Links auf Artikel in anderen Sprachen bearbeiten" class="wbc-editpage">Links bearbeiten</a></span></div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> 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