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id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Fair+use" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Fair+use" title="You're encouraged to log 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Purpose and character of the use</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1._Purpose_and_character_of_the_use-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-2._Nature_of_the_copyrighted_work" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#2._Nature_of_the_copyrighted_work"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>2. Nature of the copyrighted work</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-2._Nature_of_the_copyrighted_work-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-3._Amount_and_substantiality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#3._Amount_and_substantiality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>3. Amount and substantiality</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-3._Amount_and_substantiality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-4._Effect_upon_work's_value" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#4._Effect_upon_work's_value"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>4. Effect upon work's value</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-4._Effect_upon_work's_value-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Additional_factors" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Additional_factors"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Additional factors</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Additional_factors-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Procedure_and_practice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Procedure_and_practice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Procedure and practice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Procedure_and_practice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_use_in_particular_areas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_use_in_particular_areas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Fair use in particular areas</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fair_use_in_particular_areas-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fair use in particular areas subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fair_use_in_particular_areas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Computer_code" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Computer_code"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Computer code</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Computer_code-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Documentary_films" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Documentary_films"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Documentary films</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Documentary_films-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-File_sharing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#File_sharing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>File sharing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-File_sharing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Internet_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Internet_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.4</span> <span>Internet publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Internet_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Professional_communities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Professional_communities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.5</span> <span>Professional communities</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Professional_communities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music_sampling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music_sampling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.6</span> <span>Music sampling</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music_sampling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parody" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parody"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.7</span> <span>Parody</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parody-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Text_and_data_mining" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Text_and_data_mining"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.8</span> <span>Text and data mining</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Text_and_data_mining-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reverse_engineering" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reverse_engineering"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.9</span> <span>Reverse engineering</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reverse_engineering-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Social_media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Social_media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.10</span> <span>Social media</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Social_media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Influence_internationally" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Influence_internationally"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Influence internationally</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Influence_internationally-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Influence internationally subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Influence_internationally-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malaysia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malaysia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Malaysia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malaysia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Poland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Poland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Poland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Poland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Singapore" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Singapore"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Singapore</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Singapore-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.5</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_dealing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_dealing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Fair dealing</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Fair_dealing-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Fair dealing subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Fair_dealing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Policy_arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Policy_arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Policy arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Policy_arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fair_Use_Week" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fair_Use_Week"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Fair Use Week</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fair_Use_Week-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Fair use</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 76 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-76" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">76 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84_%D8%B9%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%84" title="استعمال عادل – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="استعمال عادل" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A1%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%BE:%E0%A6%89%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%95%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%B1%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A7%B0" title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উপযুক্ত ব্যৱহাৰ – Assamese" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৱিকিপিডিয়া:উপযুক্ত ব্যৱহাৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Assamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C6%8Fdal%C9%99tli_istifad%C9%99" title="Ədalətli istifadə – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Ədalətli istifadə" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%B9%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0" title="ন্যায্য ব্যবহার – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="ন্যায্য ব্যবহার" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Честна употреба – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Честна употреба" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1tena_upotreba" title="Poštena upotreba – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Poštena upotreba" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Use" title="Fair Use – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fair Use" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%95igustatud_kasutus" title="Õigustatud kasutus – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Õigustatud kasutus" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uso_justo" title="Uso justo – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Uso justo" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Justa_uzo" title="Justa uzo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Justa uzo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%AF%D9%87_%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%87" title="استفاده منصفانه – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استفاده منصفانه" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uso_lex%C3%ADtimo" title="Uso lexítimo – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Uso lexítimo" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%B9%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%86%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0_%D1%8D%D1%86%D0%B0%D1%80" title="Дикача уйлаца пайда эцар – Ingush" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Дикача уйлаца пайда эцар" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Ingush" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%89%E0%AA%9A%E0%AA%BF%E0%AA%A4_%E0%AA%B5%E0%AA%AA%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B6" title="ઉચિત વપરાશ – Gujarati" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="ઉચિત વપરાશ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gujarati" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%B3%B5%EC%A0%95_%EC%9D%B4%EC%9A%A9" title="공정 이용 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="공정 이용" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_Use" title="Fair Use – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Fair Use" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B1%D6%80%D5%A4%D5%A1%D6%80_%D6%85%D5%A3%D5%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%B8%D6%80%D5%AE%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%B4" title="Արդար օգտագործում – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Արդար օգտագործում" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%9A%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4_%E0%A4%89%E0%A4%AA%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%8B%E0%A4%97" title="उचित उपयोग – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="उचित उपयोग" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1tena_uporaba" title="Poštena uporaba – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Poštena uporaba" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ig mw-list-item"><a href="https://ig.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Igbo" lang="ig" hreflang="ig" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Igbo" data-language-local-name="Igbo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Igbo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penggunaan_wajar" title="Penggunaan wajar – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Penggunaan wajar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sanngj%C3%B6rn_afnot" title="Sanngjörn afnot – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sanngjörn afnot" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%A9_%D7%94%D7%95%D7%92%D7%9F" title="שימוש הוגן – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="שימוש הוגן" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%97%E1%83%9A%E1%83%96%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98_%E1%83%92%E1%83%90%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A7%E1%83%94%E1%83%9C%E1%83%94%E1%83%91%E1%83%90" title="მართლზომიერი გამოყენება – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მართლზომიერი გამოყენება" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%B9%DA%BE%DB%8C%D9%96%DA%A9_%D8%A7%D9%90%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%90%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="ٹھیٖک اِستِمال – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="ٹھیٖک اِستِمال" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%BA_%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5%D1%82_%D0%BF%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%83%D1%83" title="Ак ниет пайдалануу – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Ак ниет пайдалануу" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Godpr%C4%81t%C4%ABga_lieto%C5%A1ana" title="Godprātīga lietošana – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Godprātīga lietošana" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A9lt%C3%A1nyos_haszn%C3%A1lat" title="Méltányos használat – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Méltányos használat" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Праведна употреба – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Праведна употреба" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AF%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%AF%E0%B5%8B%E0%B4%97%E0%B4%82" title="ന്യായോപയോഗം – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ന്യായോപയോഗം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kegunaan_wajar" title="Kegunaan wajar – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kegunaan wajar" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9E%E1%80%84%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BB%E1%80%BE%E1%80%90%E1%80%9E%E1%80%8A%E1%80%B7%E1%80%BA_%E1%80%A1%E1%80%9E%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B6%E1%80%B8%E1%80%95%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AF%E1%80%99%E1%80%BE%E1%80%AF" title="သင့်လျော်မျှတသည့် အသုံးပြုမှု – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="သင့်လျော်မျှတသည့် အသုံးပြုမှု" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%95%E3%82%A7%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A6%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B9" title="フェアユース – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="フェアユース" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adolatli_foydalanish" title="Adolatli foydalanish – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Adolatli foydalanish" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Utilizare_cinstit%C4%83" title="Utilizare cinstită – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Utilizare cinstită" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%94%D0%BE%D0%B1%D1%80%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%BF%D0%BE%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B7%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5" title="Добросовестное использование – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Добросовестное использование" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%B0%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BB%E0%B6%AB_%E0%B6%B7%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AD%E0%B6%BA" title="සාධාරණ භාවිතය – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සාධාරණ භාවිතය" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%DA%BB%D9%88_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="منصفاڻو استعمال – Sindhi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="منصفاڻو استعمال" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindhi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1tena_uporaba" title="Poštena uporaba – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Poštena uporaba" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B0" title="Поштена употреба – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Поштена употреба" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Po%C5%A1tena_upotreba" title="Poštena upotreba – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Poštena upotreba" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patas_na_paggamit" title="Patas na paggamit – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Patas na paggamit" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%A8%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9_%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%81" title="நியாயமான பயன்பாடு – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="நியாயமான பயன்பாடு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%9C%E1%80%BD%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%88%E1%81%B8%E1%82%82%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%80%90%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%9D%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8_%E1%81%BD%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%82%87%E1%80%95%E1%80%B5%E1%80%84%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="လွင်ႈၸႂ်ႉတိုဝ်း ၽဵင်ႇပဵင်း – Shan" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="လွင်ႈၸႂ်ႉတိုဝ်း ၽဵင်ႇပဵင်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="Shan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%AE%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%9A%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A4_%E0%B0%B5%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%A8%E0%B0%BF%E0%B0%AF%E0%B1%8B%E0%B0%97%E0%B0%82" title="సముచిత వినియోగం – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="సముచిత వినియోగం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%8A%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%98%E0%B8%B4%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%82%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%87%E0%B8%9C%E0%B8%B9%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B7%E0%B9%88%E0%B8%99%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%94%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%9A" title="การใช้ลิขสิทธิ์ของผู้อื่นโดยชอบ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="การใช้ลิขสิทธิ์ของผู้อื่นโดยชอบ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%98%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B0%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0" title="Истифодаи мунсифона – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Истифодаи мунсифона" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adil_kullan%C4%B1m" title="Adil kullanım – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Adil kullanım" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%BB%D1%96%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%B5_%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F" title="Сумлінне використання – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Сумлінне використання" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%86%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%81_%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B9%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84" title="منصفانہ استعمال – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="منصفانہ استعمال" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fair_use" title="Fair use – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Fair use" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AD_d%E1%BB%A5ng_h%E1%BB%A3p_l%C3%BD" title="Sử dụng hợp lý – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sử dụng hợp lý" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="合理使用 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="合理使用" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="合理使用 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="合理使用" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C4%81%C5%BE%C4%97nings_nauduoj%C4%97ms" title="Sāžėnings nauduojėms – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Sāžėnings nauduojėms" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%90%88%E7%90%86%E4%BD%BF%E7%94%A8" title="合理使用 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="合理使用" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><a href="/wiki/Intellectual_property" title="Intellectual property">Intellectual property</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><span class="skin-invert-image" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/150px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png" decoding="async" width="150" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/225px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg/300px-Intellectual_property_Noun_project.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authors%27_rights" title="Authors' rights">Authors' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyleft" title="Copyleft">Copyleft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">Copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Database_right" title="Database right">Database right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Farmers%27_rights" class="mw-redirect" title="Farmers' rights">Farmers' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geographical_indication" title="Geographical indication">Geographical indication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_intellectual_property" title="Indigenous intellectual property">Indigenous intellectual property</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Industrial_design_right" title="Industrial design right">Industrial design right</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Integrated_circuit_layout_design_protection" title="Integrated circuit layout design protection">Integrated circuit layout design protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moral_rights" title="Moral rights">Moral rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent" title="Patent">Patent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Peasants" title="United Nations Declaration on the Rights of Peasants">Peasants' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_breeders%27_rights" title="Plant breeders' rights">Plant breeders' rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plant_genetic_resources" title="Plant genetic resources">Plant genetic resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Related_rights" title="Related rights">Related rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplementary_protection_certificate" title="Supplementary protection certificate">Supplementary protection certificate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_dress" title="Trade dress">Trade dress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_secret" title="Trade secret">Trade secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trademark" title="Trademark">Trademark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utility_model" title="Utility model">Utility model</a></li></ul></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading"> Related topics</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence_and_copyright" title="Artificial intelligence and copyright">Artificial intelligence and copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brand_protection" title="Brand protection">Brand protection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_abolition" title="Copyright abolition">Copyright abolition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_troll" title="Copyright troll">Copyright troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_copyright" title="Criticism of copyright">Criticism of copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioprospecting" title="Bioprospecting">Bioprospecting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biopiracy" title="Biopiracy">Biopiracy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idea%E2%80%93expression_distinction" title="Idea–expression distinction">Idea–expression distinction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">Limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Fair use</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paraphrasing_of_copyrighted_material" title="Paraphrasing of copyrighted material">Paraphrasing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Right_to_quote" title="Right to quote">Right to quote</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orphan_work" title="Orphan work">Orphan work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patent_troll" title="Patent troll">Patent troll</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pirate_Party" title="Pirate Party">Pirate Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">Public domain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_intellectual_property" title="Outline of intellectual property">Outline of intellectual property</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_patents" title="Outline of patents">Outline of patents</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <i>Higher categories:</i><br /><a href="/wiki/Property" title="Property">Property</a> and <a href="/wiki/Property_law" title="Property law">Property law</a></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Intellectual_property" title="Template talk:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual_property" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Intellectual property"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Fair use</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Legal_doctrine" title="Legal doctrine">doctrine</a> in United States law that permits limited use of <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyrighted</a> material without having to first acquire permission from the copyright holder. Fair use is one of the limitations to copyright intended to balance the interests of copyright holders with the public interest in the wider distribution and use of creative works by allowing as a defense to <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> claims certain limited uses that might otherwise be considered infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The U.S. "fair use doctrine" is generally broader than the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>" rights known in most countries that inherited English <a href="/wiki/Common_Law" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Law">Common Law</a>. The fair use right is a general exception that applies to all different kinds of uses with all types of works. In the U.S., fair use right/exception is based on a flexible proportionality test that examines the purpose of the use, the amount used, and the impact on the market of the original work.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The doctrine of "fair use" originated in common law during the 18th and 19th centuries as a way of preventing copyright law from being too rigidly applied and "stifling the very creativity which [copyright] law is designed to foster."<sup id="cite_ref-Gyles_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though originally a <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> doctrine, it was enshrined in <a href="/wiki/Statutory_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Statutory law">statutory law</a> when the U.S. Congress passed the <a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_1976" title="Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>. The <a href="/wiki/U.S._Supreme_Court" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Supreme Court">U.S. Supreme Court</a> has issued several major decisions clarifying and reaffirming the fair use doctrine since the 1980s,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the most recent being in the 2021 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Google_LLC_v._Oracle_America,_Inc." title="Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.">Google LLC v. Oracle America, Inc.</a></i> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The 1710 Statute of Anne, an act of the Parliament of Great Britain, created copyright law to replace a system of private ordering enforced by the <a href="/wiki/Stationers%27_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="Stationers' Company">Stationers' Company</a>. The Statute of Anne did not provide for legal unauthorized use of material protected by copyright. In <i><a href="/wiki/Gyles_v_Wilcox" title="Gyles v Wilcox">Gyles v Wilcox</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Gyles_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gyles-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Chancery" title="Court of Chancery">Court of Chancery</a> established the doctrine of "fair abridgement", which permitted unauthorized abridgement of copyrighted works under certain circumstances. Over time, this doctrine evolved into the modern concepts of fair use and <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a>. Fair use was a common-law (i.e. created by judges as a legal <a href="/wiki/Precedent" title="Precedent">precedent</a>) doctrine in the U.S. until it was incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Copyright_Act_of_1976" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Copyright Act of 1976">Copyright Act of 1976</a>, <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">§ 107</a>. </p><p>The term "fair use" originated in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-Folsom_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folsom-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although related, the <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitations and exceptions to copyright</a> for teaching and library archiving in the U.S. are located in a different section of the statute. A similar-sounding principle, fair dealing, exists in some other common law jurisdictions but in fact it is more similar in principle to the enumerated exceptions found under civil law systems. <a href="/wiki/Civil_law_(legal_system)" title="Civil law (legal system)">Civil law</a> jurisdictions have other limitations and exceptions to copyright. </p><p>In response to perceived over-expansion of copyrights, several electronic civil liberties and free expression organizations began in the 1990s to add fair use cases to their dockets and concerns. These include the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a> ("EFF"), the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_Liberties_Union" title="American Civil Liberties Union">American Civil Liberties Union</a>, the <a href="/wiki/National_Coalition_Against_Censorship" title="National Coalition Against Censorship">National Coalition Against Censorship</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Library_Association" title="American Library Association">American Library Association</a>, numerous clinical programs at law schools, and others. The "<a href="/wiki/Lumen_(website)" title="Lumen (website)">Chilling Effects</a>" archive was established in 2002 as a coalition of several law school clinics and the EFF to document the use of <a href="/wiki/Cease_and_desist" title="Cease and desist">cease and desist</a> letters. In 2006 Stanford University began an initiative called the "<a href="/wiki/Fair_Use_Project" title="Fair Use Project">Fair Use Project</a>" (FUP) to help artists, particularly filmmakers, fight lawsuits brought against them by large corporations. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._fair_use_factors">U.S. fair use factors<span class="anchor" id="Use_rationale"></span><span class="anchor" id="17_USC_§_107"></span></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: U.S. fair use factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Examples of fair use in <a href="/wiki/United_States_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="United States copyright law">United States copyright law</a> include commentary, search engines, criticism, <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parody</a>, news reporting, research, and scholarship.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fair use provides for the legal, unlicensed citation or incorporation of copyrighted material in another author's work under a four-factor <a href="/wiki/Test_(law)" title="Test (law)">test</a>. </p><p>The U.S. Supreme Court has traditionally characterized fair use as an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a>, but in <i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> (2015)<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (the "dancing baby" case), the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit concluded that fair use was not merely a defense to an infringement claim, but was an expressly authorized right, and an exception to the <a href="/wiki/Exclusive_right" title="Exclusive right">exclusive rights</a> granted to the author of a creative work by copyright law: "Fair use is therefore distinct from affirmative defenses where a use infringes a copyright, but there is no liability due to a valid excuse, e.g., misuse of a copyright." </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"> <dl><dt><a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">§ 107</a></dt></dl> <p>Notwithstanding the provisions of sections <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/106">§ 106</a> and <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/106A">§ 106A</a>, the fair use of a copyrighted work, including such use by reproduction in copies or phonorecords or by any other means specified by that section, for purposes such as criticism, comment, news reporting, teaching (including multiple copies for classroom use), scholarship, or research, is not an infringement of copyright. In determining whether the use made of a work in any particular case is a fair use the factors to be considered shall include: </p> <dl><dd><ol><li>the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes;</li> <li>the nature of the copyrighted work;</li> <li>the amount and substantiality of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; and</li> <li>the effect of the use upon the potential market for or value of the copyrighted work.</li></ol></dd></dl><p> The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors.<sup id="cite_ref-Sec107_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sec107-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Story.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Oil portrait of Joseph Story" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Joseph_Story.jpg/170px-Joseph_Story.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Joseph_Story.jpg/255px-Joseph_Story.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Joseph_Story.jpg/340px-Joseph_Story.jpg 2x" data-file-width="414" data-file-height="493" /></a><figcaption>Joseph Story wrote the opinion in <i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The four factors of analysis for fair use set forth above derive from the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Joseph Story</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Folsom_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Folsom-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in which the defendant had copied 353 pages from the plaintiff's 12-volume biography of George Washington in order to produce a separate two-volume work of his own.<sup id="cite_ref-Patterson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Patterson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court rejected the defendant's fair use defense with the following explanation: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"> <p>[A] reviewer may fairly cite largely from the original work, if his design be really and truly to use the passages for the purposes of fair and reasonable criticism. On the other hand, it is as clear, that if he thus cites the most important parts of the work, with a view, not to criticize, but to supersede the use of the original work, and substitute the review for it, such a use will be deemed in law a piracy ... </p><p>In short, we must often ... look to the nature and objects of the selections made, the quantity and value of the materials used, and the degree in which the use may prejudice the sale, or diminish the profits, or supersede the objects, of the original work. </p> </blockquote> <p>The statutory fair use factors quoted above come from the Copyright Act of 1976, which is codified at <a href="/wiki/Title_17_of_the_United_States_Code" title="Title 17 of the United States Code">17 U.S.C.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">§ 107</a>. They were intended by Congress to clarify rather than to replace, the prior judge-made law. As Judge <a href="/wiki/Pierre_N._Leval" title="Pierre N. Leval">Pierre N. Leval</a> has written, the statute does not "define or explain [fair use's] contours or objectives." While it "leav[es] open the possibility that other factors may bear on the question, the statute identifies none."<sup id="cite_ref-Leval_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leval-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> That is, courts are entitled to consider other factors in addition to the four statutory factors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1._Purpose_and_character_of_the_use">1. Purpose and character of the use</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: 1. Purpose and character of the use"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The first factor is "the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes." To justify the use as fair, one must demonstrate how it either advances knowledge or the progress of the arts through the addition of something new. </p><p>In the 1841 copyright case <i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Story" title="Joseph Story">Justice Joseph Story</a> wrote: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>"[A] reviewer may fairly cite largely from the original work, if his design be really and truly to use the passages for the purposes of fair and reasonable criticism. On the other hand, it is as clear, that if he thus cites the most important parts of the work, with a view, not to criticise, but to supersede the use of the original work, and substitute the review for it, such a use will be deemed in law a <a href="/wiki/Piracy" title="Piracy">piracy</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>A key consideration in later fair use cases is the extent to which the use is <i><a href="/wiki/Transformation_(law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Transformation (law)">transformative</a></i>. In the 1994 decision <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-510_US_569_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510_US_569-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court held that when the purpose of the use is transformative, this makes the first factor more likely to favor fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-Unbundling_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unbundling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Before the <i>Campbell</i> decision, federal Judge Pierre Leval argued that transformativeness is central to the fair use analysis in his 1990 article, <a href="/wiki/Toward_a_Fair_Use_Standard" title="Toward a Fair Use Standard">Toward a Fair Use Standard</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Leval_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leval-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i> is another example of a fair use case that focused on transformativeness. In 2006, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> used a photograph taken by commercial photographer <a href="/wiki/Andrea_Blanch" title="Andrea Blanch">Andrea Blanch</a> in a collage painting.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Koons appropriated a central portion of an advertisement she had been commissioned to shoot for a magazine. Koons prevailed in part because his use was found transformative under the first fair use factor. </p><p>The <i>Campbell</i> case also addressed the subfactor mentioned in the quotation above, "whether such use is of a commercial nature or is for nonprofit educational purposes." In an earlier case, <i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i>, the Supreme Court had stated that "every commercial use of copyrighted material is presumptively ... unfair." In <i>Campbell</i>, the court clarified that this is not a "hard evidentiary presumption" and that even the tendency that commercial purpose will "weigh against a finding of fair use ... will vary with the context." The <i>Campbell</i> court held that hip-hop group <a href="/wiki/2_Live_Crew" title="2 Live Crew">2 Live Crew</a>'s parody of the song "<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Pretty_Woman" title="Oh, Pretty Woman">Oh, Pretty Woman</a>" was fair use, even though the parody was sold for profit. Thus, having a commercial purpose does not preclude a use from being found fair, even though it makes it less likely.<sup id="cite_ref-Reclaiming_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reclaiming-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Likewise, the noncommercial purpose of a use makes it more likely to be found a fair use, but it does not make it a fair use automatically.<sup id="cite_ref-Reclaiming_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Reclaiming-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, in <i><a href="/wiki/L.A._Times_v._Free_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="L.A. Times v. Free Republic">L.A. Times v. Free Republic</a></i>, the court found that the noncommercial use of <i>Los Angeles Times</i> content by the Free Republic website was not fair use, since it allowed the public to obtain material at no cost that they would otherwise pay for. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Story" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Story">Richard Story</a> similarly ruled in <i>Code Revision Commission and State of Georgia v. <a href="/wiki/Public.Resource.Org" title="Public.Resource.Org">Public.Resource.Org</a>, Inc.</i> that despite the fact that it is a non-profit and did not sell the work, the service profited from its unauthorized publication of the <a href="/wiki/Official_Code_of_Georgia_Annotated" title="Official Code of Georgia Annotated">Official Code of Georgia Annotated</a> because of "the attention, recognition, and contributions" it received in association with the work.<sup id="cite_ref-ars-georgiacopy_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ars-georgiacopy-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Another factor is whether the use fulfills any of the preamble purposes, also mentioned in the legislation above, as these have been interpreted as "illustrative" of transformative use.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In determining that Prince's appropriation art could constitute fair use and that many of his works were transformative fair uses of Cariou's photographs, the Second Circuit in <a href="/wiki/Cariou_v._Prince" title="Cariou v. Prince"><i>Cariou v. Prince</i>, 714 F.3d 694 (2d. Cir. 2013)</a> shed light on how transformative use is determined.<sup id="cite_ref-casetext.com_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casetext.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "What is critical is how the work in question appears to the reasonable observer, not simply what an artist might say about a particular piece or body of work."<sup id="cite_ref-casetext.com_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-casetext.com-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The district court's conclusion that Prince's work was not transformative is partly based on Prince's deposition testimony that he "do[es]n't really have a message," and that he was not "trying to create anything with a new meaning or a new message."<sup id="cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariou_v._Prince_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the artist's intended message "is not dispositive."<sup id="cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariou_v._Prince_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Instead, the focus of the transformative use inquiry is how the artworks will "reasonably be perceived".<sup id="cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Cariou_v._Prince_2013-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The transformativeness inquiry is a deceptively simple test to determine whether a new work has a different purpose and character from an original work. However, courts have not been consistent in deciding whether something is transformative. For instance, in Seltzer v. Green Day, Inc., 725 F.3d 1170 (9th Cir. 2013), the court found that Green Day's use of Seltzer's copyrighted Scream Icon was transformative. The court held that Green Day's modifications to the original Scream Icon conveyed new information and aesthetics from the original piece. </p><p>Conversely, the Second Circuit came to the opposite conclusion in a similar situation in Andy Warhol Foundation for the Visual Arts, Inc. v. Goldsmith, 11 F.4th 26 (2d. Cir. 2021). In that case, the Warhol Foundation sought a declaratory judgment that Warhol's use of one of Goldsmith's celebrity photographs was fair use. The court held that Warhol's use was not transformative because Warhol merely imposed his own style on Goldsmith's photograph and retained the photograph's essential elements. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="2._Nature_of_the_copyrighted_work">2. Nature of the copyrighted work</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: 2. Nature of the copyrighted work"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Signature of J.D. Salinger in 1950" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg/220px-J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="30" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg/330px-J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg/440px-J._D._Salinger_Signature.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="253" data-file-height="34" /></a><figcaption>The unpublished nature of <a href="/wiki/J._D._Salinger" title="J. D. Salinger">J. D. Salinger</a>'s letters was a key issue in the court's analysis of the second fair use factor in <i><a href="/wiki/Salinger_v._Random_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinger v. Random House">Salinger v. Random House</a></i>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Although the Supreme Court has ruled that the availability of copyright protection should not depend on the artistic quality or merit of a work, fair use analyses consider certain aspects of the work to be relevant, such as whether it is fictional or non-fictional.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>To prevent the private ownership of work that rightfully belongs in the public domain, <a href="/wiki/Idea-expression_divide" class="mw-redirect" title="Idea-expression divide">facts and ideas are not protected by copyright</a>—only their particular expression or fixation merits such protection. On the other hand, the social usefulness of freely available information can weigh against the appropriateness of copyright for certain fixations. The <a href="/wiki/Zapruder_film" title="Zapruder film">Zapruder film</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President Kennedy">assassination of President Kennedy</a>, for example, was purchased and copyrighted by <i>Time</i> magazine. Yet its copyright was not upheld, in the name of the public interest, when <i>Time</i> tried to <a href="/wiki/Enjoin" class="mw-redirect" title="Enjoin">enjoin</a> the reproduction of stills from the film in a history book on the subject in <i>Time Inc v. <a href="/wiki/Bernard_J._Geis" title="Bernard J. Geis">Bernard Geis</a> Associates</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In the decisions of the <a href="/wiki/Second_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Second Circuit">Second Circuit</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Salinger_v._Random_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Salinger v. Random House">Salinger v. Random House</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i>New Era Publications Int'l v. Henry Holt & Co</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the aspect of whether the copied work has been previously published was considered crucial, assuming the right of the original author to control the circumstances of the publication of his work or preference not to publish at all. However, Judge Pierre N. Leval views this importation of certain aspects of France's <i>droit moral d'artiste</i> (<a href="/wiki/Moral_rights_(copyright_law)" class="mw-redirect" title="Moral rights (copyright law)">moral rights</a> of the artist) into American copyright law as "bizarre and contradictory" because it sometimes grants greater protection to works that were created for private purposes that have little to do with the public goals of copyright law, than to those works that copyright was initially conceived to protect.<sup id="cite_ref-Leval_11-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leval-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This is not to claim that unpublished works, or, more specifically, works not intended for publication, do not deserve legal protection, but that any such protection should come from laws about privacy, rather than laws about copyright. The statutory fair use provision was amended in response to these concerns by adding a final sentence: "The fact that a work is unpublished shall not itself bar a finding of fair use if such finding is made upon consideration of all the above factors." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="3._Amount_and_substantiality">3. Amount and substantiality</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: 3. Amount and substantiality"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:GoogleImageSearch.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Screenshot of Google Image Search results page" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GoogleImageSearch.png/220px-GoogleImageSearch.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GoogleImageSearch.png/330px-GoogleImageSearch.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/GoogleImageSearch.png/440px-GoogleImageSearch.png 2x" data-file-width="821" data-file-height="921" /></a><figcaption>The Ninth Circuit has held that the use of thumbnails in image search engines is fair use.</figcaption></figure> <p>The third factor assesses the amount and substantiality of the copyrighted work that has been used. In general, the less that is used in relation to the whole, the more likely the use will be considered fair. </p><p>Using most or all of a work does not bar a finding of fair use. It simply makes the third factor less favorable to the defendant. For instance, in <i>Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</i> copying entire television programs for private viewing was upheld as fair use, at least when the copying is done for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Time-shifting" class="mw-redirect" title="Time-shifting">time-shifting</a>. In <i>Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corporation</i>, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a> held that copying an entire photo to use as a <a href="/wiki/Thumbnail" title="Thumbnail">thumbnail</a> in online search results did not even weigh against fair use, "if the secondary user only copies as much as is necessary for his or her intended use". </p><p>However, even the use of a small percentage of a work can make the third factor unfavorable to the defendant, because the "substantiality" of the portion used is considered in addition to the amount used. For instance, in <i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Harper&Row_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper&Row-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court held that a news article's quotation of fewer than 400 words from <a href="/wiki/Gerald_Ford" title="Gerald Ford">President Ford</a>'s 200,000-word memoir was sufficient to make the third fair use factor weigh against the defendants, because the portion taken was the "heart of the work". This use was ultimately found not to be fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Harper&Row_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Harper&Row-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="4._Effect_upon_work's_value"><span id="4._Effect_upon_work.27s_value"></span>4. Effect upon work's value</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 4. Effect upon work's value"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The fourth factor measures the effect that the allegedly infringing use has had on the copyright owner's ability to exploit his original work. The court not only investigates whether the defendant's specific use of the work has significantly harmed the copyright owner's market, but also whether such uses in general, if widespread, would harm the potential market of the original. The burden of proof here rests on the copyright owner, who must demonstrate the impact of the infringement on commercial use of the work. </p><p>For example, in <i>Sony Corp v. Universal City Studios</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-Sony_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Sony-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the copyright owner, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>, failed to provide any empirical evidence that the use of <a href="/wiki/Betamax" title="Betamax">Betamax</a> had either reduced their viewership or negatively impacted their business. In <i>Harper & Row,</i> the case regarding President Ford's memoirs, the Supreme Court labeled the fourth factor "the single most important element of fair use" and it has enjoyed some level of primacy in fair use analyses ever since. Yet the Supreme Court's more recent announcement in <i>Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc</i><sup id="cite_ref-510_US_569_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510_US_569-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that "all [four factors] are to be explored, and the results weighed together, in light of the purposes of copyright" has helped modulate this emphasis in interpretation. </p><p>In evaluating the fourth factor, courts often consider two kinds of harm to the potential market for the original work. </p> <ul><li>First, courts consider whether the use in question acts as a direct market <a href="/wiki/Substitute_good" title="Substitute good">substitute</a> for the original work. In <i>Campbell</i>, the Supreme Court stated that "when a commercial use amounts to mere duplication of the entirety of the original, it clearly supersedes the object of the original and serves as a market replacement for it, making it likely that cognizable market harm to the original will occur". In one instance, a court ruled that this factor weighed against a defendant who had made unauthorized movie trailers for video retailers, since his trailers acted as direct substitutes for the copyright owner's official trailers.<sup id="cite_ref-VideoPipeline_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VideoPipeline-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Second, courts also consider whether potential market harm might exist beyond that of direct substitution, such as in the potential existence of a licensing market. This consideration has weighed against commercial copy shops that make copies of articles in course-packs for college students, when a market already existed for the <a href="/wiki/Licensing" class="mw-redirect" title="Licensing">licensing</a> of course-pack copies.<sup id="cite_ref-PrincetonUP_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PrincetonUP-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Courts recognize that certain kinds of market harm do not negate fair use, such as when a parody or negative review impairs the market of the original work. Copyright considerations may not shield a work against adverse criticism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Additional_factors">Additional factors</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Additional factors"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As explained by Judge Leval, courts are permitted to include additional factors in their analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-Leval_11-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Leval-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>One such factor is acknowledgement of the copyrighted source. Giving the name of the photographer or author may help, but it does not automatically make a use fair. While <a href="/wiki/Plagiarism" title="Plagiarism">plagiarism</a> and copyright infringement are related matters, they are not identical. Plagiarism (using someone's words, ideas, images, etc. without acknowledgment) is a matter of professional ethics, while copyright is a matter of law, and protects exact expression, <i>not</i> ideas. One can plagiarize even a work that is not protected by copyright, for example by passing off a line from Shakespeare as one's own. Conversely, attribution prevents accusations of plagiarism, but it does not prevent infringement of copyright. For example, reprinting a copyrighted book without permission, while citing the original author, would be copyright infringement but not plagiarism. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Procedure_and_practice">Procedure and practice</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Procedure and practice"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The U.S. Supreme Court described fair use as an <a href="/wiki/Affirmative_defense" title="Affirmative defense">affirmative defense</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-510_US_569_13-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510_US_569-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This means that in <a href="/wiki/Litigation" class="mw-redirect" title="Litigation">litigation</a> on copyright infringement, the defendant bears the <a href="/wiki/Legal_burden_of_proof" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal burden of proof">burden of raising and proving</a> that the use was fair and not an infringement.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, fair use need not even be raised as a defense unless the plaintiff first shows (or the defendant concedes) a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la"><a href="/wiki/Prima_facie" title="Prima facie">prima facie</a></i></span> case of copyright infringement. If the work was not copyrightable, the term had expired, or the defendant's work <a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">borrowed only a small amount</a>, for instance, then the plaintiff cannot make out a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prima facie</i></span> case of infringement, and the defendant need not even raise the fair use defense. In addition, fair use is only one of many limitations, exceptions, and defenses to copyright infringement. Thus, a <span title="Latin-language text"><i lang="la">prima facie</i></span> case can be defeated without relying on fair use. For instance, the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a> establishes that it is legal, using certain technologies, to make copies of audio recordings for non-commercial personal use.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Some copyright owners claim infringement even in circumstances where the fair use defense would likely succeed, in hopes that the user will refrain from the use rather than spending resources in their defense. <a href="/wiki/Strategic_lawsuit_against_public_participation" title="Strategic lawsuit against public participation">Strategic lawsuit against public participation</a> (SLAPP) cases that allege copyright infringement, patent infringement, defamation, or libel may come into conflict with the defendant's right to <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_speech" title="Freedom of speech">freedom of speech</a>, and that possibility has prompted some jurisdictions to pass anti-SLAPP legislation that raises the plaintiff's burdens and risk. </p><p>Although fair use ostensibly permits certain uses without liability, many content creators and publishers try to avoid a potential court battle by seeking a legally unnecessary license from copyright owners for <i>any</i> use of non-public domain material, even in situations where a fair use defense would likely succeed. The simple reason is that the license terms negotiated with the copyright owner may be much less expensive than defending against a copyright suit, or having the mere possibility of a lawsuit threaten the publication of a work in which a publisher has invested significant resources. </p><p>Fair use rights take precedence over the author's interest. Thus the copyright holder cannot use a non-binding disclaimer, or notification, to revoke the right of fair use on works. However, binding agreements such as contracts or licence agreements may take precedence over fair use rights.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The practical effect of the fair use doctrine is that a number of conventional uses of copyrighted works are not considered infringing. For instance, quoting from a copyrighted work in order to criticize or comment upon it or teach students about it, is considered a fair use. Certain well-established uses cause few problems. A teacher who prints a few copies of a poem to illustrate a technique will have no problem on all four of the above factors (except possibly on amount and substantiality), but some cases are not so clear. All the factors are considered and balanced in each case: a book reviewer who quotes a paragraph as an example of the author's style will probably fall under fair use even though they may sell their review commercially; but a non-profit educational website that reproduces whole articles from technical magazines will probably be found to infringe if the publisher can demonstrate that the website affects the market for the magazine, even though the website itself is non-commercial. </p><p>Fair use is decided on a case-by-case basis, on the entirety of circumstances. The same act done by different means or for a different purpose can gain or lose fair use status.<sup id="cite_ref-Unbundling_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unbundling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fair_use_in_particular_areas">Fair use in particular areas</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Fair use in particular areas"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Computer_code">Computer code</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Computer code"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <i>Oracle America, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</i> case revolves around the use of application programming interfaces (APIs) used to define functionality of the Java programming language, created by Sun Microsystems and now owned by Oracle Corporation. Google used the APIs' definition and their structure, sequence and organization (SSO) in creating the Android operating system to support the mobile device market. Oracle had sued Google in 2010 over both patent and copyright violations, but after two cycles, the case matter was narrowed down to whether Google's use of the definition and SSO of Oracle's Java APIs (determined to be copyrightable) was within fair use. The Federal Circuit Court of Appeals has ruled against Google, stating that while Google could defend its use in the nature of the copyrighted work, its use was not transformative, and more significantly, it commercially harmed Oracle as they were also seeking entry to the mobile market. However, the U.S. Supreme Court reversed this decision, deciding that Google's actions satisfy all four tests for fair use, and that granting Oracle exclusive rights to use Java APIs on mobile markets "would interfere with, not further, copyright's basic creativity objectives." </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Documentary_films">Documentary films</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Documentary films"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In April 2006, the filmmakers of the <i><a href="/wiki/Loose_Change" title="Loose Change">Loose Change</a></i> series were served with a lawsuit by <a href="/wiki/Jules_and_G%C3%A9d%C3%A9on_Naudet" title="Jules and Gédéon Naudet">Jules and Gédéon Naudet</a> over the film's use of their footage, specifically footage of the firefighters discussing the collapse of the <a href="/wiki/World_Trade_Center_(1973%E2%80%932001)" title="World Trade Center (1973–2001)">World Trade Center</a>. With the help of an intellectual property lawyer, the creators of Loose Change successfully argued that a majority of the footage used was for historical purposes and was significantly transformed in the context of the film. They agreed to remove a few shots that were used as B-roll and served no purpose to the greater discussion. The case was settled and a potential multimillion-dollar lawsuit was avoided. </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/This_Film_Is_Not_Yet_Rated" title="This Film Is Not Yet Rated">This Film Is Not Yet Rated</a></i> also relied on fair use to feature several clips from copyrighted Hollywood productions. The director had originally planned to license these clips from their studio owners but discovered that studio licensing agreements would have prohibited him from using this material to criticize the entertainment industry. This prompted him to invoke the fair use doctrine, which permits limited use of copyrighted material to provide analysis and criticism of published works. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="File_sharing">File sharing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: File sharing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2009, fair use appeared as a defense in <a href="/wiki/Trade_group_efforts_against_file_sharing" title="Trade group efforts against file sharing">lawsuits against filesharing</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Nesson" title="Charles Nesson">Charles Nesson</a> argued that file-sharing qualifies as fair use in his defense of alleged filesharer <a href="/wiki/Joel_Tenenbaum" class="mw-redirect" title="Joel Tenenbaum">Joel Tenenbaum</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Kiwi_Camara" title="Kiwi Camara">Kiwi Camara</a>, defending alleged filesharer <a href="/wiki/Jammie_Thomas" class="mw-redirect" title="Jammie Thomas">Jammie Thomas</a>, announced a similar defense.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, the Court in the case at bar rejected the idea that file-sharing is fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Internet_publication">Internet publication</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Internet publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A U.S. court case from 2003, <i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a>,</i> provides and develops the relationship between <a href="/wiki/Thumbnails" class="mw-redirect" title="Thumbnails">thumbnails</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inline_linking" title="Inline linking">inline linking</a>, and fair use. In the lower District Court case on a motion for <a href="/wiki/Summary_judgment" title="Summary judgment">summary judgment</a>, Arriba Soft's use of thumbnail pictures and inline linking from Kelly's website in Arriba Soft's image <a href="/wiki/Web_search_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Web search engine">search engine</a> was found not to be fair use. That decision was appealed and contested by Internet rights activists such as the <a href="/wiki/Electronic_Frontier_Foundation" title="Electronic Frontier Foundation">Electronic Frontier Foundation</a>, who argued that it was fair use. </p><p>On appeal, the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals</a> found in favor of the defendant, Arriba Soft. In reaching its decision, the court utilized the statutory four-factor analysis. First, it found the purpose of creating the thumbnail images as previews to be sufficiently transformative, noting that they were not meant to be viewed at high resolution as the original artwork was. Second, the photographs had already been published, diminishing the significance of their nature as creative works. Third, although normally making a "full" replication of a copyrighted work may appear to violate copyright, here it was found to be reasonable and necessary in light of the intended use. Lastly, the court found that the market for the original photographs would not be substantially diminished by the creation of the thumbnails. To the contrary, the thumbnail searches could increase the exposure of the originals. In looking at all these factors as a whole, the court found that the thumbnails were fair use and remanded the case to the lower court for trial after issuing a revised opinion on July 7, 2003. The remaining issues were resolved with a <a href="/wiki/Default_judgment" title="Default judgment">default judgment</a> after Arriba Soft had experienced significant financial problems and failed to reach a negotiated settlement. </p><p>In August 2008, Judge <a href="/wiki/Jeremy_Fogel" title="Jeremy Fogel">Jeremy Fogel</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_California" title="United States District Court for the Northern District of California">Northern District of California</a> ruled in <i><a href="/wiki/Lenz_v._Universal_Music_Corp." title="Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a></i> that copyright holders cannot order a deletion of an online file without determining whether that posting reflected "fair use" of the copyrighted material. The case involved Stephanie Lenz, a writer and editor from <a href="/wiki/Gallitzin,_Pennsylvania" title="Gallitzin, Pennsylvania">Gallitzin, Pennsylvania</a>, who made a home video of her thirteen-month-old son dancing to Prince's song "<a href="/wiki/Let%27s_Go_Crazy" title="Let's Go Crazy">Let's Go Crazy</a>" and posted the video on <a href="/wiki/YouTube" title="YouTube">YouTube</a>. Four months later, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Music">Universal Music</a>, the owner of the copyright to the song, ordered YouTube to remove the video under the <a href="/wiki/Digital_Millennium_Copyright_Act" title="Digital Millennium Copyright Act">Digital Millennium Copyright Act</a>. Lenz notified YouTube immediately that her video was within the scope of fair use, and she demanded that it be restored. YouTube complied after six weeks, rather than the two weeks required by the Digital Millennium Copyright Act. Lenz then sued Universal Music in California for her legal costs, claiming the music company had acted in bad faith by ordering removal of a video that represented fair use of the song.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that a copyright owner must affirmatively consider whether the complained of conduct constituted fair use before sending a takedown notice under the Digital Millennium Copyright Act, rather than waiting for the alleged infringer to assert fair use. 801 F.3d 1126 (9th Cir. 2015). "Even if, as Universal urges, fair use is classified as an 'affirmative defense,' we hold—for the purposes of the DMCA—fair use is uniquely situated in copyright law so as to be treated differently than traditional affirmative defenses. We conclude that because 17 U.S.C. § 107 created a type of non-infringing use, fair use is "authorized by the law" and a copyright holder must consider the existence of fair use before sending a takedown notification under § 512(c)." </p><p>In June 2011, Judge <a href="/wiki/Philip_Pro" class="mw-redirect" title="Philip Pro">Philip Pro</a> of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_District_Court_for_the_District_of_Nevada" title="United States District Court for the District of Nevada">District of Nevada</a> ruled in <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Righthaven_v._Hoehn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Righthaven v. Hoehn (page does not exist)">Righthaven v. Hoehn</a></i> that the posting of an entire editorial article from the <i><a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Review-Journal" title="Las Vegas Review-Journal">Las Vegas Review-Journal</a></i> in a comment as part of an online discussion was unarguably fair use. Judge Pro noted that "Noncommercial, nonprofit use is presumptively fair. ... Hoehn posted the Work as part of an online discussion. ... This purpose is consistent with comment, for which 17 U.S.C. § 107 provides fair use protection. ... It is undisputed that Hoehn posted the entire work in his comment on the Website. ... wholesale copying does not preclude a finding of fair use. ... there is no genuine issue of material fact that Hoehn's use of the Work was fair and summary judgment is appropriate."<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On appeal, the Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit ruled that <a href="/wiki/Righthaven" title="Righthaven">Righthaven</a> did not even have the standing needed to sue Hoehn for copyright infringement in the first place.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Professional_communities">Professional communities</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Professional communities"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In addition to considering the four fair use factors, courts deciding fair use cases also look to the standards and practices of the professional community where the case comes from.<sup id="cite_ref-Madison_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Madison-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Among the communities are documentarians,<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> librarians,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> makers of Open Courseware, visual art educators,<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and communications professors.<sup id="cite_ref-ICA_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ICA-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Such codes of best practices have permitted communities of practice to make more informed risk assessments in employing fair use in their daily practice.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> For instance, broadcasters, cablecasters, and distributors typically require filmmakers to obtain <a href="/wiki/Professional_liability_insurance" title="Professional liability insurance">errors and omissions insurance</a> before the distributor will take on the film. Such insurance protects against errors and omissions made during the copyright clearance of material in the film. Before the <i>Documentary Filmmakers' Statement of Best Practices in Fair Use</i> was created in 2005, it was nearly impossible to obtain errors and omissions insurance for copyright clearance work that relied in part on fair use. This meant documentarians had either to obtain a license for the material or to cut it from their films. In many cases, it was impossible to license the material because the filmmaker sought to use it in a critical way. Soon after the best practices statement was released, all errors and omissions insurers in the U.S. shifted to begin offering routine fair use coverage.<sup id="cite_ref-Aufderheide_46-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Aufderheide-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music_sampling">Music sampling</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Music sampling"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Legal_issues_surrounding_music_sampling" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal issues surrounding music sampling">Legal issues surrounding music sampling</a></div> <p>Before 1991, <a href="/wiki/Sampling_(music)" title="Sampling (music)">sampling</a> in certain genres of music was accepted practice and the copyright considerations were viewed as largely irrelevant. The strict decision against rapper <a href="/wiki/Biz_Markie" title="Biz Markie">Biz Markie</a>'s appropriation of a <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_O%27Sullivan" title="Gilbert O'Sullivan">Gilbert O'Sullivan</a> song in the case <i><a href="/wiki/Grand_Upright_Music,_Ltd._v._Warner_Bros._Records_Inc." title="Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc.">Grand Upright Music, Ltd. v. Warner Bros. Records Inc.</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-grand-upright_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-grand-upright-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> changed practices and opinions overnight. Samples now had to be licensed, as long as they rose "to a level of legally cognizable appropriation." This left the door open for the <i><a href="/wiki/De_minimis" title="De minimis">de minimis</a></i> doctrine, for short or unrecognizable samples; such uses would not rise to the level of copyright infringement, because under the <i>de minimis</i> doctrine, "the law does not care about trifles." However, three years later, the Sixth Circuit effectively eliminated the <i>de minimis</i> doctrine in the <i><a href="/wiki/Bridgeport_Music,_Inc._v._Dimension_Films" title="Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films">Bridgeport Music, Inc. v. Dimension Films</a></i> case, holding that artists must "get a license or do not sample".<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Court later clarified that its opinion did not apply to fair use, but between <i>Grand Upright</i> and <i>Bridgeport</i>, practice had effectively shifted to eliminate unlicensed sampling. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parody">Parody</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Parody"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Producers or creators of <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodies</a> of a copyrighted work have been sued for infringement by the targets of their ridicule, even though such use may be protected as fair use. These fair use cases distinguish between parodies, which use a work in order to poke fun at or comment on the work itself, and <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, which comments on something else. Courts have been more willing to grant fair use protections to parodies than to satires, but the ultimate outcome in either circumstance will turn on the application of the four fair use factors. </p><p>For example, when <a href="/wiki/Tom_Forsythe" title="Tom Forsythe">Tom Forsythe</a> appropriated <a href="/wiki/Barbie" title="Barbie">Barbie</a> dolls for his photography project "Food Chain Barbie" (depicting several copies of the doll naked and disheveled and about to be baked in an oven, blended in a food mixer, and the like), <a href="/wiki/Mattel" title="Mattel">Mattel</a> lost its copyright infringement lawsuit against him because his work effectively parodies Barbie and the values she represents.<sup id="cite_ref-Mattel_49-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mattel-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In <i><a href="/wiki/Rogers_v._Koons" title="Rogers v. Koons">Rogers v. Koons</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/Jeff_Koons" title="Jeff Koons">Jeff Koons</a> tried to justify his appropriation of Art Rogers' photograph "Puppies" in his sculpture "String of Puppies" with the same parody defense. Koons lost because his work was not presented as a parody of Rogers' photograph in particular, but as a satire of society at large. This was insufficient to render the use fair.<sup id="cite_ref-Rogers_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rogers-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In <i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music Inc</a></i><sup id="cite_ref-510_US_569_13-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-510_US_569-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the U.S. Supreme Court recognized parody as a potential fair use, even when done for profit. <a href="/wiki/Roy_Orbison" title="Roy Orbison">Roy Orbison</a>'s, <a href="/wiki/Acuff-Rose_Music" title="Acuff-Rose Music">Acuff-Rose Music</a>, had sued <a href="/wiki/2_Live_Crew" title="2 Live Crew">2 Live Crew</a> in 1989 for their use of Orbison's "<a href="/wiki/Oh,_Pretty_Woman" title="Oh, Pretty Woman">Oh, Pretty Woman</a>" in a mocking rap version with altered lyrics. The Supreme Court viewed 2 Live Crew's version as a ridiculing commentary on the earlier work, and ruled that when the parody was itself the product rather than mere advertising, commercial nature did not bar the defense. The <i>Campbell</i> court also distinguished parodies from <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satire</a>, which they described as a broader social critique not intrinsically tied to ridicule of a specific work and so not deserving of the same use exceptions as parody because the satirist's ideas are capable of expression without the use of the other particular work. </p><p>A number of appellate decisions have recognized that a parody may be a protected fair use, including the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Second_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit">Second</a> (<i><a href="/wiki/Leibovitz_v._Paramount_Pictures_Corp." title="Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.">Leibovitz v. Paramount Pictures Corp.</a></i>); the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Ninth_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit">Ninth</a> (<i>Mattel v. Walking Mountain Productions</i>); and the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh</a> Circuits (<i><a href="/wiki/Suntrust_Bank_v._Houghton_Mifflin_Co." title="Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co.">Suntrust Bank v. Houghton Mifflin Co.</a></i>). In the 2001 <i>Suntrust Bank</i> case, Suntrust Bank and the <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Mitchell" title="Margaret Mitchell">Margaret Mitchell</a> estate unsuccessfully brought suit to halt the publication of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Wind_Done_Gone" title="The Wind Done Gone">The Wind Done Gone</a></i>, which reused many of the characters and situations from <i><a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(novel)" title="Gone with the Wind (novel)">Gone with the Wind</a></i> but told the events from the point of view of the enslaved people rather than the slaveholders. The <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">Eleventh Circuit</a>, applying <i>Campbell</i>, found that <i>The Wind Done Gone</i> was fair use and vacated the <a href="/wiki/U.S._District_Court_for_the_Northern_District_of_Georgia" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Georgia">district court's</a> injunction against its publication. </p><p>Cases in which a satirical use was found to be fair include <i>Blanch v. Koons</i> and <i>Williams v. Columbia Broadcasting Systems</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Unbundling_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Unbundling-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Text_and_data_mining">Text and data mining</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Text and data mining"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The transformative nature of computer based analytical processes such as <a href="/wiki/Text_mining" title="Text mining">text mining</a>, <a href="/wiki/Web_mining" class="mw-redirect" title="Web mining">web mining</a> and <a href="/wiki/Data_mining" title="Data mining">data mining</a> has led many to form the view that such uses would be protected under fair use. This view was substantiated by the rulings of Judge <a href="/wiki/Denny_Chin" title="Denny Chin">Denny Chin</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild,_Inc._v._Google,_Inc." title="Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.">Authors Guild, Inc. v. Google, Inc.</a></i>, a case involving mass digitisation of millions of books from research library collections. As part of the ruling that found the book digitisation project was fair use, the judge stated "Google Books is also transformative in the sense that it has transformed book text into data for purposes of substantive research, including data mining and text mining in new areas".<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-GoogleVictory_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GoogleVictory-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Text and data mining was subject to further review in <i><a href="/wiki/Authors_Guild_v._HathiTrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Authors Guild v. HathiTrust">Authors Guild v. HathiTrust</a></i>, a case derived from the same digitization project mentioned above. Judge <a href="/wiki/Harold_Baer_Jr." title="Harold Baer Jr.">Harold Baer</a>, in finding that the defendant's uses were transformative, stated that 'the search capabilities of the [HathiTrust Digital Library] have already given rise to new methods of academic inquiry such as text mining."<sup id="cite_ref-Hathi_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hathi-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reverse_engineering">Reverse engineering</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Reverse engineering"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering#Legality" title="Reverse engineering">Reverse engineering § Legality</a></div> <p>There is a substantial body of fair use law regarding <a href="/wiki/Reverse_engineering" title="Reverse engineering">reverse engineering</a> of <a href="/wiki/Computer_software" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer software">computer software</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_hardware" title="Computer hardware">hardware</a>, <a href="/wiki/Network_protocol" class="mw-redirect" title="Network protocol">network protocols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cryptography" title="Cryptography">encryption</a> and access control systems.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-ReverseEngineeringFAQ_56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReverseEngineeringFAQ-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Social_media">Social media</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Social media"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In May 2015, artist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Prince" title="Richard Prince">Richard Prince</a> released an exhibit of photographs at the <a href="/wiki/Gagosian_Gallery" title="Gagosian Gallery">Gagosian Gallery</a> in New York, entitled "New Portraits".<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His exhibit consisted of screenshots of Instagram users' pictures, which were largely unaltered, with Prince's commentary added beneath.<sup id="cite_ref-artnews_58-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnews-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-caseforward_59-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caseforward-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although no Instagram users authorized Prince to use their pictures, Prince argued that the addition of his own commentary the pictures constituted fair use, such that he did not need permission to use the pictures or to pay royalties for his use.<sup id="cite_ref-artnews_58-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-artnews-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One of the pieces sold for $90,000. With regard to the works presented by Painter, the gallery where the pictures were showcased posted notices that "All images are subject to copyright."<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several lawsuits were filed against Painter over the New Portraits exhibit.<sup id="cite_ref-caseforward_59-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-caseforward-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2024, Richard Prince and the galleries were ordered to pay $900,000 to the photographers. <sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Influence_internationally">Influence internationally</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Influence internationally"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>While U.S. fair use law has been influential in some countries, some countries have fair use criteria drastically different from those in the U.S., and some countries do not have a fair use framework at all. Some countries have the concept of <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">fair dealing</a> instead of fair use, while others use different systems of <a href="/wiki/Limitations_and_exceptions_to_copyright" title="Limitations and exceptions to copyright">limitations and exceptions to copyright</a>. Many countries have some reference to an exemption for educational use, though the extent of this exemption varies widely. </p><p>Sources differ on whether fair use is fully recognized by countries other than the United States. <a href="/wiki/American_University" title="American University">American University</a>'s <i>infojustice.org</i> published a compilation of portions of over 40 nations' laws that explicitly mention fair use or fair dealing, and asserts that some of the fair dealing laws, such as Canada's, have evolved (such as through judicial precedents) to be quite close to those of the United States. This compilation includes fair use provisions from Bangladesh, Israel, South Korea, the Philippines, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Uganda, and the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, Paul Geller's 2009 <i>International Copyright Law and Practice</i> says that while some other countries recognize similar exceptions to copyright, only the United States and Israel fully recognize the concept of fair use.<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/International_Intellectual_Property_Alliance" title="International Intellectual Property Alliance">International Intellectual Property Alliance</a> (IIPA), a lobby group of U.S. copyright industry bodies, has objected to international adoption of U.S.-style fair use exceptions, alleging that such laws have a dependency on <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a> and long-term legal precedent that may not exist outside the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In November 2007, the Israeli <a href="/wiki/Knesset" title="Knesset">Knesset</a> passed a new copyright law that included a U.S.-style fair use exception. The law, which took effect in May 2008, permits the fair use of copyrighted works for purposes such as private study, research, criticism, review, news reporting, quotation, or instruction or testing by an educational institution. The law sets up four factors, similar to the U.S. fair use factors (see above), for determining whether a use is fair.<sup id="cite_ref-BandIsrael_65-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BandIsrael-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 2, 2009, the Tel Aviv District court ruled in <i>The Football Association Premier League Ltd. v. Ploni</i><sup id="cite_ref-FAPL_66-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FAPL-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that fair use is a user right. The court also ruled that streaming of live soccer games on the Internet is fair use. In doing so, the court analyzed the four fair use factors adopted in 2007 and cited U.S. case law, including <i><a href="/wiki/Kelly_v._Arriba_Soft_Corp." title="Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.">Kelly v. Arriba Soft Corp.</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Perfect_10,_Inc._v._Amazon.com,_Inc." title="Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.">Perfect 10, Inc. v. Amazon.com, Inc.</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lichtenstein_67-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lichtenstein-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malaysia">Malaysia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Malaysia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>An amendment in 2012 to the section 13(2)(a) of the Copyright Act 1987 created an exception called 'fair dealing' which is not restricted in its purpose. The four factors for fair use as specified in US law are included.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Poland">Poland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Poland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fair use exists in <a href="/wiki/Polish_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish law">Polish law</a> and is covered by the <a href="/wiki/Polish_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Polish copyright law">Polish copyright law</a> articles 23 to 35.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Compared to the United States, Polish fair use distinguishes between private and public use. In Poland, when the use is public, its use risks fines. The defendant must also prove that his use was private when accused that it was not, or that other mitigating circumstances apply. Finally, Polish law treats all cases in which private material was made public as a potential copyright infringement, where fair use can apply, but has to be proven by reasonable circumstances.<sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Singapore">Singapore</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Singapore"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Section 35 of the Singaporean Copyright Act 1987 has been amended in 2004 to allow a 'fair dealing' exception for any purpose. The four fair use factors similar to US law are included in the new section 35.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">Korean Copyright Act</a> was amended to include a fair use provision, Article 35–3, in 2012. The law outlines a four-factor test similar to that used under U.S. law: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>In determining whether art. 35-3(1) above applies to a use of copyrighted work, the following factors must be considered: the purpose and character of the use, including whether such use is of a commercial nature or is of a non profit nature; the type or purpose of the copyrighted work; the amount and importance of the portion used in relation to the copyrighted work as a whole; the effect of the use of the copyrighted work upon the current market or the current value of the copyrighted work or on the potential market or the potential value of the copyrighted work.<sup id="cite_ref-SouthKorea_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SouthKorea-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fair_dealing">Fair dealing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Fair dealing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing" title="Fair dealing">Fair dealing</a></div> <p>Fair dealing allows specific exceptions to copyright protections. The open-ended concept of fair use is generally not observed in jurisdictions where fair dealing is in place, although this does vary.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_62-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fair dealing is established in legislation in Australia, Canada, New Zealand, Singapore, India, South Africa and the United Kingdom, among others.<sup id="cite_ref-handbook_62-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-handbook-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Fair_Use_proposals_in_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Fair Use proposals in Australia">History of Fair Use proposals in Australia</a></div> <p>While Australian copyright exceptions are based on the Fair Dealing system, since 1998 a series of Australian government inquiries have examined, and in most cases recommended, the introduction of a "flexible and open" Fair Use system into Australian copyright law. From 1998 to 2017 there have been eight Australian government inquiries which have considered the question of whether fair use should be adopted in Australia. Six reviews have recommended Australia adopt a "Fair Use" model of copyright exceptions:<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> two enquiries specifically into the Copyright Act (1998, 2014); and four broader reviews (both 2004, 2013, 2016). One review (2000) recommended against the introduction of fair use and another (2005) issued no final report.<sup id="cite_ref-75" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Two of the recommendations were specifically in response to the stricter copyright rules introduced as part of the <a href="/wiki/Australia%E2%80%93United_States_Free_Trade_Agreement" title="Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement">Australia–United States Free Trade Agreement</a> (AUSFTA), while the most recent two, by the <a href="/wiki/Australian_Law_Reform_Commission" title="Australian Law Reform Commission">Australian Law Reform Commission</a> (ALRC) and the <a href="/wiki/Productivity_Commission" title="Productivity Commission">Productivity Commission</a> (PC) were with reference to strengthening Australia's "digital economy". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing_in_Canadian_copyright_law" title="Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law">Fair dealing in Canadian copyright law</a></div> <p>The <i><a href="/wiki/Copyright_Act_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright Act of Canada">Copyright Act of Canada</a></i> establishes fair dealing in Canada, which allows specific exceptions to copyright protection. In 1985, the Sub-Committee on the Revision of Copyright rejected replacing fair dealing with an open-ended system, and in 1986 the Canadian government agreed that "the present fair dealing provisions should not be replaced by the substantially wider 'fair use' concept".<sup id="cite_ref-MagazinesCanada_76-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MagazinesCanada-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since then, the Canadian fair dealing exception has broadened. It is now similar in effect to U.S. fair use, even though the frameworks are different.<sup id="cite_ref-PublishersUSTR_77-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PublishersUSTR-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i><a href="/wiki/CCH_Canadian_Ltd_v._Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="CCH Canadian Ltd v. Law Society of Upper Canada">CCH Canadian Ltd v. Law Society of Upper Canada</a></i> [2004] 1 S.C.R. 339,<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canlii.org/en/ca/scc/doc/2004/2004scc13/2004scc13.html">2004 SCC 13</a> is a landmark <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> case that establishes the bounds of fair dealing in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_copyright_law" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian copyright law">Canadian copyright law</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Law_Society_of_Upper_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Law Society of Upper Canada">Law Society of Upper Canada</a> was sued for <a href="/wiki/Copyright_infringement" title="Copyright infringement">copyright infringement</a> for providing photocopy services to researchers. The Court unanimously held that the Law Society's practice fell within the bounds of fair dealing. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Fair_dealing_in_United_Kingdom_law" title="Fair dealing in United Kingdom law">Fair dealing in United Kingdom law</a></div> <p>Within the United Kingdom, fair dealing is a legal doctrine that provides an exception to the nation's copyright law in cases where the copyright infringement is for the purposes of non-commercial research or study, criticism or review, or for the reporting of current events.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Policy_arguments">Policy arguments</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Policy arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A balanced copyright law provides an economic benefit to many high-tech businesses such as search engines and software developers. Fair use is also crucial to non-technology industries such as insurance, legal services, and newspaper publishers.<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On September 12, 2007, the <a href="/wiki/Computer_and_Communications_Industry_Association" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer and Communications Industry Association">Computer and Communications Industry Association</a> (CCIA),<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a group representing companies including <a href="/wiki/Google" title="Google">Google</a> Inc., <a href="/wiki/Microsoft" title="Microsoft">Microsoft</a> Inc.,<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLWallstreet_80-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLWallstreet-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Oracle_Corporation" title="Oracle Corporation">Oracle Corporation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sun_Microsystems" title="Sun Microsystems">Sun Microsystems</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a><sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other high-tech companies, released a study that found that fair use exceptions to US copyright laws were responsible for more than $4.5 trillion in annual revenue for the United States economy representing one-sixth of the total US <a href="/wiki/GDP" class="mw-redirect" title="GDP">GDP</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The study was conducted using a methodology developed by the <a href="/wiki/World_Intellectual_Property_Organization" title="World Intellectual Property Organization">World Intellectual Property Organization</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The study found that fair use dependent industries are directly responsible for more than eighteen percent of US economic growth and nearly eleven million American jobs.<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "As the United States economy becomes increasingly knowledge-based, the concept of fair use can no longer be discussed and legislated in the abstract. It is the very foundation of the digital age and a cornerstone of our economy," said Ed Black, President and CEO of CCIA.<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "Much of the unprecedented economic growth of the past ten years can actually be credited to the doctrine of fair use, as the Internet itself depends on the ability to use content in a limited and unlicensed manner."<sup id="cite_ref-PCOLCcia_79-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-PCOLCcia-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Fair_Use_Week">Fair Use Week</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Fair Use Week"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Fair Use Week is an international event that celebrates fair use and fair dealing.<sup id="cite_ref-FUW_82-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUW-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Fair Use Week was first proposed on a Fair Use Allies listserv, which was an outgrowth of the Library Code of Best Practices Capstone Event, celebrating the development and promulgation of <a href="/wiki/Association_of_Research_Libraries" title="Association of Research Libraries">ARL</a>'s <i>Code of Best Practices in Fair Use for Academic and Research Libraries</i>. While the idea was not taken up nationally, Copyright Advisor at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a>, launched the first ever Fair Use Week at <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> in February 2014, with a full week of activities celebrating fair use. The first Fair Use Week included blog posts from national and international fair use experts, live fair use panels, fair use workshops, and a Fair Use Stories Tumblr blog,<sup id="cite_ref-83" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-83"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>83<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where people from the world of art, music, film, and academia shared stories about the importance of fair use to their community.<sup id="cite_ref-HarvardFUW_84-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-HarvardFUW-84"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>84<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Fair Use Week was so successful that in 2015 ARL teamed up with Courtney and helped organize the Second Annual Fair Use Week, with participation from many more institutions.<sup id="cite_ref-85" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-85"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>85<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> ARL also launched an official Fair Use Week website, which was transferred from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pia_Hunter&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pia Hunter (page does not exist)">Pia Hunter</a>, who attended the Library Code of Best Practices Capstone Event and had originally purchased the domain name fairuseweek.org.<sup id="cite_ref-FUW_82-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FUW-82"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>82<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abandonware" title="Abandonware">Abandonware</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berne_three-step_test" title="Berne three-step test">Berne three-step test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States#Copyright_limitations,_exceptions,_and_defenses" title="Copyright law of the United States">Copyright limitations, exceptions, and defenses in the U.S.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyfraud" title="Copyfraud">Copyfraud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creative_Commons" title="Creative Commons">Creative Commons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derivative_work" title="Derivative work">Derivative work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fair_use_(U.S._trademark_law)" title="Fair use (U.S. trademark law)">Fair use (U.S. trademark law)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sc%C3%A8nes_%C3%A0_faire" title="Scènes à faire">Scènes à faire</a> doctrine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/TEACH_Act" title="TEACH Act">TEACH Act</a>, an additional law for educational and governmental institutions that provides some additional copyright exceptions</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-:1-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:1_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAufderheideJaszi2011" class="citation book cs1">Aufderheide, Patricia; Jaszi, Peter (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0OUcXGnexGYC"><i>Reclaiming Fair Use: How to Put Balance Back in Copyright</i></a>. University of Chicago Press. pp. 10–11. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03228-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-03228-3"><bdi>978-0-226-03228-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080256/https://books.google.com/books?id=0OUcXGnexGYC">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Fair+Use%3A+How+to+Put+Balance+Back+in+Copyright&rft.pages=10-11&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-226-03228-3&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Jaszi%2C+Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0OUcXGnexGYC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ogc.harvard.edu/pages/copyright-and-fair-use">"Copyright and Fair Use"</a>. <i>ogc.harvard.edu</i>. Harvard Office of the General Counsel. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20240823171920/https://ogc.harvard.edu/pages/copyright-and-fair-use">Archived</a> from the original on August 23, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 23,</span> 2024</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ogc.harvard.edu&rft.atitle=Copyright+and+Fair+Use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fogc.harvard.edu%2Fpages%2Fcopyright-and-fair-use&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Gyles-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gyles_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gyles_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Gyles_v_Wilcox" title="Gyles v Wilcox">Gyles v Wilcox</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://copy.law.cam.ac.uk/cam/pdf/uk_1741_1.pdf">3 Atk 143;26 ER 489</a> (Court of Chancery (England) 1740), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151117032032/http://copy.law.cam.ac.uk/cam/pdf/uk_1741_1.pdf">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nimmer on Copyright</i> § 13.05, quoting <i>Iowa State Research Foundation, Inc. v. American Broadcasting Companies</i>, 621 F.2d 57 (2d Cir. 1980).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Nimmer on Copyright</i> § 13.05.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Folsom-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Folsom_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Folsom_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Folsom_v._Marsh" title="Folsom v. Marsh">Folsom v. Marsh</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160303234210/http://www.yalelawtech.org/wp-content/uploads/FolsomvMarsh1841.pdf">9 F. Cas. 342</a>, No. 4901 (C.C.D. Mass. 1841), archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yalelawtech.org/wp-content/uploads/FolsomvMarsh1841.pdf">the original</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNetanei2011" class="citation journal cs1">Netanei, Neil Weinstock (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5mh7w8hc/qt5mh7w8hc.pdf">"Making Sense of Fair Use"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Lewis & Clark Law Review</i>. <b>15</b> (3): 715. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180417022757/https://cloudfront.escholarship.org/dist/prd/content/qt5mh7w8hc/qt5mh7w8hc.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on April 17, 2018<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 16,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Lewis+%26+Clark+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Making+Sense+of+Fair+Use&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=715&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Netanei&rft.aufirst=Neil+Weinstock&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcloudfront.escholarship.org%2Fdist%2Fprd%2Fcontent%2Fqt5mh7w8hc%2Fqt5mh7w8hc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12567649168680108221">Lenz v. Universal Music Corp.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20191216212100/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=12567649168680108221">Archived</a> December 16, 2019, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i>, 801 F.3d 1126, 1133 (9th Cir. 2015).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sec107-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sec107_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">"17 U.S. Code § 107 – Limitations on exclusive rights: Fair use"</a>. <i>Legal Information Institute</i>. Cornell University Law School. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190507195714/https://www.law.cornell.edu/uscode/text/17/107">Archived</a> from the original on May 7, 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Legal+Information+Institute&rft.atitle=17+U.S.+Code+%C2%A7+107+%E2%80%93+Limitations+on+exclusive+rights%3A+Fair+use&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.law.cornell.edu%2Fuscode%2Ftext%2F17%2F107&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Patterson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Patterson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatterson1998" class="citation journal cs1">Patterson, L. Ray (April 1, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1346&context=fac_artchop">"Folsom v. Marsh and Its Legacy"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Journal of Intellectual Property Law</i>. <b>5</b> (2): 431–452. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110720084010/http://digitalcommons.law.uga.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1346&context=fac_artchop">Archived</a> from the original on July 20, 2011<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 6,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Intellectual+Property+Law&rft.atitle=Folsom+v.+Marsh+and+Its+Legacy&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=431-452&rft.date=1998-04-01&rft.aulast=Patterson&rft.aufirst=L.+Ray&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigitalcommons.law.uga.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1346%26context%3Dfac_artchop&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leval-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Leval_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leval_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leval_11-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Leval_11-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeval1990" class="citation journal cs1">Leval, Pierre N. (1990). "Toward a Fair Use Standard". <i><a href="/wiki/Harvard_Law_Review" title="Harvard Law Review">Harvard Law Review</a></i>. <b>103</b> (5): 1105–1136. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1341457">10.2307/1341457</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1341457">1341457</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harvard+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Toward+a+Fair+Use+Standard&rft.volume=103&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1105-1136&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1341457&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1341457%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Leval&rft.aufirst=Pierre+N.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/471/539.html">723 F.2d 195</a> (2d Cir. 1985-05-20).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-510_US_569-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-510_US_569_13-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-510_US_569_13-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-510_US_569_13-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-510_US_569_13-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_510" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 510">510</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/510/569/">569</a> (1994)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Unbundling-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Unbundling_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unbundling_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Unbundling_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamuelson2009" class="citation journal cs1">Samuelson, Pamela (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130119052441/http://fordhamlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/Vol_77/Samuelson2_Vol_77_Apr.pdf">"Unbundling Fair Uses"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Fordham Law Review</i>. <b>77</b>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://fordhamlawreview.org/assets/pdfs/Vol_77/Samuelson2_Vol_77_Apr.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on January 19, 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Fordham+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Unbundling+Fair+Uses&rft.volume=77&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Samuelson&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffordhamlawreview.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2FVol_77%2FSamuelson2_Vol_77_Apr.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Blanch_v._Koons" title="Blanch v. Koons">Blanch v. Koons</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1374144.html">467 F.3d 244</a> (2d Cir. October 26, 2006), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171209072319/http://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-2nd-circuit/1374144.html">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reclaiming-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reclaiming_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reclaiming_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAufderheideJaszi2011" class="citation book cs1">Aufderheide, Patricia; Jaszi, Peter (2011). "Appendix D: Myths and Realities About Fair Use". <i>Reclaiming Fair Use: How to Put Balance Back in Copyright</i>. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Appendix+D%3A+Myths+and+Realities+About+Fair+Use&rft.btitle=Reclaiming+Fair+Use%3A+How+to+Put+Balance+Back+in+Copyright&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=University+of+Chicago+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Aufderheide&rft.aufirst=Patricia&rft.au=Jaszi%2C+Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ars-georgiacopy-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ars-georgiacopy_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/03/public-records-activist-violated-copyright-by-publishing-georgia-legal-code-online/">"If you publish Georgia's state laws, you'll get sued for copyright and lose"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. March 30, 2017. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170330133242/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2017/03/public-records-activist-violated-copyright-by-publishing-georgia-legal-code-online/">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 30,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=If+you+publish+Georgia%27s+state+laws%2C+you%27ll+get+sued+for+copyright+and+lose&rft.date=2017-03-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2F2017%2F03%2Fpublic-records-activist-violated-copyright-by-publishing-georgia-legal-code-online%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Judge Story's decision was reversed on appeal by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Court_of_Appeals_for_the_Eleventh_Circuit" title="United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit">United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit</a>, which did not consider the question of fair use. <cite><i>Code Revision Comm'n v. Public.Resource.Org, Inc.</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advance.lexis.com/api/permalink/92843008-66b0-412b-bd2c-025480a70e86/?context=1000516">906 F.3d 1229</a>, 1233 (11th Cir. 2018), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080258/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Flaapi%2Fpermalink%2F92843008-66b0-412b-bd2c-025480a70e86%2F%3Fcontext%3D1000516&aci=la">archived</a> from the original., <i>cert. granted</i>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advance.lexis.com/api/permalink/9c591014-7c80-4e52-9426-014d2e775f0c/?context=1000516">139 S. Ct. 2746</a> (2019), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080311/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Flaapi%2Fpermalink%2F9c591014-7c80-4e52-9426-014d2e775f0c%2F%3Fcontext%3D1000516&aci=la">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Campbell_v._Acuff-Rose_Music,_Inc." title="Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.">Campbell v. Acuff-Rose Music, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://advance.lexis.com/api/permalink/a5fa374f-da05-4ac4-8da7-152a0b0828b4/?context=1000516">510 U.S. 569</a>, 584 (1994), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080205/https://signin.lexisnexis.com/lnaccess/app/signin?back=https%3A%2F%2Fadvance.lexis.com%3A443%2Flaapi%2Fpermalink%2Fa5fa374f-da05-4ac4-8da7-152a0b0828b4%2F%3Fcontext%3D1000516&aci=la">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-casetext.com-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-casetext.com_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-casetext.com_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://casetext.com/case/cariou-v-prince-2">"Cariou v. Prince, 714 F.3d 694 | Casetext Search + Citator"</a>. <i>casetext.com</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080258/https://casetext.com/case/cariou-v-prince-2">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 27,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=casetext.com&rft.atitle=Cariou+v.+Prince%2C+714+F.3d+694+%7C+Casetext+Search+%2B+Citator&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcasetext.com%2Fcase%2Fcariou-v-prince-2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cariou_v._Prince_2013-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cariou_v._Prince_2013_21-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Cariou v. Prince</i>, 714 F.3d 694, 707 (2d. Cir. 2013).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros._and_J._K._Rowling_v._RDR_Books" class="mw-redirect" title="Warner Bros. and J. K. Rowling v. RDR Books">Warner Bros. and J. K. Rowling v. RDR Books</a></i>, 575 F. Supp. 2d 513 (S.D.N.Y. 2008)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">293 F. Supp. 130 (S.D.N.Y. 1968)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i><a href="/wiki/Salinger_v._Random_House,_Inc." title="Salinger v. Random House, Inc.">Salinger v. Random House, Inc.</a></i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/811_F2d_90.htm">811 F.2d 90</a> (2d Cir. 1987), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151119070802/https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/811_F2d_90.htm">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>New Era Publications Int'l v. Henry Holt & Co</i>, 695 F. Supp. 1493 (<a href="/wiki/S.D.N.Y." class="mw-redirect" title="S.D.N.Y.">S.D.N.Y.</a> 1988)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Harper&Row-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Harper&Row_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Harper&Row_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Harper_%26_Row_v._Nation_Enterprises" title="Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises">Harper & Row v. Nation Enterprises</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_471" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 471">471</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/471/539/">539</a> (1985)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sony-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Sony_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a href="/wiki/Sony_Corp._of_America_v._Universal_City_Studios,_Inc." title="Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.">Sony Corp. of America v. Universal City Studios, Inc.</a></i>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_United_States_Supreme_Court_cases,_volume_464" title="List of United States Supreme Court cases, volume 464">464</a> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Reports" title="United States Reports">U.S.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://supreme.justia.com/cases/federal/us/464/417/#451">417, 451</a> (1984)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VideoPipeline-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VideoPipeline_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Video Pipeline v. Buena Vista</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11920632898766723981&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">342 F.3d 191</a> (3d Cir. September 19, 2000), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210225193551/https://scholar.google.com/scholar_case?case=11920632898766723981&hl=en&as_sdt=6&as_vis=1&oi=scholarr">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-PrincetonUP-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-PrincetonUP_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite><i>Princeton University Press v. Michigan Document Services</i></cite>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/99_F3d_1381.htm">99 F.3d 1381</a> (6th Cir. 1996), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150925085245/https://www.law.cornell.edu/copyright/cases/99_F3d_1381.htm">archived</a> from the original.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSnow2010" class="citation journal cs1">Snow, Ned (2010). "Judges playing jury: constitutional conflicts in deciding fair use on summary judgment". <i>U.C. Davis Law Review</i>. <b>44</b>: 483.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.C.+Davis+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Judges+playing+jury%3A+constitutional+conflicts+in+deciding+fair+use+on+summary+judgment&rft.volume=44&rft.pages=483&rft.date=2010&rft.aulast=Snow&rft.aufirst=Ned&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReid2019" class="citation journal cs1">Reid, Amanda (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498352">"Deciding Fair Use"</a>. <i>Michigan State Law Review</i>. <b>2019</b>: 601–649. <a href="/wiki/SSRN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="SSRN (identifier)">SSRN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498352">3498352</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20231023085755/https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=3498352">Archived</a> from the original on October 23, 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 17,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Michigan+State+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Deciding+Fair+Use&rft.volume=2019&rft.pages=601-649&rft.date=2019&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3498352%23id-name%3DSSRN&rft.aulast=Reid&rft.aufirst=Amanda&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpapers.ssrn.com%2Fsol3%2Fpapers.cfm%3Fabstract_id%3D3498352&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/United_States_Code/Title_17/Chapter_10/Section_1008" class="extiw" title="s:United States Code/Title 17/Chapter 10/Section 1008">USC October 17, 1008</a>, amended by the <a href="/wiki/Audio_Home_Recording_Act" title="Audio Home Recording Act">Audio Home Recording Act</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Wall Data v. Los Angeles County Sheriff's Dept</i> (9th Cir. May 17, 2006) (<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2006/05/16/0356559.pdf">PDF</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101226181812/http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/datastore/opinions/2006/05/16/0356559.pdf">Archived</a> December 26, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> at Ninth Circuit).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Nate (May 18, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/05/harvard-prof-tells-judge-that-p2p-filesharing-is-fair-use.ars">"Harvard prof tells judge that P2P filesharing is "fair use"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20241008080205/https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2009/05/harvard-prof-tells-judge-that-p2p-filesharing-is-fair-use/">Archived</a> from the original on October 8, 2024<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Harvard+prof+tells+judge+that+P2P+filesharing+is+%22fair+use%22&rft.date=2009-05-18&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2Fharvard-prof-tells-judge-that-p2p-filesharing-is-fair-use.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson2009" class="citation web cs1">Anderson, Nate (May 22, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/05/harvard-law-prof-helping-in-not-1-but-3-file-sharing-cases.ars">"Lawyer: RIAA must pay back all "$100M+" it has allegedly collected"</a>. <i>Ars Technica</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090614001826/http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/news/2009/05/harvard-law-prof-helping-in-not-1-but-3-file-sharing-cases.ars">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">June 16,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ars+Technica&rft.atitle=Lawyer%3A+RIAA+must+pay+back+all+%22%24100M%2B%22+it+has+allegedly+collected&rft.date=2009-05-22&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Nate&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Ftech-policy%2Fnews%2F2009%2F05%2Fharvard-law-prof-helping-in-not-1-but-3-file-sharing-cases.ars&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEngle2009" class="citation web cs1">Engle, Eric (October 17, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100708094531/http://jolt.law.harvard.edu/digest/copyright/sony-bmg-music-entertainment-et-al-v-tannenbaumbaum">"Sony BMG Music Entertainment et al. v. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 18,</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Copyright+at+Harvard+Library&rft.atitle=About+Fair+Use+Week&rft.date=2014-02-24&rft.aulast=Courtney&rft.aufirst=Kyle+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fblogs.law.harvard.edu%2Fcopyrightosc%2Fabout-fair-use-week%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-85"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-85">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClobridge2015" class="citation web cs1">Clobridge, Abby (March 10, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Every-Week-Is-Fair-Use-Week-102531.asp">"Every Week Is Fair Use Week"</a>. <i>Information Today</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161229172202/http://newsbreaks.infotoday.com/NewsBreaks/Every-Week-Is-Fair-Use-Week-102531.asp">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2016<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 29,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Information+Today&rft.atitle=Every+Week+Is+Fair+Use+Week&rft.date=2015-03-10&rft.aulast=Clobridge&rft.aufirst=Abby&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsbreaks.infotoday.com%2FNewsBreaks%2FEvery-Week-Is-Fair-Use-Week-102531.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDepoorterParisi,_Francesco2002" class="citation journal cs1">Depoorter, Ben; Parisi, Francesco (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060914153848/http://www.gmu.edu/departments/law//faculty/papers/docs/01-03.pdf">"Fair Use and Copyright Protection: A Price Theory Explanation"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>International Review of Law and Economics</i>. <b>21</b> (4): 453–473. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.196.423">10.1.1.196.423</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2FS0144-8188%2801%2900071-0">10.1016/S0144-8188(01)00071-0</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gmu.edu/departments/law/faculty/papers/docs/01-03.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on September 14, 2006.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Review+of+Law+and+Economics&rft.atitle=Fair+Use+and+Copyright+Protection%3A+A+Price+Theory+Explanation&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=453-473&rft.date=2002&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.196.423%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2FS0144-8188%2801%2900071-0&rft.aulast=Depoorter&rft.aufirst=Ben&rft.au=Parisi%2C+Francesco&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gmu.edu%2Fdepartments%2Flaw%2Ffaculty%2Fpapers%2Fdocs%2F01-03.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGordon1982" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Wendy_Gordon" title="Wendy Gordon">Gordon, Wendy J.</a> (1982). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholarship.law.bu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1588&context=faculty_scholarship">"Fair Use as Market Failure: A Structural and Economic Analysis of the 'Betamax' Case and Its Predecessors"</a>. <i>Columbia Law Review</i>. <b>82</b> (8): 1600–1657. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F1122296">10.2307/1122296</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/2144%2F22971">2144/22971</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1122296">1122296</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:151080880">151080880</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Columbia+Law+Review&rft.atitle=Fair+Use+as+Market+Failure%3A+A+Structural+and+Economic+Analysis+of+the+%27Betamax%27+Case+and+Its+Predecessors&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=1600-1657&rft.date=1982&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F2144%2F22971&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A151080880%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1122296%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F1122296&rft.aulast=Gordon&rft.aufirst=Wendy+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscholarship.law.bu.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1588%26context%3Dfaculty_scholarship&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFair+use" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>United States. Congress. House of Representatives (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://purl.fdlp.gov/GPO/gpo51557">The Scope of Fair Use: Hearing Before the Subcommittee on Courts, Intellectual Property, and the Internet of the Committee on the Judiciary, House of Representatives, One Hundred Thirteenth Congress, Second Session, January 28, 2014</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fair_use" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fair use">Fair use</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/40px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="33" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/60px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/80px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiversity has learning resources about <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Fair_use" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Fair use">Fair use</a></b></i></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/99/Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg/80px-Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Look up <i><b><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/fair_use" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:Special:Search/fair use">fair use</a></b></i> in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about <br /> <b>Fair use</b> <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fair+use&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fair+use">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=Fair+use&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://copyright.gov/fair-use/">U.S. Copyright Office Fair Use Index</a>, a database of fair use cases in U.S. federal courts</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infojustice.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/03/band-and-gerafi-2013.pdf">The Fair Use/Fair Handbook</a>, a compilation of national statutes that refer to fair use or fair dealing</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tigerprints.clemson.edu/cheer/">CHEER</a>, a repository of copyright educational resources for higher education</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_au_B%C3%A9nin" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur au Bénin">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Burundi" title="Copyright law of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Cameroon" title="Copyright law of Cameroon">Cameroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ghana" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Egypt" title="Copyright law of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ivory_Coast&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ivory Coast (page does not exist)">Ivory Coast</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_C%C3%B4te_d%27Ivoire" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Côte d'Ivoire">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Madagascar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Madagascar (page does not exist)">Madagascar</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_%C3%A0_Madagascar" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur à Madagascar">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Morocco&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Morocco (page does not exist)">Morocco</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droits_d%27auteur_et_droits_voisins_au_Maroc" class="extiw" title="fr:Droits d'auteur et droits voisins au Maroc">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mozambique&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mozambique (page does not exist)">Mozambique</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B1%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Мозамбике">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Senegal" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of Senegal">Senegal</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_(S%C3%A9n%C3%A9gal)" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur (Sénégal)">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Africa" title="Copyright law of South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/90px-Copyright.svg.png" decoding="async" width="90" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/135px-Copyright.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Copyright.svg/180px-Copyright.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="197" data-file-height="197" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Argentina" title="Copyright law of Argentina">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Bermuda" title="Copyright in Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bolivia" title="Copyright law of Bolivia">Bolivia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Brazil" title="Copyright law of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Canada" title="Copyright law of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Chile" title="Copyright law of Chile">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_the_Dominican_Republic" title="Copyright in the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Ecuador&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Ecuador (page does not exist)">Ecuador</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Ecuador" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Ecuador">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_El_Salvador" title="Copyright law of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Honduras" title="Copyright law of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Panama" title="Copyright law of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Peru" title="Copyright law of Peru">Peru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_States" title="Copyright law of the United States">United States</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uruguay&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uruguay (page does not exist)">Uruguay</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Derecho_de_autor_en_Uruguay" class="extiw" title="es:Derecho de autor en Uruguay">es</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Venezuela" title="Copyright law of Venezuela">Venezuela</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afghanistan_and_copyright_issues" title="Afghanistan and copyright issues">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Azerbaijan" title="Copyright law of Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Bangladesh" title="Copyright law of Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_China" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright law of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Hong_Kong" title="Copyright law of Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_India" title="Copyright law of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Indonesia" title="Copyright law of Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Iran" class="mw-redirect" title="Copyright in Iran">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Israel&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Israel (page does not exist)">Israel</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%98%D0%B7%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B8%D0%BB%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Израиле">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Japan" title="Copyright law of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Jordan" title="Copyright law of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D1%8B%D1%80%D0%B3%D1%8B%D0%B7%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Кыргызстане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_North_Korea" title="Copyright law of North Korea">North Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_South_Korea" title="Copyright law of South Korea">South Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lebanon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lebanon (page does not exist)">Lebanon</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Ливане">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Malaysia" title="Copyright law of Malaysia">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Mongolia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Mongolia (page does not exist)">Mongolia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Монголии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Myanmar" title="Copyright law of Myanmar">Myanmar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Nepal" title="Copyright law of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Oman" title="Copyright law of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Pakistan" title="Copyright law of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Philippines" title="Copyright law of the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="Copyright law of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sri_Lanka" title="Copyright law of Sri Lanka">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Syria" title="Copyright law of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Tajikistan" title="Copyright law of Tajikistan">Tajikistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Thailand" title="Copyright law of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_the_United_Arab_Emirates&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in the United Arab Emirates (page does not exist)">United Arab Emirates</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Vereinigte_Arabische_Emirate)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Vereinigte Arabische Emirate)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Uzbekistan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Uzbekistan (page does not exist)">Uzbekistan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%A3%D0%B7%D0%B1%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Узбекистане">ru</a>]</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_European_Union" title="Copyright law of the European Union">European Union</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_law_of_Austria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright law of Austria (page does not exist)">Austria</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(%C3%96sterreich)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Österreich)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belgium&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belgium (page does not exist)">Belgium</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Droit_d%27auteur_en_Belgique" class="extiw" title="fr:Droit d'auteur en Belgique">fr</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_France" title="Copyright law of France">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Germany" title="Copyright law of Germany">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Greece" title="Copyright law of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Ireland" title="Copyright law of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Italy" title="Copyright law of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Latvia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Latvia (page does not exist)">Latvia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Латвии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Lithuania&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Lithuania (page does not exist)">Lithuania</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9B%D0%B8%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Литве">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Luxembourg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Luxembourg (page does not exist)">Luxembourg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urheberrecht_(Luxemburg)" class="extiw" title="de:Urheberrecht (Luxemburg)">de</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Netherlands" title="Copyright law of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Poland" title="Copyright law of Poland">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Romania" title="Copyright law of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Spain" title="Copyright law of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Sweden" title="Copyright law of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other countries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Albania" title="Copyright law of Albania">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Armenia&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Armenia (page does not exist)">Armenia</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%90%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Армении">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Belarus&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Belarus (page does not exist)">Belarus</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%83%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Белоруссии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Georgia" title="Copyright law of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Kazakhstan" title="Copyright law of Kazakhstan">Kazakhstan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Copyright_in_Kyrgyzstan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Copyright in Kyrgyzstan (page does not exist)">Kyrgyzstan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B5_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BE_%D0%B2_%D0%9A%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B3%D0%B8%D0%B7%D0%B8%D0%B8" class="extiw" title="ru:Авторское право в Киргизии">ru</a>]</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Moldova" title="Copyright law of Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Russia" title="Copyright law of Russia">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Copyright law of the Soviet Union">USSR</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_Russian_Federation" title="Copyright law of the Russian Federation">Russian Federation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Serbia" title="Copyright law of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Switzerland" title="Copyright law of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Turkey" title="Copyright law of Turkey">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_in_Ukraine" title="Copyright in Ukraine">Ukraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Copyright law of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_Australia" title="Copyright law of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copyright_law_of_New_Zealand" title="Copyright law of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Copyright_law_by_country" title="Category:Copyright law by country">Category:Copyright law by country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&oldid=1259059074">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fair_use&oldid=1259059074</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Fair_use" title="Category:Fair 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