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<li id="toc-Causality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Causality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Causality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Causality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ethicization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ethicization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Ethicization </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ethicization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rebirth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rebirth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Rebirth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rebirth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Hinduism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Hinduism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 In Hinduism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Hinduism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Buddhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Buddhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In Buddhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_Buddhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_Jainism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_Jainism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 In Jainism </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-In_Jainism-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle In Jainism subsection </button> <ul id="toc-In_Jainism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Eight_Karmas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Eight_Karmas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Eight Karmas </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Eight_Karmas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reception_in_other_traditions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reception_in_other_traditions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Reception in other traditions </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Reception_in_other_traditions-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Reception in other traditions subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Reception_in_other_traditions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sikhism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sikhism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Sikhism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sikhism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Falun_Gong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Falun_Gong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Falun Gong </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Falun_Gong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Taoism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Taoism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.3 Taoism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Taoism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shinto" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shinto"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.4 Shinto </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shinto-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Discussion" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Discussion"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Discussion </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Discussion subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Discussion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Free_will_and_destiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Free_will_and_destiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Free will and destiny </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Free_will_and_destiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychological_indeterminacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychological_indeterminacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Psychological indeterminacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychological_indeterminacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transferability" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transferability"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.3 Transferability </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transferability-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_problem_of_evil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_problem_of_evil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.4 The problem of evil </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_problem_of_evil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comparable_concepts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comparable_concepts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Comparable concepts </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Comparable_concepts-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Comparable concepts subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Comparable_concepts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Christianity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Christianity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Christianity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Christianity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judaism" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judaism"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Judaism </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judaism-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoanalysis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoanalysis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Psychoanalysis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoanalysis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Theosophy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Theosophy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Theosophy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Theosophy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Karma</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 92 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-92" aria-hidden="true" > 92 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Alemannic" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Alemannic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="كارما – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كارما" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Awadhi" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Awadhi" class="interlanguage-link-target">अवधी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%AE_(%E0%A6%AD%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%A4%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC_%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A8)" title="কর্ম (ভারতীয় দর্শন) – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="কর্ম (ভারতীয় দর্শন)" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9A%CE%AC%CF%81%CE%BC%CE%B1" title="Κάρμα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Κάρμα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karmo" title="Karmo – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Karmo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="کارما – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="کارما" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%97%85" title="업 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="업" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Hausa" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hausa" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hausa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D6%80%D5%B4%D5%A1" title="Կարմա – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կարմա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A7%D7%90%D7%A8%D7%9E%D7%94" title="קארמה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="קארמה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%95%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%AE" title="ಕರ್ಮ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಕರ್ಮ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%99%E1%83%90%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90" title="კარმა – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="კარმა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8E%D8%B1%D9%8E%D9%85" title="کَرَم – Kashmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کَرَم" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kashmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kama" title="Kama – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Kama" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Luxembourgish" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luxembourgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target">मैथिली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Moksha" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Moksha" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%80%E1%80%B6_%E1%80%80%E1%80%B6%E1%81%8F%E1%80%A1%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B8" title="ကံ ကံ၏အကျိုး – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ကံ ကံ၏အကျိုး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="कर्म – Nepali" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="कर्म" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepali" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="業" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%95%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE_(%E0%A8%A7%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%AE%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%95)" title="ਕਰਮ (ਧਾਰਮਿਕ) – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਕਰਮ (ਧਾਰਮਿਕ)" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carma" title="Carma – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carma" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%9A%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%B8" title="කර්ම – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="කර්ම" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%A7%D8%B1%D9%85%D8%A7" title="کارما – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کارما" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%95%E0%AE%B0%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AE%E0%AE%BE" title="கர்மா – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="கர்மா" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%95%E0%B0%B0%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%AE" title="కర్మ – Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="కర్మ" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%A1" title="กรรม – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="กรรม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ti mw-list-item"><a href="https://ti.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8A%AB%E1%88%AD%E1%88%9B" title="ካርማ – Tigrinya" lang="ti" hreflang="ti" data-title="ካርማ" data-language-autonym="ትግርኛ" data-language-local-name="Tigrinya" class="interlanguage-link-target">ትግርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D0%BB%D0%B5" title="Үүле – Tuvinian" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Үүле" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="Tuvinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тыва дыл</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BC%D0%B0" title="Карма – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Карма" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D8%B1%D9%85" title="کرم – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کرم" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nghi%E1%BB%87p" title="Nghiệp – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Nghiệp" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karma" title="Karma – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Karma" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B8%9A" title="业 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="业" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="業" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A5%AD" title="業 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="業" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Intent and actions of an individual influence the future of that individual</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the Indian religious concept. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Karma_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Karma (disambiguation)">Karma (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:313px;max-width:313px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:142px;max-width:142px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:EndlessKnot03d.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EndlessKnot03d.png/140px-EndlessKnot03d.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EndlessKnot03d.png/210px-EndlessKnot03d.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/EndlessKnot03d.png/280px-EndlessKnot03d.png 2x" data-file-width="378" data-file-height="459" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Endless knot</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg/165px-Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg/248px-Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg/330px-Hand_made_prayer_wheel_from_Nepal.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1844" data-file-height="1904" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Endless knot on Nepalese temple prayer wheel</div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Karma symbols such as the <a href="/wiki/Endless_knot" title="Endless knot">endless knot</a> (above) are common cultural motifs in Asia. Endless knots symbolize interlinking of cause and effect, a karmic cycle that continues eternally. The endless knot is visible in the center of the <a href="/wiki/Prayer_wheel" title="Prayer wheel">prayer wheel</a>.</div></div></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:lavender;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c"><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_religion" title="History of religion">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_religion" title="Timeline of religion">Timeline</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Traditional</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elite_religion" title="Elite religion">Elite religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_mysticism" title="Jewish mysticism">Jewish</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Merkabah_mysticism" title="Merkabah mysticism">Merkabah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kabbalah" title="Kabbalah">Kabbalah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hasidism" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasidism">Hasidism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_mysticism" title="Christian mysticism">Christian</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catholic_spirituality" title="Catholic spirituality">Catholic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folk_religion" title="Folk religion">Folk religion</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Modern</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_modernism" title="Buddhist modernism">Buddhist modernism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_religious_movement" title="New religious movement">New religious movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secular_spirituality" title="Secular spirituality">Secular spirituality</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Spiritual_but_not_religious" title="Spiritual but not religious">Spiritual but not religious</a>"</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syncretism" title="Syncretism">Syncretism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual experience</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lived_religion" title="Lived religion">Lived religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_experience" class="mw-redirect" title="Mystical experience">Mystical experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oceanic_feeling" title="Oceanic feeling">Oceanic feeling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_experience" title="Religious experience">Religious experience</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Spiritual practice</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Spiritual development</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ego_death" title="Ego death">Ego death</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-actualization" title="Self-actualization">Self-actualization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_activism" title="Spiritual activism">Spiritual activism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_development" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual development">Spiritual development</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Influences</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;">General <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Divine_illumination" title="Divine illumination">Divine illumination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li></ul> Antiquity <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermeticism" title="Hermeticism">Hermeticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoplatonism" title="Neoplatonism">Neoplatonism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_esotericism" title="Western esotericism">Western esotericism</a></li></ul> Medieval <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li></ul> Early modern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Perennial_philosophy" title="Perennial philosophy">Perennial philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakob_B%C3%B6hme" title="Jakob Böhme">Jakob Böhme</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Swedenborg" title="Emanuel Swedenborg">Emanuel Swedenborg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pietism" title="Pietism">Pietism</a></li></ul> Modern <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Romanticism" title="Romanticism">Romanticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universalism" title="Universalism">Universalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Thought" title="New Thought">New Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophy_(Boehmian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theosophy (Boehmian)">Theosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occultism" class="mw-redirect" title="Occultism">Occultism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(movement)" title="Spiritualism (movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esoteric_Christianity" title="Esoteric Christianity">Esoteric Christianity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Orientalist</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comparative_religion" title="Comparative religion">Comparative religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Advaita" title="Neo-Advaita">Neo-Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nonduality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orientalism" title="Orientalism">Orientalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Asian</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;">Pre-historic <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proto-Indo-Iranian_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-Indo-Iranian religion">Proto-Indo-Iranian religion</a></li></ul> Iran <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zoroastrianism" title="Zoroastrianism">Zoroastrianism</a></li></ul> India <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddha-nature" title="Buddha-nature">Buddha-nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Vedanta" title="Neo-Vedanta">Neo-Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tantra" title="Tantra">Tantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li></ul> East-Asia <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Other non-Western</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">Animism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totem" title="Totem">Totemism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Psychological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Humanistic_psychology" title="Humanistic psychology">Humanistic psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mindfulness" title="Mindfulness">Mindfulness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Positive_psychology" title="Positive psychology">Positive psychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-help" title="Self-help">Self-help</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_self_and_false_self" title="True self and false self">True self and false self</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="font-size:120%;background:lavender;"> Research</th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="sidebar-list-title-c">Neurological</div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist" style="padding-top:none;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mystical_psychosis" title="Mystical psychosis">Mystical psychosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_science_of_religion" title="Cognitive science of religion">Cognitive science of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_religion" title="Neuroscience of religion">Neuroscience of religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geschwind_syndrome" title="Geschwind syndrome">Geschwind syndrome</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_psychology_of_religion" title="Evolutionary psychology of religion">Evolutionary psychology of religion</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below hlist" style="border:none;padding-bottom:0.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Template talk:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Spirituality sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Karma (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈkɑːrmə/</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: कर्म, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>IPA: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Sanskrit" title="Help:IPA/Sanskrit">[ˈkɐɾmɐ]</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/d\/d6\/Karma.ogg\/Karma.ogg.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Karma.ogg"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/d/d6/Karma.ogg/Karma.ogg.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Karma.ogg" title="File:Karma.ogg">ⓘ</a>; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: kamma) is an ancient Indian concept that refers to an action, work, or deed, and its effect or consequences.<a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Indian_religions" title="Indian religions">Indian religions</a>, the term more specifically refers to a principle of <a href="/wiki/Cause_and_effect" class="mw-redirect" title="Cause and effect">cause and effect</a>, often descriptively called the principle of karma, wherein individuals' intent and actions (cause) influence their future (effect):<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> Good intent and good deeds contribute to good karma and happier <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">rebirths</a>, while bad intent and bad deeds contribute to bad karma and worse rebirths. In some scriptures, however, there is no link between rebirth and karma.<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> Karma is often misunderstood as fate, destiny, or predetermination.<a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a> The concept of karma is closely associated with the idea of rebirth in many schools of Indian religions (particularly <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">in Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Jainism</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>),<a href="#cite_note-KarmaParveshSingla-6">[6]</a> as well as <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-evawong-7">[7]</a> In these schools, karma in the present affects one's future in the current life as well as the nature and quality of future lives—one's <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jbowker-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-jamesloch-9">[9]</a> This concept has also been adopted in Western popular culture, in which the events that happen after a person's actions may be considered natural consequences of those actions. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definition">Definition</h2></div> The term karma (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: कर्म; <a href="/wiki/Pali_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Pali language">Pali</a>: kamma) refers to both the executed 'deed, work, action, act' and the 'object, intent'.<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Halbfass" title="Wilhelm Halbfass">Wilhelm Halbfass</a> (2000) explains karma (karman) by contrasting it with the <a href="/wiki/Sanskrit" title="Sanskrit">Sanskrit</a> word <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">kriya</a>:<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a> whereas <a href="/wiki/Kriy%C4%81" title="Kriyā">kriya</a> is the activity along with the steps and effort in action, karma is (1) the executed action as a consequence of that activity, as well as (2) the intention of the actor behind an executed action or a planned action (described by some scholars<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> as metaphysical residue left in the actor). A good action creates good karma, as does good intent. A bad action creates bad karma, as does bad intent.<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a> Difficulty in arriving at a definition of karma arises because of the diversity of views among the <a href="/wiki/Schools_of_hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Schools of hinduism">schools of Hinduism</a>; some, for example, consider <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">karma</a> and <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnation in Hinduism">rebirth</a> linked and simultaneously essential, some consider karma but not rebirth to be essential, and a few discuss and conclude karma and rebirth to be flawed fiction.<a href="#cite_note-wkasrb-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Jainism</a> have their own karma precepts. Thus, karma has not one, but multiple definitions and different meanings.<a href="#cite_note-Coward-Karma-12">[12]</a> It is a concept whose meaning, importance, and scope varies between the various traditions that originated in India, and various schools in each of these traditions. <a href="/wiki/Wendy_Doniger" title="Wendy Doniger">Wendy O'Flaherty</a> claims that, furthermore, there is an ongoing debate regarding whether karma is a theory, a model, a paradigm, a metaphor, or a <a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">metaphysical</a> stance.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Principle_of_karma">Principle of karma</h3></div> Karma also refers to a conceptual principle that originated in India, often descriptively called the principle of karma, and sometimes the karma-theory or the law of karma.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a> In the context of theory, karma is complex and difficult to define.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a> Different schools of <a href="/wiki/Indology" title="Indology">Indology</a> derive different definitions for the concept from ancient Indian texts; their definition is some combination of (1) causality that may be <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethical</a> or non-ethical; (2) ethicization, i.e., good or bad actions have consequences; and (3) rebirth.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdochapter1-15">[15]</a> Other Indologists include in the definition that which explains the present circumstances of an individual with reference to his or her actions in the past. These actions may be those in a person's current life, or, in some schools of Indian traditions, possibly actions from their past lives; furthermore, the consequences may result in the current life, or a person's future lives.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> The law of karma operates independent of any deity or any process of divine judgment.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Causality">Causality</h4></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Karma_AS.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Karma_AS.jpg/180px-Karma_AS.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="262" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Karma_AS.jpg/270px-Karma_AS.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Karma_AS.jpg/360px-Karma_AS.jpg 2x" data-file-width="412" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>Karma as action and reaction: if we show goodness, we will reap goodness</figcaption></figure>A common theme to theories of karma is its <a href="/wiki/Principle_of_causality" class="mw-redirect" title="Principle of causality">principle of causality</a>.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a> This relationship between karma and causality is a central motif in all schools of <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Hindu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Buddhist</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Jain</a> thought.<a href="#cite_note-brucer-18">[18]</a> One of the earliest associations of karma to causality occurs in the <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a> verses 4.4.5–6: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Now as a man is like this or like that, according as he acts and according as he behaves, so will he be; a man of good acts will become good, a man of bad acts, bad; he becomes pure by pure deeds, bad by bad deeds; And here they say that a person consists of desires, and as is his desire, so is his will; and as is his will, so is his deed; and whatever deed he does, that he will reap. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad</a>, <a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-21">[note 1]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The theory of karma as causation holds that: (1) executed actions of an individual affects the individual and the life he or she lives, and (2) the intentions of an individual affects the individual and the life he or she lives. Disinterested actions, or unintentional actions do not have the same positive or negative karmic effect, as interested and intentional actions. In Buddhism, for example, actions that are performed, or arise, or originate without any bad intent, such as covetousness, are considered non-existent in karmic impact or neutral in influence to the individual.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> Another causality characteristic, shared by karmic theories, is that like deeds lead to like effects. Thus, good karma produces good effect on the actor, while bad karma produces bad effect. This effect may be material, moral, or emotional – that is, one's karma affects both one's happiness and unhappiness.<a href="#cite_note-brucer-18">[18]</a> The effect of karma need not be immediate; the effect of karma can be later in one's current life, and in some schools it extends to future lives.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> The consequence or effects of one's karma can be described in two forms: <a href="/wiki/Phala" title="Phala">phala</a> and <a href="/wiki/Samskara_(Indian_philosophy)" title="Samskara (Indian philosophy)">samskara</a>. A phala (<abbr style="font-size:85%" title="literal translation">lit.</abbr> 'fruit' or 'result') is the visible or invisible effect that is typically immediate or within the current life. In contrast, a samskara (<a href="/wiki/Sanskrit_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanskrit language">Sanskrit</a>: संस्कार) is an invisible effect, produced inside the actor because of the karma, transforming the agent and affecting his or her ability to be happy or unhappy in their current and future lives. The theory of karma is often presented in the context of samskaras.<a href="#cite_note-brucer-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> Karl Potter and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Coward" title="Harold Coward">Harold Coward</a> suggest that karmic principle can also be understood as a principle of psychology and habit.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-coward1983-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[note 2]</a> Karma seeds habits (<a href="/wiki/V%C4%81san%C4%81" title="Vāsanā">vāsanā</a>), and habits create the nature of man. Karma also seeds <a href="/wiki/Self-perception_theory" title="Self-perception theory">self perception</a>, and perception influences how one experiences life-events. Both habits and self perception affect the course of one's life. Breaking bad habits is not easy: it requires conscious karmic effort.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[26]</a> Thus, psyche and habit, according to Potter and Coward, link karma to causality in ancient Indian literature.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-coward1983-25">[24]</a> The idea of karma may be compared to the notion of a person's 'character', as both are an assessment of the person and determined by that person's habitual thinking and acting.<a href="#cite_note-jamesloch-9">[9]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ethicization">Ethicization</h4></div> The second theme common to karma theories is ethicization. This begins with the premise that every action has a consequence,<a href="#cite_note-jbowker-8">[8]</a> which will come to fruition in either this life or a future life; thus, morally good acts will have positive consequences, whereas bad acts will produce negative results. An individual's present situation is thereby explained by reference to actions in his present or in previous lifetimes. Karma is not itself '<a href="/wiki/Reward_system" title="Reward system">reward and punishment</a>', but the law that produces consequence.<a href="#cite_note-29">[27]</a> <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Halbfass" title="Wilhelm Halbfass">Wilhelm Halbfass</a> notes that good karma is considered as <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and leads to <a href="/wiki/Punya_(Hinduism)" title="Punya (Hinduism)">punya</a> ('merit'), while bad karma is considered <a href="/wiki/Adharma" title="Adharma">adharma</a> and leads to <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81pa" class="mw-redirect" title="Pāpa">pāp</a> ('demerit, sin').<a href="#cite_note-halbfass1998-30">[28]</a> Reichenbach (1988) suggests that the theories of karma are an <a href="/wiki/Ethical_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethical theory">ethical theory</a>.<a href="#cite_note-brucer-18">[18]</a> This is so because the ancient scholars of India linked intent and actual action to the merit, reward, demerit, and punishment. A theory without ethical premise would be a pure <a href="/wiki/Causal_relation" class="mw-redirect" title="Causal relation">causal relation</a>; the merit or reward or demerit or punishment would be same regardless of the actor's intention. In ethics, one's intentions, attitudes, and desires matter in the evaluation of one's action. Where the outcome is unintended, the moral responsibility for it is less on the actor, even though causal responsibility may be the same regardless.<a href="#cite_note-brucer-18">[18]</a> A karma theory considers not only the action, but also the actor's intentions, attitude, and desires before and during the action. The karma concept thus encourages each person to seek and live a moral life, as well as avoid an immoral life. The meaning and significance of karma is thus as a building-block of an ethical theory.<a href="#cite_note-31">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rebirth">Rebirth</h4></div> The third common theme of karma theories is the concept of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnation</a> or the cycle of rebirths (<a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">saṃsāra</a>).<a href="#cite_note-jbowker-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051–2,_108,_126–128-32">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272–273,_652–654-33">[31]</a> Rebirth is a fundamental concept of <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation_in_Hinduism" class="mw-redirect" title="Reincarnation in Hinduism">Hinduism</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rebirth_(Buddhism)" title="Rebirth (Buddhism)">Buddhism</a>, Jainism, and Sikhism.<a href="#cite_note-jamesloch-9">[9]</a> Rebirth, or saṃsāra, is the concept that all life forms go through a cycle of reincarnation, that is, a series of births and rebirths. The rebirths and consequent life may be in different realm, condition, or form. The karma theories suggest that the realm, condition, and form depends on the quality and quantity of karma.<a href="#cite_note-34">[32]</a> In schools that believe in rebirth, every living being's soul transmigrates (recycles) after death, carrying the seeds of Karmic impulses from life just completed, into another life and lifetime of karmas.<a href="#cite_note-jbowker-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Coward-Karma-12">[12]</a> This cycle continues indefinitely, except for those who consciously break this cycle by reaching <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>. Those who break the cycle reach the realm of gods, those who do not continue in the cycle. The concept has been intensely debated in ancient literature of India; with different schools of Indian religions considering the relevance of rebirth as either essential, or secondary, or unnecessary fiction.<a href="#cite_note-wkasrb-11">[11]</a> Hiriyanna (1949) suggests rebirth to be a necessary corollary of karma;<a href="#cite_note-35">[33]</a> Yamunacharya (1966) asserts that karma is a fact, while reincarnation is a hypothesis;<a href="#cite_note-36">[34]</a> and Creel (1986) suggests that karma is a basic concept, rebirth is a derivative concept.<a href="#cite_note-37">[35]</a> The theory of 'karma and rebirth' raises numerous questions – such as how, when, and why did the cycle start in the first place, what is the relative Karmic merit of one karma versus another and why, and what evidence is there that rebirth actually happens, among others. Various schools of Hinduism realized these difficulties, debated their own formulations – some reaching what they considered as internally consistent theories – while other schools modified and de-emphasized it; a few schools in Hinduism such as <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvakas</a> (or Lokayata) abandoned the theory of 'karma and rebirth' altogether.<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-halbfass1998-30">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[37]</a> Schools of Buddhism consider karma-rebirth cycle as integral to their theories of <a href="/wiki/Soteriology" title="Soteriology">soteriology</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_development">Early development</h2></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg/250px-Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg/375px-Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg/500px-Tema_Nezahat_Gokyigit_Park_1060584_nymphaea.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Lotus symbolically represents karma in many Asian traditions. A blooming lotus flower is one of the few flowers that simultaneously carries seeds inside itself while it blooms. Seed is symbolically seen as cause, the flower effect. Lotus is also considered as a reminder that one can grow, share good karma and remain unstained even in muddy circumstances<a href="#cite_note-42">[40]</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Vedic_Sanskrit" title="Vedic Sanskrit">Vedic Sanskrit</a> word <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D#Sanskrit" class="extiw" title="wikt:कर्मन्">kárman-</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nominative_case" title="Nominative case">nominative</a> kárma) means 'work' or 'deed',<a href="#cite_note-krishan-43">[41]</a> often used in the context of <a href="/wiki/Srauta" class="mw-redirect" title="Srauta">Srauta</a> rituals.<a href="#cite_note-44">[42]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/Rigveda" title="Rigveda">Rigveda</a>, the word occurs some 40 times.<a href="#cite_note-krishan-43">[41]</a> In <a href="/wiki/Satapatha_Brahmana" class="mw-redirect" title="Satapatha Brahmana">Satapatha Brahmana</a> 1.7.1.5, sacrifice is declared as the "greatest" of works; Satapatha Brahmana 10.1.4.1 associates the potential of becoming <a href="/wiki/Immortality" title="Immortality">immortal</a> (amara) with the karma of the <a href="/wiki/Agnicayana" title="Agnicayana">agnicayana</a> sacrifice.<a href="#cite_note-krishan-43">[41]</a> In the early Vedic literature, the concept of karma is also present beyond the realm of rituals or sacrifices. The Vedic language includes terms for sins and vices such as āgas, agha, enas, pāpa/pāpman, duṣkṛta, as well as for virtues and merit like sukṛta and puṇya, along with the neutral term karman. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Whatever good deed man does that is inside the Vedi; and whatever evil he does that is outside the Vedi.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Shatapatha_Brahmana" title="Shatapatha Brahmana">Shatapatha Brahmana</a> 11.2.7.33</cite></div></blockquote> The verse refers to the evaluation of virtuous and sinful actions in the afterlife. Regardless of their application in rituals (whether within or outside the Vedi), the concepts of good and evil here broadly represent merits and sins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">What evil is done here by man, that it (i.e. speech = <a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a>) makes manifest. Although he thinks that he does it secretly, as it were, still it makes it manifest. Verily, therefore one should not commit evil.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Jaiminiya_Upanishad_Brahmana" title="Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana">Jaiminiya Upanishad Brahmana</a> 2.13.5</cite></div></blockquote><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">This is the eternal greatness of the Brahmin. He does not increase by kárman, nor does he become less. His <a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">ātman</a> knows the path. Knowing him (the ātman) one is not polluted by evil karman.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Taittir%C4%ABya_Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87a" title="Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa">Taittirīya Brāhmaṇa</a> 3.12.9, 7–8</cite></div></blockquote> The Vedic words for "action" and "merit" in pre-Upaniṣadic texts carry moral significance and are not solely linked to ritual practices. The word karman simply means "action," which can be either positive or negative, and is not always associated with religious ceremonies; its predominant association with ritual in the Brāhmaṇa texts is likely a reflection of their ritualistic nature. In the same vein, sukṛta (and subsequently, puṇya) denotes any form of "merit," whether it be ethical or ritualistic. In contrast, terms such as pāpa and duṣkṛta consistently represent morally wrong actions.<a href="#cite_note-45">[43]</a> The earliest clear discussion of the karma doctrine is in the <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a>.<a href="#cite_note-jbowker-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-krishan-43">[41]</a> The doctrine occurs here in the context of a discussion of the fate of the individual after death.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETull198928-46">[44]</a> For example, causality and ethicization is stated in <a href="/wiki/Brihadaranyaka_Upanishad" title="Brihadaranyaka Upanishad">Bṛhadāraṇyaka Upaniṣad</a> 3.2.13:<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011653-47">[45]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETull198931-48">[46]</a><blockquote>Truly, one becomes good through good deeds, and evil through evil deeds. </blockquote>Some authors state that the <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a> (transmigration) and karma doctrine may be non-Vedic, and the ideas may have developed in the "<a href="/wiki/Shramana" class="mw-redirect" title="Shramana">shramana</a>" traditions that preceded <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>.<a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> Others state that some of the complex ideas of the ancient emerging theory of karma flowed from Vedic thinkers to Buddhist and Jain thinkers.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> The mutual influences between the traditions is unclear, and likely co-developed.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> Many philosophical debates surrounding the concept are shared by the Hindu, Jain, and Buddhist traditions, and the early developments in each tradition incorporated different novel ideas.<a href="#cite_note-wendydonigerpxii-52">[50]</a> For example, Buddhists allowed karma transfer from one person to another and sraddha rites, but had difficulty defending the rationale.<a href="#cite_note-wendydonigerpxii-52">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> In contrast, Hindu schools and Jainism would not allow the possibility of karma transfer.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Hinduism">In Hinduism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Hinduism" title="Karma in Hinduism">Karma in Hinduism</a></div> The concept of karma in Hinduism developed and evolved over centuries. The earliest <a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> began with the questions about how and why man is born, and what happens after death. As answers to the latter, the early theories in these ancient Sanskrit documents include <a href="/wiki/Panchagni_Vidya" title="Panchagni Vidya">pancagni vidya</a> (the five fire doctrine), pitryana (the cyclic path of fathers), and devayana (the cycle-transcending, path of the gods).<a href="#cite_note-56">[54]</a> Those who perform superficial rituals and seek material gain, claimed these ancient scholars, travel the way of their fathers and recycle back into another life; those who renounce these, go into the forest and pursue spiritual knowledge, were claimed to climb into the higher path of the gods. It is these who break the cycle and are not reborn.<a href="#cite_note-wmahony-57">[55]</a> With the composition of the Epics – the common man's introduction to <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> in Hinduism – the ideas of causality and essential elements of the theory of karma were being recited in folk stories. For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">As a man himself sows, so he himself reaps; no man inherits the good or evil act of another man. The fruit is of the same quality as the action.<div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, xii.291.22<a href="#cite_note-58">[56]</a></cite></div></blockquote> The 6th chapter of the <a href="/wiki/Anushasana_Parva" title="Anushasana Parva">Anushasana Parva</a> (the Teaching Book), the 13th book of the Mahabharata, opens with <a href="/wiki/Yudhishthira" title="Yudhishthira">Yudhishthira</a> asking <a href="/wiki/Bhishma" title="Bhishma">Bhishma</a>: "Is the course of a person's life already destined, or can human effort shape one's life?"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple1986Chapter_3_and_Appendix_1-59">[57]</a> The future, replies Bhishma, is both a function of current human effort derived from free will and past human actions that set the circumstances.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple198660–64-60">[58]</a> Over and over again, the chapters of Mahabharata recite the key postulates of karma theory. That is: intent and action (karma) has consequences; karma lingers and doesn't disappear; and, all positive or negative experiences in life require effort and intent.<a href="#cite_note-61">[59]</a> For example: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><div class="poem"> Happiness comes due to good actions, suffering results from evil actions, by actions, all things are obtained, by inaction, nothing whatsoever is enjoyed. If one's action bore no fruit, then everything would be of no avail, if the world worked from fate alone, it would be neutralized. </div><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, xiii.6.10 & 19&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_62-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple1986[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-62">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-65">[note 3]</a></cite></div></blockquote> Over time, various schools of Hinduism developed many different definitions of karma, some making karma appear quite deterministic, while others make room for free will and moral agency.<a href="#cite_note-Coward-Karma-12">[12]</a> Among the six most studied schools of Hinduism, the theory of karma evolved in different ways, as their respective scholars reasoned and attempted to address the internal inconsistencies, implications and issues of the karma doctrine. According to Professor <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Halbfass" title="Wilhelm Halbfass">Wilhelm Halbfass</a>,<a href="#cite_note-halbfass2000-3">[3]</a> <ul><li>The <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a> school of Hinduism considers karma and rebirth as central, with some Nyaya scholars such as <a href="/wiki/Udayana" title="Udayana">Udayana</a> suggesting that the Karma doctrine implies that God exists.<a href="#cite_note-66">[63]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisesika</a> school does not consider the karma from past lives doctrine very important.</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a> school considers karma to be of secondary importance (second to <a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">prakrti</a>).</li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mimamsa</a> school gives a negligible role to karma from past lives, disregards <a href="/wiki/Samsara" class="mw-redirect" title="Samsara">samsara</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moksa" class="mw-redirect" title="Moksa">moksa</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[64]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> school considers karma from past lives to be secondary, one's behavior and psychology in the current life is what has consequences and leads to entanglements.<a href="#cite_note-wmahony-57">[55]</a></li> <li>The <a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> schools (including <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a>) accept the doctrine of karma, and they hold that it does not function on its own power, instead they think that God (<a href="/wiki/Ishvara" title="Ishvara">Isvara</a>) is the dispenser of the fruit (phala) of karma. This idea is defended in the <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahmasutras</a> (3.2.38).<a href="#cite_note-68">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[66]</a></li></ul> The above schools illustrate the diversity of views, but are not exhaustive. Each school has sub-schools in Hinduism, such as that of non-dualism and dualism under Vedanta. Furthermore, there are other schools of Indian philosophy, such as <a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a> (or Lokayata; the <a href="/wiki/Materialism" title="Materialism">materialists</a>), that denied the theory of karma-rebirth, as well as the existence of God; to this non-Vedic school, the properties of things come from the nature of things. <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">Causality</a> emerges from the interaction, actions, and nature of things and people, making determinative principles such as karma or God unnecessary.<a href="#cite_note-70">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Buddhism">In Buddhism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Buddhism" title="Karma in Buddhism">Karma in Buddhism</a></div> Karma and karmaphala are fundamental concepts in Buddhism,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh200611-72">[69]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELamotte198715-73">[70]</a> which explain how our intentional actions keep us tied to rebirth in <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a>, whereas the Buddhist path, as exemplified in the <a href="/wiki/Noble_Eightfold_Path" title="Noble Eightfold Path">Noble Eightfold Path</a>, shows us the way out of samsara.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> The cycle of rebirth is determined by karma, literally 'action'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004712-76">[73]</a><a href="#cite_note-82">[note 4]</a> Karmaphala (wherein <a href="/wiki/Phala" title="Phala">phala</a> means 'fruit, result')<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1992166-83">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200036–37-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200919-85">[81]</a> refers to the 'effect' or 'result' of karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKopf2001141-86">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKragh200611-72">[69]</a> The similar term karmavipaka (wherein <a href="/wiki/Vip%C4%81ka" title="Vipāka">vipāka</a> means 'ripening') refers to the 'maturation, ripening' of karma.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown200036–37-84">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKeown2000810–813-87">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKlostermaier198693-88">[84]</a> In the Buddhist tradition, karma refers to actions driven by intention (<a href="/wiki/Cetan%C4%81" title="Cetanā">cetanā</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst1998-89">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119–120-90">[86]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200919-85">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-93">[note 5]</a> a deed done deliberately through body, speech or mind, which leads to future consequences.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich199755-94">[89]</a> The Nibbedhika Sutta, <a href="/wiki/Anguttara_Nikaya" class="mw-redirect" title="Anguttara Nikaya">Anguttara Nikaya</a> 6.63: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Intention (<a href="/wiki/Cetana" class="mw-redirect" title="Cetana">cetana</a>) I tell you, is kamma. Intending, one does kamma by way of body, speech, & intellect.<a href="#cite_note-95">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[note 6]</a></blockquote> How these intentional actions lead to rebirth, and how the idea of rebirth is to be reconciled with the doctrines of <a href="/wiki/Anicca" class="mw-redirect" title="Anicca">impermanence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">no-self</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDargyay1986170-98">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-99">[note 7]</a> is a matter of philosophical inquiry in the Buddhist traditions, for which several solutions have been proposed.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004712-76">[73]</a> In early Buddhism, no explicit theory of rebirth and karma is worked out,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1986124-79">[76]</a> and "the karma doctrine may have been incidental to early Buddhist soteriology."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1986206–207-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199813-81">[78]</a> In early Buddhism, rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance. <a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004416-78">[75]</a> Unlike that of Jains, Buddha's teaching of karma is not strictly deterministic, but incorporated circumstantial factors such as other <a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyamas</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1975127-100">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_2010-101">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-102">[note 8]</a> It is not a rigid and mechanical process, but a flexible, fluid and dynamic process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199042-103">[95]</a> There is no set linear relationship between a particular action and its results.<a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_2010-101">[94]</a> The karmic effect of a deed is not determined solely by the deed itself, but also by the nature of the person who commits the deed, and by the circumstances in which it is committed.<a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_2010-101">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKalupahana1975131-104">[96]</a> Karmaphala is not a "judgement" enforced by a God, Deity or other supernatural being that controls the affairs of the Cosmos. Rather, karmaphala is the outcome of a natural process of cause and effect.<a href="#cite_note-106">[note 9]</a> Within Buddhism, the real importance of the doctrine of karma and its fruits lies in the recognition of the urgency to put a stop to the whole process.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGombrich200921–22-107">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter198879–80-108">[99]</a> The Acintita Sutta warns that "the results of karma" is one of the four incomprehensible subjects (or <a href="/wiki/Acinteyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Acinteyya">acinteyya</a>),<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201314-109">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[101]</a> subjects that are beyond all conceptualization,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez201314-109">[100]</a> and cannot be understood with logical thought or reason.<a href="#cite_note-114">[note 10]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nichiren_Buddhism" title="Nichiren Buddhism">Nichiren Buddhism</a> teaches that transformation and change through faith and practice changes adverse karma—negative causes made in the past that result in negative results in the present and future—to positive causes for benefits in the future.<a href="#cite_note-115">[105]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_Jainism">In Jainism</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Karma_in_Jainism" title="Karma in Jainism">Karma in Jainism</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Causes_of_Karma_(Jainism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Causes of Karma (Jainism)">Causes of Karma (Jainism)</a> and <a href="/wiki/God_in_Jainism" title="God in Jainism">God in Jainism</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Types_of_Karma.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Types_of_Karma.JPG/220px-Types_of_Karma.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="286" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Types_of_Karma.JPG/330px-Types_of_Karma.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Types_of_Karma.JPG/440px-Types_of_Karma.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1248" data-file-height="1624" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma_(Jainism)" title="Types of Karma (Jainism)">Types of Karmas</a> as per Jain philosophy</figcaption></figure> In <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jainism</a>, karma conveys a totally different meaning from that commonly understood in <a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu philosophy</a> and western civilization.<a href="#cite_note-autogenerated1-116">[106]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain philosophy</a> is one of the oldest Indian philosophy that completely separates body (matter) from the soul (pure consciousness).<a href="#cite_note-117">[107]</a> In Jainism, karma is referred to as karmic dirt, as it consists of very subtle particles of matter that pervade the entire universe.<a href="#cite_note-118">[108]</a> Karmas are attracted to the karmic field of a soul due to vibrations created by activities of mind, speech, and body as well as various mental dispositions. Hence the karmas are the <a href="/wiki/Subtle_matter" class="mw-redirect" title="Subtle matter">subtle matter</a> surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">consciousness</a> of a soul. When these two components (consciousness and karma) interact, we experience the life we know at present. <a href="/wiki/Jain_texts" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain texts">Jain texts</a> expound that seven <a href="/wiki/Tattva_(Jainism)" title="Tattva (Jainism)">tattvas</a> (truths or fundamentals) constitute reality. These are:<a href="#cite_note-119">[109]</a> <ol><li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%ABva_(Jainism)" title="Jīva (Jainism)">Jīva</a>: the soul which is characterized by consciousness</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ajiva" title="Ajiva">Ajīva</a>: the non-soul</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asrava" title="Asrava">Āsrava</a>: inflow of auspicious and evil karmic matter into the soul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bandha_(Jainism)" title="Bandha (Jainism)">Bandha</a> (bondage): mutual intermingling of the soul and karmas.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samvara" title="Samvara">Samvara</a> (stoppage): obstruction of the inflow of karmic matter into the soul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirjara" title="Nirjara">Nirjara</a> (gradual dissociation): separation or falling off of part of karmic matter from the soul.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha_(Jainism)" title="Moksha (Jainism)">Mokṣha</a> (liberation): complete annihilation of all karmic matter (bound with any particular soul).</li></ol> According to <a href="/wiki/Padmanabh_Jaini" title="Padmanabh Jaini">Padmanabh Jaini</a>, <blockquote>This emphasis on reaping the fruits only of one's own karma was not restricted to the Jainas; both Hindus and Buddhist writers have produced doctrinal materials stressing the same point. Each of the latter traditions, however, developed practices in basic contradiction to such belief. In addition to shrardha (the ritual Hindu offerings by the son of deceased), we find among Hindus widespread adherence to the notion of divine intervention in ones fate, while Buddhists eventually came to propound such theories like boon-granting bodhisattvas, transfer of merit and like. Only the Jainas have been absolutely unwilling to allow such ideas to penetrate their community, despite the fact that there must have been tremendous amount of social pressure on them to do so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000137-120">[110]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/180px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="201" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/270px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg/360px-Thirthankara_Suparshvanath_Museum_Rietberg_RVI_306.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2152" data-file-height="2403" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Shrivatsa" title="Shrivatsa">Shrivatsa</a> or the karmic knot depicted on the chest of the <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a></figcaption></figure> The relationship between the soul and karma, states Padmanabh Jaini, can be explained with the analogy of gold. Like gold is always found mixed with impurities in its original state, Jainism holds that the soul is not pure at its origin but is always impure and defiled like natural gold. One can exert effort and purify gold, similarly, Jainism states that the defiled soul can be purified by proper refining methodology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998107-121">[111]</a> Karma either defiles the soul further, or refines it to a cleaner state, and this affects future rebirths.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998107–115-122">[112]</a> Karma is thus an <a href="/wiki/Efficient_cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Efficient cause">efficient cause</a> (<a href="/wiki/Nimitta" title="Nimitta">nimitta</a>) in Jain philosophy, but not the <a href="/wiki/Material_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Material Cause">material cause</a> (<a href="/wiki/Up%C4%81d%C4%81na" title="Upādāna">upadana</a>). The soul is believed to be the material cause.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini1998117–118-123">[113]</a> The key points where the theory of karma in Jainism can be stated as follows: <ul><li>Karma operates as a self-sustaining mechanism as natural universal law, without any need of an external entity to manage them. (absence of the exogenous '<a href="/wiki/Divine_entity" class="mw-redirect" title="Divine entity">Divine entity</a>' in Jainism)</li> <li>Jainism advocates that a soul attracts karmic matter even with the thoughts, and not just the actions. Thus, to even think evil of someone would endure a karma-bandha or an increment in bad karma. For this reason, Jainism emphasise on developing <a href="/wiki/Ratnatraya" title="Ratnatraya">Ratnatraya</a> (The Three Jewels): samyaka darśana ('Right Faith'), samyaka jnāna ('Right Knowledge') and samyaka charitra ('Right Conduct').</li> <li>In Jain theology, a soul is released from worldly affairs as soon as it is able to emancipate from the karma-bandha.<a href="#cite_note-FN2M-124">[114]</a> In Jainism, nirvana and moksha are used interchangeably. Nirvana represents annihilation of all karmas by an individual soul and moksha represents the perfect blissful state (free from all bondage). In the presence of a <a href="/wiki/Tirthankara" title="Tirthankara">Tirthankara</a>, a soul can attain <a href="/wiki/Kevala_Jnana" class="mw-redirect" title="Kevala Jnana">Kevala Jnana</a> ('omniscience') and subsequently nirvana, without any need of intervention by the Tirthankara.<a href="#cite_note-FN2M-124">[114]</a></li> <li>The karmic theory in Jainism operates endogenously. Even the Tirthankaras themselves have to go through the stages of emancipation, for attaining that state.</li> <li>Jainism treats all souls equally, inasmuch as it advocates that all souls have the same potential of attaining nirvana. Only those who make effort really attain it, but nonetheless, each soul is capable on its own to do so by gradually reducing its karma.<a href="#cite_note-125">[115]</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Eight_Karmas">Eight Karmas</h3></div> There are eight types of Karma which attach a soul to Samsara (the cycle of birth and death):&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_126-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJaini2000[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-126">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-127">[117]</a> <ol><li>Jnanavarniya (knowledge-obstructing): like a veil prevents a face and its features from being seen, this karma prevents the soul from knowing an object along with details about that object. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of knowledge. In its absence, a soul is omniscient. There are five sub-types of jnanavarniya karma which prevents the five types of knowledge: mati jnana (sensory knowledge), shruta jnana (articulate knowledge), avadhi jnana (<a href="/wiki/Clairvoyance" title="Clairvoyance">clairvoyance</a>), mana paryaya jnana (<a href="/wiki/Telepathy" title="Telepathy">telepathy</a>) and kevala jnana (<a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscience</a>).</li> <li>Darshanavarniya (perception-obstructing): like a gatekeeper prevents the sight of the king, this karma prevents an object from being perceived, hiding it. This karma obstructs the soul from realizing its essential quality of perception. In its absence, a soul completely perceives all substances in the universe. There are nine sub-types of this karma. Four of these prevent the four types of perception; visual perception, non-visual perception, clairvoyant perception and omniscient perception. The other five sub-types of darshanavarniya karma bondage induce five kinds of sleep causing reduction in consciousness: light sleep, deep sleep, drowsiness, heavy drowsiness, and sleep-walking.</li> <li>Vedaniya (sensation-producing): like licking honey from a sword gives a sweet taste but cuts the tongue, this karma makes a soul experience pleasure and pain. The soul's bliss is continuously disturbed by experiences of external sensual pleasure and pain. In the absence of the vedaniya karma, the soul experiences undisturbed bliss. There are two sub-types of this karma; pleasure-producing and pain-producing.</li> <li>Mohniya (deluding): like a bee becoming infatuated with the smell of a flower and is attracted to it, this karma attracts the soul to the objects that it considers favorable while repelling it from objects it considers unfavorable. It creates a delusion in the soul that external objects can affect it. This karma obstructs the soul's essential quality of happiness and prevents the soul from finding pure happiness in itself.</li> <li>Ayu (lifespan-determining): like a prisoner remains trapped by iron chains (around his legs, hands, etc.) this karma keeps a soul trapped in a particular life (or birth).</li> <li>Nama (body-producing): like a painter creates various pictures and gives them various names, this karma gives souls various types of bodies (that are classified based on various attributes). It is the namakarma which determines the body of living organism into which the soul must enter.</li> <li>Gotra (<a href="/wiki/Gotra" title="Gotra">status-determining</a>): like a potter makes short and tall pots, this karma bestows a low or high (societal) status on the body of soul. It creates social inequalities and in its absence, all souls are equal. There are two sub-types of gotra karma: high status and low status.</li> <li>Antaraya (power-obstructing): like a treasurer obstructs a king from spending his wealth, this karma prevents the soul from using its innate power for acts of charity, profit, enjoyment, repeated enjoyment and will-power. It obstructs and prevents the soul's essential quality of infinite power from manifesting. In its absence, a soul has infinite power.</li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception_in_other_traditions">Reception in other traditions</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sikhism">Sikhism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background: #FFC600; padding:0.2em; font-size:140%;"><a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda"><img alt="Khanda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/100px-Khanda.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="123" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/150px-Khanda.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Khanda.svg/200px-Khanda.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="632" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:.35em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikhs" title="Sikhs">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhs" title="Category:Sikhs">Topics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Sikhism" title="Outline of Sikhism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Sikhism" title="History of Sikhism">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_Sikhism" title="Glossary of Sikhism">Glossary</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_gurus" title="Sikh gurus">Sikh gurus</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Angad" title="Guru Angad">Guru Angad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Amar_Das" title="Guru Amar Das">Guru Amar Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Ram_Das" title="Guru Ram Das">Guru Ram Das</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Arjan" title="Guru Arjan">Guru Arjan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Hargobind" title="Guru Hargobind">Guru Hargobind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Rai" title="Guru Har Rai">Guru Har Rai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Har_Krishan" title="Guru Har Krishan">Guru Har Krishan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Tegh_Bahadur" title="Guru Tegh Bahadur">Guru Tegh Bahadur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Gobind_Singh" title="Guru Gobind Singh">Guru Gobind Singh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Bhagat" title="Bhagat"> Selected revered saints</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kabir" title="Kabir">Bhagat Kabir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ravidas" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ravidas">Bhagat Ravidas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Farid" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Farid">Bhagat Farid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Ramanand" class="mw-redirect" title="Bhagat Ramanand">Bhagat Ramanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Beni" title="Bhagat Beni">Bhagat Beni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namdev" title="Namdev">Bhagat Namdev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sadhana" title="Bhagat Sadhana">Bhagat Sadhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Bhikhan" title="Bhagat Bhikhan">Bhagat Bhikhan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Parmanand" title="Bhagat Parmanand">Bhagat Parmanand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Sain" title="Bhagat Sain">Bhagat Sain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Dhanna" title="Bhagat Dhanna">Bhagat Dhanna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Pipa" title="Bhagat Pipa">Bhagat Pipa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surdas" title="Surdas">Bhagat Surdas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jayadeva" title="Jayadeva">Bhagat Jaidev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagat_Trilochan" title="Bhagat Trilochan">Bhagat Trilochan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kalshar" title="Bhatt Kalshar">Bhatt Kalshar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Balh" title="Bhatt Balh">Bhatt Balh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhalh" title="Bhatt Bhalh">Bhatt Bhalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Bhika" title="Bhatt Bhika">Bhatt Bhika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Gayand" title="Bhatt Gayand">Bhatt Gayand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Harbans" title="Bhatt Harbans">Bhatt Harbans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Jalap" title="Bhatt Jalap">Bhatt Jalap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Kirat" title="Bhatt Kirat">Bhatt Kirat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Mathura" title="Bhatt Mathura">Bhatt Mathura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Nalh" title="Bhatt Nalh">Bhatt Nalh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhatt_Salh" title="Bhatt Salh">Bhatt Salh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baba_Sunder" title="Baba Sunder">Baba Sundar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satta_Doom" title="Satta Doom">Satta Doom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balvand_Rai" title="Balvand Rai">Balvand Rai</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Sikh_religious_philosophy" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh religious philosophy">Philosophy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Japo" title="Naam Japo">Naam Japo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirat_Karo" title="Kirat Karo">Kirat Karō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vand_Chhako" title="Vand Chhako">Vand Chakkō</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charhdi_Kala" class="mw-redirect" title="Charhdi Kala">Charhdi Kalā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Maneyo_Granth" title="Guru Maneyo Granth">Guru Maneyo Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Thieves" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Thieves">Five Thieves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Virtues">Five Virtues</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_practices" title="Category:Sikh practices">Practices</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_Rehat_Maryada" class="mw-redirect" title="Sikh Rehat Maryada">Sikh Rehat Maryada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prohibitions_in_Sikhism" title="Prohibitions in Sikhism">Prohibitions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ard%C4%81s" title="Ardās">Ardās</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirtan" title="Kirtan">Kirtan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Vel%C4%81" title="Amrit Velā">Amrit Velā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasvand" class="mw-redirect" title="Dasvand">Dasvand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Five_Ks" class="mw-redirect" title="The Five Ks">The Five Ks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Langar_(Sikhism)" title="Langar (Sikhism)">Langar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seva_(Indian_religions)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seva (Indian religions)">Sewa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nitnem" title="Nitnem">Nitnem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dastar" title="Dastar">Dastar</a> (Turban)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Naam_Karan" title="Naam Karan">Naam Karan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amrit_Sanskar" title="Amrit Sanskar">Amrit Sanskar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anand_Karaj" title="Anand Karaj">Anand Karaj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Antam_Sanskar" title="Antam Sanskar">Antam Sanskar</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_scripture" title="Category:Sikh scripture">Scripture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dasam_Granth" title="Dasam Granth">Dasam Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarbloh_Granth" title="Sarbloh Granth">Sarbloh Granth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Banis" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Banis">Five Banis</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_places" title="Category:Sikh places">Places</a> and <a href="/wiki/Panj_Takht" title="Panj Takht">Takhts</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gurdwara" title="Gurdwara">Gurdwara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmandir_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Harmandir Sahib">Harmandir Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akal_Takht" title="Akal Takht">Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Keshgarh_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Keshgarh Sahib">Keshgarh Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Damdama_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Damdama Sahib">Damdama Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Patna_Sahib" title="Takht Sri Patna Sahib">Patna Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Takht_Sri_Hazur_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Takht Sri Hazur Sahib">Hazur Sahib</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikhism" title="Category:Sikhism">General topics</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ik_Onkar" title="Ik Onkar">Ik Onkar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khalsa" title="Khalsa">Khalsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waheguru" title="Waheguru">Waheguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panj_Pyare" title="Panj Pyare">Panj Pyare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirgun_and_Sargun_(Sikhism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nirgun and Sargun (Sikhism)">Nirgun and Sargun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanda_(Sikh_symbol)" title="Khanda (Sikh symbol)">Khanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_literature" title="Category:Sikh literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Sikh_music" title="Category:Sikh music">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikh_names" title="Sikh names">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanakshahi_calendar" title="Nanakshahi calendar">Nanakshahi calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_Sikhism" title="Criticism of Sikhism">Criticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jathedar_of_Akal_Takht" class="mw-redirect" title="Jathedar of Akal Takht">Jathedar of Akal Takht</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharamyudh_(Sikhism)" title="Dharamyudh (Sikhism)">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sects_of_Sikhism" title="Sects of Sikhism">Sects</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content hlist"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#FFC600; padding:0.1em;;color: var(--color-base)">Sikhism and other religions</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_and_Sikhism" title="Hinduism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_and_Sikhism" title="Islam and Sikhism">Sikhism and Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jainism_and_Sikhism" title="Jainism and Sikhism">Sikhism and Jainism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below plainlist" style="border-top:1px solid #FFC600;border-bottom:1px solid #FFC600;padding-bottom:0.4em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/File:P_religion_world.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/16px-P_religion_world.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/24px-P_religion_world.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/P_religion_world.svg/32px-P_religion_world.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Religion" title="Portal:Religion">Religion portal</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Template talk:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Sikhism sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> In <a href="/wiki/Sikhism" title="Sikhism">Sikhism</a>, all living beings are described as being under the influence of the three qualities of <a href="/wiki/Maya_(illusion)" class="mw-redirect" title="Maya (illusion)">maya</a>. Always present together in varying mix and degrees, these three qualities of maya bind the soul to the body and to the earth plane. Above these three qualities is the eternal time. Due to the influence of three modes of maya's nature, <a href="/wiki/Jiva" title="Jiva">jivas</a> (individual beings) perform activities under the control and purview of the eternal time. These activities are called karma, wherein the underlying principle is that karma is the law that brings back the results of actions to the person performing them. This life is likened to a field in which our karma is the seed. We harvest exactly what we sow; no less, no more. This infallible law of karma holds everyone responsible for what the person is or is going to be. Based on the total sum of past karma, some feel close to the Pure Being in this life and others feel separated. This is the law of karma in <a href="/wiki/Gurbani" title="Gurbani">Gurbani</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sri_Guru_Granth_Sahib" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Guru Granth Sahib">Sri Guru Granth Sahib</a>). Like other Indian and oriental schools of thought, the Gurbani also accepts the doctrines of karma and reincarnation as the facts of nature.<a href="#cite_note-128">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Falun_Gong">Falun Gong</h3></div> David Ownby, a scholar of Chinese history at the University of Montreal,<a href="#cite_note-129">[119]</a> asserts that <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a> differs from Buddhism in its definition of the term "karma" in that it is taken not as a process of award and punishment, but as an exclusively negative term. The Chinese term <a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">de</a>, or 'virtue', is reserved for what might otherwise be termed 'good karma' in Buddhism. Karma is understood as the source of all suffering – what Buddhism might refer to as 'bad karma'. According to <a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li Hongzhi</a>, the founder of Falun Gong: "A person has done bad things over his many lifetimes, and for people this results in misfortune, or for cultivators, its karmic obstacles, so there's birth, aging, sickness, and death. This is ordinary karma."&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_130-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-130">[120]</a> Falun Gong teaches that the spirit is locked in the cycle of rebirth, also known as <a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">samsara</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TRAN-131">[121]</a> due to the accumulation of karma.<a href="#cite_note-kar-132">[122]</a> This is a negative, black substance that accumulates in other dimensions lifetime after lifetime, by doing bad deeds and thinking bad thoughts. Falun Gong states that karma is the reason for suffering, and what ultimately blocks people from the truth of the universe and attaining <a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">enlightenment</a>. At the same time, karma is also the cause of one's continued rebirth and suffering.<a href="#cite_note-kar-132">[122]</a> Li says that due to accumulation of karma, the human spirit upon death will reincarnate over and over again, until the karma is paid off or eliminated through cultivation, or the person is destroyed due to the bad deeds he has done.<a href="#cite_note-kar-132">[122]</a> Ownby regards the concept of karma as a cornerstone to individual moral behaviour in Falun Gong, and also readily traceable to the Christian doctrine of "one reaps what one sows". Others say <a href="/wiki/Matthew_5:44" title="Matthew 5:44">Matthew 5:44</a> means no unbeliever will not fully reap what they sow until they are judged by God after death in Hell. Ownby says Falun Gong is differentiated by a "system of transmigration", although, "in which each organism is the reincarnation of a previous life form, its current form having been determined by karmic calculation of the moral qualities of the previous lives lived." Ownby says the seeming unfairness of manifest inequities can then be explained, at the same time allowing a space for moral behaviour in spite of them.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008110-133">[123]</a> In the same vein of Li's <a href="/wiki/Monism" title="Monism">monism</a>, matter and spirit are one, karma is identified as a black substance which must be purged in the process of cultivation.&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;_130-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOwnby2008[[Category:Wikipedia_articles_needing_page_number_citations_from_September_2023]]<sup_class="noprint_Inline-Template_"_style="white-space:nowrap;">&#91;[[Wikipedia:Citing_sources|<span_title="This_citation_requires_a_reference_to_the_specific_page_or_range_of_pages_in_which_the_material_appears.&#32;(September_2023)">page&nbsp;needed]]&#93;-130">[120]</a> According to Li, <blockquote>Human beings all fell here from the many dimensions of the universe. They no longer met the requirements of the Fa at their given levels in the universe, and thus had to drop down. Just as we have said before, the heavier one's mortal attachments, the further down one drops, with the descent continuing until one arrives at the state of ordinary human beings.<a href="#cite_note-ZFLII-134">[124]</a></blockquote>He says that, in the eyes of higher beings, the purpose of human life is not merely to be human, but to awaken quickly on Earth, a "setting of delusion," and return. "That is what they really have in mind; they are opening a door for you. Those who fail to return will have no choice but to <a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">reincarnate</a>, with this continuing until they amass a huge amount of karma and are destroyed."<a href="#cite_note-ZFLII-134">[124]</a> Ownby regards this as the basis for Falun Gong's apparent "opposition to practitioners' taking <a href="/wiki/Medication" title="Medication">medicine</a> when ill; they are missing an opportunity to work off karma by allowing an illness to run its course (suffering depletes karma) or to fight the <a href="/wiki/Illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Illness">illness</a> through cultivation." <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Penny" title="Benjamin Penny">Benjamin Penny</a> shares this interpretation. Since Li believes that "karma is the primary factor that causes sickness in people," Penny asks: "if disease comes from karma and karma can be eradicated through cultivation of xinxing, then what good will medicine do?"<a href="#cite_note-Fellow-135">[125]</a> Li himself states that he is not forbidding practitioners from taking medicine, maintaining that "What I'm doing is telling people the relationship between practicing cultivation and medicine-taking." Li also states that "An everyday person needs to take medicine when he gets sick."<a href="#cite_note-136">[126]</a> Danny Schechter (2001) quotes a Falun Gong student who says "It is always an individual choice whether one should take medicine or not."<a href="#cite_note-schechter-137">[127]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Taoism">Taoism</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1246091330"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks hlist"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Taoism" title="Category:Taoism">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle"><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-image"><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao"><img alt="Tao" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/75px-Tao.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/113px-Tao.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Tao.svg/150px-Tao.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="497" /></a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-above"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Taoism" title="Outline of Taoism">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Taoism" title="History of Taoism">History</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Concepts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_philosophy" title="Taoist philosophy">Taoist philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/De_(Chinese)" title="De (Chinese)">De</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuji_(philosophy)" title="Wuji (philosophy)">Wuji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taiji_(philosophy)" title="Taiji (philosophy)">Taiji</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yin_and_yang" title="Yin and yang">Yin and yang</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bagua" title="Bagua">Bagua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuxing_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Wuxing (Chinese philosophy)">Wuxing</a> (five phases)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bianhua" title="Bianhua">Bianhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fan_(Daoism)" title="Fan (Daoism)">Fan</a> (reversal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_wei" title="Wu wei">Wu wei</a> (non-action)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziran" title="Ziran">Ziran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xian_(Taoism)" title="Xian (Taoism)">Xian</a> (immortal)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhenren" title="Zhenren">Zhenren</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/True_form_(Taoism)" title="True form (Taoism)">True form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(traditional_Chinese_medicine)" title="Three Treasures (traditional Chinese medicine)">Three Treasures</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jing_(Chinese_medicine)" title="Jing (Chinese medicine)">Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shen_(Chinese_religion)" title="Shen (Chinese religion)">Shen</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hun_and_po" title="Hun and po">Hun and po</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Practices</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Three_Treasures_(Taoism)" title="Three Treasures (Taoism)">Three Treasures (virtues)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Five_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Five Precepts (Taoism)">Five Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ten_Precepts_(Taoism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Ten Precepts (Taoism)">Ten Precepts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_meditation" title="Taoist meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li>Alchemy <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neidan" title="Neidan">Neidan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waidan" title="Waidan">Waidan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugang" title="Bugang">Bugang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chu_(Taoism)" title="Chu (Taoism)">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_diet" title="Taoist diet">Diet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bigu_(grain_avoidance)" title="Bigu (grain avoidance)">Bigu</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_sexual_practices" title="Taoist sexual practices">Sexual practices</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_art" title="Taoist art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fulu" title="Fulu">Fulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daoshi" title="Daoshi">Priesthood</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Texts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huainanzi" title="Huainanzi">Huainanzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taipingjing" title="Taipingjing">Taipingjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiang%27er" title="Xiang'er">Xiang'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liezi" title="Liezi">Liezi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sanhuangjing" title="Sanhuangjing">Sanhuangjing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahujing" title="Huahujing">Huahujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qingjing_Jing" title="Qingjing Jing">Qingjing Jing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baopuzi" title="Baopuzi">Baopuzi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daozang" title="Daozang">Daozang</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_theology" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist theology">Theology</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hongjun_Laozu" title="Hongjun Laozu">Hongjun Laozu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Pure_Ones" title="Three Pure Ones">Three Pure Ones</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuanshi_Tianzun" title="Yuanshi Tianzun">Yuanshi Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_Tianzun" title="Lingbao Tianzun">Lingbao Tianzun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daode_Tianzun" title="Daode Tianzun">Daode Tianzun</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_heavenly_ministers" title="Four heavenly ministers">Four heavenly ministers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jade_Emperor" title="Jade Emperor">Jade Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ziwei_Emperor" title="Ziwei Emperor">Ziwei Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tianhuang_Emperor" title="Tianhuang Emperor">Tianhuang Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Houtu" title="Houtu">Houtu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Mother_of_the_West" title="Queen Mother of the West">Queen Mother of the West</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Father_of_the_East" title="King Father of the East">King Father of the East</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Great_Emperor-Officials" title="Three Great Emperor-Officials">Three Great Emperor-Officials</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eight_Immortals" title="Eight Immortals">Eight Immortals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang%27e" title="Chang'e">Chang'e</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Sovereigns_and_Five_Emperors" title="Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors">Three Sovereigns and Five Emperors</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yellow_Emperor" title="Yellow Emperor">Yellow Emperor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guan_Yu" title="Guan Yu">Guan Yu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hong_(Taoist_eschatology)" title="Li Hong (Taoist eschatology)">Li Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Body_god" title="Body god">Body god</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Taoists" title="List of Taoists">People</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Laozi" title="Laozi">Laozi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuang_Zhou" title="Zhuang Zhou">Zhuang Zhou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lie_Yukou" title="Lie Yukou">Lie Yukou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heshang_Gong" title="Heshang Gong">Heshang Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Boyang" title="Wei Boyang">Wei Boyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Daoling" title="Zhang Daoling">Zhang Daoling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Ji" title="Gan Ji">Gan Ji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jue" title="Zhang Jue">Zhang Jue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Lu_(Han_dynasty)" title="Zhang Lu (Han dynasty)">Zhang Lu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Xuan" title="Ge Xuan">Ge Xuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/He_Yan" title="He Yan">He Yan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Bi" title="Wang Bi">Wang Bi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Sages_of_the_Bamboo_Grove" title="Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove">Seven Sages of the Bamboo Grove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guo_Xiang" title="Guo Xiang">Guo Xiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Hanhua" title="Sun Hanhua">Sun Hanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wei_Huacun" title="Wei Huacun">Wei Huacun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ge_Hong" title="Ge Hong">Ge Hong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bao_Jingyan" title="Bao Jingyan">Bao Jingyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kou_Qianzhi" title="Kou Qianzhi">Kou Qianzhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lu_Xiujing" title="Lu Xiujing">Lu Xiujing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Hongjing" title="Tao Hongjing">Tao Hongjing</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheng_Xuanying" title="Cheng Xuanying">Cheng Xuanying</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Tuan" title="Chen Tuan">Chen Tuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Boduan" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Boduan">Zhang Boduan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Bu%27er" title="Sun Bu'er">Sun Bu'er</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Chongyang" title="Wang Chongyang">Wang Chongyang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qiu_Chuji" title="Qiu Chuji">Qiu Chuji</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Guoxiang" title="Zhang Guoxiang">Zhang Guoxiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Sanfeng" title="Zhang Sanfeng">Zhang Sanfeng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Quan" title="Zhu Quan">Zhu Quan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fangshi" title="Fangshi">Fangshi</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Taoist_schools" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist schools">Schools</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Huang%E2%80%93Lao" title="Huang–Lao">Huang–Lao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Taiping" title="Way of the Taiping">Way of the Taiping</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xuanxue" title="Xuanxue">Xuanxue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shangqing_School" title="Shangqing School">Shangqing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Li_Family" title="Way of the Li Family">Way of the Li Family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lingbao_School" title="Lingbao School">Lingbao School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chongxuan_School" title="Chongxuan School">Chongxuan School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quanzhen_School" title="Quanzhen School">Quanzhen School</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_Gate_Taoism" title="Dragon Gate Taoism">Dragon Gate</a>)</li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wuliupai" title="Wuliupai">Wuliupai</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters" title="Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Five_Pecks_of_Rice" title="Way of the Five Pecks of Rice">Way of the Five Pecks of Rice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Way_of_the_Celestial_Masters#The_Southern_Celestial_Masters" title="Way of the Celestial Masters">Way of the Celestial Masters#The Southern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Northern_Celestial_Masters" class="mw-redirect" title="The Northern Celestial Masters">The Northern Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhengyi_Dao" title="Zhengyi Dao">Zhengyi Dao</a></li></ul></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_ritual_mastery_traditions" title="Chinese ritual mastery traditions">Chinese ritual mastery traditions</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yao_Taoism" class="mw-redirect" title="Yao Taoism">Yao Taoism</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Sacred places</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grotto-heavens" title="Grotto-heavens">Grotto-heavens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacred_Mountains_of_China" title="Sacred Mountains of China">Sacred Mountains of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Wudang_Mountains" title="Wudang Mountains">Wudang Mountains</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Penglai" title="Mount Penglai">Mount Penglai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kunlun_(mythology)" title="Kunlun (mythology)">Mount Kunlun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_temple" title="Taoist temple">Taoist temple</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/White_Cloud_Temple" title="White Cloud Temple">White Cloud Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louguantai" title="Louguantai">Louguantai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_Taoist_Temple" title="Cebu Taoist Temple">Cebu Taoist Temple</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_Temple_(Hanford,_California)" title="Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)">Taoist Temple (Hanford, California)</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Institutions and organizations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Taoist_Association" title="Chinese Taoist Association">Chinese Taoist Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Celestial_Masters" title="List of Celestial Masters">Celestial Masters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoist_priest" class="mw-redirect" title="Taoist priest">Taoist priests</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taoism" title="Template:Taoism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Taoism" title="Template talk:Taoism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Taoism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> Karma is an important concept in <a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a>. Every deed is tracked by deities and spirits. Appropriate rewards or retribution follow karma, just like a shadow follows a person.<a href="#cite_note-evawong-7">[7]</a> The karma doctrine of Taoism developed in three stages.<a href="#cite_note-lkohn-138">[128]</a> In the first stage, causality between actions and consequences was adopted, with supernatural beings keeping track of everyone's karma and assigning fate (ming). In the second phase, transferability of karma ideas from Chinese Buddhism were expanded, and a transfer or inheritance of Karmic fate from ancestors to one's current life was introduced. In the third stage of karma doctrine development, ideas of rebirth based on karma were added. One could be reborn either as another human being or another animal, according to this belief. In the third stage, additional ideas were introduced; for example, rituals, repentance and offerings at Taoist temples were encouraged as it could alleviate Karmic burden.<a href="#cite_note-lkohn-138">[128]</a><a href="#cite_note-139">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shinto">Shinto</h3></div> Interpreted as musubi, a view of karma is recognized in <a href="/wiki/Shinto" title="Shinto">Shinto</a> as a means of enriching, empowering, and affirming life.<a href="#cite_note-140">[130]</a> Musubi has fundamental significance in Shinto, because creative development forms the basis of the Shinto worldview.<a href="#cite_note-141">[131]</a> Many deities are connected to musubi and have it in their names. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discussion">Discussion</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Free_will_and_destiny">Free will and destiny</h3></div> One of the significant controversies with the karma doctrine is whether it always implies <a href="/wiki/Destiny" title="Destiny">destiny</a>, and its implications on free will. This controversy is also referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Moral_agency" title="Moral agency">moral agency</a> problem;<a href="#cite_note-wrkaufman-142">[132]</a> the controversy is not unique to karma doctrine, but also found in some form in <a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">monotheistic religions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-143">[133]</a> The free will controversy can be outlined in three parts:<a href="#cite_note-wrkaufman-142">[132]</a> <ol><li>A person who kills, rapes or commits any other unjust act, can claim all his bad actions were a product of his karma: he is devoid of free will, he can not make a choice, he is an agent of karma, and he merely delivers necessary punishments his "wicked" victims deserved for their own karma in past lives. Are crimes and unjust actions due to free will, or because of forces of karma?</li> <li>Does a person who suffers from the unnatural death of a loved one, or rape or any other unjust act, assume a moral agent is responsible, that the harm is gratuitous, and therefore seek justice? Or, should one blame oneself for bad karma over past lives, and assume that the unjust suffering is fate?</li> <li>Does the karma doctrine undermine the incentive for moral education—because all suffering is deserved and consequence of past lives, why learn anything when the balance sheet of karma from past lives will determine one's action and sufferings?<a href="#cite_note-144">[134]</a></li></ol> The explanations and replies to the above free will problem vary by the specific school of Hinduism, Buddhism and Jainism. The schools of Hinduism, such as <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedanta</a>, that have emphasized current life over the dynamics of karma residue moving across past lives, allow free will.<a href="#cite_note-Coward-Karma-12">[12]</a> Their argument, as well of other schools, are threefold: <ol><li>The theory of karma includes both the action and the intent behind that action. Not only is one affected by past karma, one creates new karma whenever one acts with intent – good or bad. If intent and act can be proven beyond reasonable doubt, new karma can be proven, and the process of justice can proceed against this new karma. The actor who kills, rapes or commits any other unjust act, must be considered as the moral agent for this new karma, and tried.</li> <li>Life forms not only receive and reap the consequence of their past karma, together they are the means to initiate, evaluate, judge, give and deliver consequence of karma to others.</li> <li>Karma is a theory that explains some evils, not all (cf. <a href="/wiki/Moral_evil" title="Moral evil">moral evil</a> versus <a href="/wiki/Natural_evil" title="Natural evil">natural evil</a>).<a href="#cite_note-145">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdeb-146">[136]</a></li></ol> Other schools of Hinduism, as well as Buddhism and Jainism that do consider cycle of rebirths central to their beliefs and that karma from past lives affects one's present, believe that both free will (<a href="/wiki/Cetan%C4%81" title="Cetanā">cetanā</a>) and karma can co-exist; however, their answers have not persuaded all scholars.<a href="#cite_note-wrkaufman-142">[132]</a><a href="#cite_note-mdeb-146">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychological_indeterminacy">Psychological indeterminacy</h3></div> Another issue with the theory of karma is that it is psychologically indeterminate, suggests Obeyesekere (1968).<a href="#cite_note-goerl-147">[137]</a> That is, if no one can know what their karma was in previous lives, and if the karma from past lives can determine one's future, then the individual is psychologically unclear what if anything he or she can do now to shape the future, be more happy, or reduce suffering. If something goes wrong, such as sickness or failure at work, the individual is unclear if karma from past lives was the cause, or the sickness was caused by curable infection and the failure was caused by something correctable.<a href="#cite_note-goerl-147">[137]</a> This psychological indeterminacy problem is also not unique to the theory of karma; it is found in every religion adopting the premise that God has a plan, or in some way influences human events. As with the karma-and-free-will problem above, schools that insist on primacy of rebirths face the most controversy. Their answers to the psychological indeterminacy issue are the same as those for addressing the free will problem.<a href="#cite_note-mdeb-146">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transferability">Transferability</h3></div> Some schools of Indian religions, particularly within <a href="/wiki/Buddhism" title="Buddhism">Buddhism</a>, allow transfer of karma merit and demerit from one person to another. This transfer is an exchange of non-physical quality just like an exchange of physical goods between two human beings. The practice of karma transfer, or even its possibility, is controversial.<a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-38">[36]</a><a href="#cite_note-148">[138]</a> Karma transfer raises questions similar to those with <a href="/wiki/Substitutionary_atonement" title="Substitutionary atonement">substitutionary atonement</a> and vicarious punishment. It undermines the ethical foundations, and dissociates the causality and ethicization in the theory of karma from the moral agent. Proponents of some Buddhist schools suggest that the concept of karma merit transfer encourages religious giving and that such transfers are not a mechanism to transfer bad karma (i.e., demerit) from one person to another. In Hinduism, Sraddha rites during funerals have been labelled as karma merit transfer ceremonies by a few scholars, a claim disputed by others.<a href="#cite_note-149">[139]</a> Other schools in Hinduism, such as the <a href="/wiki/Yoga_(philosophy)" title="Yoga (philosophy)">Yoga</a> and <a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita Vedantic</a> philosophies, and Jainism hold that karma can not be transferred.<a href="#cite_note-wdointro-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-wdochapter1-15">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_problem_of_evil">The problem of evil</h3></div> There has been an ongoing debate about karma theory and how it answers the <a href="/wiki/Problem_of_evil" title="Problem of evil">problem of evil</a> and related problem of <a href="/wiki/Theodicy" title="Theodicy">theodicy</a>. The problem of evil is a significant question debated in monotheistic religions with two beliefs:<a href="#cite_note-150">[140]</a> <ol><li>There is one God who is absolutely good and compassionate (<a href="/wiki/Omnibenevolence" title="Omnibenevolence">omnibenevolent</a>); and</li> <li>That one God knows absolutely everything (<a href="/wiki/Omniscience" title="Omniscience">omniscient</a>) and is all powerful (<a href="/wiki/Omnipotence" title="Omnipotence">omnipotent</a>).</li></ol> The problem of evil is then stated in formulations such as, "why does the omnibenevolent, omniscient and omnipotent God allow any evil and suffering to exist in the world?" Sociologist <a href="/wiki/Max_Weber" title="Max Weber">Max Weber</a> extended the problem of evil <a href="/wiki/Sociology_of_Religion_(book)" title="Sociology of Religion (book)">to Eastern traditions</a>.<a href="#cite_note-151">[141]</a> The problem of evil, in the context of karma, has been long discussed in Eastern traditions, both in theistic and non-theistic schools; for example, in <a href="/wiki/Uttara_M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Uttara Mīmāṃsā">Uttara Mīmāṃsā</a> Sutras Book 2 Chapter 1;<a href="#cite_note-152">[142]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[143]</a> the 8th century arguments by <a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Sankara</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a> <a href="/wiki/Bhashya" title="Bhashya">bhasya</a> where he posits that God cannot reasonably be the cause of the world because there exists moral evil, inequality, cruelty and suffering in the world;<a href="#cite_note-bilimoria-154">[144]</a><a href="#cite_note-155">[145]</a> and the 11th century theodicy discussion by <a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sri_Bhasya" class="mw-redirect" title="Sri Bhasya">Sri Bhasya</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bilimoria2013-156">[146]</a> Epics such as the <a href="/wiki/Mahabharata" title="Mahabharata">Mahabharata</a>, for example, suggest three prevailing theories in ancient India as to why good and evil exist – one being that everything is ordained by God, another being karma, and a third citing chance events (yadrccha, यदृच्छा).<a href="#cite_note-ehudson-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[148]</a> The Mahabharata, which includes Hindu deity <a href="/wiki/Vishnu" title="Vishnu">Vishnu</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Vishnu#Avatars" title="Vishnu">avatar</a> of <a href="/wiki/Krishna" title="Krishna">Krishna</a> as one of the central characters, debates the nature and existence of suffering from these three perspectives, and includes a theory of suffering as arising from an interplay of chance events (such as floods and other events of nature), circumstances created by past human actions, and the current desires, volitions, dharma, adharma and current actions (purusakara) of people.<a href="#cite_note-ehudson-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-159">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-160">[150]</a> However, while karma theory in the Mahabharata presents alternative perspectives on the problem of evil and suffering, it offers no conclusive answer.<a href="#cite_note-ehudson-157">[147]</a><a href="#cite_note-161">[151]</a> Other scholars<a href="#cite_note-162">[152]</a> suggest that <a href="/wiki/Nontheism" title="Nontheism">nontheistic</a> Indian religious traditions do not assume an omnibenevolent creator, and some<a href="#cite_note-163">[153]</a> theistic schools do not define or characterize their God(s) as monotheistic Western religions do and the deities have colorful, complex personalities; the Indian deities are personal and cosmic facilitators, and in some schools conceptualized like Plato's <a href="/wiki/Demiurge" title="Demiurge">Demiurge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bilimoria2013-156">[146]</a> Therefore, the problem of theodicy in many schools of major Indian religions is not significant, or at least is of a different nature than in Western religions.<a href="#cite_note-164">[154]</a> Many Indian religions place greater emphasis on developing the karma principle for first cause and innate justice with Man as focus, rather than developing religious principles with the nature and powers of God and divine judgment as focus.<a href="#cite_note-165">[155]</a> Some scholars, particularly of the <a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya school</a> of Hinduism and Sankara in Brahma Sutra bhasya, have posited that karma doctrine implies existence of god, who administers and affects the person's environment given that person's karma, but then acknowledge that it makes karma as violable, contingent and unable to address the problem of evil.<a href="#cite_note-166">[156]</a> Arthur Herman states that karma-transmigration theory solves all three historical formulations to the problem of evil while acknowledging the theodicy insights of Sankara and Ramanuja.<a href="#cite_note-167">[157]</a> Some theistic Indian religions, such as Sikhism, suggest evil and suffering are a human phenomenon and arises from the karma of individuals.<a href="#cite_note-168">[158]</a> In other theistic schools such as those in Hinduism, particularly its Nyaya school, karma is combined with <a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">dharma</a> and evil is explained as arising from human actions and intent that is in conflict with dharma.<a href="#cite_note-bilimoria2013-156">[146]</a> In nontheistic religions such as Buddhism, Jainism and the Mimamsa school of Hinduism, karma theory is used to explain the cause of evil as well as to offer distinct ways to avoid or be unaffected by evil in the world.<a href="#cite_note-bilimoria-154">[144]</a> Those schools of Hinduism, Buddhism, and Jainism that rely on karma-rebirth theory have been critiqued for their theological explanation of suffering in children by birth, as the result of his or her sins in a past life.<a href="#cite_note-169">[159]</a> Others disagree, and consider the critique as flawed and a misunderstanding of the karma theory.<a href="#cite_note-170">[160]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Comparable_concepts">Comparable concepts</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Poetic_justice" title="Poetic justice">Poetic justice</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mills_of_God" title="Mills of God">Mills of God</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg/220px-It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg/330px-It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/03/It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg/440px-It_Shoots_Further_Than_He_Dreams.jpg 2x" data-file-width="479" data-file-height="523" /></a><figcaption>It Shoots Further Than He Dreams by John F. Knott, March 1918</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Western_culture" title="Western culture">Western culture</a>, influenced by Christianity,<a href="#cite_note-KarmaParveshSingla-6">[6]</a> holds a notion similar to karma, as demonstrated in the phrase "<a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/what_goes_around_comes_around" class="extiw" title="wikt:what goes around comes around">what goes around comes around</a>". <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Christianity">Christianity</h3></div> Mary Jo Meadow suggests karma is akin to "Christian notions of <a href="/wiki/Christian_views_on_sin" title="Christian views on sin">sin</a> and its effects."<a href="#cite_note-Meadow2007-171">[161]</a> She states that the Christian teaching on a <a href="/wiki/Last_Judgment" title="Last Judgment">Last Judgment</a> according to one's charity is a teaching on karma.<a href="#cite_note-Meadow2007-171">[161]</a> Christianity also teaches morals such as <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/reap_what_one_sows" class="extiw" title="wikt:reap what one sows">one reaps what one sows</a> (<a href="/wiki/Epistle_to_the_Galatians" title="Epistle to the Galatians">Galatians</a> 6:7) and <a href="/wiki/Live_by_the_sword,_die_by_the_sword" title="Live by the sword, die by the sword">live by the sword, die by the sword</a> (<a href="/wiki/Gospel_of_Matthew" title="Gospel of Matthew">Matthew</a> 26:52).<a href="#cite_note-172">[162]</a> Most scholars, however, consider the concept of Last Judgment as different from karma, with karma as an ongoing process that occurs every day in one's life, while Last Judgment, by contrast, is a one-time review at the end of life.<a href="#cite_note-173">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judaism">Judaism</h3></div> There is a concept in Judaism called in Hebrew midah k'neged midah, which is often translated as "measure for measure".<a href="#cite_note-174">[164]</a> The concept is used not so much in matters of law, but rather in matters of <a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">divine retribution</a> for a person's actions. <a href="/wiki/David_Wolpe" title="David Wolpe">David Wolpe</a> compared midah k'neged midah to karma.<a href="#cite_note-175">[165]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoanalysis">Psychoanalysis</h3></div> <a href="/wiki/Carl_Jung" title="Carl Jung">Carl Jung</a> once opined on unresolved emotions and the <a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">synchronicity</a> of karma; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">When an inner situation is not made conscious, it appears outside as fate.<a href="#cite_note-176">[166]</a></blockquote> Popular methods for negating <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_dissonance" title="Cognitive dissonance">cognitive dissonance</a> include <a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">meditation</a>, <a href="/wiki/Metacognition" title="Metacognition">metacognition</a>, <a href="/wiki/Counselling" class="mw-redirect" title="Counselling">counselling</a>, <a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis" title="Psychoanalysis">psychoanalysis</a>, etc., whose aim is to enhance emotional self-awareness and thus avoid negative karma. This results in better emotional hygiene and reduced karmic impacts.<a href="#cite_note-177">[167]</a> Permanent neuronal changes within the <a href="/wiki/Amygdala" title="Amygdala">amygdala</a> and left <a href="/wiki/Prefrontal_cortex" title="Prefrontal cortex">prefrontal cortex</a> of the human brain attributed to long-term meditation and metacognition techniques have been proven scientifically.<a href="#cite_note-178">[168]</a> This process of emotional maturation aspires to a goal of <a href="/wiki/Individuation" title="Individuation">Individuation</a> or <a href="/wiki/Self-actualisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Self-actualisation">self-actualisation</a>. Such <a href="/wiki/Peak_experiences" class="mw-redirect" title="Peak experiences">peak experiences</a> are hypothetically devoid of any karma (<a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">nirvana</a> or <a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">moksha</a>). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Theosophy">Theosophy</h3></div> The idea of karma was popularized in the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Western world</a> through the work of the <a href="/wiki/Theosophical_Society" title="Theosophical Society">Theosophical Society</a>. In this conception, karma was a precursor to the <a href="/wiki/Neopaganism" class="mw-redirect" title="Neopaganism">Neopagan</a> law of return or <a href="/wiki/Rule_of_Three_(Wicca)" title="Rule of Three (Wicca)">Threefold Law</a>, the idea that the beneficial or harmful effects one has on the world will return to oneself. Colloquially this may be summed up as 'what goes around comes around.' Theosophist <a href="/wiki/I._K._Taimni" title="I. K. Taimni">I. K. Taimni</a> wrote, "Karma is nothing but the Law of Cause and Effect operating in the realm of human life and bringing about adjustments between an individual and other individuals whom he has affected by his thoughts, emotions and actions."<a href="#cite_note-179">[169]</a> <a href="/wiki/Theosophy" title="Theosophy">Theosophy</a> also teaches that when humans reincarnate they come back as humans only, not as animals or other organisms.<a href="#cite_note-180">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adrsta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrsta">Adrsta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amor_fati" title="Amor fati">Amor fati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anantarika-karma" title="Anantarika-karma">Anantarika-karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causes_of_karma_in_Jainism" title="Causes of karma in Jainism">Causes of karma in Jainism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consequentialism" title="Consequentialism">Consequentialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divine_retribution" title="Divine retribution">Divine retribution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho%CA%BBoponopono#Freedom_from_karma" title="Hoʻoponopono">Hoʻoponopono § Freedom from karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Instant_Karma!" title="Instant Karma!">Instant Karma!</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judgement_(afterlife)" title="Judgement (afterlife)">Judgement (afterlife)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Just-world_fallacy" title="Just-world fallacy">Just-world fallacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karma_yoga" title="Karma yoga">Karma yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luck" title="Luck">Luck</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/My_Name_Is_Earl" title="My Name Is Earl">My Name Is Earl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nishkam_Karma" class="mw-redirect" title="Nishkam Karma">Nishkam Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%85kh%C4%81ra" title="Saṅkhāra">Saṅkhāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-fulfilling_prophecy" title="Self-fulfilling prophecy">Self-fulfilling prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibetan_Buddhist_Philosophy_of_Karma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Karma">Tibetan Buddhist Philosophy of Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Types_of_Karma" class="mw-redirect" title="Types of Karma">Types of Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unintended_consequence" class="mw-redirect" title="Unintended consequence">Unintended consequence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Work_(Christian_theology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Work (Christian theology)">Work (Christian theology)</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> The words "deed", "acts" above are rendered from karma.<a href="#cite_note-jbbu-20">[20]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> Karl Potter's suggestion is supported by the Bhagavad-Gita, which links good bondage and bad bondage to good habits and bad habits respectively. It also lists various types of habits – such as good (sattva), passion (rajas) and indifferent (tamas) – while explaining karma.<a href="#cite_note-karlpotter-14">[14]</a> In Yoga Sutras, the role of karma to creating habits is explained with Vāsanās.<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> There is extensive debate in the Epic Mahabharata about karma, free will and destiny across different chapters and books. Different characters in the Epic take sides, some claiming destiny is supreme, some claiming free will is.<a href="#cite_note-64">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> In early Buddhism rebirth is ascribed to craving or ignorance,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEVetter1988xxi-77">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswell2004416-78">[75]</a> and the theory of karma may have been of minor importance in early Buddhist soteriology.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthews1986124-79">[76]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESchmithausen1986206–207-80">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBronkhorst199813-81">[78]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Rupert Gethin: "[Karma is] a being's intentional 'actions' of body, speech, and mind—whatever is done, said, or even just thought with definite intention or volition";<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998119-91">[87]</a> "[a]t root karma or 'action' is considered a mental act or intention; it is an aspect of our mental life: 'It is "intention" that I call karma; having formed the intention, one performs acts (karma) by body, speech and mind.'"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGethin1998120-92">[88]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> There are many different translation of the above quote into English. For example, Peter Harvey translates the quote as follows: "It is will (cetana), O monks, that I call karma; having willed, one acts through body, speech, and mind." (A.III.415).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey199039–40-96">[91]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Dargray: "When [the Buddhist] understanding of karma is correlated to the Buddhist doctrine of universal impermanence and No-Self, a serious problem arises as to where this trace is stored and what the trace left is. The problem is aggravated when the trace remains latent over a long period, perhaps over a period of many existences. The crucial problem presented to all schools of Buddhist philosophy was where the trace is stored and how it can remain in the ever-changing stream of phenomena which build up the individual and what the nature of this trace is."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDargyay1986170-98">[92]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Thanissaro_Bhikkhu" class="mw-redirect" title="Thanissaro Bhikkhu">Thanissaro Bhikkhu</a>: "Unlike the theory of <a href="/wiki/Causality" title="Causality">linear causality</a> — which led the <a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jainism" title="Jainism">Jains</a> to see the relationship between an act and its result as predictable and tit-for-tat — the principle of <a href="/wiki/Idappaccayat%C4%81" title="Idappaccayatā">this/that conditionality</a> makes that relationship inherently complex. The results of kamma ("kamma" is the Pali spelling for the word "karma") experienced at any one point in time come not only from past kamma, but also from present kamma. This means that, although there are general patterns relating habitual acts to corresponding results [MN 135], there is no set one-for-one, tit-for-tat, relationship between a particular action and its results. Instead, the results are determined by the context of the act, both in terms of actions that preceded or followed it [MN 136] and in terms one's state of mind at the time of acting or experiencing the result [AN 3:99]. [...] The feedback loops inherent in this/that conditionality mean that the working out of any particular cause-effect relationship can be very complex indeed. This explains why the Buddha says in AN 4:77 that the results of kamma are <a href="/wiki/Acinteyya" class="mw-redirect" title="Acinteyya">imponderable</a>. Only a person who has developed the mental range of a Buddha—another imponderable itself—would be able to trace the intricacies of the kammic network. The basic premise of kamma is simple—that skillful intentions lead to favorable results, and unskillful ones to unfavorable results—but the process by which those results work themselves out is so intricate that it cannot be fully mapped. We can compare this with the <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot set</a>, a mathematical set generated by a simple equation, but whose graph is so complex that it will probably never be completely explored."<a href="#cite_note-Bhikkhu_2010-101">[94]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Khandro_Rinpoche" title="Khandro Rinpoche">Khandro Rinpoche</a>: "Buddhism is a nontheistic philosophy. We do not believe in a creator but in the causes and conditions that create certain circumstances that then come to fruition. This is called karma. It has nothing to do with judgement; there is no one keeping track of our karma and sending us up above or down below. Karma is simply the wholeness of a cause, or first action, and its effect, or fruition, which then becomes another cause. In fact, one karmic cause can have many fruitions, all of which can cause thousands more creations. Just as a handful of seed can ripen into a full field of grain, a small amount of karma can generate limitless effects."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKhandro_Rinpoche200395-105">[97]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Dasgupta explains that in Indian philosophy, acintya is "that which is to be unavoidably accepted for explaining facts, but which cannot stand the scrutiny of logic."<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDasgupta199116-111">[102]</a> See also the <a href="/wiki/Aggi-Vacchagotta_Sutta" title="Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta">Aggi-Vacchagotta Sutta</a> "Discourse to Vatsagotra on the [Simile of] Fire," Majjhima Nikaya 72,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013852-112">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-MN72-113">[104]</a> in which the Buddha is questioned by Vatsagotra on the "ten indeterminate question,"<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBuswellLopez2013852-112">[103]</a> and the Buddha explains that a <a href="/wiki/Tathagata" class="mw-redirect" title="Tathagata">Tathagata</a> is like a fire that has been extinguished, and is "deep, boundless, hard to fathom, like the sea".<a href="#cite_note-MN72-113">[104]</a> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> See: <ul><li>Encyclopædia Britannica, 11th Edition, Volume 15, New York, pp 679–680, Article on Karma; Quote – "Karma meaning deed or action; in addition, it also has philosophical and technical meaning, denoting a person's deeds as determining his future lot."</li> <li>The Encyclopedia of World Religions, Robert Ellwood & Gregory Alles, <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8160-6141-9">978-0-8160-6141-9</a>, pp 253; Quote – "Karma: Sanskrit word meaning action and the consequences of action."</li> <li>Hans Torwesten (1994), Vedanta: Heart of Hinduism, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3262-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8021-3262-8">978-0-8021-3262-8</a>, Grove Press New York, pp 97; Quote – "In the Vedas the word karma (work, deed or action, and its resulting effect) referred mainly to..."</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlivelle2012" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Olivelle, Patrick (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma">"Karma"</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150503134927/http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/312474/karma">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2015. Retrieved 23 June 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karma&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Olivelle&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F312474%2Fkarma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-halbfass2000-3">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass2000_3-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHalbfass2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Halbfass, Wilhelm (2000). Karma und Wiedergeburt im indischen Denken (in German). Munich, Germany: Diederichs. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-89631-385-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-89631-385-0"><bdi>978-3-89631-385-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+und+Wiedergeburt+im+indischen+Denken&rft.place=Munich%2C+Germany&rft.pub=Diederichs&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-3-89631-385-0&rft.aulast=Halbfass&rft.aufirst=Wilhelm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Lawrence C. Becker & Charlotte B. Becker, Encyclopedia of Ethics, 2nd edition (2001), <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-93672-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-93672-1">0-415-93672-1</a>, Hindu Ethics, pp 678 </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWasserman2021" class="citation book cs1">Wasserman, Danuta (8 January 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=zqkPEAAAQBAJ&dq=sanchit+karma&pg=PA23">Oxford Textbook of Suicidology and Suicide Prevention</a>. Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-883444-1"><bdi>978-0-19-883444-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Oxford+Textbook+of+Suicidology+and+Suicide+Prevention&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2021-01-08&rft.isbn=978-0-19-883444-1&rft.aulast=Wasserman&rft.aufirst=Danuta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DzqkPEAAAQBAJ%26dq%3Dsanchit%2Bkarma%26pg%3DPA23&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KarmaParveshSingla-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KarmaParveshSingla_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KarmaParveshSingla_6-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFParvesh_Singla" class="citation book cs1">Parvesh Singla. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_1mXR35jX-TsC">The Manual of Life – Karma</a>. Parvesh singla. pp. 5–7. GGKEY:0XFSARN29ZZ. Retrieved 4 June 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Manual+of+Life+%E2%80%93+Karma&rft.pages=5-7&rft.pub=Parvesh+singla&rft.au=Parvesh+Singla&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_1mXR35jX-TsC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-evawong-7">^ <a href="#cite_ref-evawong_7-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-evawong_7-1">b</a> Eva Wong, Taoism, Shambhala Publications, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-882-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59030-882-0">978-1-59030-882-0</a>, pp. 193 </li> <li id="cite_note-jbowker-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_8-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_8-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_8-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jbowker_8-4">e</a> "Karma" in: John Bowker (1997), The Concise Oxford Dictionary of World Religions, Oxford University Press. </li> <li id="cite_note-jamesloch-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-jamesloch_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesloch_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-jamesloch_9-2">c</a> James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Rosen Publishing, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pp 351–352 </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Julius_J._Lipner" title="Julius J. Lipner">Julius Lipner</a> (2010), Hindus: Their religious beliefs and practices, 2nd Edition, Routledge, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-415-45677-7">978-0-415-45677-7</a>, pp 261–262 </li> <li id="cite_note-wkasrb-11">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wkasrb_11-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wkasrb_11-1">b</a> see: <ul><li>Kaufman, W. R. (2005), Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil, Philosophy East and West, pp 15–32;</li> <li>Sharma, A. (1996), On the distinction between Karma and Rebirth in Hinduism, Asian Philosophy, 6(1), pp 29–35;</li> <li>Bhattacharya, R. (2012), Svabhāvavāda and the Cārvāka/Lokāyata: A Historical Overview, Journal of Indian Philosophy, 40(6), pp 593–614</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-Coward-Karma-12">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-Karma_12-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-Karma_12-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-Karma_12-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Coward-Karma_12-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarold_Coward2003" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Harold_Coward" title="Harold Coward">Harold Coward</a> (2003). "Karma". Encyclopedia of Science of Religion. MacMillan Reference. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865704-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-02-865704-2"><bdi>978-0-02-865704-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karma&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Science+of+Religion&rft.pub=MacMillan+Reference&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-02-865704-2&rft.au=Harold+Coward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wdointro-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdointro_13-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Wendy D. O'Flaherty. Introduction. In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. xi–xxv.. </li> <li id="cite_note-karlpotter-14">^ <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-karlpotter_14-5">f</a> Karl Potter (1964), The Naturalistic Principle of Karma, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 14, No. 1 (Apr. 1964), pp. 39–49 </li> <li id="cite_note-wdochapter1-15">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wdochapter1_15-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wdochapter1_15-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Wendy D. O'Flaherty. "Karma and rebirth in the Vedas and Purāṇas". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 3–37.. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Karl Potter. "The karma theory and its interpretation in some Indian philosophical systems". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 241–267.. </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> See: <ul><li>For Hinduism view: Jeffrey Brodd (2009), World Religions: A Voyage of Discovery, Saint Mary's Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-997-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-88489-997-6">978-0-88489-997-6</a>, pp. 47;</li> <li>For Buddhism view: Khandro Rinpoche (2003), This Precious Life, Shambhala, pp. 95</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-brucer-18">^ <a href="#cite_ref-brucer_18-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brucer_18-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brucer_18-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brucer_18-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-brucer_18-4">e</a> Bruce R. Reichenbach, The Law of Karma and the Principle of Causation, Philosophy East and West, Vol. 38, No. 4 (Oct. 1988), pp. 399–410 </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130413042723/http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/quotes/brihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6">Brihadaranyaka Upanishad 4.4.5-6</a>, translated by Max Müller, Berkley Center for Religion, Peace & World Affairs, 2013 [1879], archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkleycenter.georgetown.edu/resources/quotes/brihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6">the original</a> on 13 April 2013, retrieved 14 January 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Brihadaranyaka+Upanishad+4.4.5-6&rft.pub=Berkley+Center+for+Religion%2C+Peace+%26+World+Affairs&rft.date=2013&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fberkleycenter.georgetown.edu%2Fresources%2Fquotes%2Fbrihadaranyaka-upanishad-4-4-5-6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-jbbu-20"><a href="#cite_ref-jbbu_20-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBlack2011" class="citation web cs1">Black, James (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20140107061016/https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jrblack/web/SKT/DL/upanishads.html">"Brihadaranyaka Original Sanskrit & Müller Oxford English Translations"</a>. University of Wisconsin. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mywebspace.wisc.edu/jrblack/web/SKT/DL/upanishads.html">the original</a> on 7 January 2014. Retrieved 14 January 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Brihadaranyaka+Original+Sanskrit+%26+M%C3%BCller+Oxford+English+Translations&rft.pub=University+of+Wisconsin&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Black&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmywebspace.wisc.edu%2Fjrblack%2Fweb%2FSKT%2FDL%2Fupanishads.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a> Anguttara-Nikaya 3.4.33, Translator: Henry Warren (1962), Buddhism in Translations, Atheneum Publications, New York, pp 216–217 </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a> see: <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">James McDermott. "Karma and Rebirth in Early Buddhism". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 165–192.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Padmanabh Jaini. "Karma and the problem of rebirth in Jainism". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 217–239.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Ludo Rocher. "Karma and Rebirth in the Dharmasastras". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 61–89.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Damien Keown (1996), Karma, character, and consequentialism, The Journal of Religious Ethics, pp 329–350. </li> <li id="cite_note-coward1983-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-coward1983_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-coward1983_25-1">b</a> <a href="/wiki/Harold_Coward" title="Harold Coward">Harold Coward</a> (1983), "Psychology and Karma", Philosophy East and West 33 (Jan): 49–60. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhicher1998" class="citation book cs1">Whicher, Ian (13 November 1998). "Chapter 3". The Integrity of the Yoga Darsana: A Reconsideration of Classical Yoga. State University of New York. pp. 102–105. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7914-3816-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-7914-3816-3"><bdi>0-7914-3816-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+3&rft.btitle=The+Integrity+of+the+Yoga+Darsana%3A+A+Reconsideration+of+Classical+Yoga&rft.pages=102-105&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York&rft.date=1998-11-13&rft.isbn=0-7914-3816-3&rft.aulast=Whicher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhicher1998" class="citation journal cs1">Whicher, Ian (1998). "The final stages of purification in classical yoga". Asian Philosophy. 8 (2): 85–102. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F09552369808575474">10.1080/09552369808575474</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Asian+Philosophy&rft.atitle=The+final+stages+of+purification+in+classical+yoga&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=85-102&rft.date=1998&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F09552369808575474&rft.aulast=Whicher&rft.aufirst=Ian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> Francis X. Clooney, Evil, Divine Omnipotence, and Human Freedom: Vedānta's Theology of Karma, The Journal of Religion, Vol. 69, No. 4 (Oct. 1989), pp. 530–548 </li> <li id="cite_note-halbfass1998-30">^ <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass1998_30-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-halbfass1998_30-1">b</a> Wilhelm Halbfass (1998), "Karma and Rebirth (Indian Conceptions)", Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Routledge, London. </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> see: <ul><li>James Hastings et al. (1915), Encyclopedia of Religion and Ethics (Hymns-Liberty), Volume VII, Article on Jainism, pp 469–471;</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christopher_Chapple" title="Christopher Chapple">Chapple, Christopher</a> (1975), Karma and the path of purification, in Virginia Hanson et al. (Editors) – Karma: Rhythmic Return to Harmony, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0663-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8356-0663-9">978-0-8356-0663-9</a>, Chapter 23;</li> <li>Krishan, Y. (1988), The Vedic origins of the doctrine of karma, South Asian Studies, 4(1), pp 51–55</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051–2,_108,_126–128-32"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEObeyesekere20051–2,_108,_126–128_32-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFObeyesekere2005">Obeyesekere 2005</a>, pp. 1–2, 108, 126–128. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272–273,_652–654-33"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011272–273,_652–654_33-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, pp. 272–273, 652–654. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> James Lochtefeld (2002), The Illustrated Encyclopedia of Hinduism, Volume 2, Rosen Publishing, New York, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-8239-2287-1">0-8239-2287-1</a>, pp 589 </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a> M. Hiriyana (1949), Essentials of Indian Philosophy, George Allen Unwin, London, pp 47 </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a> M Yamunacharya (1966), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philo. Annual, 1, pp 66 </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Austin Creel (1986), in Editor: Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2">978-0-87395-990-2</a>, Chapter 1 </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-38">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_38-1">b</a> Ronald Wesley Neufeldt, Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-87395-990-2">978-0-87395-990-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a> A. Javadekar (1965), Karma and Rebirth, Indian Philosophical Annual, 1, 78 </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Damien Keown (2013), Buddhism: A very short introduction, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-966383-5">978-0-19-966383-5</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Étienne Lamotte(1936), Le traité de l'acte de Vasubandhu: Karmasiddhiprakarana, in Mélanges chinois et bouddhiques 4, pp 151–288 </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Maria I. Macioti, The Buddha Within Ourselves: Blossoms of the Lotus Sutra, Translator: Richard Maurice Capozzi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2189-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7618-2189-2">978-0-7618-2189-2</a>, pp 69–70 </li> <li id="cite_note-krishan-43">^ <a href="#cite_ref-krishan_43-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krishan_43-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krishan_43-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-krishan_43-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan1988" class="citation journal cs1">Krishan, Y. (1988). "The Vedic Origins of the Doctrine of Karma". South Asian Studies. 4 (1): 51–55. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F02666030.1988.9628366">10.1080/02666030.1988.9628366</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=South+Asian+Studies&rft.atitle=The+Vedic+Origins+of+the+Doctrine+of+Karma&rft.volume=4&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=51-55&rft.date=1988&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F02666030.1988.9628366&rft.aulast=Krishan&rft.aufirst=Y.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988">; <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishan,_Yuvraj1997" class="citation book cs1">Krishan, Yuvraj (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">The Doctrine of Karma: Its Origin and Development in Brāhmaṇical, Buddhist, and Jaina Traditions</a>. Bharatiya Vidya Bhavan. pp. 4, 12, 17–19, for context see 1–27. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-1233-8"><bdi>978-81-208-1233-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230111060833/https://books.google.com/books?id=_Bi6FWX1NOgC">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2023. Retrieved 11 October 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Doctrine+of+Karma%3A+Its+Origin+and+Development+in+Br%C4%81hma%E1%B9%87ical%2C+Buddhist%2C+and+Jaina+Traditions&rft.pages=4%2C+12%2C+17-19%2C+for+context+see+1-27&rft.pub=Bharatiya+Vidya+Bhavan&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=978-81-208-1233-8&rft.au=Krishan%2C+Yuvraj&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_Bi6FWX1NOgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMonier_Monier-WilliamsE._LeumannC._Cappeller1899" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Monier Monier-Williams; E. Leumann; C. Cappeller; et al., eds. (1899). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0334.html">"kṛ,कृ"</a>. Monier-Williams Sanskrit–English Dictionary. Delhi: Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. p. 301. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150924134232/http://www.ibiblio.org/sripedia/ebooks/mw/0300/mw__0334.html">Archived</a> from the original on 24 September 2015. Retrieved 7 January 2014. <q>a neuter n-stem, कर्म from the root √kṛ कृ "to do, make, perform, accomplish, cause, effect, prepare, undertake"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=k%E1%B9%9B%2C%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%83&rft.btitle=Monier-Williams+Sanskrit%E2%80%93English+Dictionary&rft.place=Delhi&rft.pages=301&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=1899&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ibiblio.org%2Fsripedia%2Febooks%2Fmw%2F0300%2Fmw__0334.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBodewitz2019" class="citation book cs1">Bodewitz, Henk (15 May 2019). "Non-ritual kárman in the Veda". In Heilijgers, Dory; Houben, Jan; Van Kooij, Karel (eds.). Vedic Cosmology and Ethics. BRILL. pp. 253–261. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1163%2F9789004400139_020">10.1163/9789004400139_020</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39864-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-90-04-39864-1"><bdi>978-90-04-39864-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Non-ritual+k%C3%A1rman+in+the+Veda&rft.btitle=Vedic+Cosmology+and+Ethics&rft.pages=253-261&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=2019-05-15&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1163%2F9789004400139_020&rft.isbn=978-90-04-39864-1&rft.aulast=Bodewitz&rft.aufirst=Henk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETull198928-46"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETull198928_46-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTull1989">Tull 1989</a>, p. 28. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011653-47"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJuergensmeyerRoof2011653_47-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJuergensmeyerRoof2011">Juergensmeyer & Roof 2011</a>, p. 653. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETull198931-48"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETull198931_48-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTull1989">Tull 1989</a>, p. 31. </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> see: <ul><li>Y. Masih (2000) A Comparative Study of Religions, Motilal Banarsidass Publishers, Delhi, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-208-0815-0" title="Special:BookSources/81-208-0815-0">81-208-0815-0</a>, page 37, Quote – "This confirms that the doctrine of transmigration is non-aryan and was accepted by non-vedics like Ajivikism, Jainism and Buddhism. The Indo-aryans have borrowed the theory of re-birth after coming in contact with the aboriginal inhabitants of India. Certainly Jainism and non-vedics [..] accepted the doctrine of rebirth as supreme postulate or article of faith."</li> <li>Gavin D. Flood (1996), An Introduction to Hinduism, <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_University_Press" title="Cambridge University Press">Cambridge University Press</a>: UK <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-43878-0">0-521-43878-0</a>, page 86, Quote – "The origin and doctrine of Karma and Saṃsāra are obscure. These concepts were certainly circulating amongst sramanas, and Jainism and Buddhism developed specific and sophisticated ideas about the process of transmigration. It is very possible that the karmas and reincarnation entered the mainstream brahaminical thought from the sramana or the renouncer traditions."</li> <li>Bimala Law (1952, Reprint 2005), The Buddhist Conception of Spirits, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/81-206-1933-1" title="Special:BookSources/81-206-1933-1">81-206-1933-1</a>, Asian Educational Services; in particular, see Chapter II</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> Krishan, Y. (1985), The doctrine of Karma and Śraddhas, Annals of the Bhandarkar Oriental Research Institute, Vol. 66, No. 1/4, pages 97–115 </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Wendy D. O'Flaherty. Introduction. In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. xvii–xviii.; Quote – "There was such constant interaction between Vedism and Buddhism in the early period that it is fruitless to attempt to sort out the earlier source of many doctrines, they lived in one another's pockets, like Picasso and Braque (who, in later years, were unable to say which of them had painted certain paintings from their earlier, shared period)." </li> <li id="cite_note-wendydonigerpxii-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wendydonigerpxii_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wendydonigerpxii_52-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Wendy D. O'Flaherty. Introduction. In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. xii–xxiii. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">James McDermott. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n188">Karma and rebirth in early Buddhism</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 165–192.. </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Padmanabh Jaini. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n240">Karma and the problem of rebirth in Jainism</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 217–239.. </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">Ludo Rocher. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C/page/n86">Karma and rebirth in the Dharmaśāstras</a>". In <a href="#CITEREFO'Flaherty1980">O'Flaherty (1980)</a>, pp. 61–89.. </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> Colebrooke, H. T. (1829), Essay on the Philosophy of the Hindus, Part V. Transactions of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, 2(1), 1–39 </li> <li id="cite_note-wmahony-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-wmahony_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-wmahony_57-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilliam_Mahony1987" class="citation book cs1">William Mahony (1987). "Karman: Hindu and Jain Concepts". In Mircea Eliade (ed.). Encyclopedia of Religion. New York: Collier Macmillan.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Karman%3A+Hindu+and+Jain+Concepts&rft.btitle=Encyclopedia+of+Religion&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Collier+Macmillan&rft.date=1987&rft.au=William+Mahony&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> E. Washburn Hopkins, Modifications of the Karma Doctrine, The Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Great Britain and Ireland, (Jul., 1906), pp. 581–593 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple1986Chapter_3_and_Appendix_1-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple1986Chapter_3_and_Appendix_1_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1986">Chapple 1986</a>, Chapter 3 and Appendix 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChapple198660–64-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChapple198660–64_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFChapple1986">Chapple 1986</a>, pp. 60–64. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222">J. Bruce Long. "The concepts of human action and rebirth in the Mahābhārata". 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(2005), Karma, rebirth, and the problem of evil, Philosophy East and West, pp 15–32 </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> [Moral responsibility] Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy, Stanford University (2009); Quote – "Can a person be morally responsible for her behavior if that behavior can be explained solely by reference to physical states of the universe and the laws governing changes in those physical states, or solely by reference to the existence of a sovereign God who guides the world along a divinely ordained path?" </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> Herman, Arthur (1976), The Problem of Evil in Indian Thought, Delhi: Motilal Banarsidas </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> Reichenbach, Bruce (1990), The Law of Karma, University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53559-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-333-53559-2">978-0-333-53559-2</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-mdeb-146">^ <a href="#cite_ref-mdeb_146-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdeb_146-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-mdeb_146-2">c</a> Matthew Dasti and Edwin Bryant (2013), Free Will, Agency, and Selfhood in Indian Philosophy, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992275-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-992275-8">978-0-19-992275-8</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-goerl-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-goerl_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-goerl_147-1">b</a> G. Obeyesekere (1968), Theodicy, sin and salvation in a sociology of Buddhism, Practical religion, Editor: E.R. Leach, Cambridge University Press </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> see: <ul><li>Charles Keyes (1983), Merit-Transference in the Kammic Theory of Popular Theravada Buddhism, In Karma, Editors: Charles Keyes and <a href="/wiki/Valentine_Daniel" title="Valentine Daniel">Valentine Daniel</a>, Berkeley, University of California Press;</li> <li>F.L. 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Bilimoria (2007), Karma's suffering: A Mimamsa solution to the problem of evil, in Indian Ethics (Editors: Bilimoria et al.), Volume 1, Ashgate Publishing, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3301-3">978-0-7546-3301-3</a>, pp. 171–189 </li> <li id="cite_note-155"><a href="#cite_ref-155">^</a> See Kumarila's Slokavarttika; for English translation of parts and discussions: P. Bilimoria (1990), "Hindu doubts about God – Towards a Mimamsa Deconstruction", International Philosophical Quarterly, 30(4), pp. 481–499 </li> <li id="cite_note-bilimoria2013-156">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bilimoria2013_156-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bilimoria2013_156-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-bilimoria2013_156-2">c</a> P. Bilimoria (2013), Toward an Indian Theodicy, in The Blackwell Companion to the Problem of Evil (Editors: McBrayer and Howard-Snyder), 1st Edition, John Wiley & Sons, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67184-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-67184-9">978-0-470-67184-9</a>, Chapter 19 </li> <li id="cite_note-ehudson-157">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ehudson_157-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehudson_157-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-ehudson_157-2">c</a> Emily Hudson (2012), Disorienting Dharma: Ethics and the Aesthetics of Suffering in the Mahabharata, Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986078-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-986078-4">978-0-19-986078-4</a>, pp. 178–217 </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> Manmatha Nath Dutt (1895), English translation of The Mahabharata, Udyoga Parva, Chapter 159, verse 15 </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> Gregory Bailey (1983), Suffering in the Mahabharata: Draupadi and Yudhishthira, Purusartha, No. 7, pp. 109–129 </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Alf_Hiltebeitel" title="Alf Hiltebeitel">Alf Hiltebeitel</a> (2001), Rethinking the Mahabharata: A Reader's Guide to the Education of the Dharma King, University of Chicago Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34053-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-226-34053-1">978-0-226-34053-1</a>, Chapters 2 and 5 </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> P.B. Mehta (2007), The ethical irrationality of the world – Weber and Hindu Ethics, in Indian Ethics (Editors: Billimoria et al.), Volume 1, Ashgate, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3301-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7546-3301-3">978-0-7546-3301-3</a>, pp. 363–375 </li> <li id="cite_note-162"><a href="#cite_ref-162">^</a> Ursula Sharma (1973), Theodicy and the doctrine of karma, Man, Vol. 8, No. 3, pp. 347–364 </li> <li id="cite_note-163"><a href="#cite_ref-163">^</a> The Nyaya-Vaisesika school of Hinduism is one of the exceptions where the premise is similar to the Christian concept of an omnibenevolent, omnipotent creator </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> G. Obeyesekere (I968), Theodicy, sin and salvation in a sociology of Buddhism, in Practical religion (Ed. 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(1986), "Contemporary Conceptions of Karma and Rebirth Among North Indian Vaisnavas", in Neufeldt, Ronald W. (ed.), Karma and Rebirth: Post-classical Developments, Sri Satguru Publications</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Contemporary+Conceptions+of+Karma+and+Rebirth+Among+North+Indian+Vaisnavas&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post-classical+Developments&rft.pub=Sri+Satguru+Publications&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Klostermaier&rft.aufirst=Klaus+K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKopf2001" class="citation cs2">Kopf, Gereon (2001), Beyond Personal Identity: Dōgen, Nishida, and a Phenomenology of No-self, Psychology Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Beyond+Personal+Identity%3A+D%C5%8Dgen%2C+Nishida%2C+and+a+Phenomenology+of+No-self&rft.pub=Psychology+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Kopf&rft.aufirst=Gereon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKragh2006" class="citation cs2">Kragh, Ulrich Timme (2006), Early Buddhist Theories of Action and Result: A Study of Karmaphalasambandha, Candrakirti's Prasannapada, verses 17.1–20, Arbeitskreis für tibetische und buddhistische Studien, Universität Wien, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-902501-03-0" title="Special:BookSources/3-902501-03-0"><bdi>3-902501-03-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Early+Buddhist+Theories+of+Action+and+Result%3A+A+Study+of+Karmaphalasambandha%2C+Candrakirti%27s+Prasannapada%2C+verses+17.1%E2%80%9320&rft.pub=Arbeitskreis+f%C3%BCr+tibetische+und+buddhistische+Studien%2C+Universit%C3%A4t+Wien&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=3-902501-03-0&rft.aulast=Kragh&rft.aufirst=Ulrich+Timme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLamotte1987" class="citation cs2">Lamotte, Etienne (1987), Karmasiddhi Prakarana: The Treatise on Action by Vasubandhu, Asian Humanities Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karmasiddhi+Prakarana%3A+The+Treatise+on+Action+by+Vasubandhu&rft.pub=Asian+Humanities+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.aulast=Lamotte&rft.aufirst=Etienne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthews1986" class="citation cs2">Matthews, Bruce (1986), "Chapter Seven: Post-Classical Developments in the Concepts of Karma and Rebirth in Theravada Buddhism", in Neufeldt, Ronald W. (ed.), Karma and Rebirth: Post Classical Developments, State University of New York Press, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-87395-990-6"><bdi>0-87395-990-6</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Chapter+Seven%3A+Post-Classical+Developments+in+the+Concepts+of+Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Theravada+Buddhism&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+Post+Classical+Developments&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-87395-990-6&rft.aulast=Matthews&rft.aufirst=Bruce&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Flaherty1980" class="citation book cs1">O'Flaherty, Wendy Doniger (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C">Karma and Rebirth in Classical Indian Traditions</a>. University of California Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-03923-0"><bdi>978-0-520-03923-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth+in+Classical+Indian+Traditions&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0-520-03923-0&rft.aulast=O%27Flaherty&rft.aufirst=Wendy+Doniger&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbub_gb_4WZTj3M71y0C&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFObeyesekere2005" class="citation book cs1">Obeyesekere, Gananath (2005). Wendy D. O'Flaherty (ed.). Karma and Rebirth: A Cross Cultural Study. Motilal Banarsidass Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-81-208-2609-0"><bdi>978-81-208-2609-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Karma+and+Rebirth%3A+A+Cross+Cultural+Study&rft.pub=Motilal+Banarsidass+Publishers&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-81-208-2609-0&rft.aulast=Obeyesekere&rft.aufirst=Gananath&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOwnby2008" class="citation book cs1">Ownby, David (2008). <a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong_and_the_Future_of_China" title="Falun Gong and the Future of China">Falun Gong and the Future of China</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Falun+Gong+and+the+Future+of+China&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Ownby&rft.aufirst=David&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchmithausen1986" class="citation cs2">Schmithausen, Lambert (1986), "Critical Response", in Ronald W. Neufeldt (ed.), Karma and rebirth: Post-classical developments, SUNY</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Critical+Response&rft.btitle=Karma+and+rebirth%3A+Post-classical+developments&rft.pub=SUNY&rft.date=1986&rft.aulast=Schmithausen&rft.aufirst=Lambert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTull1989" class="citation book cs1">Tull, Herman W. (1989). The Vedic Origins of karma: Cosmos as Man in Ancient Indian Myth and Ritual. SUNY Series in Hindu Studies.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Vedic+Origins+of+karma%3A+Cosmos+as+Man+in+Ancient+Indian+Myth+and+Ritual&rft.series=SUNY+Series+in+Hindu+Studies&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Tull&rft.aufirst=Herman+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVetter1988" class="citation cs2">Vetter, Tilmann (1988), The Ideas and Meditative Practices of Early Buddhism, BRILL</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Ideas+and+Meditative+Practices+of+Early+Buddhism&rft.pub=BRILL&rft.date=1988&rft.aulast=Vetter&rft.aufirst=Tilmann&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLichterEpstein1983" class="citation cs2">Lichter, David; Epstein, Lawrence (1983), "Irony in Tibetan Notions of the Good Life", in Keyes, Charles F.; Daniel, E. Valentien (eds.), Karma: An Anthropological Inquiry, University of California Press</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Irony+in+Tibetan+Notions+of+the+Good+Life&rft.btitle=Karma%3A+An+Anthropological+Inquiry&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.aulast=Lichter&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Epstein%2C+Lawrence&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadmakara_Translation_group1994" class="citation cs2">Padmakara Translation group (1994), "Translators' Introduction", The Words of My Perfect teacher, HarperCollins Publishers India</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Translators%27+Introduction&rft.btitle=The+Words+of+My+Perfect+teacher&rft.pub=HarperCollins+Publishers+India&rft.date=1994&rft.au=Padmakara+Translation+group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKarma" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Karma" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Karma">Karma</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div 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href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/karma">Karma</a> – Encyclopedia Britannica</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_philosophy" title="Hindu philosophy">Hindu</a>: <a href="/wiki/Samkhya" title="Samkhya">Samkhya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyaya" title="Nyaya">Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaisheshika" title="Vaisheshika">Vaisheshika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C4%ABm%C4%81%E1%B9%83s%C4%81" title="Mīmāṃsā">Mīmāṃsā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rase%C5%9Bvara" title="Raseśvara">Raseśvara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/P%C4%81%E1%B9%87ini" title="Pāṇini">Pāṇiniya</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:6.6em;font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/%C4%80stika_and_n%C4%81stika" title="Āstika and nāstika">Nāstika</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80j%C4%ABvika" title="Ājīvika">Ājīvika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aj%C3%B1ana" title="Ajñana">Ajñana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charvaka" title="Charvaka">Charvaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_philosophy" title="Jain philosophy">Jain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada" title="Anekantavada">Anekantavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_philosophy" title="Buddhist philosophy">Buddhist philosophy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Early_Buddhist_schools" title="Early Buddhist schools">Early Buddhist schools</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhyamaka" title="Madhyamaka">Madhyamaka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yogachara" title="Yogachara">Yogachara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sautr%C4%81ntika" title="Sautrāntika">Sautrāntika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrika" class="mw-redirect" title="Svatantrika">Svatantrika</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Medieval</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achintya_Bheda_Abheda" title="Achintya Bheda Abheda">Acintya bheda abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhedabheda" title="Bhedabheda">Bhedabheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dvaita_Vedanta" title="Dvaita Vedanta">Dvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nimbarka_Sampradaya" title="Nimbarka Sampradaya">Nimbarka Sampradaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shuddhadvaita" title="Shuddhadvaita">Shuddhadvaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vishishtadvaita" title="Vishishtadvaita">Vishishtadvaita</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Navya-Ny%C4%81ya" title="Navya-Nyāya">Navya-Nyāya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sikhism#Philosophy_and_teachings" title="Sikhism">Sikh Philosophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva" class="mw-redirect" title="Shaiva">Shaiva</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pratyabhijna" title="Pratyabhijna">Pratyabhijna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashupata_Shaivism" title="Pashupata Shaivism">Pashupata Shaivism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shaiva_Siddhanta" title="Shaiva Siddhanta">Shaiva Siddhanta</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Modern</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Integral_yoga" title="Integral yoga">Integral yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gandhism" title="Gandhism">Gandhism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M._N._Roy#Radical_humanist" title="M. N. Roy">Radical Humanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_utilization_theory" title="Progressive utilization theory">Progressive utilization theory</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavabharati" title="Abhinavabharati">Abhinavabharati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthashastra" title="Arthashastra">Arthashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavad_Gita" title="Bhagavad Gita">Bhagavad Gita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhagavata_Purana" title="Bhagavata Purana">Bhagavata Purana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahma_Sutras" title="Brahma Sutras">Brahma Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhist_texts" title="Buddhist texts">Buddhist texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmashastra" class="mw-redirect" title="Dharmashastra">Dharmashastra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_texts" title="Hindu texts">Hindu texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jain_Agamas_(%C5%9Av%C4%93t%C4%81mbara)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jain Agamas (Śvētāmbara)">Jain Agamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kamasutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamasutra">Kamasutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mimamsa_Sutras" class="mw-redirect" title="Mimamsa Sutras">Mimamsa Sutras</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muktik%C4%81" title="Muktikā">All 108 texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mukhya_Upanishads" class="mw-redirect" title="Mukhya Upanishads">Principal</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ny%C4%81ya_S%C5%ABtras" title="Nyāya Sūtras">Nyāya Sūtras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nyayakusumanjali" title="Nyayakusumanjali">Nyayakusumanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panchadasi" title="Panchadasi">Panchadasi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samkhyapravachana_Sutra" class="mw-redirect" title="Samkhyapravachana Sutra">Samkhyapravachana Sutra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sangam_literature" title="Sangam literature">Sangam texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha" title="Sarva-Darsana-Sangraha">Sarvadarsanasangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shiva_Sutras_of_Vasugupta" title="Shiva Sutras of Vasugupta">Shiva Sutras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tarka-Sangraha" title="Tarka-Sangraha">Tarka-Sangraha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tattvacint%C4%81ma%E1%B9%87i" class="mw-redirect" title="Tattvacintāmaṇi">Tattvacintāmaṇi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirukku%E1%B9%9Fa%E1%B8%B7" class="mw-redirect" title="Tirukkuṟaḷ">Tirukkuṟaḷ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads" title="Upanishads">Upanishads</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Upanishads#Classification" title="Upanishads">Minor</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vai%C5%9Be%E1%B9%A3ika_S%C5%ABtra" title="Vaiśeṣika Sūtra">Vaiśeṣika Sūtra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanga" title="Vedanga">Vedangas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedas" title="Vedas">Vedas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Sutras_of_Patanjali" title="Yoga Sutras of Patanjali">Yoga Sutras of Patanjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga_Vasistha" title="Yoga Vasistha">Yoga Vasistha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutra" title="Sutra">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Philosophers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adi_Shankara" title="Adi Shankara">Adi Shankara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhinavagupta" title="Abhinavagupta">Abhinavagupta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kum%C4%81rila_Bha%E1%B9%AD%E1%B9%ADa" title="Kumārila Bhaṭṭa">Kumārila Bhaṭṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma%E1%B9%87%E1%B8%8Dana_Mi%C5%9Bra" title="Maṇḍana Miśra">Maṇḍana Miśra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valluvar" class="mw-redirect" title="Valluvar">Valluvar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avatsara" title="Avatsara">Avatsara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81chaspati_Misra" title="Vāchaspati Misra">Vāchaspati Misra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aruni" class="mw-redirect" title="Aruni">Uddalaka Aruni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gautama_Buddha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gautama Buddha">Gautama Buddha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yajnavalkya" title="Yajnavalkya">Yājñavalkya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G%C4%81rg%C4%AB_V%C4%81chaknav%C4%AB" title="Gārgī Vāchaknavī">Gārgī Vāchaknavī</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buddhaghosa" title="Buddhaghosa">Buddhaghosa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patanjali" title="Patanjali">Patañjali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ka%E1%B9%87%C4%81da_(philosopher)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kaṇāda (philosopher)">Kanada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kapila" title="Kapila">Kapila</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brihadratha_Ikshvaku" title="Brihadratha Ikshvaku">Brihadratha Ikshvaku</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaimini" title="Jaimini">Jaimini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyasa" title="Vyasa">Vyasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chanakya" title="Chanakya">Chanakya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharmakirti" title="Dharmakirti">Dharmakirti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akshapada_Gotama" class="mw-redirect" title="Akshapada Gotama">Akshapada Gotama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nagarjuna" title="Nagarjuna">Nagarjuna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Padmasambh%C4%81va" class="mw-redirect" title="Padmasambhāva">Padmasambhāva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasubandhu" title="Vasubandhu">Vasubandhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaudapada" title="Gaudapada">Gaudapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramana_Maharshi" title="Ramana Maharshi">Ramana Maharshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swami_Vivekananda" title="Swami Vivekananda">Vivekananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dayananda_Saraswati" title="Dayananda Saraswati">Dayananda Saraswati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ramanuja" title="Ramanuja">Ramanuja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta_Desika" title="Vedanta Desika">Vedanta Desika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raikva" title="Raikva">Raikva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sadananda_(of_Vedantasara)" title="Sadananda (of Vedantasara)">Sadananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakayanya" title="Sakayanya">Sakayanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyakama_Jabala" class="mw-redirect" title="Satyakama Jabala">Satyakama Jabala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madhvacharya" title="Madhvacharya">Madhvacharya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahavira" title="Mahavira">Mahavira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Nanak" title="Guru Nanak">Guru Nanak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Indian_philosophers" title="Category:Indian philosophers">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abhava" title="Abhava">Abhava</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abhasavada" title="Abhasavada">Abhasavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-difference_(Abheda)" title="Non-difference (Abheda)">Abheda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adarsana" title="Adarsana">Adarsana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adrishta" class="mw-redirect" title="Adrishta">Adrishta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aham_(Kashmir_Shaivism)" title="Aham (Kashmir Shaivism)">Aham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aishvarya" class="mw-redirect" title="Aishvarya">Aishvarya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akrodha" title="Akrodha">Akrodha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aksara" class="mw-redirect" title="Aksara">Aksara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatta" class="mw-redirect" title="Anatta">Anatta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ananta_(infinite)" title="Ananta (infinite)">Ananta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anavastha" title="Anavastha">Anavastha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anupalabdhi" title="Anupalabdhi">Anupalabdhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apauru%E1%B9%A3hey%C4%81" class="mw-redirect" title="Apauruṣheyā">Apauruṣheyā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Artha" title="Artha">Artha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asiddhatva" title="Asiddhatva">Asiddhatva</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Asatkalpa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Asatkalpa (page does not exist)">Asatkalpa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C4%80tman_(Hinduism)" title="Ātman (Hinduism)">Ātman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Avyakta" title="Avyakta">Avyakta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhrama_(Hinduism)" title="Bhrama (Hinduism)">Bhrama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brahman" title="Brahman">Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhuman" title="Bhuman">Bhuman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhumika" title="Bhumika">Bhumika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Catu%E1%B9%A3ko%E1%B9%ADi" title="Catuṣkoṭi">Catuṣkoṭi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chaitanya_(consciousness)" title="Chaitanya (consciousness)">Chaitanya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chidabhasa" title="Chidabhasa">Chidabhasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cittabhumi" title="Cittabhumi">Cittabhumi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C4%81na" title="Dāna">Dāna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deva_(Hinduism)" title="Deva (Hinduism)">Devatas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhi_(Hindu_thought)" title="Dhi (Hindu thought)">Dhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dravya" title="Dravya">Dravya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhrti" title="Dhrti">Dhrti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekagrata" title="Ekagrata">Ekagrata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu%E1%B9%87a" title="Guṇa">Guṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hit%C4%81&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hitā (page does not exist)">Hitā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idam" title="Idam">Idam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ikshana" title="Ikshana">Ikshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ishvaratva" title="Ishvaratva">Ishvaratva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jivatva" title="Jivatva">Jivatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kama" title="Kama">Kama</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kasaya_(attachment)" title="Kasaya (attachment)">Kasaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kshetrajna" title="Kshetrajna">Kshetrajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lakshana" title="Lakshana">Lakshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matsya_Nyaya" title="Matsya Nyaya">Matsya Nyaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mithyatva" class="mw-redirect" title="Mithyatva">Mithyatva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Mokṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nididhyasana" class="mw-redirect" title="Nididhyasana">Nididhyasana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvāṇa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niyama" title="Niyama">Niyama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pad%C4%81rtha" title="Padārtha">Padārtha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramatman" title="Paramatman">Paramatman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paramananda_(Hinduism)" title="Paramananda (Hinduism)">Paramananda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parameshashakti" title="Parameshashakti">Parameshashakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parinama-vada_(Hindu_thought)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parinama-vada (Hindu thought)">Parinama-vada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pradhana" title="Pradhana">Pradhana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prajna_(Vedic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Prajna (Vedic)">Prajna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prak%E1%B9%9Bti" title="Prakṛti">Prakṛti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pratibimbavada" title="Pratibimbavada">Pratibimbavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prat%C4%ABtyasamutp%C4%81da" title="Pratītyasamutpāda">Pratītyasamutpāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Purusha" title="Purusha">Puruṣa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajamandala" title="Rajamandala">Rājamaṇḍala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%E1%B9%9Ata" title="Ṛta">Ṛta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sakshi_(Witness)" class="mw-redirect" title="Sakshi (Witness)">Sakshi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sa%E1%B9%83s%C4%81ra" title="Saṃsāra">Saṃsāra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satya" title="Satya">Satya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satkaryavada" title="Satkaryavada">Satkaryavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabda_Brahman" title="Shabda Brahman">Shabda Brahman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spho%E1%B9%ADa" title="Sphoṭa">Sphoṭa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sthiti" title="Sthiti">Sthiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/%C5%9A%C5%ABnyat%C4%81" title="Śūnyatā">Śūnyatā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sutram" title="Sutram">Sutram</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svatantrya" title="Svatantrya">Svātantrya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svecchamrityu_(Iccha-mrityu)" class="mw-redirect" title="Svecchamrityu (Iccha-mrityu)">Iccha-mrityu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anekantavada#Syādvāda" title="Anekantavada">Syādvāda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taijasa" title="Taijasa">Taijasa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tajjalan" title="Tajjalan">Tajjalan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanmatras" title="Tanmatras">Tanmatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ty%C4%81ga" title="Tyāga">Tyāga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uparati" title="Uparati">Uparati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upekkha" class="mw-redirect" title="Upekkha">Upekkhā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Utsaha" class="mw-redirect" title="Utsaha">Utsaha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vivartavada" title="Vivartavada">Vivartavada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viraj" class="mw-redirect" title="Viraj">Viraj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamas" title="Yamas">Yamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hindu_philosophical_concepts" title="Category:Hindu philosophical concepts">More...</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Modern_spirituality" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" 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title="Spirituality">Modern spirituality</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirituality" title="Spirituality">Spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_spirituality" title="Outline of spirituality">Outline of spirituality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Spirituality" title="Category:Spirituality">Category:Spirituality</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Concepts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Afterlife" title="Afterlife">Afterlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akashic_Records" class="mw-redirect" title="Akashic Records">Akashic Records</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atman_(Hinduism)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atman (Hinduism)">Atman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Awakening" title="Great Awakening">Awakening</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodhi" class="mw-redirect" title="Bodhi">Bodhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chakra" title="Chakra">Chakra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmogony" title="Cosmogony">Cosmogony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cosmology" title="Cosmology">Cosmology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Creation_myth" title="Creation myth">Creation myths</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deity" title="Deity">Deity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dharma" title="Dharma">Dharma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ekam" title="Ekam">Ekam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanationism" title="Emanationism">Emanationism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlightenment_in_Buddhism" title="Enlightenment in Buddhism">Enlightenment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epigenesis_(creative_intelligences)" class="mw-redirect" title="Epigenesis (creative intelligences)">Epigenesis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eschatology" title="Eschatology">Eschatology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternal_return" title="Eternal return">Eternal return</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eternity" title="Eternity">Eternity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethic_of_reciprocity" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethic of reciprocity">Ethic of reciprocity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Existence" title="Existence">Existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God" title="God">God</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru" title="Guru">Guru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inner_peace" title="Inner peace">Inner peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Involution_(philosophy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Involution (philosophy)">Involution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jihad" title="Jihad">Jihad</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Karma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevala_jnana" title="Kevala jnana">Kevala jnana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lataif-e-sitta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lataif-e-sitta">Lataif-e-sitta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meaning_of_life" title="Meaning of life">Meaning of life</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metaphysics" title="Metaphysics">Metaphysics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mind%27s_eye" class="mw-redirect" title="Mind's eye">Mind's eye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moksha" title="Moksha">Moksha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nature" title="Nature">Nature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nirvana" title="Nirvana">Nirvana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paranormal" title="Paranormal">Paranormal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parapsychology" title="Parapsychology">Parapsychology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plane_(cosmology)" class="mw-redirect" title="Plane (cosmology)">Planes of existence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prophecy" title="Prophecy">Prophecy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qi" title="Qi">Qi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reality" title="Reality">Reality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reincarnation" title="Reincarnation">Reincarnation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Revelation" title="Revelation">Revelation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salvation" title="Salvation">Salvation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samadhi" title="Samadhi">Samadhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satguru" title="Satguru">Satguru</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satori" title="Satori">Satori</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shabd" class="mw-redirect" title="Shabd">Shabd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shunyata" class="mw-redirect" title="Shunyata">Shunyata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soul" title="Soul">Soul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitalism" title="Vitalism">Spirit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_evolution" title="Spiritual evolution">Spiritual evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(beliefs)" title="Spiritualism (beliefs)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_possession" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritual possession">Spiritual possession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supernatural" title="Supernatural">Supernatural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Synchronicity" title="Synchronicity">Synchronicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao" title="Tao">Tao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tatvas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tatvas">Tatvas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yana_(Buddhism)" title="Yana (Buddhism)">Yana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuga" title="Yuga">Yuga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spiritual_practice" title="Spiritual practice">Practices</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ahimsa" title="Ahimsa">Ahimsa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aikido" title="Aikido">Aikido</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altruism" title="Altruism">Altruism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_worship" class="mw-redirect" title="Ancestor worship">Ancestor worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asceticism" title="Asceticism">Asceticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrology" title="Astrology">Astrology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Testimony" title="Testimony">Bearing testimony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Born_again_(Christianity)" class="mw-redirect" title="Born again (Christianity)">Being born again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhajan" title="Bhajan">Bhajan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bhakti" title="Bhakti">Bhakti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blessing" title="Blessing">Blessing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celibacy" title="Celibacy">Celibacy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Channelling_(mediumistic)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channelling (mediumistic)">Channelling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chant" title="Chant">Chanting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contemplation" title="Contemplation">Contemplation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhikr" title="Dhikr">Dhikr</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entheogen" title="Entheogen">Entheogen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theophany" title="Theophany">Epiphany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exorcism" title="Exorcism">Exorcism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith_healing" title="Faith healing">Faith healing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fasting" title="Fasting">Fasting</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glossolalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Glossolalia">Glossolalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hymn" title="Hymn">Hymn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iconolatry" title="Iconolatry">Iconolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japa" title="Japa">Japa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kinomichi" title="Kinomichi">Kinomichi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Koan" title="Koan">Koan practice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mantra" title="Mantra">Mantra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meditation" title="Meditation">Meditation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">Martyrdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_religion" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of religion">Ministering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miracle" title="Miracle">Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monasticism" title="Monasticism">Monasticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muraqaba" class="mw-redirect" title="Muraqaba">Muraqaba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonresistance" title="Nonresistance">Nonresistance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonviolence" title="Nonviolence">Nonviolence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pacifism" title="Pacifism">Pacifism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage" title="Pilgrimage">Pilgrimage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prayer" title="Prayer">Prayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qawwali" title="Qawwali">Qawwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qigong" title="Qigong">Qigong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_ecstasy" title="Religious ecstasy">Religious ecstasy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religious_music" title="Religious music">Religious music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Repentance" title="Repentance">Repentance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_revival" title="Christian revival">Revivalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ritual" title="Ritual">Ritual</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrament" title="Sacrament">Sacrament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacrifice" title="Sacrifice">Sacrifice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S%C4%81dhan%C4%81" title="Sādhanā">Sādhanā</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sahaj_marg" class="mw-redirect" title="Sahaj marg">Sahaj marg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">Sainthood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-realization" title="Self-realization">Self-realization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">Shamanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simple_living" title="Simple living">Simple living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simran" title="Simran">Simran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplication" title="Supplication">Supplication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufi_whirling" title="Sufi whirling">Sufi whirling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tai_chi" title="Tai chi">Tai chi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Divinization_(Christian)" title="Divinization (Christian)">Theosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tithe" title="Tithe">Tithing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vegetarianism" title="Vegetarianism">Vegetarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veneration" title="Veneration">Veneration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vipassana" class="mw-redirect" title="Vipassana">Vipassana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wabi-sabi" title="Wabi-sabi">Wabi-sabi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vestment" title="Vestment">Wearing vestments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worship" title="Worship">Worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoga" title="Yoga">Yoga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zazen" title="Zazen">Zazen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Belief systems</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Advaita_Vedanta" title="Advaita Vedanta">Advaita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthroposophy" title="Anthroposophy">Anthroposophy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darshana" class="mw-redirect" title="Darshana">Darshana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deism" title="Deism">Deism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Esotericism" class="mw-redirect" title="Esotericism">Esotericism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eutheism,_dystheism,_and_maltheism" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism">Eutheism, dystheism, and maltheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gnosticism" title="Gnosticism">Gnosticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henotheism" title="Henotheism">Henotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathenotheism" title="Kathenotheism">Kathenotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monotheism" title="Monotheism">Monotheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monolatry" title="Monolatry">Monolatry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mysticism" title="Mysticism">Mysticism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Age" title="New Age">New Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nonduality_(spirituality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonduality (spirituality)">Nondualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pandeism" title="Pandeism">Pandeism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panentheism" title="Panentheism">Panentheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pantheism" title="Pantheism">Pantheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polytheism" title="Polytheism">Polytheism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion" title="Religion">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiritualism_(religious_movement)" class="mw-redirect" title="Spiritualism (religious movement)">Spiritualism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism" title="Sufism">Sufism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taoism" title="Taoism">Taoism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theism" title="Theism">Theism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transcendentalism" title="Transcendentalism">Transcendentalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vedanta" title="Vedanta">Vedanta</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Texts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A_Course_in_Miracles" title="A Course in Miracles">A Course in Miracles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akilattirattu_Ammanai" class="mw-redirect" title="Akilattirattu Ammanai">Akilattirattu Ammanai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bible" title="Bible">Bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Book_of_Mormon" title="Book of Mormon">Book of Mormon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cloud_of_Unknowing" title="The Cloud of Unknowing">The Cloud of Unknowing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dhammapada" title="Dhammapada">Dhammapada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hindu_scripture" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu scripture">Hindu scripture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guru_Granth_Sahib" title="Guru Granth Sahib">Guru Granth Sahib</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/I_Ching" title="I Ching">I Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quran" title="Quran">Quran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sufism#Literature" title="Sufism">Sufi texts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tao_Te_Ching" title="Tao Te Ching">Tao Te Ching</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Torah" title="Torah">Torah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Urantia_Book" title="The Urantia Book">The Urantia Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhuangzi_(book)" title="Zhuangzi (book)">Zhuangzi</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virtues" class="mw-redirect" title="Virtues">Virtues</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awareness" title="Awareness">Awareness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charity_(virtue)" class="mw-redirect" title="Charity (virtue)">Charity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compassion" title="Compassion">Compassion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empathy" title="Empathy">Empathy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faith" title="Faith">Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forgiveness" title="Forgiveness">Forgiveness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gratitude" title="Gratitude">Gratitude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honesty" title="Honesty">Honesty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hope" title="Hope">Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition_(knowledge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Intuition 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