CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Louis B. Mayer - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"0a10216b-4f3e-4776-809a-33fc9ab14f37","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Louis_B._Mayer","wgTitle":"Louis B. Mayer","wgCurRevisionId":1257928068,"wgRevisionId":1257928068,"wgArticleId":382576,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Webarchive template wayback links","CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list","All articles with unsourced statements","Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015","Articles with short description","Short description matches Wikidata","Use mdy dates from July 2016","Use American English from July 2016","All Wikipedia articles written in American English","Articles with hCards","Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024","Commons category link is on Wikidata", "1884 births","1957 deaths","Russian Jews","Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Canada","Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent","Canadian emigrants to the United States","American people of Russian-Jewish descent","American film studio executives","American film production company founders","American Freemasons","Film producers from California","Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives","American racehorse owners and breeders","Businesspeople from Los Angeles","California Republican Party chairs","Canadian Freemasons","People from Perris, California","Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders","Academy Honorary Award recipients","Deaths from leukemia in California","Burials at Home of Peace Cemetery","20th-century American businesspeople","Jewish film people"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Louis_B._Mayer","wgRelevantArticleId":382576,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true, "wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":80000,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q319682","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","mediawiki.page.media","ext.scribunto.logs","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups", "ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/1200px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="1406"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/800px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="937"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/640px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="750"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Louis B. Mayer - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Louis_B_Mayer rootpage-Louis_B_Mayer skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+B.+Mayer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+B.+Mayer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Louis+B.+Mayer" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Louis+B.+Mayer" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Early_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Early life </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_career" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_career"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Early career </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_career-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Heading_new_Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_(MGM)_studios" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Heading_new_Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_(MGM)_studios"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Heading new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Heading_new_Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_(MGM)_studios-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Heading new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Heading_new_Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_(MGM)_studios-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Working_with_Irving_Thalberg" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_with_Irving_Thalberg"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Working with Irving Thalberg </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_with_Irving_Thalberg-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Continued_success_after_Thalberg's_death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Continued_success_after_Thalberg's_death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Continued success after Thalberg's death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Continued_success_after_Thalberg's_death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Managing_MGM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Managing_MGM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Managing MGM </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Managing_MGM-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Managing MGM subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Managing_MGM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Management_style" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Management_style"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Management style </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Management_style-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Growth_of_the_studio" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Growth_of_the_studio"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Growth of the studio </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Growth_of_the_studio-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Creating_a_"star_system"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Creating_a_"star_system""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Creating a "star system" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Creating_a_"star_system"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hiring_actors_and_staff" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hiring_actors_and_staff"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Hiring actors and staff </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hiring_actors_and_staff-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Working_with_studio_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Working_with_studio_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.5 Working with studio people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Working_with_studio_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Response_to_technical_innovations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Response_to_technical_innovations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.6 Response to technical innovations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Response_to_technical_innovations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Being_a_father_figure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Being_a_father_figure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.7 Being a father figure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Being_a_father_figure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_child_stars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_child_stars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.8 Developing child stars </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_child_stars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Themes,_musicals_and_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Themes,_musicals_and_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Themes, musicals and formula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Themes,_musicals_and_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-World_War_II_issues" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#World_War_II_issues"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 World War II issues </div> </a> <ul id="toc-World_War_II_issues-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Declining_years_at_MGM" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Declining_years_at_MGM"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Declining years at MGM </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Declining_years_at_MGM-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Personal life </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personal life subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Accusations_of_sexual_abuse" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accusations_of_sexual_abuse"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Accusations of sexual abuse </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accusations_of_sexual_abuse-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Family" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Family"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Family </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Family-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Entertainment_and_leisure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Entertainment_and_leisure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Entertainment and leisure </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Entertainment_and_leisure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Horse_racing_hobby" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Horse_racing_hobby"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.5 Horse racing hobby </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Horse_racing_hobby-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Death" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Death"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Death </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Death-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Legacy </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_recognition" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_recognition"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Honors and recognition </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_recognition-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Filmography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Filmography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Filmography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Filmography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Filmography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Producer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Producer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Producer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Producer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Portrayals_in_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Portrayals in popular culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Portrayals in popular culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Portrayals_in_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Characters_based_on_Mayer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Characters_based_on_Mayer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Characters based on Mayer </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Characters_based_on_Mayer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 18 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Louis B. Mayer</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 38 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-38" aria-hidden="true" > 38 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%D9%8A%D8%B3_%D8%A8%D9%8A._%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="لويس بي. ماير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لويس بي. ماير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%96%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луіс Барт Маер – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Луіс Барт Маер" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луис Майер – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Луис Майер" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D9%88%DB%8C%DB%8C_%D8%A8%DB%8C._%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="لویی بی. میر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لویی بی. میر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%A3%A8%EC%9D%B4_B._%EB%A9%94%EC%9D%B4%EC%96%B4" title="루이 B. 메이어 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="루이 B. 메이어" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%90%D7%99_%D7%91._%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="לואי ב. מאייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לואי ב. מאייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A3%E1%83%98_%E1%83%9B%E1%83%90%E1%83%98%E1%83%94%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="ლუი მაიერი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ლუი მაიერი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луис Барт Майер – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Луис Барт Майер" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luijs_B._Meiers" title="Luijs B. Meiers – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Luijs B. Meiers" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91._%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%98%D0%B5%D1%80" title="Луис Б. Мајер – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Луис Б. Мајер" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%AB%E3%82%A4%E3%82%B9%E3%83%BBB%E3%83%BB%E3%83%A1%E3%82%A4%E3%83%A4%E3%83%BC" title="ルイス・B・メイヤー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ルイス・B・メイヤー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%B5%D1%80,_%D0%9B%D1%83%D0%B8%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82" title="Майер, Луис Барт – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Майер, Луис Барт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B5._%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="หลุยส์ บี. เมเยอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หลุยส์ บี. เมเยอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D1%83%D1%97%D1%81_%D0%91%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%94%D1%80" title="Луїс Барт Маєр – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Луїс Барт Маєр" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="Louis B. Mayer – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Louis B. Mayer" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B7%AF%E6%98%93%C2%B7B%C2%B7%E6%A2%85%E8%80%B6" title="路易·B·梅耶 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="路易·B·梅耶" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319682#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Louis_B._Mayer" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Louis_B._Mayer" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Louis_B._Mayer" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&oldid=1257928068" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Louis_B._Mayer&id=1257928068&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_B._Mayer">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FLouis_B._Mayer">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Louis_B._Mayer&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_B._Mayer" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q319682" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Canadian-American film producer (1884–1957)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with the jurist <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Meyer" title="Louis B. Meyer">Louis B. Meyer</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Louis B. Mayer</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/220px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/330px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg/440px-Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1296" data-file-height="1518" /></a><div class="infobox-caption">Mayer in 1953</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lazar Meir</div> July 12, 1884 <div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">October 29, 1957(1957-10-29) (aged 73) <div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles,_California" class="mw-redirect" title="Los Angeles, California">Los Angeles, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Home_of_Peace_Cemetery_(East_Los_Angeles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)">Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Nationality</th><td class="infobox-data category">Russian-Canadian-American<a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Other names</th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Louis Burt Mayer</li><li>Ezemiel Mayer</li><li>Louis Burton Mayer</li><li>Lazar Mayer,</li><li>Lazar Meir</li></ul></div><a href="#cite_note-LoC-2">[2]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Film producer</li><li>Studio executive</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Years active</th><td class="infobox-data">1915–1951</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data org"><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(United_States)" title="Republican Party (United States)">Republican</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Board member of</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouses</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;margin-top:1px;white-space:normal;">Margaret Shenberg </div> <div class="marriage-line-margin2px"></div> <div style="display:inline-block;margin-bottom:1px;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1904; <abbr title="divorced">div.</abbr> 1947)</div></li><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1151524712"> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Lorena Layson</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1948)</div></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2, including <a href="/wiki/Irene_Mayer_Selznick" title="Irene Mayer Selznick">Irene Mayer Selznick</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Louis Burt Mayer (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈmeɪ.ər/</a>; born Lazar Meir; July 12, 1884<a href="#cite_note-note-3">[3]</a> – October 29, 1957) was a Canadian-American<a href="#cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1">[1]</a> film producer and co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> studios (MGM) in 1924. Under Mayer's management, MGM became the film industry's most prestigious movie studio, accumulating the largest concentration of leading writers, directors, and stars in Hollywood. Mayer was born in the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> and grew up poor in <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>. He quit school at 12 to support his family and later moved to <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a> and purchased and renovated a small vaudeville theatre in <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>. He renovated and expanded several other theatres in the Boston area catering to audiences of higher social classes. After expanding and moving to <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>, he teamed with film producer <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a> and they developed hundreds of films. Mayer handled the business of running the studio, such as setting budgets and approving new productions, while Thalberg, still in his twenties, supervised all MGM productions. Mayer claimed to believe in "wholesome entertainment" and went to great lengths to discover new actors and develop them into major stars.<a href="#cite_note-4">[4]</a> During his long reign at MGM, Mayer acquired many critics and supporters. Some stars did not appreciate his attempts to control their private lives, while others saw him as a concerned father figure. He was controversial for his treatment of the actors under his management, demanding compliance from female stars by threatening their livelihoods, such as in the case of <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, whom he forced to go on diets, take drugs, and work punishing schedules.<a href="#cite_note-castingcouch-5">[5]</a> Mayer was forced to resign as MGM's vice president in 1951, when the studio's parent company, Loew's, Inc., wanted to improve declining profits. A staunch conservative, Mayer at one time was the chairman of the <a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California Republican Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> In 1927, he was one of the founders of <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">AMPAS</a>, famous for its annual <a href="/wiki/Academy_Awards" title="Academy Awards">Academy Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life">edit</a>]</div> Mayer preferred to say that he was born in <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>. <a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a>, in an early biography, gave his birthplace as "a little town near Minsk".<a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a> Other sources cite such places as Demre <a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> and Dmra, "a village between <a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>".<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Charles Higham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Scott Eyman</a> state that Mayer was born in <a href="/wiki/Dymer,_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Dymer, Kyiv Oblast">Dymer</a> near <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a> in Ukraine;<a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> this accords with what Mayer himself stated in his naturalization filing in 1912, where he gave his birthplace as Dumier, Russia. <a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krakowski" title="Andrzej Krakowski">Andrzej Krakowski</a> has suggested that the birthplace has been misinterpreted and Mayer was in fact from the town of <a href="/wiki/Mi%C5%84sk_Mazowiecki" title="Mińsk Mazowiecki">Mińsk Mazowiecki</a> in eastern Poland, which at the time was subjugated by the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-14">[14]</a> According to his personal details in the U.S. immigration documents,<a href="#cite_note-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-16">[16]</a> the date was July 4, 1885.<a href="#cite_note-17">[a]</a><a href="#cite_note-:0-13">[13]</a> In addition he gave his birth year as 1882 in his marriage certificate<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> while the April 1910 census states his age as 26<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> (b.1883). His parents were Jacob and Sarah (née Meltzer) Meir (both <a href="/wiki/Jewish" class="mw-redirect" title="Jewish">Jewish</a>) and he had two sisters — Yetta, born ca. 1878 and Ida, born ca. 1883. Mayer first moved with his family to <a href="/wiki/Long_Island" title="Long Island">Long Island</a>, where they lived from 1887 to 1892 and where his two brothers were born—Rubin, in April 1888<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and Jeremiah, in April 1891.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> Then, they moved to <a href="/wiki/Saint_John,_New_Brunswick" title="Saint John, New Brunswick">Saint John, New Brunswick</a>, where Mayer attended school.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman22-22">[21]</a> His father started a <a href="/wiki/Scrap_metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Scrap metal">scrap metal</a> business, J. Mayer & Son. An immigrant unskilled in any trade, he struggled to earn a living. Young Louis quit school at age twelve to work with his father and help support his family.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman22-22">[21]</a> He roamed the streets with a cart that said "Junk Dealer" and collected any scrap metal he came across. When the owner of a tin business, John Wilson, saw him with his cart, he began giving him copper trimmings which were of no use and Mayer considered Wilson to be his first partner and his best friend. Wilson remembered that he was impressed with the boy's good manners and bright personality.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._23-23">[22]</a> Whenever Mayer visited Saint John in later years, he placed flowers on Wilson's grave, just as he did on his mother's.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._23-23">[22]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I had been to his hometown. I knew from whence he sprang. He taught himself grammar. He taught himself manners. If anybody on earth ever created himself, Louis B. Mayer did. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—actress <a href="/wiki/Ann_Rutherford" title="Ann Rutherford">Ann Rutherford</a><a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a></cite> </div> "It was a crappy childhood", said Mayer's nephew Gerald. His family was poor and Mayer's father spoke little English and had no valuable skills. It thus became young Mayer's ambition and drive that supported the family.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._25-25">[24]</a> With his family speaking mostly <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> at home, his goal of self-education when he quit school was made more difficult.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._25-25">[24]</a> In his spare time, he hung around the York Theatre, sometimes paying to watch the live vaudeville shows. He became enamored of the entertainment business. Then in 1904 the 20-year-old Mayer left Saint John for <a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, where he continued for a time in the scrap metal business, got married and took a variety of odd jobs to support his new family when his junk business lagged. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_career">Early career</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Early career">edit</a>]</div> Mayer renovated the Gem Theater, a rundown, 600 seat <a href="/wiki/Burlesque_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Burlesque house">burlesque house</a> in <a href="/wiki/Haverhill,_Massachusetts" title="Haverhill, Massachusetts">Haverhill, Massachusetts</a>,<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> which he reopened on November 28, 1907, as the Orpheum, his first movie theater. To overcome an unfavorable reputation that the building had, Mayer opened with a religious film at his new Orpheum, <a href="/wiki/From_the_Manger_to_the_Cross" title="From the Manger to the Cross">From the Manger to the Cross</a>, in 1912.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> Within a few years, he owned all five of Haverhill's theaters, and, with <a href="/wiki/Nathan_H._Gordon" title="Nathan H. Gordon">Nathan H. Gordon</a>, created the Gordon-Mayer partnership that controlled the largest theater chain in <a href="/wiki/New_England" title="New England">New England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-current-28">[27]</a> During his years in Haverhill, Mayer lived at 16 Middlesex St. in the city's Bradford section, closer to city center at Temple Street and at 2 1/2 Merrimac St. Mayer also lived in a house he built at 27 Hamilton Ave.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> In 1914, the partners organized their own film distribution agency in Boston. Mayer paid <a href="/wiki/D.W._Griffith" class="mw-redirect" title="D.W. Griffith">D.W. Griffith</a> $25,000 for the exclusive rights to show <a href="/wiki/The_Birth_of_a_Nation" title="The Birth of a Nation">The Birth of a Nation</a> (1915) in New England. Mayer made the bid on a film that one of his scouts had seen, but he had not, although he was well aware of the plot surrounding the <a href="/wiki/Ku_Klux_Klan" title="Ku Klux Klan">Ku Klux Klan</a>; his decision netted him over $100,000.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> Using earnings from the popularity of The Birth of a Nation, Mayer partnered with <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Rowland" title="Richard A. Rowland">Richard A. Rowland</a> in 1916 to create <a href="/wiki/Metro_Pictures_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Metro Pictures Corporation">Metro Pictures Corporation</a>, a talent booking agency, in New York City. Two years later, Mayer moved to Los Angeles and formed his own production company, <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer_Pictures" title="Louis B. Mayer Pictures">Louis B. Mayer Pictures Corporation</a>. The first production was 1918's Virtuous Wives. A partnership was set up with <a href="/wiki/B._P._Schulberg" title="B. P. Schulberg">B. P. Schulberg</a> to make the Mayer-Schulberg Studio In late 1922, Mayer was introduced to <a href="/wiki/Irving_Thalberg" title="Irving Thalberg">Irving Thalberg</a>, then working for <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal Pictures</a>. Mayer was searching for someone to help him manage his small, but dynamic and fast-growing studio. At that first meeting, Thalberg made an immediate positive impression on Mayer, writes biographer Roland Flamini. Later that evening, after Thalberg had left, Mayer told the studio's attorney, Edwin Loeb, to let Thalberg know that if he wanted to work for Mayer, he would be treated like a son.<a href="#cite_note-Flamini-32">[31]</a>: 46  Although their personalities were in many ways opposite, Mayer being more outspoken and nearly twice the younger man's age, Thalberg was hired as vice president in charge of production at <a href="/wiki/Louis_B._Mayer_Productions" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis B. Mayer Productions">Louis B. Mayer Productions</a>. Years later, Mayer's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Mayer_Selznick" title="Irene Mayer Selznick">Irene Mayer Selznick</a>, found it hard to believe that anyone "so boyish could be so important".<a href="#cite_note-Flamini-32">[31]</a>: 47  According to Flamini, Thalberg was hired because, although Mayer was an astute businessman, he lacked Thalberg's strong ability to combine making films of quality with gaining commercial success.<a href="#cite_note-Flamini-32">[31]</a>: 47  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Heading_new_Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_(MGM)_studios">Heading new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Heading new Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer (MGM) studios">edit</a>]</div> Mayer's big breakthrough was in April 1924 when his company subsequently merged with two others to become <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (MGM). The 24-year-old Thalberg was made part-owner and accorded the same position as vice president in charge of production. <a href="/wiki/Marcus_Loew" title="Marcus Loew">Marcus Loew</a>, owner of the <a href="/wiki/Loews_Theatres" class="mw-redirect" title="Loews Theatres">Loew's</a> chain, merged Metro Pictures, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Goldwyn" title="Samuel Goldwyn">Samuel Goldwyn</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Goldwyn_Pictures_Corporation" class="mw-redirect" title="Goldwyn Pictures Corporation">Goldwyn Pictures Corporation</a>, and Mayer Pictures into Metro-Goldwyn. Loew had bought Metro and Goldwyn some months before, but could not find anyone to oversee his new holdings on the West Coast. Mayer, with his proven success as a producer, was an obvious choice. He was named head of studio operations and a Loew's vice president, based in Los Angeles, reporting to Loew's longtime right-hand man <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Schenck" title="Nicholas Schenck">Nicholas Schenck</a>. He would hold this post for the next 27 years. Before the year was out, Mayer added his name to the studio with Loew's blessing, renaming it Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer. Three years after the merger, MGM became the most successful studio in Hollywood. Loew died in 1927, and Schenck became president of Loew's. Mayer and Schenck hated each other intensely; Mayer reportedly referred to his boss, whose name was pronounced "Skenk", as "Mr. Skunk" in private.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Two years later, Schenck agreed to sell Loew's – and MGM – to <a href="/wiki/William_Fox_(producer)" title="William Fox (producer)">William Fox</a>, which angered Mayer. But despite his important role in MGM, Mayer was not a shareholder, and had no standing to challenge the sale. So he instead used his Washington connections to persuade the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Justice" title="United States Department of Justice">Justice Department</a> to delay the merger on <a href="/wiki/Antitrust" class="mw-redirect" title="Antitrust">antitrust</a> grounds. During the summer of 1929, Fox was severely injured in an auto accident. By the time he recovered, the <a href="/wiki/Stock_market_crash_of_1929" class="mw-redirect" title="Stock market crash of 1929">stock market crash</a> had wiped out his fortune, destroying any chance of the deal going through even if the Justice Department had lifted its objections. Nonetheless, Schenck believed Mayer had cost him a fortune and never forgave him, causing an already frigid relationship to become even worse. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_with_Irving_Thalberg">Working with Irving Thalberg</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Working with Irving Thalberg">edit</a>]</div> Mayer and Thalberg were a brilliant team that worked well together. They relied on each other, and neither operated unilaterally.<a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> Mayer took charge of the business part of running the studio, such as setting budgets and approving new productions. Thalberg, eventually called the "boy wonder", took charge of all MGM productions. Director <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Newman" title="Joseph M. Newman">Joseph M. Newman</a> said that their skills complemented each other well, with Thalberg having a great story mind, and Mayer having superior business acumen. They shared a guiding philosophy, to make the best motion pictures they could at any cost, even if it meant reshooting the entire picture.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._120-35">[34]</a> More important than showing a consistent profit with their films was, for them, to see MGM become a high-quality studio. That goal began with their early silent films, when stars such as <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a>, Mayer's discovery, acted in lush settings with spectacular camera work.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._120-35">[34]</a> Although they initially got along well, their relationship frayed over philosophical differences. Thalberg preferred literary works over the crowd-pleasers Mayer wanted. He ousted Thalberg as production chief in 1932, while Thalberg was recovering from a heart attack, and replaced him with producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a>. But MGM received a serious blow when Thalberg died suddenly on September 14, 1936, at age 37. His death came as a shock to Mayer and everyone at MGM and the other studios.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._231-36">[35]</a> Mayer issued statements to the press, calling Thalberg "the finest friend a man could ever have ... the guiding inspiration behind the artistic progress on the screen." His funeral was a major news event in Los Angeles. All the studios observed five minutes of silence, while MGM closed its studio for the entire day.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._231-36">[35]</a> Mayer dedicated MGM's front office building and christened it the Thalberg Building.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> He had the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences" title="Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences</a> establish the <a href="/wiki/Irving_G._Thalberg_Memorial_Award" title="Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award">Irving G. Thalberg Memorial Award</a>, given to producers to recognize their exceptional careers, now considered one of the most prestigious awards in the Hollywood film industry.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Continued_success_after_Thalberg's_death">Continued success after Thalberg's death</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Continued success after Thalberg's death">edit</a>]</div> After Thalberg died, many in Hollywood expected Mayer to "stumble and fall".<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._12-39">[38]</a> Director Joseph M. Newman saw the studio start to change for the worse.<a href="#cite_note-40">[39]</a> Some actors were affected, such as <a href="/wiki/Luise_Rainer" title="Luise Rainer">Luise Rainer</a>, winner of Hollywood's first back-to-back Oscars, who felt that the death of Thalberg marked the death of her career: "Had it not been that he died, I think I may have stayed much longer in films."<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> was also concerned, feeling that with Thalberg gone, the concept of the quality "big" picture "pretty much went out the window".<a href="#cite_note-42">[41]</a> However, MGM under Mayer's leadership continued to produce successful movies. Mayer made himself head of production as well as studio chief. For the next ten years, MGM grew and thrived.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._12-39">[38]</a> 1939 was an especially "golden" year: besides distributing <a href="/wiki/Gone_with_the_Wind_(film)" title="Gone with the Wind (film)">Gone with the Wind</a>, MGM released <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Babes_in_Arms_(film)" title="Babes in Arms (film)">Babes in Arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/At_the_Circus" title="At the Circus">At the Circus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Women_(1939_film)" title="The Women (1939 film)">The Women</a>. Garbo laughed in <a href="/wiki/Ninotchka" title="Ninotchka">Ninotchka</a>; <a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_Mr._Chips_(1939_film)" title="Goodbye, Mr. Chips (1939 film)">Goodbye, Mr. Chips</a> won an Oscar (it was nominated for seven); and <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a>, another of Mayer's personal discoveries, made her film debut. Mayer became the first person in American history to earn a million-dollar salary. For nine years from 1937, when he earned $1,300,000 (equivalent to $27,552,778 today<a href="#cite_note-inflation-US-43">[42]</a>) Mayer was the highest-paid man in the United States.<a href="#cite_note-friedrich1986-44">[43]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Managing_MGM">Managing MGM</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Managing MGM">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Management_style">Management style</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Management style">edit</a>]</div> In his overall management skills, Mayer was considered a great executive, someone who could have run <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> equally as well as a large studio like MGM, said producer <a href="/wiki/Joseph_L._Mankiewicz" title="Joseph L. Mankiewicz">Joseph L. Mankiewicz</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman7-45">[44]</a> He worked at the studio all the time, and decisively, without any fixed schedule, but disliked paperwork.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman284-46">[45]</a> Some said Mayer had a lot in common with newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>. Hearst had financed multiple MGM pictures, while MGM benefited by having film reviews included nationwide in the Hearst newspapers. Hearst, 20 years Mayer's senior, affectionately referred to Mayer as "son" and they became good friends.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._115-47">[46]</a> Mayer took Hearst's suggestion to build himself an office bungalow on the MGM lot, something Hearst said was appropriate for a studio head: "Everybody of distinction from all over the world comes to Los Angeles and everybody who comes wants to see your studio and they all want to meet you and do meet you, so put on a few airs son, and provide the atmosphere."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._115-47">[46]</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Brown" title="Clarence Brown">Clarence Brown</a> pointed out that overall, Mayer's skill was similar to Hearst's in that they both learned by doing. What Mayer couldn't do on his own, he hired the best talent he could find to do for him. "Like Hearst and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a>," said Brown, "he was an executive genius".<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._115-47">[46]</a> Mayer's temper was widely known, but most people knew that his sudden bursts of anger faded quickly. With those working underneath him, he was usually patient and preferred to leave department heads alone, and would fire executives if they failed to produce successful films over a long period.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman284-46">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Growth_of_the_studio">Growth of the studio</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Growth of the studio">edit</a>]</div> At its peak in the 1940s, MGM employed six thousand people, had three entrances, and covered 185 acres in <a href="/wiki/Culver_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Culver City">Culver City</a>, California, outside of <a href="/wiki/Los_Angeles" title="Los Angeles">Los Angeles</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Hogan-48">[47]</a> It had forty cameras and sixty sound machines, used on its six separate lots, and connected with its own rail line.<a href="#cite_note-Hogan-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._1-49">[48]</a> About 2,700 people ate in the commissary every day. Power was supplied by an in-house electrical plant which could light a town of 25,000.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._1-49">[48]</a> In addition, MGM maintained a police force of fifty officers—larger than that of Culver City itself.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman2-50">[49]</a> "Anywhere from sixteen to eighteen pictures were being shot at one time", remembers actress <a href="/wiki/Ann_Rutherford" title="Ann Rutherford">Ann Rutherford</a>. "They were either shooting or preparing to shoot on every sound stage."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._1-49">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Creating_a_"star_system"">Creating a "star system"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Creating a "star system"">edit</a>]</div> Mayer helped create what is termed the <a href="/wiki/Star_system_(filmmaking)" title="Star system (filmmaking)">"star system"</a>. At one point he explained the process he went through in creating a star: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">The idea of a star being born is bush-wah. A star is made, created; carefully and cold-bloodedly built up from nothing, from nobody. All I ever looked for was a face. If someone looked good to me, I'd have him tested. If a person looked good on film, if he photographed well, we could do the rest. ... We hired geniuses at make-up, hair dressing, surgeons to slice away a bulge here and there, rubbers to rub away the blubber, clothes designers, lighting experts, coaches for everything—fencing, dancing, walking, talking, sitting and spitting.<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hiring_actors_and_staff">Hiring actors and staff</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Hiring actors and staff">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/220px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/330px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg/440px-Lionel_Barrymore_61st_birthday_1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1076" /></a><figcaption>Lionel Barrymore's 61st birthday in 1939, standing: <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Montgomery_(actor)" title="Robert Montgomery (actor)">Robert Montgomery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>, Louis B. Mayer, <a href="/wiki/William_Powell" title="William Powell">William Powell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(American_actor)" title="Robert Taylor (American actor)">Robert Taylor</a>, seated: <a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore" title="Lionel Barrymore">Lionel Barrymore</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Rosalind_Russell" title="Rosalind Russell">Rosalind Russell</a></figcaption></figure> During MGM's growth period, Mayer traveled often, and among his personal discoveries were <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hedy_Lamarr" title="Hedy Lamarr">Hedy Lamarr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norma_Shearer" title="Norma Shearer">Norma Shearer</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman8-52">[51]</a> He also signed up dancing team <a href="/wiki/Marge_Champion" title="Marge Champion">Marge</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gower_Champion" title="Gower Champion">Gower Champion</a> and discovered <a href="/wiki/Mario_Lanza" title="Mario Lanza">Mario Lanza</a>, then a young tenor from Philadelphia, who Mayer hoped to turn into a "singing <a href="/wiki/Clark_Gable" title="Clark Gable">Clark Gable</a>".<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> When hiring new actors, he typically wanted them to agree to stay with the studio for either three or seven years, during which time they would become one of the MGM "family". The studio usually succeeded in hiring those it wanted since they offered the highest salaries.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._288-54">[53]</a> With executives, Mayer took more time before taking them, wanting to know them first on a personal level. He respected intelligence and talent overall, said manager Joe Cohn: "One time he said to me, 'Never be afraid of hiring a fellow smarter than you are. You'll only learn from them.'"<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._288-54">[53]</a> Mayer took pride in his ability to hire good people, and once hired, he left them alone to do their job without interference. That policy held true whether the person was a producer, a department head or simply a janitor.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._289-55">[54]</a> As a result, while other studios went through continuous upheavals or reorganizations, Mayer's hands-off policy kept MGM stable and sound, where employees felt their jobs were secure."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._287-56">[55]</a> When meeting a new employee, he always told them to come to him personally for help with any problems. Some, like <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a>, considered this attitude to be "pompous" however, since he used his position to meddle in people's lives. Others, such as actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>, after his first meeting Mayer, said "I found him to be a man of truth ... Behind his gutta-percha face and roly-poly figure, it was evident there was a man of steel—but well-mannered steel."<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> British director <a href="/wiki/Victor_Saville" title="Victor Saville">Victor Saville</a> remembered him as being "the best listener. He wanted to know. He was the devil's advocate. He would prod you and question you and suck you dry of any knowledge."<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Working_with_studio_people">Working with studio people</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Working with studio people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> L.B. wasn't crude at all. Super-intelligent people might have found him common or crass. He may have been an immigrant with a good suit of clothes, but never forget that this was a man working hard to be an American. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—actress <a href="/wiki/Esther_Williams" title="Esther Williams">Esther Williams</a><a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._287-56">[55]</a></cite> </div> His attitude and conversational style were both professional and animated, sometimes "theatrical", observed June Caldwell, secretary to <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Mannix" title="Eddie Mannix">Eddie Mannix</a>, Mayer's assistant. "Bombastic and colorful, but I never heard him use nasty language ... he had a great loyalty to everybody, and everybody respected him. And he would listen ... You could work with him."<a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> His manners were considered "impeccable". With MGM's film output as high as one film each week, he never panicked over a bad picture. If somebody suggested canceling a movie and cutting the studio's losses, when a film had consistent production problems, Mayer would typically refuse.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman284-46">[45]</a> He relied on his instinct and intuition, said actress <a href="/wiki/Esther_Williams" title="Esther Williams">Esther Williams</a>. Although he did not read full scripts, if he was given the framework of a story, he could assemble the pieces needed to see if it could be a successful film.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._300-60">[59]</a> Occasionally, when producers, directors, writers or actors were deadlocked over how to handle a problem in a film, he would mediate. On <a href="/wiki/Rosalie_(1937_film)" title="Rosalie (1937 film)">Rosalie</a>, for instance, when <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Eddy" title="Nelson Eddy">Nelson Eddy</a> refused to sing a song he thought was too melodramatic, its songwriter, <a href="/wiki/Cole_Porter" title="Cole Porter">Cole Porter</a>, went to Mayer and played it for him. Mayer was moved to tears by the song, and told Eddy to sing it. "Imagine making Louis B. Mayer cry," Porter later told friends.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Response_to_technical_innovations">Response to technical innovations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Response to technical innovations">edit</a>]</div> With regard to any technical issues with productions, Mayer left the details and solutions to MGM's engineers. He, though, like other top film executives and Hollywood stars in the 1920s and early 1930s, was often too quick to dismiss news of inventions and major innovations on the horizon that might profoundly change the movie industry or possibly challenge in the future the growing dominance of films in the realm of American entertainment.<a href="#cite_note-FilmDaily32-62">[61]</a> Beyond the well-entrenched aspect of sound by 1932, other technologies being discussed at that time in newspapers and on studio lots included color features, widescreen formatting, and even early television.<a href="#cite_note-FilmDaily32-62">[61]</a> In August 1932, after an "exclusive" interview with Mayer in New York, <a href="/wiki/The_Film_Daily" title="The Film Daily">The Film Daily</a> reported the movie mogul's assertions that such potential developments would never impact motion pictures in substantial, meaningful ways: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Peering into the industry's future, Louis B. Mayer ... sees no great production development or invention which will again revolutionize the business, as in the instance of sound. Television, color, and wide film he dismissed as promising no important influence on motion pictures. Television, according to the M-G-M chieftain, is impractical from the standpoint of any association with motion pictures. In taking this attitude he stressed the rapidity at which images must be transmitted in television and pointed out that satisfactory results cannot be obtained with this requirement. Except in some short subjects, such as educationals, <a href="/wiki/Travel_documentary" title="Travel documentary">travelogues</a>, and novelties, color has no place on the screen, Mayer asserted. It has the effect of detracting interest from the story being told. In addition the cost must be considered. Examining the possibility of the wide screen, Mayer said that it eliminates the intimacy allowed by the standard-sized screen. It might be effectively used in mob scenes, he observed, but pointed out the impracticability of switching back and forth between projectors capable of projecting both sizes of pictures.<a href="#cite_note-FilmDaily32-62">[61]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Being_a_father_figure">Being a father figure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Being a father figure">edit</a>]</div> With many of his actors, Mayer was like an overprotective father. In some cases, especially with child actors, he could become closely involved in managing their everyday lives, telling them where to shop, where to dine, or what doctor to visit. He liked giving suggestions about how they could take better care of themselves.<a href="#cite_note-63">[62]</a> He sometimes arranged marriages, and coping with occupational hazards such as alcoholism, suicide, and eccentric sexual habits were as much a part of his job as negotiating contracts with stars and directors.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> When he learned that <a href="/wiki/June_Allyson" title="June Allyson">June Allyson</a> was dating David Rose, for instance, he told her to stop seeing him: "If you care about your reputation, you cannot be seen with a married man."<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg/220px-Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg/330px-Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg/440px-Louis_B_Mayer_and_Joan_Crawford.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3360" data-file-height="3598" /></a><figcaption>Mayer with <a href="/wiki/Joan_Crawford" title="Joan Crawford">Joan Crawford</a> at the premiere of <a href="/wiki/Torch_Song_(1953_film)" title="Torch Song (1953 film)">Torch Song</a>, 1953. "To me," she once stated, "L.B. Mayer was my father, my father confessor, the best friend I ever had."<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_22-66">[65]</a></figcaption></figure> Stories about his sobbing or rages have often been repeated in books, but few employees ever saw that part of him. "Mr. Mayer was to me like a father", said <a href="/wiki/Ricardo_Montalb%C3%A1n" title="Ricardo Montalbán">Ricardo Montalbán</a>. "He really thought of the people under contract as his boys and girls."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._289-55">[54]</a> Mayer's paternalism could extend to productions; for example, he revised the Dr. Kildare stories in order to keep an ailing <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore" title="Lionel Barrymore">Lionel Barrymore</a>, who required the use of a wheelchair due to <a href="/wiki/Arthritis" title="Arthritis">arthritis</a>, on the job.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._289-55">[54]</a> Some, such as young starlet <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>, disliked Mayer overseeing their lives; Taylor called him a "monster",<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, another young actor who co-starred with Taylor when she was 12, formed the opposite impression: "He was the daddy of everybody and vitally interested in everybody. They always talk badly about Mayer, but he was really a wonderful guy ... he listened and you listened."<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Rooney spoke from experience, as he himself had some confrontations with Mayer, observed film historian Jane Ellen Wayne: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Mayer naturally tried to keep all his child actors in line, like any father figure. After one such episode, Mickey Rooney replied, "I won't do it. You're asking the impossible." Mayer then grabbed young Rooney by his lapels and said, "Listen to me! I don't care what you do in private. Just don't do it in public. In public, behave. Your fans expect it. You're Andy Hardy! You're the United States! You're the Stars and Stripes. Behave yourself! You're a symbol!" Mickey nodded. "I'll be good, Mr. Mayer. I promise you that." Mayer let go of his lapels. "All right", he said.<a href="#cite_note-Wayne-69">[68]</a></blockquote> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg/220px-Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="257" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg/330px-Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg/440px-Rooney-Garland-ebay-1938.jpg 2x" data-file-width="591" data-file-height="690" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> in <a href="/wiki/Love_Finds_Andy_Hardy" title="Love Finds Andy Hardy">Love Finds Andy Hardy</a>, 1938</figcaption></figure> One of Rooney's repeat costars in Andy Hardy and other films was <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, with whom he made nine films. Garland stated in her unfinished autobiography that Mayer molested her.<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> In the late 1940s, she began having personal problems, which affected her acting, and Mayer tried his best to protect her star reputation while keeping her overworked and making money for MGM. She suffered from addictions to prescription drugs, severe eating disorders and domestic strains, as well as a multitude of issues with her mental health. This was largely the result of Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer, her mother, and the era's ignorance of diet and drugs.<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_275-71">[70]</a> When her absences caused the production of <a href="/wiki/Summer_Stock" title="Summer Stock">Summer Stock</a> to go far over budget, producer <a href="/wiki/Joe_Pasternak" title="Joe Pasternak">Joe Pasternak</a> suggested that Mayer cut his losses and cancel the picture. Mayer refused, telling him, "Judy Garland has made this studio a fortune in the good days, and the least we can do is to give her one more chance. If you stop production now, it'll finish her",<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a> in what some consider to be his last attempt at holding on to her fame for the benefit of the studio. She completed the film, but during her next picture, <a href="/wiki/Annie_Get_Your_Gun_(film)" title="Annie Get Your Gun (film)">Annie Get Your Gun</a>, the studio finally ran out of patience. Costar <a href="/wiki/Howard_Keel" title="Howard Keel">Howard Keel</a> recalls that "she began to fall apart". After the studio fired her, she attempted suicide.<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_275-71">[70]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_child_stars">Developing child stars</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Developing child stars">edit</a>]</div> Mayer wanted the studio to nurture child stars for MGM's family-oriented productions. The studio provided all the essential services, such as formal education and medical care. They were given acting or dancing tutors. Mayer loved children, wrote biographer <a href="/wiki/Kitty_Kelley" title="Kitty Kelley">Kitty Kelley</a>: "They provided the magic that brought millions of people stampeding into theaters every week ... They were the good, clean, wholesome elements of the folksy entertainment that was MGM's specialty."<a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Coogan" title="Jackie Coogan">Jackie Coogan</a>, then 11, marked the studio's debut using child stars with his role in The Rag Man in 1925. During Hollywood's golden age, MGM had more child actors than any other studio, including <a href="/wiki/Jackie_Cooper" title="Jackie Cooper">Jackie Cooper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Freddie_Bartholomew" title="Freddie Bartholomew">Freddie Bartholomew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Taylor" title="Elizabeth Taylor">Elizabeth Taylor</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Roddy_McDowall" title="Roddy McDowall">Roddy McDowall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Themes,_musicals_and_formula">Themes, musicals and formula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Themes, musicals and formula">edit</a>]</div> While MGM's films during the 1920s and 1930s were often known for containing adult themes and strong female stars, such as Greta Garbo, after Thalberg's early death in 1936, Mayer promoted a change in emphasis to more male leads, family themes, and child stars.<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> And unusual for a movie mogul, he took moral positions in his movies, especially when it came to portraying family values—as in the Andy Hardy series.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman8-52">[51]</a> One of Mayer's proudest moments came when Mickey Rooney, who starred as Andy Hardy, was given a special award by the Academy in 1942 for "furthering the American way of life."<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I am going to make pictures you can take your mother and your children to see. I am not going to make pictures for the sake of awards or for the critics. I want to make pictures for Americans and for all people to enjoy. When I send my pictures abroad, I want them to show America in the right light—and not that we are a nation chiefly of drunks, gangsters and prostitutes. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Louis B. Mayer<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._450-77">[76]</a></cite> </div> Mayer tried to express an idealized vision of men, women, and families in the real world they lived in. He also believed in beauty, glamour, and the "star system".<a href="#cite_note-Eyman8-52">[51]</a> In MGM films, "marriage was sacrosanct and mothers were objects of veneration".<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> Author Peter Hay states that Mayer "cherished the Puritan values of family and hard work."<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_22-66">[65]</a> When he hired writers, he made those objectives clear at the outset, once telling screenwriter Frances Marion that he never wanted his own daughters or his wife to be embarrassed when watching an MGM movie. "I worship good women, honorable men, and saintly mothers", he told her.<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_22-66">[65]</a> Mayer was serious about that, once coming from behind his desk and knocking director <a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Stroheim" title="Erich von Stroheim">Erich von Stroheim</a> to the floor when he said that all women were whores.<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_22-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> Mayer knew that formula in his themes and stories usually works. He felt that the general public, especially Americans, like to see stars, spectacle, and optimism on screen, and if possible, with a little sentiment attached. They don't like to be challenged or instructed, but comforted and entertained.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._9-80">[79]</a> Therefore, having messages was less important to Mayer than giving his audience pure entertainment and escapism. In his screen dramas, he wanted them to be melodramatic, whereas in comedies, he often laced them with strong doses of sentimentality. "He loved swaggering, charismatic hams like <a href="/wiki/Lionel_Barrymore" title="Lionel Barrymore">Lionel Barrymore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Marie_Dressler" title="Marie Dressler">Marie Dressler</a>", wrote Eyman.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._9-80">[79]</a> <a href="/wiki/Musical_film" title="Musical film">Musicals</a> were high on his list of preferred genres. Anxious to make more of them, on a hunch, he asked songwriter <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> to be associate producer for <a href="/wiki/The_Wizard_of_Oz_(1939_film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Wizard of Oz (1939 film)">The Wizard of Oz</a>. As Mayer hoped, Freed's unit at MGM produced many films considered among the best musicals ever made: <a href="/wiki/For_Me_and_My_Gal_(film)" title="For Me and My Gal (film)">For Me and My Gal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Girl_Crazy_(1943_film)" title="Girl Crazy (1943 film)">Girl Crazy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Meet_Me_in_St._Louis_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Meet Me in St. Louis (film)">Meet Me in St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Harvey_Girls_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="The Harvey Girls (film)">The Harvey Girls</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Pirate_(1948_film)" title="The Pirate (1948 film)">The Pirate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Parade_(film)" title="Easter Parade (film)">Easter Parade</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Barkleys_of_Broadway" title="The Barkleys of Broadway">The Barkleys of Broadway</a>, <a href="/wiki/On_the_Town_(film)" title="On the Town (film)">On the Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/An_American_in_Paris_(film)" title="An American in Paris (film)">An American in Paris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Singin%27_in_the_Rain_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Singin' in the Rain (film)">Singin' in the Rain</a>, The Band Wagon, and <a href="/wiki/Gigi_(1958_film)" title="Gigi (1958 film)">Gigi</a>. Mayer's greatest contributions to posterity are said to be his musicals.<a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> Both An American in Paris and Gigi won the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Picture" title="Academy Award for Best Picture">Academy Award for Best Picture</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="World_War_II_issues">World War II issues</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: World War II issues">edit</a>]</div> Unlike <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a>, who produced <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Dictator" title="The Great Dictator">The Great Dictator</a>, the other, much larger Hollywood studios lacked the freedom to make such independent films. Mayer understood that the Germans could ban or boycott Hollywood films throughout much of Europe, with serious economic implications, since 30 to 40 percent of Hollywood's income came from European audiences.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._276-82">[81]</a> Nevertheless, MGM produced <a href="/wiki/Three_Comrades_(1938_film)" title="Three Comrades (1938 film)">Three Comrades</a> in 1938, despite movie censor <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> warning Mayer that the film was "a serious indictment of the German nation and people and is certain to be violently resented by the present government in that country."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._276-82">[81]</a> After the Second World War began in Europe in September 1939, Mayer authorized the production of two anti-Nazi films, <a href="/wiki/The_Mortal_Storm" title="The Mortal Storm">The Mortal Storm</a> and Escape. At the same time, Warner Brothers produced <a href="/wiki/Confessions_of_a_Nazi_Spy" title="Confessions of a Nazi Spy">Confessions of a Nazi Spy</a>. The German government informed the studios that "those films would be remembered by Germany when — not if — they won the war", writes Eyman.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._278-83">[82]</a> Warners had to post guards to protect the family of actor <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a>, and the Germans threatened Mayer with a boycott of all MGM films.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._278-83">[82]</a> From September 1939 until January 1940, all films that could be considered anti-Nazi were banned by the <a href="/wiki/Hays_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Hays Office">Hays Office</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._277-84">[83]</a> The U.S. ambassador to England, <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kennedy" class="mw-redirect" title="Joseph Kennedy">Joseph Kennedy</a>, told the studios to stop making pro-British and anti-German films.<a href="#cite_note-Wapshott-85">[84]</a> Kennedy felt that "British defeat was imminent and there was no point in America holding out alone: 'With England licked, the party's over,' said Kennedy."<a href="#cite_note-Wapshott-85">[84]</a> Defying those pleadings, MGM produced <a href="/wiki/Mrs._Miniver" title="Mrs. Miniver">Mrs. Miniver</a>, a simple story about a family in rural England trying to get by during the early years of the war.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eddie_Mannix" title="Eddie Mannix">Eddie Mannix</a> agreed that "someone should salute England. And even if we lose $100,000, that'll be okay."<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG/220px-Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG/330px-Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/78/Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG/440px-Greer_Garson-publicity.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1040" data-file-height="1306" /></a><figcaption>Greer Garson, 1940s</figcaption></figure> Mayer wanted British actress <a href="/wiki/Greer_Garson" title="Greer Garson">Greer Garson</a>, his personal discovery, to star, but she refused to play a matronly role.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> Mayer implored her "to have the same faith in me" that he had in her.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._345-89">[88]</a> He read from the script, having her visualize the image she would present to the world, "a woman who survives and endures. She was London. No, more than that, she was ... England!"<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._345-89">[88]</a> Garson accepted the role, winning the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Actress" title="Academy Award for Best Actress">Academy Award for Best Actress</a>. Mrs. Miniver won six Academy Awards and became the top box office hit of 1942. <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Delano_Roosevelt" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Delano Roosevelt">President Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> and British Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a> both loved the film, said historian Emily Yellin, and Roosevelt wanted prints rushed to theaters nationwide. The <a href="/wiki/Voice_of_America" title="Voice of America">Voice of America</a> radio network broadcast the minister's speech from the film, magazines reprinted it, and it was copied onto leaflets and dropped over German-occupied countries. Churchill sent Mayer a telegram claiming that "Mrs. Miniver is propaganda worth 100 battleships."<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a> (1960 biographer of Mayer, <a href="#Further_reading">below</a>), wrote in his New York Times review that Mrs. Miniver was the finest film yet made about the war, "and a most exalting tribute to the British."<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> The following year, 1943, saw the release of another Oscar-winning film, this one aimed at supporting the home front, titled <a href="/wiki/The_Human_Comedy_(film)" title="The Human Comedy (film)">The Human Comedy.</a> It was Mayer's personal favorite and the favorite of its director, <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Brown" title="Clarence Brown">Clarence Brown</a>. Mayer assisted the U.S. government by producing a number of short films related to the war, and helped produce pro-American films such as <a href="/wiki/Joe_Smith,_American" title="Joe Smith, American">Joe Smith, American</a>, in 1942.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._277-84">[83]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Declining_years_at_MGM">Declining years at MGM</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Declining years at MGM">edit</a>]</div> The post-war years saw a gradual decline in profits for MGM and the other studios. The number of high-grossing films in 1947 dwindled to six, compared to twenty-two a year earlier. MGM had to let go many of its top producers and other executives. Mayer was pressured to tighten expenses by the studio's parent company, although Mayer's reputation as a "big-picture man" would make that difficult. They began looking for someone, another Thalberg, to redo the studio system. In the interim, Mayer kept making "big pictures".<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._408-92">[91]</a> When <a href="/wiki/RKO" class="mw-redirect" title="RKO">RKO</a> turned down financing of <a href="/wiki/Frank_Capra" title="Frank Capra">Frank Capra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/State_of_the_Union_(film)" title="State of the Union (film)">State of the Union</a> in 1948 because of its expensive budget, Mayer took on the project. He filled the cast with MGM stars including <a href="/wiki/Katharine_Hepburn" title="Katharine Hepburn">Katharine Hepburn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Van_Johnson" title="Van Johnson">Van Johnson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adolphe_Menjou" title="Adolphe Menjou">Adolphe Menjou</a> and <a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a>, but the film only broke even. Nicholas Schenck called Mayer and insisted that he "cut, cut", recalls director <a href="/wiki/George_Sidney" title="George Sidney">George Sidney</a>. Mayer replied, "A studio isn't salami, Nick."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._408-92">[91]</a> "L.B. would ask only one question: 'Can you make it better?' It was all he cared about", said Sidney.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._408-92">[91]</a> As pressure built to find a new Thalberg-style manager to handle production, <a href="/wiki/Dore_Schary" title="Dore Schary">Dore Schary</a> was brought in from RKO, and began work on July 14, 1948, as vice president in charge of production, working under Mayer's direction. Some long-time studio executives saw this change as a sign of the eventual downfall of MGM. When she heard the news, Lillian Burns Sidney, George Sidney's wife, marched into Mayer's office and announced, "Now you've done it. You've ruined everything." She told Mayer that she was afraid Schary would eliminate all future musicals, comedies and adventure movies, and replace them with the "message" movies that he preferred. She expressed her fear: "They won't have need for anybody around here. Even you! You'll see."<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> By mutual consent with Loew's, Mayer resigned from MGM in August 1951. On his final day, as he walked down a red carpet laid out in front of the Thalberg Building, executives, actors and staff lined the path and applauded him for his contributions. "He was so respected," said June Caldwell, Eddie Mannix's secretary.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> Many assumed that his leaving meant the end of an era. Actor <a href="/wiki/Turhan_Bey" title="Turhan Bey">Turhan Bey</a> said, "In every meaningful way, it was the end of Hollywood."<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> Mayer, for a period after he left MGM, tried to finance and assemble a new group of film stars and directors to produce his own films as an independent. He told the press that his films would carry on in the tradition of MGM's previous style of film subjects.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._450-77">[76]</a> In 1952, he became chairman of the board and the single largest shareholder in <a href="/wiki/Cinerama" title="Cinerama">Cinerama</a>, and had hoped to produce a property he owned, <a href="/wiki/Paint_Your_Wagon_(musical)" title="Paint Your Wagon (musical)">Paint Your Wagon</a>, in the widescreen process, but without success. He left Cinerama in 1954 when the company was sold. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Personal life">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Accusations_of_sexual_abuse">Accusations of sexual abuse</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Accusations of sexual abuse">edit</a>]</div> Louis B. Mayer has been accused of sexual abuse, including having groped a then-teenage Judy Garland. According to Gerald Clarke's book <a href="/wiki/Get_Happy:_The_Life_of_Judy_Garland" title="Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland">Get Happy: The Life of Judy Garland</a>, Mayer "held meetings with the young woman seated on his lap, his hands on her chest".<a href="#cite_note-castingcouch-5">[5]</a> In an interview with Larry King, Shirley Temple claimed that Mayer "came on to" her mother while at the same time, Temple was in the adjacent office of <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a>, who, she claimed, disrobed before her; she proceeded to laugh until he threw her out. At the time Temple was 12 years old. Mayer reportedly pursued <a href="/wiki/Jean_Howard" title="Jean Howard">Jean Howard</a> in hopes of establishing a sexual relationship, but without success.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> Cari Beauchamp, author of Without Lying Down: Frances Marion and the Powerful Women of Early Hollywood, observed: "Mayer chased actress Jean Howard around the room. When she said, 'No way', and went off and married Charles K. Feldman, the agent, Mayer banned Charlie from the lot. For a long time after, he wouldn't allow any of Feldman's clients to work at MGM."<a href="#cite_note-castingcouch-5">[5]</a> In her autobiography, <a href="/wiki/Esther_Ralston" title="Esther Ralston">Esther Ralston</a> recorded that her career was sabotaged by Mayer when she refused to sleep with him.<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Family">Family</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Family">edit</a>]</div> Mayer had two daughters from his first marriage to Margaret Shenberg (1883–1955), which ended in divorce in 1947.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> The elder of these, Edith (Edie) Mayer (1905–1988), whom he would later become estranged from and disinherit, married producer <a href="/wiki/William_Goetz" title="William Goetz">William Goetz</a> (who served as vice president for Twentieth-Century Fox and later became president of <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal-International</a>). The younger, <a href="/wiki/Irene_Mayer_Selznick" title="Irene Mayer Selznick">Irene</a> (1907–1990), was the first wife of producer <a href="/wiki/David_O._Selznick" title="David O. Selznick">David O. Selznick</a> and became a successful theatrical producer. In 1948, Mayer married former actress Lorena Layson Danker (1907–1985). At home, Mayer was boss. "In our family, all the basic decisions were made by him", remembers his nephew, Gerald Mayer. "He was a giant. ... Were we afraid of him? Jesus Christ, yes!"<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> And although he never spoke Yiddish at the office, he sometimes spoke Yiddish with "some of the relatives", said his daughter Irene.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._287-56">[55]</a> Mayer's activities for the Jewish Home for the Aged led to a strong friendship with <a href="/wiki/Edgar_Magnin" title="Edgar Magnin">Edgar Magnin</a>, the rabbi at the Wilshire Temple in Los Angeles. "Edgar and Louis B. virtually built that temple", said Herbert Brin.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._297-100">[99]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Entertainment_and_leisure">Entertainment and leisure</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Entertainment and leisure">edit</a>]</div> At his home on Saint Cloud Road in the <a href="/wiki/East_Gate_Bel_Air,_Los_Angeles" title="East Gate Bel Air, Los Angeles">East Gate Bel Air</a> neighborhood, Sundays were reserved for brunches in what was an open house, which often included visiting statesmen or former U.S. presidents, along with various producers, directors or stars.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._289-55">[54]</a> There would be a buffet supper, drinks, and later a movie.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> Mayer drank almost no alcohol, cared nothing for fine cuisine, and did not gamble, but might play penny-ante card games for fun.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._300-60">[59]</a> For leisure activities, he liked going to the <a href="/wiki/Hollywood_Bowl" title="Hollywood Bowl">Hollywood Bowl</a>, especially the annual <a href="/wiki/John_Philip_Sousa" title="John Philip Sousa">John Philip Sousa</a> concert. Sousa's patriotic-style music built up his pride in America, and he "would be stoked with extra exuberance for days afterward", states Eyman.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._297-100">[99]</a> Mayer also enjoyed ballet and opera, and concerts where violinist <a href="/wiki/Jascha_Heifetz" title="Jascha Heifetz">Jascha Heifetz</a> or pianist <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Rubinstein" title="Arthur Rubinstein">Arthur Rubinstein</a> performed.<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> While Mayer seldom discussed his early life, his partiality towards Canada would sometimes be revealed, especially after Canada entered World War II in September 1939 and the United States followed more than two years later in December 1941. On one occasion in 1943, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> called to tell him she met a movie-struck <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force" title="Royal Canadian Air Force">Royal Canadian Air Force</a> pilot from New Brunswick, where Mayer grew up. Mayer asked her to have him drop by the studio. The pilot, <a href="/wiki/Charles_Foster_(writer)" title="Charles Foster (writer)">Charles Foster</a>, recalled his visit: "Mary's driver took me through the gates, and I saw this little man come running down the steps of the Thalberg Building. I thought, 'Oh, he's sent a man to greet me.' And I got out of the car, and this man threw his arms around me and said, 'Welcome to my studio.' "<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._310-103">[102]</a> Mayer took him on a personal tour of the studio, and Foster remembers that "everybody waved to him and he waved back. He spoke to people and knew them by name. I was shocked."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._310-103">[102]</a> Mayer invited him back for lunch the next day. But before Foster arrived, Mayer had invited every Canadian in Hollywood to meet the flier, including <a href="/wiki/Fay_Wray" title="Fay Wray">Fay Wray</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Pidgeon" title="Walter Pidgeon">Walter Pidgeon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Massey" title="Raymond Massey">Raymond Massey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jack_Carson" title="Jack Carson">Jack Carson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rod_Cameron_(actor)" title="Rod Cameron (actor)">Rod Cameron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Walter_Huston" title="Walter Huston">Walter Huston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ann_Rutherford" title="Ann Rutherford">Ann Rutherford</a>, and even his main competitor, <a href="/wiki/Jack_L._Warner" title="Jack L. Warner">Jack Warner</a>. Mayer told him, "When this war is over, if you want to come back here, I'll find a job for you."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> Foster said "It was like he was the father I never knew."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._310-103">[102]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Politics">Politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Politics">edit</a>]</div> Active in Republican Party politics, Mayer served as the vice chairman of the <a href="/wiki/California_Republican_Party" title="California Republican Party">California Republican Party</a> in 1931 and 1932, and as its state chairman in 1932 and 1933.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> As a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1928_Republican_National_Convention" title="1928 Republican National Convention">1928 Republican National Convention</a> in Kansas City, Mayer supported Secretary of Commerce <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a> of California.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> Mayer became friends with California Governor <a href="/wiki/James_Rolph" title="James Rolph">James Rolph</a> Jr., <a href="/wiki/Oakland_Tribune" title="Oakland Tribune">Oakland Tribune</a> publisher <a href="/wiki/Joseph_R._Knowland" title="Joseph R. Knowland">Joseph R. Knowland</a>, and Marshall Hale. <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> was an alternate delegate at the convention. Mayer was a delegate to the <a href="/wiki/1932_Republican_National_Convention" title="1932 Republican National Convention">1932 Republican National Convention</a> with fellow Californians Knowland, Rolph, and <a href="/wiki/Earl_Warren" title="Earl Warren">Earl Warren</a>. Mayer endorsed President <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Hoover" title="Herbert Hoover">Herbert Hoover</a>'s failed reelection bid.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/1934_California_gubernatorial_election" title="1934 California gubernatorial election">1934 California gubernatorial election</a> Mayer was strongly opposed to the Democratic candidate <a href="/wiki/Upton_Sinclair" title="Upton Sinclair">Upton Sinclair</a>, instead preferring the Republican <a href="/wiki/Frank_Merriam" title="Frank Merriam">Frank Merriam</a>. Mayer's MGM and other film studios deducted a days pay from their employees to raise an anti-Sinclair fund that amounted to $500,000. Irving Thalberg was to lead MGM's anti-Sinclair campaign and the studio recruited <a href="/wiki/Carey_Wilson_(writer)" title="Carey Wilson (writer)">Carey Wilson</a> to create a series of anti-Sinclair propaganda films. These films, directed by <a href="/wiki/Felix_E._Feist" title="Felix E. Feist">Felix E. Feist</a>, included fake newsreels of Sinclair supporters who were portrayed as bums and criminals. They were shown in Californian movie theaters, with one episode featuring hired actors as Sinclair supporters speaking with foreign accents.<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a> Mayer was a <a href="/wiki/Freemasonry" title="Freemasonry">Freemason</a>.<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Horse_racing_hobby">Horse racing hobby</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Horse racing hobby">edit</a>]</div> Mayer owned or bred a number of successful <a href="/wiki/Thoroughbred" title="Thoroughbred">thoroughbred</a> <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">racehorses</a> at his ranch in <a href="/wiki/Perris,_California" title="Perris, California">Perris, California</a>, near Los Angeles. It was considered one of the finest racing stables in the United States and raised the standards of the California racing business. Among his horses were <a href="/wiki/Your_Host_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Your Host (horse)">Your Host</a>, sire of <a href="/wiki/Kelso_(horse)" title="Kelso (horse)">Kelso</a>; the 1945 <a href="/wiki/Eclipse_Award_for_Horse_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="Eclipse Award for Horse of the Year">U.S. Horse of the Year</a>, <a href="/wiki/Busher_(horse)" title="Busher (horse)">Busher</a>; and the 1959 <a href="/wiki/Preakness_Stakes" title="Preakness Stakes">Preakness Stakes</a> winner, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Orbit" title="Royal Orbit">Royal Orbit</a>. Eventually Mayer sold off the stable, partly to finance his divorce in 1947. His 248 horses brought more than $4.4 million. In 1976, Thoroughbred of California magazine named him "California Breeder of the Century".[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Death">Death</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Death">edit</a>]</div> Mayer died of <a href="/wiki/Leukemia" title="Leukemia">leukemia</a> on October 29, 1957.<a href="#cite_note-WVobit-112">[111]</a> He was buried in the <a href="/wiki/Home_of_Peace_Cemetery_(East_Los_Angeles)" class="mw-redirect" title="Home of Peace Cemetery (East Los Angeles)">Home of Peace Cemetery</a> in <a href="/wiki/East_Los_Angeles,_California" title="East Los Angeles, California">East Los Angeles, California</a>. His sister, Ida Mayer Cummings, and brothers Jerry and Rubin also are buried there.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> Mayer and his lieutenants built a company that was regarded by the public and his peers alike as the pinnacle of the movie industry.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman2-50">[49]</a> "Louis B. Mayer defined MGM, just as MGM defined Hollywood, and Hollywood defined America", writes biographer Scott Eyman.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._12-39">[38]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:25em; ; color: #202122;background-color: Cornsilk;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> Placed in his proper perspective, he was probably the greatest single force in the development of the motion picture industry who brought it to the heights of prosperity and influence it finally attained. </blockquote> <cite class="left-aligned" style="">—Variety magazine<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a></cite> </div> In 1951, he was given an honorary Oscar for heading MGM for over 25 years. At the event, screenwriter <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> presented the award and thanked him for guiding MGM's "production policy with foresight, aggressiveness and with a real desire for taste and quality". Mayer was also thanked for founding and developing new personalities and for bringing the Hollywood "star system into full flower".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> Although Mayer was often disliked and even feared by many in the studio, editor Sam Marx explains that "his reputation is far worse than it should be. He had to be strong to do his job, and he couldn't do that without making enemies."<a href="#cite_note-Eyman7-45">[44]</a> Director <a href="/wiki/Clarence_Brown" title="Clarence Brown">Clarence Brown</a> compared him to newspaper magnate <a href="/wiki/William_Randolph_Hearst" title="William Randolph Hearst">William Randolph Hearst</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Louis B. Mayer ... made more stars than all the rest of the producers in Hollywood put together. ... He knew how to handle talent; he knew that to be successful, he had to have the most successful people in the business working for him. He was like Hearst in the newspaper business. ... He made an empire out of the thing.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman7-45">[44]</a></blockquote> Mayer never wrote or directed movies, and never pretended to tell writers what to write or art directors what to design.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._11-115">[114]</a> But he understood movies and their audience.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._11-115">[114]</a> According to Eyman, "Mayer's view of America became America's view of itself."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> Because of the stars, the stories, the glamour, the music, and the way they were presented, audiences the world over would often applaud the moment they saw the MGM lion. Mayer was the constant at MGM who set the tone.<a href="#cite_note-Eyman,_p._13-117">[116]</a> At Mayer's funeral in 1957, <a href="/wiki/Spencer_Tracy" title="Spencer Tracy">Spencer Tracy</a> expressed Mayer's ambitions: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The story he wanted to tell was the story of America, the land for which he had an almost furious love, born of gratitude—and of contrast with the hatred in the dark land of his boyhood across the seas. It was this love of America that made him an authority on America.<a href="#cite_note-Hay,_22-66">[65]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_recognition">Honors and recognition</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Honors and recognition">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Revered in his home country, Mayer has a star on <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_Walk_of_Fame" title="Canada's Walk of Fame">Canada's Walk of Fame</a>.<a href="#cite_note-118">[117]</a></li> <li>A street in the Canadian city of <a href="/wiki/Laval,_Quebec" title="Laval, Quebec">Laval, Quebec</a> a suburb of <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, is named Rue Louis-B-Mayer.</li> <li>The primary screening facility for <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_University" title="Loyola Marymount University">Loyola Marymount University</a>'s School of Film and Television—the Mayer Theatre—is named after him. Mayer permitted the university's <a href="/wiki/Loyola_Marymount_Lions" title="Loyola Marymount Lions">sports teams</a> to use the <a href="/wiki/Leo_the_Lion_(MGM)" title="Leo the Lion (MGM)">MGM lion</a> as their mascot.<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a></li> <li>The main theatre at <a href="/wiki/Santa_Clara_University" title="Santa Clara University">Santa Clara University</a> bears his name.</li> <li>Mayer was inducted into the Junior Achievement <a href="/wiki/U.S._Business_Hall_of_Fame" title="U.S. Business Hall of Fame">U.S. Business Hall of Fame</a> in 1990.</li> <li>The Louis B. Mayer Research Laboratories building at the <a href="/wiki/Dana%E2%80%93Farber_Cancer_Institute" title="Dana–Farber Cancer Institute">Dana–Farber Cancer Institute</a> in Boston opened in 1988.</li> <li>Mayer is enshrined in the Citizens Hall of Fame in Haverhill, Massachusetts.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Filmography">Filmography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Filmography">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Producer">Producer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Producer">edit</a>]</div> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Year </th> <th>Title </th> <th>Director </th></tr> <tr> <td>1915 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Always_in_the_Way" title="Always in the Way">Always in the Way</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/J._Searle_Dawley" title="J. Searle Dawley">J. Searle Dawley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1919 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Human_Desire_(1919_film)" title="Human Desire (1919 film)">Human Desire</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wilfrid_North" title="Wilfrid North">Wilfrid North</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1921 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sowing_the_Wind_(1921_film)" title="Sowing the Wind (1921 film)">Sowing the Wind</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/John_M._Stahl" title="John M. Stahl">John M. Stahl</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1924 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wine_of_Youth" title="Wine of Youth">Wine of Youth</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Greed_(1924_film)" title="Greed (1924 film)">Greed</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erich_von_Stroheim" title="Erich von Stroheim">Erich von Stroheim</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">1925 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Lady_of_the_Night_(1925_film)" title="Lady of the Night (1925 film)">Lady of the Night</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Monta_Bell" title="Monta Bell">Monta Bell</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben-Hur:_A_Tale_of_the_Christ_(1925_film)" title="Ben-Hur: A Tale of the Christ (1925 film)">Ben-Hur</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Fred_Niblo" title="Fred Niblo">Fred Niblo</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>1940 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/I_Take_This_Woman_(1940_film)" title="I Take This Woman (1940 film)">I Take This Woman</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/W.S._Van_Dyke" class="mw-redirect" title="W.S. Van Dyke">W.S. Van Dyke</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Portrayals_in_popular_culture">Portrayals in popular culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Portrayals in popular culture">edit</a>]</div> Mayer has been portrayed numerous times in film and television including: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harlow_(Magna_film)" title="Harlow (Magna film)">Harlow</a> (1965) (by <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kruschen" title="Jack Kruschen">Jack Kruschen</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gable_and_Lombard" title="Gable and Lombard">Gable and Lombard</a> (1976) (by <a href="/wiki/Allen_Garfield" title="Allen Garfield">Allen Garfield</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rainbow_(1978_film)" title="Rainbow (1978 film)">Rainbow</a> (1978) (by <a href="/wiki/Martin_Balsam" title="Martin Balsam">Martin Balsam</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Scarlett_O%27Hara_War" title="The Scarlett O'Hara War">The Scarlett O'Hara War</a> (1980) (by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Gould" title="Harold Gould">Harold Gould</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mommie_Dearest_(film)" title="Mommie Dearest (film)">Mommie Dearest</a> (1981) (by <a href="/wiki/Howard_Da_Silva" class="mw-redirect" title="Howard Da Silva">Howard Da Silva</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malice_in_Wonderland_(1985_film)" title="Malice in Wonderland (1985 film)">Malice in Wonderland</a> (1985) (by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Dysart" title="Richard Dysart">Richard Dysart</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/RKO_281" title="RKO 281">RKO 281</a> (1999) (by <a href="/wiki/David_Suchet" title="David Suchet">David Suchet</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Three_Stooges_(2000_film)" title="The Three Stooges (2000 film)">The Three Stooges</a> (2000) (by David Baldwin)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_with_Judy_Garland:_Me_and_My_Shadows" title="Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows">Life with Judy Garland: Me and My Shadows</a> (2001) (by <a href="/wiki/Al_Waxman" title="Al Waxman">Al Waxman</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/De-Lovely" title="De-Lovely">De-Lovely</a> (2004) (by <a href="/wiki/Peter_Polycarpou" title="Peter Polycarpou">Peter Polycarpou</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Aviator_(2004_film)" title="The Aviator (2004 film)">The Aviator</a> (2004) (by <a href="/wiki/Stanley_DeSantis" title="Stanley DeSantis">Stanley DeSantis</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trumbo_(2015_film)" title="Trumbo (2015 film)">Trumbo</a> (2015) (by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Portnow" title="Richard Portnow">Richard Portnow</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon_(TV_series)" title="The Last Tycoon (TV series)">The Last Tycoon</a> (2016) (by <a href="/wiki/Saul_Rubinek" title="Saul Rubinek">Saul Rubinek</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feud_(TV_series)" title="Feud (TV series)">Feud</a> (2017) (by Kerry Stein)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judy_(film)" class="mw-redirect" title="Judy (film)">Judy</a> (2019) (by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Cordery" title="Richard Cordery">Richard Cordery</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mank" title="Mank">Mank</a> (2020) (by <a href="/wiki/Arliss_Howard" title="Arliss Howard">Arliss Howard</a>)</li></ul> <a href="/wiki/William_Saroyan" title="William Saroyan">William Saroyan</a> wrote a short story about L. B. Mayer in his 1971 book, <a href="/wiki/Letters_from_74_rue_Taitbout" title="Letters from 74 rue Taitbout">Letters from 74 rue Taitbout</a> or Don't Go But If You Must Say Hello To Everybody. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Characters_based_on_Mayer">Characters based on Mayer</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Characters based on Mayer">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Pat Brady in the 1941 <a href="/wiki/F._Scott_Fitzgerald" title="F. Scott Fitzgerald">F. Scott Fitzgerald</a> novel <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon" title="The Last Tycoon">The Last Tycoon</a>. He was played by <a href="/wiki/Robert_Mitchum" title="Robert Mitchum">Robert Mitchum</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon_(1976_film)" title="The Last Tycoon (1976 film)">the 1976 film adaptation</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kelsey_Grammer" title="Kelsey Grammer">Kelsey Grammer</a> in <a href="/wiki/The_Last_Tycoon_(TV_series)" title="The Last Tycoon (TV series)">the 2016 TV series</a>.</li> <li>Stanley Shriner Hoff in <a href="/wiki/The_Big_Knife" title="The Big Knife">The Big Knife</a> (1955) (by <a href="/wiki/Rod_Steiger" title="Rod Steiger">Rod Steiger</a>) was based in part on Mayer.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a></li> <li>Cyril H. Bean, referred to by his employees as "The Head", in the 1966 <a href="/wiki/Jacqueline_Susann" title="Jacqueline Susann">Jacqueline Susann</a> novel <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_the_Dolls_(novel)" title="Valley of the Dolls (novel)">Valley of the Dolls</a></li> <li>Jack Lipnick in <a href="/wiki/Barton_Fink" title="Barton Fink">Barton Fink</a> (1991) (by <a href="/wiki/Michael_Lerner_(actor)" title="Michael Lerner (actor)">Michael Lerner</a>, who earned an Oscar nomination for <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award_for_Best_Supporting_Actor#1990s" title="Academy Award for Best Supporting Actor">Best Supporting Actor</a>)</li> <li>L.B. Mammoth in the animated film <a href="/wiki/Cats_Don%27t_Dance" title="Cats Don't Dance">Cats Don't Dance</a> (1997) (voice-acted by <a href="/wiki/George_Kennedy_(actor)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Kennedy (actor)">George Kennedy</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_pioneers_in_early_Hollywood" title="Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood">Canadian pioneers in early Hollywood</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Selig_Polyscope_Company" title="Selig Polyscope Company">Selig Polyscope Company</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Freemasons" title="List of Freemasons">List of Freemasons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Belarus" title="List of people from Belarus">List of people from Belarus</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> Mayer maintained that he was born in Minsk on July 4, 1885. July 12, 1884 was the date of birth that was given in the 1901 Canadian Census. According to <a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Scott Eyman</a>, the reasons may have been: <ul><li>Mayer's father gave different dates for his birthplace at different times, so Mayer was not comfortable specifying a date;</li> <li>It was part of Mayer's sense of showmanship and being born on July 4 seemed to stand for patriotism and had a certain ring to it;</li> <li>"He needed to believe in a myth of self-creation which, in his case, was not far off the mark";</li> <li>When Mayer was young, his family constantly moved around in the general area of Minsk, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>;</li> <li>As Jews, they felt insecure and therefore were reluctant to be specific.</li></ul> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-thecanadianencyclopedia.ca_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/louis-b-mayer">"Louis B. Mayer | The Canadian Encyclopedia"</a>. www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca&rft.atitle=Louis+B.+Mayer+%26%23124%3B+The+Canadian+Encyclopedia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca%2Fen%2Farticle%2Flouis-b-mayer&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LoC-2"><a href="#cite_ref-LoC_2-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81018659.html">"Mayer, Louis B. (Louis Burt), 1885-1957"</a>. LC Linked Data Service: Authorities and Vocabularies. Library of Congress. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180926052209/http://id.loc.gov/authorities/names/n81018659.html">Archived</a> from the original on September 26, 2018. Retrieved September 26, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=LC+Linked+Data+Service%3A+Authorities+and+Vocabularies&rft.atitle=Mayer%2C+Louis+B.+%28Louis+Burt%29%2C+1885-1957&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fid.loc.gov%2Fauthorities%2Fnames%2Fn81018659.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-note_3-0">^</a> Mayer maintained that he was born in Minsk on July 4, 1885. According to <a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Scott Eyman</a>, the reasons may have been: <ul><li>Mayer's father gave different dates for his birthplace at different times, so Mayer was not comfortable specifying a date;</li> <li>It was part of Mayer's sense of showmanship and being born on July 4 seemed to stand for patriotism and had a certain ring to it;</li> <li>"He needed to believe in a myth of self-creation which, in his case, was not far off the mark";</li> <li>When Mayer was young, his family constantly moved around in the general area of Minsk, <a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>;</li> <li>As Jews, they felt insecure and therefore were reluctant to be specific.</li></ul> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> McLean, Adrienne L. (ed.), Glamour in a Golden Age: Movie Stars of the Nineteen Hundred and Thirties. Rutgers University Press, 2011, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-castingcouch-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-castingcouch_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-castingcouch_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-castingcouch_5-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAdams2017" class="citation web cs1">Adams, Thelma (October 17, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://variety.com/2017/film/features/casting-couch-hollywood-sexual-harassment-harvey-weinstein-1202589895/">"Casting-Couch Tactics Plagued Hollywood Long Before Harvey Weinstein"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Variety_(magazine)" title="Variety (magazine)">Variety</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190107012133/https://variety.com/">Archived</a> from the original on January 7, 2019. Retrieved August 12, 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Variety&rft.atitle=Casting-Couch+Tactics+Plagued+Hollywood+Long+Before+Harvey+Weinstein&rft.date=2017-10-17&rft.aulast=Adams&rft.aufirst=Thelma&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvariety.com%2F2017%2Ffilm%2Ffeatures%2Fcasting-couch-hollywood-sexual-harassment-harvey-weinstein-1202589895%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHollitz2016" class="citation book cs1">Hollitz, John (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4MYaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Contending Voices, Volume II: Since 1865</a>. <a href="/wiki/Cengage" class="mw-redirect" title="Cengage">Cengage</a>. p. 147. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781305888074" title="Special:BookSources/9781305888074"><bdi>9781305888074</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170238/https://books.google.com/books?id=4MYaCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA147">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contending+Voices%2C+Volume+II%3A+Since+1865&rft.pages=147&rft.pub=Cengage&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=9781305888074&rft.aulast=Hollitz&rft.aufirst=John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D4MYaCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA147&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTravers2014" class="citation book cs1">Travers, Steven (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KTxOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">The Duke, the Longhorns, and Chairman Mao: John Wayne's Political Odyssey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rowman_%26_Littlefield" title="Rowman & Littlefield">Rowman & Littlefield</a>. p. 103. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781589798984" title="Special:BookSources/9781589798984"><bdi>9781589798984</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170304/https://books.google.com/books?id=KTxOAwAAQBAJ&pg=PA103">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Duke%2C+the+Longhorns%2C+and+Chairman+Mao%3A+John+Wayne%27s+Political+Odyssey&rft.pages=103&rft.pub=Rowman+%26+Littlefield&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9781589798984&rft.aulast=Travers&rft.aufirst=Steven&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKTxOAwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA103&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://landofancestors.com/famous/businessmen/13-louis-burt-mayer.html">Land of Ancestors: Louis Burt Mayer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131202231909/http://landofancestors.com/famous/businessmen/13-louis-burt-mayer.html">Archived</a> December 2, 2013, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCrowther2017" class="citation book cs1">Crowther, Bosley (July 31, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GNwuDwAAQBAJ&q=Hollywood+Rajah%3A+The+Life+and+Times+of+Louis+B.+Mayer+Bosley+Crowther">Hollywood Rajah :The Life and Times of Louis B Mayer</a>. Pickle Partners. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781787207899" title="Special:BookSources/9781787207899"><bdi>9781787207899</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Rajah+%3AThe+Life+and+Times+of+Louis+B+Mayer&rft.pub=Pickle+Partners&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft.isbn=9781787207899&rft.aulast=Crowther&rft.aufirst=Bosley&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGNwuDwAAQBAJ%26q%3DHollywood%2BRajah%253A%2BThe%2BLife%2Band%2BTimes%2Bof%2BLouis%2BB.%2BMayer%2BBosley%2BCrowther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarx1975" class="citation book cs1">Marx, Samuel (1975). Mayer and Thalberg : The Make believe Saints. Random House. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0394488423" title="Special:BookSources/0394488423"><bdi>0394488423</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mayer+and+Thalberg+%3A+The+Make+believe+Saints&rft.pub=Random+House&rft.date=1975&rft.isbn=0394488423&rft.aulast=Marx&rft.aufirst=Samuel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarey1981" class="citation book cs1">Carey, Gary (1981). All the Stars in Heaven: Louis B. Mayer's MGM. Dutton. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0525052453" title="Special:BookSources/0525052453"><bdi>0525052453</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+the+Stars+in+Heaven%3A+Louis+B.+Mayer%27s+MGM&rft.pub=Dutton&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0525052453&rft.aulast=Carey&rft.aufirst=Gary&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1993" class="citation book cs1">Higham, Charles (1993). Merchant of Dreams: Louis B. Mayer, M.G.M., and the Secret Hollywood. D.I. Fine. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1556113455" title="Special:BookSources/1556113455"><bdi>1556113455</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+of+Dreams%3A+Louis+B.+Mayer%2C+M.G.M.%2C+and+the+Secret+Hollywood&rft.pub=D.I.+Fine&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1556113455&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-13">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_13-1">b</a> Eyman, pp. 18–19. </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowski2011" class="citation book cs1">Krakowski, Andrzej (2011). Pollywood. Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN SA. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788301167851" title="Special:BookSources/9788301167851"><bdi>9788301167851</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pollywood&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN+SA&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9788301167851&rft.aulast=Krakowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/search/categories/img_citizenship/?name=Louis_Mayer&birth=1885-7-4&birth_x=0-0-0&count=50&name_x=1_1">"Naturalization details about Louis B Mayer"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211120905/https://www.ancestry.com/search/collections/manaturalizations/?name=Louis_Mayer&birth=1885-7-4&birth_x=0-0-0&count=50&name_x=1_1&pcat=img_citizenship&qh=rCfIB39jjyxHP4y76e7Q8Q%3D%3D">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved September 2, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Naturalization+details+about+Louis+B+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Fsearch%2Fcategories%2Fimg_citizenship%2F%3Fname%3DLouis_Mayer%26birth%3D1885-7-4%26birth_x%3D0-0-0%26count%3D50%26name_x%3D1_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-B-Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208065011/https://www.britannica.com/biography/Louis-B-Mayer">Archived</a> February 8, 2018, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> <a href="/wiki/Britannica" class="mw-redirect" title="Britannica">Britannica</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarriage_details" class="citation web cs1">Marriage details. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=2511&gsfn=Louis+b&gsln=Mayer&gsfn_x=1&gsln_x=1&msbdy=1883&pcat=bmd_marriage&new=1&rank=1&redir=false">"Ancestry.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612141100/https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=2511&gsfn=Louis+b&gsln=Mayer&gsfn_x=1&gsln_x=1&msbdy=1883&pcat=bmd_marriage&new=1&rank=1&redir=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry.com&rft.au=Marriage+details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ancestry.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsse.dll%3Fdbid%3D2511%26gsfn%3DLouis%2Bb%26gsln%3DMayer%26gsfn_x%3D1%26gsln_x%3D1%26msbdy%3D1883%26pcat%3Dbmd_marriage%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26redir%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF1910_census_for_Louis_B_Mayer" class="citation web cs1">1910 census for Louis B Mayer. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=7884&gsfn=Louis+b&gsln=Mayer&gsfn_x=1&gsln_x=1&msbdy=1883&pcat=cen_1910&new=1&rank=1&redir=false">"Ancestry.com"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180612162159/https://search.ancestry.com/cgi-bin/sse.dll?dbid=7884&gsfn=Louis+b&gsln=Mayer&gsfn_x=1&gsln_x=1&msbdy=1883&pcat=cen_1910&new=1&rank=1&redir=false">Archived</a> from the original on June 12, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ancestry.com&rft.au=1910+census+for+Louis+B+Mayer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsearch.ancestry.com%2Fcgi-bin%2Fsse.dll%3Fdbid%3D7884%26gsfn%3DLouis%2Bb%26gsln%3DMayer%26gsfn_x%3D1%26gsln_x%3D1%26msbdy%3D1883%26pcat%3Dcen_1910%26new%3D1%26rank%3D1%26redir%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> According to Eyman the year is 1889, but according to the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://automatedgenealogy.com/census/View.jsp?id=6582&highlight=7&desc=1901+Census+of+Canada+page+containing+Rubin+Myers">Saint John District Census 1901 Index</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110727072431/http://automatedgenealogy.com/census/View.jsp?id=6582&highlight=7&desc=1901+Census+of+Canada+page+containing+Rubin+Myers">Archived</a> July 27, 2011, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> the year is 1888. </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> Eyman, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman22-22">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman22_22-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman22_22-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._23-23">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._23_23-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._23_23-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> Eyman, p. 322. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._25-25">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._25_25-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._25_25-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 25. </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a> Rosenberg, Chaim M. The Great Workshop: Boston's Victorian Age. Arcadia Publishing (2004), p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> "Mr. Motion Picture", TIME, November 11, 1957. </li> <li id="cite_note-current-28"><a href="#cite_ref-current_28-0">^</a> Current Biography 1943. pp. 521–24. </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaBella2007" class="citation web cs1">LaBella, Mike (November 29, 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eagletribune.com/news/local_news/mogul-opened-first-theater-here-years-ago/article_6fcdba11-d375-5ddb-a9eb-4bd1f10c64ba.html">"Mogul opened first theater here 100 years ago"</a>. Eagle Tribune. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180115172647/http://www.eagletribune.com/news/local_news/mogul-opened-first-theater-here-years-ago/article_6fcdba11-d375-5ddb-a9eb-4bd1f10c64ba.html">Archived</a> from the original on January 15, 2018. Retrieved May 20, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Eagle+Tribune&rft.atitle=Mogul+opened+first+theater+here+100+years+ago&rft.date=2007-11-29&rft.aulast=LaBella&rft.aufirst=Mike&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.eagletribune.com%2Fnews%2Flocal_news%2Fmogul-opened-first-theater-here-years-ago%2Farticle_6fcdba11-d375-5ddb-a9eb-4bd1f10c64ba.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyman2005" class="citation book cs1">Eyman, Scott (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionofhollywoodl00eyma/page/30">Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer</a>. Simon and Schuster. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionofhollywoodl00eyma/page/30">30–42</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0481-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0481-6"><bdi>0-7432-0481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+of+Hollywood%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Louis+B.+Mayer&rft.pages=30-42&rft.pub=Simon+and+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7432-0481-6&rft.aulast=Eyman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flionofhollywoodl00eyma%2Fpage%2F30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> Id. [<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] </li> <li id="cite_note-Flamini-32">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Flamini_32-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flamini_32-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Flamini_32-2">c</a> Flamini, Roland. Thalberg: The Last Tycoon and the World of M-G-M, Crown (1994). </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHáy1991" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_H%C3%A1y_(Canadian_author,_publisher_and_bookseller)" class="mw-redirect" title="Peter Háy (Canadian author, publisher and bookseller)">Háy, Peter</a> (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/mgmwhenlionroars0000hayp">MGM: When the Lion Roars</a>. Turner Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-878685-04-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-878685-04-9"><bdi>978-1-878685-04-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=MGM%3A+When+the+Lion+Roars&rft.pub=Turner+Publications&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=978-1-878685-04-9&rft.aulast=H%C3%A1y&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmgmwhenlionroars0000hayp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> Eyman, p. 111. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._120-35">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._120_35-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._120_35-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 120. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._231-36">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._231_36-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._231_36-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 231. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> Eyman, p. 232. </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> Hay, p. 145. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._12-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._12_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._12_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._12_39-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a> Eyman, p. 233. </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> Verswijver, Leo. Movies Were Always Magical, McFarland Publ. (2003), e-book. </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a> Leider, Emily W. Myrna Loy: The Only Good Girl in Hollywood, Univ. of California Press (2011), p. 184. </li> <li id="cite_note-inflation-US-43"><a href="#cite_ref-inflation-US_43-0">^</a> 1634–1699: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44525121.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States: Addenda et Corrigenda</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States%3A+Addenda+et+Corrigenda&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44525121.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> 1700–1799: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCusker1992" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_J._McCusker" title="John J. McCusker">McCusker, J. J.</a> (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.americanantiquarian.org/proceedings/44517778.pdf">How Much Is That in Real Money? A Historical Price Index for Use as a Deflator of Money Values in the Economy of the United States</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/American_Antiquarian_Society" title="American Antiquarian Society">American Antiquarian Society</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+Much+Is+That+in+Real+Money%3F+A+Historical+Price+Index+for+Use+as+a+Deflator+of+Money+Values+in+the+Economy+of+the+United+States&rft.pub=American+Antiquarian+Society&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=McCusker&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.americanantiquarian.org%2Fproceedings%2F44517778.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> 1800–present: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFederal_Reserve_Bank_of_Minneapolis" class="citation web cs1">Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.minneapolisfed.org/about-us/monetary-policy/inflation-calculator/consumer-price-index-1800-">"Consumer Price Index (estimate) 1800–"</a>. Retrieved February 29, 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Consumer+Price+Index+%28estimate%29+1800%E2%80%93&rft.au=Federal+Reserve+Bank+of+Minneapolis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.minneapolisfed.org%2Fabout-us%2Fmonetary-policy%2Finflation-calculator%2Fconsumer-price-index-1800-&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-friedrich1986-44"><a href="#cite_ref-friedrich1986_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFriedrich1986" class="citation book cs1">Friedrich, Otto (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0x8AFchW4JsC&q=city%20of%20nets&pg=PA6">City of Nets: A Portrait of Hollywood in 1940s</a>. Berkeley and Los Angeles: University of California Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-20949-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-20949-4"><bdi>0-520-20949-4</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170244/https://books.google.com/books?id=0x8AFchW4JsC&q=city+of+nets&pg=PA6">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=City+of+Nets%3A+A+Portrait+of+Hollywood+in+1940s&rft.place=Berkeley+and+Los+Angeles&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=0-520-20949-4&rft.aulast=Friedrich&rft.aufirst=Otto&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0x8AFchW4JsC%26q%3Dcity%2520of%2520nets%26pg%3DPA6&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman7-45">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman7_45-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman7_45-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman7_45-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman284-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman284_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman284_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman284_46-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 284. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._115-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._115_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._115_47-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._115_47-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 115. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hogan-48">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hogan_48-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hogan_48-1">b</a> Hogan, David J. The Wizard of Oz FAQ: All That's Left to Know About Life, According to Oz, Hal Leonard Corp. (2014), e-book. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._1-49">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._1_49-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._1_49-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._1_49-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman2-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman2_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman2_50-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 2. </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> Eyman, p. 266. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman8-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman8_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman8_52-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman8_52-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Eyman, p. 377. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._288-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._288_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._288_54-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 288. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._289-55">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._289_55-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._289_55-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._289_55-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._289_55-3">d</a> Eyman, p. 289. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._287-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._287_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._287_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._287_56-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 287. </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> Eyman, p. 295. </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> Eyman, p. 301. </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Eyman, p. 315. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._300-60">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._300_60-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._300_60-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 300. </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> Furia, Michael L. America's Songs: The Stories Behind the Songs of Broadway, Hollywood, and Tin Pan Alley, Routledge (2008), p. 143. </li> <li id="cite_note-FilmDaily32-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FilmDaily32_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilmDaily32_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FilmDaily32_62-2">c</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/filmdailyvolume660newy#page/252">"Television, Wide Screen, Color Dismissed by Louis B. Mayer"</a>, The Film Daily (New York, N.Y.), August 17, 1932, pp. 1, 6. <a href="/wiki/Internet_Archive" title="Internet Archive">Internet Archive</a>, San Francisco, California. Retrieved August 20, 2018. </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> Eyman, p. 285. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> Eyman, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> Eyman, p. 290. </li> <li id="cite_note-Hay,_22-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_22_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_22_66-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_22_66-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_22_66-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_22_66-4">e</a> Hay, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> Eyman, p. 294. </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> Eyman, p. 323. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wayne-69"><a href="#cite_ref-Wayne_69-0">^</a> Wayne, Jane Ellen. The Leading Men of MGM, Carroll & Graf (2005) p. 246. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/11/14/ill-ruin-you-judy-garland-on-being-groped-and-harassed-by-powerful-hollywood-men/">"Hollywood's sexual harassment history: How Judy Garland was groped by Louis B. Mayer and other men - the Washington Post"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Post" title="The Washington Post">The Washington Post</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200617102640/https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/retropolis/wp/2017/11/14/ill-ruin-you-judy-garland-on-being-groped-and-harassed-by-powerful-hollywood-men/">Archived</a> from the original on June 17, 2020. Retrieved August 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=Hollywood%27s+sexual+harassment+history%3A+How+Judy+Garland+was+groped+by+Louis+B.+Mayer+and+other+men+-+the+Washington+Post&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fnews%2Fretropolis%2Fwp%2F2017%2F11%2F14%2Fill-ruin-you-judy-garland-on-being-groped-and-harassed-by-powerful-hollywood-men%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Hay,_275-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_275_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Hay,_275_71-1">b</a> Hay, p. 275. </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Eyman, p. 406. </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> Kelley, Kitty. Elizabeth Taylor: The Last Star, Simon & Schuster (1981), ch. 1. </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> Hay, p. 137. </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> Hay, p. 161. </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> Hay, p. 165. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._450-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._450_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._450_77-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 450. </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> Eyman, p. 3. </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Thomson, David. Have You Seen ... ?, Knopf Doubleday (2008), p. 544. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._9-80">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._9_80-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._9_80-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> Eyman, p. 10. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._276-82">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._276_82-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._276_82-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 276. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._278-83">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._278_83-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._278_83-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 278. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._277-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._277_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._277_84-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 277. </li> <li id="cite_note-Wapshott-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wapshott_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wapshott_85-1">b</a> Wapshott, Nicholas. The Sphinx: Franklin Roosevelt, the Isolationists, and the Road to World War II, W.W. Norton & Co. (2015), e-book. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0393088885" title="Special:BookSources/978-0393088885">978-0393088885</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> Hay, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> Eyman, p. 344. </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> Eyman, p. 354. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._345-89">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._345_89-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._345_89-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 345. </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> Yellin, Emily. Our Mother's War: American Women at Home and at the Front During World War II, Simon & Schuster (2004), p. 100. </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> Troyan, Michael. A Rose for Mrs. Miniver: The Life of Greer Garson, Univ. of Kentucky Press (1999), e-book. ASIN: B00A6IOY1W. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._408-92">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._408_92-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._408_92-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._408_92-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 408. </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> Eyman, p. 411. </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> Eyman, p. 444. </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> Eyman, p. 445. </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStaggs2006" class="citation book cs1">Staggs, Sam (July 25, 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Vbs2JeSNOUEC&q=louis+b.+mayer+charlie+feldman+jean+howard&pg=PA134">When Blanche Met Brando: The Scandalous Story of "A Streetcar Named Desire"</a>. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780312321666" title="Special:BookSources/9780312321666"><bdi>9780312321666</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170240/https://books.google.com/books?id=Vbs2JeSNOUEC&q=louis+b.+mayer+charlie+feldman+jean+howard&pg=PA134">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved October 18, 2020 – via Google Books.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Blanche+Met+Brando%3A+The+Scandalous+Story+of+%22A+Streetcar+Named+Desire%22&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=2006-07-25&rft.isbn=9780312321666&rft.aulast=Staggs&rft.aufirst=Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DVbs2JeSNOUEC%26q%3Dlouis%2Bb.%2Bmayer%2Bcharlie%2Bfeldman%2Bjean%2Bhoward%26pg%3DPA134&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRalston1985" class="citation book cs1">Ralston, Esther (1985). Some Day We'll Laugh: An Autobiography. Scarecrow Press. pp. 147–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Some+Day+We%27ll+Laugh%3A+An+Autobiography&rft.pages=147-8&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=1985&rft.aulast=Ralston&rft.aufirst=Esther&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ancestry.com/search/?name=Margaret_Shenberg&birth=1883&birth_x=0-0-0&name_x=1_1">"Ancestry.com"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ancestry.com" title="Ancestry.com">Ancestry.com</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181211123222/https://www.ancestry.com/search/?name=Margaret_Shenberg&birth=1883&birth_x=0-0-0&name_x=1_1">Archived</a> from the original on December 11, 2018. Retrieved June 12, 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ancestry.com&rft.atitle=Ancestry.com&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ancestry.com%2Fsearch%2F%3Fname%3DMargaret_Shenberg%26birth%3D1883%26birth_x%3D0-0-0%26name_x%3D1_1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> Eyman, p. 296. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._297-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._297_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._297_100-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 297. </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> Eyman, p. 135. </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> Eyman, p. 299. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._310-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._310_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._310_103-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._310_103-2">c</a> Eyman, p. 310. </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> Eyman, p. 311. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA67">Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 67–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195181722" title="Special:BookSources/9780195181722"><bdi>9780195181722</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170259/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA67">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Left+and+Right%3A+How+Movie+Stars+Shaped+American+Politics&rft.pages=67-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195181722&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNma11zsi6MC%26pg%3DPA67&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA62">Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 62–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195181722" title="Special:BookSources/9780195181722"><bdi>9780195181722</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170246/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA62">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Left+and+Right%3A+How+Movie+Stars+Shaped+American+Politics&rft.pages=62-63&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195181722&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNma11zsi6MC%26pg%3DPA62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchulberg1998" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Budd_Schulberg" title="Budd Schulberg">Schulberg, Budd</a> (December 7, 1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,989771-2,00.html">"Louis B. Mayer: Lion Of Hollywood"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">TIME</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190401004448/http://content.time.com/time/subscriber/article/0,33009,989771-2,00.html">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2019. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=TIME&rft.atitle=Louis+B.+Mayer%3A+Lion+Of+Hollywood&rft.date=1998-12-07&rft.aulast=Schulberg&rft.aufirst=Budd&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C989771-2%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoss2011" class="citation book cs1">Ross, Steven J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA68">Hollywood Left and Right: How Movie Stars Shaped American Politics</a>. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 68–71. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780195181722" title="Special:BookSources/9780195181722"><bdi>9780195181722</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201205170259/https://books.google.com/books?id=JNma11zsi6MC&pg=PA68">Archived</a> from the original on December 5, 2020. Retrieved April 1, 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hollywood+Left+and+Right%3A+How+Movie+Stars+Shaped+American+Politics&rft.pages=68-71&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=9780195181722&rft.aulast=Ross&rft.aufirst=Steven+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJNma11zsi6MC%26pg%3DPA68&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCritchlow2013" class="citation book cs1">Critchlow, Donald T. (2013). When Hollywood Was Right How Movie Stars, Studio Moguls, and Big Business Remade American Politics. Cambridge University Press. pp. 26–27.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=When+Hollywood+Was+Right+How+Movie+Stars%2C+Studio+Moguls%2C+and+Big+Business+Remade+American+Politics&rft.pages=26-27&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Critchlow&rft.aufirst=Donald+T.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://masonrytoday.com/index.php?new_month=7&new_day=12&new_year=2020">"Today in Masonic History - Louis Burt Mayer is Born"</a>. masonrytoday.com. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=masonrytoday.com&rft.atitle=Today+in+Masonic+History+-+Louis+Burt+Mayer+is+Born&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmasonrytoday.com%2Findex.php%3Fnew_month%3D7%26new_day%3D12%26new_year%3D2020&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-111"><a href="#cite_ref-111">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freemasoninformation.com/masonic-education/famous/famous-freemasons-in-history/">"Famous Freemasons in History | Freemason Information"</a>. February 20, 2009. Retrieved March 14, 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Famous+Freemasons+in+History+%7C+Freemason+Information&rft.date=2009-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreemasoninformation.com%2Fmasonic-education%2Ffamous%2Ffamous-freemasons-in-history%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-WVobit-112"><a href="#cite_ref-WVobit_112-0">^</a> Obituary, <a href="/wiki/Variety_Obituaries" title="Variety Obituaries">Variety</a>, October 30, 1957, p. 87. </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> Eyman, p. 9 </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> Eyman, p. 439. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._11-115">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._11_115-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._11_115-1">b</a> Eyman, p. 11. </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> Eyman, p. 516. </li> <li id="cite_note-Eyman,_p._13-117"><a href="#cite_ref-Eyman,_p._13_117-0">^</a> Eyman, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-118"><a href="#cite_ref-118">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/04_louis_b_mayer.xml.htm">Canada's Walk of Fame</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061030074416/http://www.canadaswalkoffame.com/inductees/04_louis_b_mayer.xml.htm">Archived</a> October 30, 2006, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2005" class="citation news cs1">Johnson, Ross (May 22, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/22/movies/22john.html">"To Be as a City Upon a (Hollywood) Hill"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131113075618/http://www.nytimes.com/2005/05/22/movies/22john.html">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2013. Retrieved May 11, 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=To+Be+as+a+City+Upon+a+%28Hollywood%29+Hill&rft.date=2005-05-22&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Ross&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2005%2F05%2F22%2Fmovies%2F22john.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s640knife.html">The Big Knife review</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170518163456/http://www.dvdtalk.com/dvdsavant/s640knife.html">Archived</a> May 18, 2017, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>, DVDtalk </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrakowski2011" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Krakowski" title="Andrzej Krakowski">Krakowski, Andrzej</a> (2011). Pollywood: jak stworzyliśmy Hollywood (Pollywood. How we created Hollywood). <a href="/wiki/Wydawnictwo_Naukowe_PWN" class="mw-redirect" title="Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN">Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0481-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7432-0481-1"><bdi>978-0-7432-0481-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Pollywood%3A+jak+stworzyli%C5%9Bmy+Hollywood+%28Pollywood.+How+we+created+Hollywood%29&rft.pub=Wydawnictwo+Naukowe+PWN&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7432-0481-1&rft.aulast=Krakowski&rft.aufirst=Andrzej&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEyman2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Scott_Eyman" title="Scott Eyman">Eyman, Scott</a> (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lionofhollywoodl00eyma">Lion of Hollywood: The Life and Legend of Louis B. Mayer</a>. <a href="/wiki/Simon_%26_Schuster" title="Simon & Schuster">Simon & Schuster</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7432-0481-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-7432-0481-6"><bdi>0-7432-0481-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Lion+of+Hollywood%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Louis+B.+Mayer&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0-7432-0481-6&rft.aulast=Eyman&rft.aufirst=Scott&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flionofhollywoodl00eyma&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHigham1993" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Higham_(biographer)" title="Charles Higham (biographer)">Higham, Charles</a> (March 1993). Merchant of Dreams: Louis B. Mayer, MGM, and the Secret Hollywood. <a href="/wiki/Pan_Books" title="Pan Books">Pan Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-330-33314-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-330-33314-3"><bdi>0-330-33314-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Merchant+of+Dreams%3A+Louis+B.+Mayer%2C+MGM%2C+and+the+Secret+Hollywood&rft.pub=Pan+Books&rft.date=1993-03&rft.isbn=0-330-33314-3&rft.aulast=Higham&rft.aufirst=Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Hay, Peter. (1991). MGM: When the Lion Roars Turner Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/187868504X" title="Special:BookSources/187868504X">187868504X</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGabler1988" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Neal_Gabler" title="Neal Gabler">Gabler, Neal</a> (September 1988). <a href="/wiki/An_Empire_of_Their_Own:_How_the_Jews_Invented_Hollywood" class="mw-redirect" title="An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood">An Empire of Their Own: How the Jews Invented Hollywood</a>. Crown. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-26557-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-26557-3"><bdi>0-385-26557-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+Empire+of+Their+Own%3A+How+the+Jews+Invented+Hollywood&rft.pub=Crown&rft.date=1988-09&rft.isbn=0-385-26557-3&rft.aulast=Gabler&rft.aufirst=Neal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALouis+B.+Mayer" class="Z3988"></li> <li>Selznick, Irene Mayer (May 1983). A Private View. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. ISBN 0-394-40192-1.</li> <li>Gary Carey, (September 1981), All the Stars in Heaven: Louis B Mayer's MGM. Dutton ISBN 0525052453</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Marx" title="Samuel Marx">Samuel Marx</a>, (June 1975), Mayer and Thalberg: The Make-believe Saints, Random House, ISBN 0394488423</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bosley_Crowther" title="Bosley Crowther">Bosley Crowther</a> (March 1960). Hollywood Rajah: The Life and Times of Louis B. Mayer. Holt, Rinehart and Winston. (Reviewed by John K. Hutchens, New York Herald Tribune, March 21, 1960, p. 15.)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Louis_B._Mayer" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Louis_B._Mayer" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Louis B. Mayer">Louis B. Mayer</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm0562454/">Louis B. Mayer</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/687">Louis B. Mayer</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background: #EEDD82"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Template talk:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Academy Honorary Award"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Academy_Honorary_Award" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Academy_Honorary_Award" title="Academy Honorary Award">Academy Honorary Award</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1928–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros.</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> (1932)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Temple" title="Shirley Temple">Shirley Temple</a> (1934)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._W._Griffith" title="D. W. Griffith">D. W. Griffith</a> (1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_March_of_Time" title="The March of Time">The March of Time</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Rosson" title="Harold Rosson">Harold Rosson</a> (1936)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edgar_Bergen" title="Edgar Bergen">Edgar Bergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/W._Howard_Greene" title="W. Howard Greene">W. Howard Greene</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art_Department_of_Film" title="Museum of Modern Art Department of Film">Museum of Modern Art Film Library</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mack_Sennett" title="Mack Sennett">Mack Sennett</a> (1937)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_A._Ball_(inventor)" title="Joseph A. Ball (inventor)">J. Arthur Ball</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Deanna_Durbin" title="Deanna Durbin">Deanna Durbin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Jennings" title="Gordon Jennings">Gordon Jennings</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jan_Domela" title="Jan Domela">Jan Domela</a>, Devereaux Jennings, Irmin Roberts, Art Smith, <a href="/wiki/Farciot_Edouart" title="Farciot Edouart">Farciot Edouart</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_Griggs" title="Loyal Griggs">Loyal Griggs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Loren_L._Ryder" title="Loren L. Ryder">Loren L. Ryder</a>, Harry D. Mills, <a href="/wiki/Louis_Mesenkop" title="Louis Mesenkop">Louis Mesenkop</a>, Walter Oberst / <a href="/wiki/Oliver_T._Marsh" title="Oliver T. Marsh">Oliver T. Marsh</a> and Allen Davey / <a href="/wiki/Harry_Warner" title="Harry Warner">Harry Warner</a> (1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas_Fairbanks" title="Douglas Fairbanks">Douglas Fairbanks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Judy_Garland" title="Judy Garland">Judy Garland</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Cameron_Menzies" title="William Cameron Menzies">William Cameron Menzies</a> / <a href="/wiki/Motion_Picture_%26_Television_Fund" title="Motion Picture & Television Fund">Motion Picture Relief Fund</a> (<a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Morgan" title="Ralph Morgan">Ralph Morgan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ralph_Block" title="Ralph Block">Ralph Block</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Nagel" title="Conrad Nagel">Conrad Nagel</a>) / <a href="/wiki/Vantiva" title="Vantiva">Technicolor SA</a> (1939)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nathan_Levinson" title="Nathan Levinson">Nathan Levinson</a> (1940)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Garity" title="William Garity">William Garity</a>, John N. A. Hawkins, and the <a href="/wiki/RCA" title="RCA">RCA Manufacturing Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leopold_Stokowski" title="Leopold Stokowski">Leopold Stokowski</a> and his associates / Rey Scott / <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Information_(United_Kingdom)" title="Ministry of Information (United Kingdom)">British Ministry of Information</a> (1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Boyer" title="Charles Boyer">Charles Boyer</a> / <a href="/wiki/No%C3%ABl_Coward" title="Noël Coward">Noël Coward</a> / <a href="/wiki/Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer" title="Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer</a> (1942)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Pal" title="George Pal">George Pal</a> (1943)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Margaret_O%27Brien" title="Margaret O'Brien">Margaret O'Brien</a> (1944)</li> <li>Republic Studio, <a href="/wiki/Daniel_J._Bloomberg" title="Daniel J. Bloomberg">Daniel J. Bloomberg</a>, and the Republic Studio Sound Department / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_House_I_Live_In_(1945_film)" title="The House I Live In (1945 film)">The House I Live In</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peggy_Ann_Garner" title="Peggy Ann Garner">Peggy Ann Garner</a> (1945)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harold_Russell" title="Harold Russell">Harold Russell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Lubitsch" title="Ernst Lubitsch">Ernst Lubitsch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Jarman_Jr." title="Claude Jarman Jr.">Claude Jarman Jr.</a> (1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Baskett" title="James Baskett">James Baskett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Armat" title="Thomas Armat">Thomas Armat</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Selig" title="William Selig">William Nicholas Selig</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_E._Smith_(producer)" title="Albert E. Smith (producer)">Albert E. Smith</a>, and <a href="/wiki/George_Kirke_Spoor" title="George Kirke Spoor">George Kirke Spoor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bill_and_Coo" title="Bill and Coo">Bill and Coo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shoeshine_(film)" title="Shoeshine (film)">Shoeshine</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Wanger" title="Walter Wanger">Walter Wanger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Monsieur_Vincent" title="Monsieur Vincent">Monsieur Vincent</a> / <a href="/wiki/Sid_Grauman" title="Sid Grauman">Sid Grauman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adolph_Zukor" title="Adolph Zukor">Adolph Zukor</a> (1948)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Hersholt" title="Jean Hersholt">Jean Hersholt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Fred_Astaire" title="Fred Astaire">Fred Astaire</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cecil_B._DeMille" title="Cecil B. DeMille">Cecil B. DeMille</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bicycle_Thieves" title="Bicycle Thieves">The Bicycle Thief</a> (1949)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis B. Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Murphy" title="George Murphy">George Murphy</a> / <a href="/wiki/The_Walls_of_Malapaga" title="The Walls of Malapaga">The Walls of Malapaga</a> (1950)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gene_Kelly" title="Gene Kelly">Gene Kelly</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rashomon" title="Rashomon">Rashomon</a> (1951)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merian_C._Cooper" title="Merian C. Cooper">Merian C. Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> / <a href="/wiki/Harold_Lloyd" title="Harold Lloyd">Harold Lloyd</a> / George Mitchell / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_M._Schenck" title="Joseph M. Schenck">Joseph M. Schenck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Forbidden_Games" title="Forbidden Games">Forbidden Games</a> (1952)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Studios" title="20th Century Studios">20th Century-Fox Film Corporation</a> / <a href="/wiki/Bell_%26_Howell" title="Bell & Howell">Bell & Howell Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Breen" title="Joseph Breen">Joseph Breen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pete_Smith_(film_producer)" title="Pete Smith (film producer)">Pete Smith</a> (1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bausch_%26_Lomb" title="Bausch & Lomb">Bausch & Lomb Optical Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/Danny_Kaye" title="Danny Kaye">Danny Kaye</a> / Kemp Niver / <a href="/wiki/Greta_Garbo" title="Greta Garbo">Greta Garbo</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jon_Whiteley" title="Jon Whiteley">Jon Whiteley</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Winter" title="Vincent Winter">Vincent Winter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gate_of_Hell_(film)" title="Gate of Hell (film)">Gate of Hell</a> (1954)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samurai_I:_Musashi_Miyamoto" title="Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto">Samurai I: Musashi Miyamoto</a> (1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eddie_Cantor" title="Eddie Cantor">Eddie Cantor</a> (1956)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_of_Motion_Picture_and_Television_Engineers" title="Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers">Society of Motion Picture and Television Engineers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Broncho_Billy_Anderson" title="Broncho Billy Anderson">Gilbert M. "Broncho Billy" Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Brackett" title="Charles Brackett">Charles Brackett</a> / <a href="/wiki/B._B._Kahane" title="B. B. Kahane">B. B. Kahane</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Chevalier" title="Maurice Chevalier">Maurice Chevalier</a> (1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buster_Keaton" title="Buster Keaton">Buster Keaton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lee_de_Forest" title="Lee de Forest">Lee de Forest</a> (1959)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Cooper" title="Gary Cooper">Gary Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/Stan_Laurel" title="Stan Laurel">Stan Laurel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayley_Mills" title="Hayley Mills">Hayley Mills</a> (1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_L._Hendricks" title="William L. Hendricks">William L. Hendricks</a> / Fred L. Metzler / <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Robbins" title="Jerome Robbins">Jerome Robbins</a> (1961)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_J._Tuttle" title="William J. Tuttle">William J. Tuttle</a> (1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Hope" title="Bob Hope">Bob Hope</a> (1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yakima_Canutt" title="Yakima Canutt">Yakima Canutt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Y._Frank_Freeman" title="Y. Frank Freeman">Y. Frank Freeman</a> (1966)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arthur_Freed" title="Arthur Freed">Arthur Freed</a> (1967)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Chambers_(make-up_artist)" title="John Chambers (make-up artist)">John Chambers</a> / <a href="/wiki/Onna_White" title="Onna White">Onna White</a> (1968)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary_Grant" title="Cary Grant">Cary Grant</a> (1969)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lillian_Gish" title="Lillian Gish">Lillian Gish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Orson_Welles" title="Orson Welles">Orson Welles</a> (1970)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a> (1971)</li> <li>Charles S. Boren / <a href="/wiki/Edward_G._Robinson" title="Edward G. Robinson">Edward G. Robinson</a> (1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henri_Langlois" title="Henri Langlois">Henri Langlois</a> / <a href="/wiki/Groucho_Marx" title="Groucho Marx">Groucho Marx</a> (1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Howard_Hawks" title="Howard Hawks">Howard Hawks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean_Renoir" title="Jean Renoir">Jean Renoir</a> (1974)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Pickford" title="Mary Pickford">Mary Pickford</a> (1975)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Booth" title="Margaret Booth">Margaret Booth</a> (1977)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Lantz" title="Walter Lantz">Walter Lantz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Laurence_Olivier" title="Laurence Olivier">Laurence Olivier</a> / <a href="/wiki/King_Vidor" title="King Vidor">King Vidor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Modern_Art" title="Museum of Modern Art">Museum of Modern Art Department of Film</a> (1978)</li> <li>Hal Elias / <a href="/wiki/Alec_Guinness" title="Alec Guinness">Alec Guinness</a> (1979)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Fonda" title="Henry Fonda">Henry Fonda</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barbara_Stanwyck" title="Barbara Stanwyck">Barbara Stanwyck</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mickey_Rooney" title="Mickey Rooney">Mickey Rooney</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hal_Roach" title="Hal Roach">Hal Roach</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Stewart" title="James Stewart">James Stewart</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Endowment_for_the_Arts" title="National Endowment for the Arts">National Endowment for the Arts</a> (1984)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Newman" title="Paul Newman">Paul Newman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alex_North" title="Alex North">Alex North</a> (1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Bellamy" title="Ralph Bellamy">Ralph Bellamy</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kodak" title="Kodak">Eastman Kodak Company</a> / <a href="/wiki/National_Film_Board_of_Canada" title="National Film Board of Canada">National Film Board of Canada</a> (1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akira_Kurosawa" title="Akira Kurosawa">Akira Kurosawa</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sophia_Loren" title="Sophia Loren">Sophia Loren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Myrna_Loy" title="Myrna Loy">Myrna Loy</a> (1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satyajit_Ray" title="Satyajit Ray">Satyajit Ray</a> (1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Fellini" title="Federico Fellini">Federico Fellini</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deborah_Kerr" title="Deborah Kerr">Deborah Kerr</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michelangelo_Antonioni" title="Michelangelo Antonioni">Michelangelo Antonioni</a> (1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirk_Douglas" title="Kirk Douglas">Kirk Douglas</a> / <a href="/wiki/Chuck_Jones" title="Chuck Jones">Chuck Jones</a> (1995)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Kidd" title="Michael Kidd">Michael Kidd</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Donen" title="Stanley Donen">Stanley Donen</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elia_Kazan" title="Elia Kazan">Elia Kazan</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrzej_Wajda" title="Andrzej Wajda">Andrzej Wajda</a> (1999)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jack_Cardiff" title="Jack Cardiff">Jack Cardiff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lehman" title="Ernest Lehman">Ernest Lehman</a> (2000)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background: #EEDD82;width:1%">2001–present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Poitier" title="Sidney Poitier">Sidney Poitier</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Redford" title="Robert Redford">Robert Redford</a> (2001)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_O%27Toole" title="Peter O'Toole">Peter O'Toole</a> (2002)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blake_Edwards" title="Blake Edwards">Blake Edwards</a> (2003)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sidney_Lumet" title="Sidney Lumet">Sidney Lumet</a> (2004)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Altman" title="Robert Altman">Robert Altman</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ennio_Morricone" title="Ennio Morricone">Ennio Morricone</a> (2006)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_F._Boyle" title="Robert F. Boyle">Robert F. Boyle</a> (2007)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lauren_Bacall" title="Lauren Bacall">Lauren Bacall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Roger_Corman" title="Roger Corman">Roger Corman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Willis" title="Gordon Willis">Gordon Willis</a> (2009)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_Brownlow" title="Kevin Brownlow">Kevin Brownlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jean-Luc_Godard" title="Jean-Luc Godard">Jean-Luc Godard</a> / <a href="/wiki/Eli_Wallach" title="Eli Wallach">Eli Wallach</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Earl_Jones" title="James Earl Jones">James Earl Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Dick_Smith_(make-up_artist)" title="Dick Smith (make-up artist)">Dick Smith</a> (2011)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._A._Pennebaker" title="D. A. Pennebaker">D. A. Pennebaker</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hal_Needham" title="Hal Needham">Hal Needham</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Stevens_Jr." title="George Stevens Jr.">George Stevens Jr.</a> (2012)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Lansbury" title="Angela Lansbury">Angela Lansbury</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steve_Martin" title="Steve Martin">Steve Martin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Piero_Tosi" title="Piero Tosi">Piero Tosi</a> (2013)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Claude_Carri%C3%A8re" title="Jean-Claude Carrière">Jean-Claude Carrière</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hayao_Miyazaki" title="Hayao Miyazaki">Hayao Miyazaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maureen_O%27Hara" title="Maureen O'Hara">Maureen O'Hara</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spike_Lee" title="Spike Lee">Spike Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gena_Rowlands" title="Gena Rowlands">Gena Rowlands</a> (2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Chan" title="Jackie Chan">Jackie Chan</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lynn_Stalmaster" title="Lynn Stalmaster">Lynn Stalmaster</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_V._Coates" title="Anne V. Coates">Anne V. Coates</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Wiseman" title="Frederick Wiseman">Frederick Wiseman</a> (2016)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Burnett_(director)" title="Charles Burnett (director)">Charles Burnett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Roizman" title="Owen Roizman">Owen Roizman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donald_Sutherland" title="Donald Sutherland">Donald Sutherland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Agn%C3%A8s_Varda" title="Agnès Varda">Agnès Varda</a> (2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marvin_Levy_(publicist)" title="Marvin Levy (publicist)">Marvin Levy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lalo_Schifrin" title="Lalo Schifrin">Lalo Schifrin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Cicely_Tyson" title="Cicely Tyson">Cicely Tyson</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Lynch" title="David Lynch">David Lynch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wes_Studi" title="Wes Studi">Wes Studi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Lina_Wertm%C3%BCller" title="Lina Wertmüller">Lina Wertmüller</a> (2019)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_L._Jackson" title="Samuel L. Jackson">Samuel L. Jackson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Elaine_May" title="Elaine May">Elaine May</a> / <a href="/wiki/Liv_Ullmann" title="Liv Ullmann">Liv Ullmann</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euzhan_Palcy" title="Euzhan Palcy">Euzhan Palcy</a> / <a href="/wiki/Diane_Warren" title="Diane Warren">Diane Warren</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Weir" title="Peter Weir">Peter Weir</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Angela_Bassett" title="Angela Bassett">Angela Bassett</a> / <a href="/wiki/Mel_Brooks" title="Mel Brooks">Mel Brooks</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carol_Littleton" title="Carol Littleton">Carol Littleton</a> (2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quincy_Jones" title="Quincy Jones">Quincy Jones</a> / <a href="/wiki/Juliet_Taylor" title="Juliet Taylor">Juliet Taylor</a> (2024)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Template talk:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_20th_Century" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Time_100:_The_Most_Important_People_of_the_Century" title="Time 100: The Most Important People of the Century">Time 100: The Most Important People of the 20th Century</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Leaders & revolutionaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/David_Ben-Gurion" title="David Ben-Gurion">David Ben-Gurion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahatma_Gandhi" title="Mahatma Gandhi">Mahatma Gandhi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Gorbachev" title="Mikhail Gorbachev">Mikhail Gorbachev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adolf_Hitler" title="Adolf Hitler">Adolf Hitler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Chi_Minh" title="Ho Chi Minh">Ho Chi Minh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pope_John_Paul_II" title="Pope John Paul II">Pope John Paul II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ruhollah_Khomeini" title="Ruhollah Khomeini">Ruhollah Khomeini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Luther_King_Jr." title="Martin Luther King Jr.">Martin Luther King Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Lenin" title="Vladimir Lenin">Vladimir Lenin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nelson_Mandela" title="Nelson Mandela">Nelson Mandela</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mao_Zedong" title="Mao Zedong">Mao Zedong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eleanor_Roosevelt" title="Eleanor Roosevelt">Eleanor Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Roosevelt" title="Theodore Roosevelt">Theodore Roosevelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Sanger" title="Margaret Sanger">Margaret Sanger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Thatcher" title="Margaret Thatcher">Margaret Thatcher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tank_Man" title="Tank Man">Unknown Tiananmen Square rebel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lech_Wa%C5%82%C4%99sa" title="Lech Wałęsa">Lech Wałęsa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists & entertainers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucille_Ball" title="Lucille Ball">Lucille Ball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Beatles" title="The Beatles">The Beatles</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marlon_Brando" title="Marlon Brando">Marlon Brando</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coco_Chanel" title="Coco Chanel">Coco Chanel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charlie_Chaplin" title="Charlie Chaplin">Charlie Chaplin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Corbusier" title="Le Corbusier">Le Corbusier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bob_Dylan" title="Bob Dylan">Bob Dylan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T._S._Eliot" title="T. S. Eliot">T. S. Eliot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aretha_Franklin" title="Aretha Franklin">Aretha Franklin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_Graham" title="Martha Graham">Martha Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jim_Henson" title="Jim Henson">Jim Henson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Joyce" title="James Joyce">James Joyce</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pablo_Picasso" title="Pablo Picasso">Pablo Picasso</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rodgers_and_Oscar_Hammerstein" class="mw-redirect" title="Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein">Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bart_Simpson" title="Bart Simpson">Bart Simpson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frank_Sinatra" title="Frank Sinatra">Frank Sinatra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Spielberg" title="Steven Spielberg">Steven Spielberg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Igor_Stravinsky" title="Igor Stravinsky">Igor Stravinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oprah_Winfrey" title="Oprah Winfrey">Oprah Winfrey</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Builders & titans</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Bechtel_Sr." title="Stephen Bechtel Sr.">Stephen Bechtel Sr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Burnett" title="Leo Burnett">Leo Burnett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willis_Carrier" title="Willis Carrier">Willis Carrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Disney" title="Walt Disney">Walt Disney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Ford" title="Henry Ford">Henry Ford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Gates" title="Bill Gates">Bill Gates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amadeo_Giannini" title="Amadeo Giannini">Amadeo Giannini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Kroc" title="Ray Kroc">Ray Kroc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Est%C3%A9e_Lauder_(businesswoman)" title="Estée Lauder (businesswoman)">Estée Lauder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Levitt" title="William Levitt">William Levitt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucky_Luciano" title="Lucky Luciano">Lucky Luciano</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Louis B. Mayer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_E._Merrill" title="Charles E. Merrill">Charles E. Merrill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akio_Morita" title="Akio Morita">Akio Morita</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walter_Reuther" title="Walter Reuther">Walter Reuther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pete_Rozelle" title="Pete Rozelle">Pete Rozelle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Sarnoff" title="David Sarnoff">David Sarnoff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juan_Trippe" title="Juan Trippe">Juan Trippe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Walton" title="Sam Walton">Sam Walton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_J._Watson_Jr." title="Thomas J. Watson Jr.">Thomas J. Watson Jr.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Scientists & thinkers</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leo_Baekeland" title="Leo Baekeland">Leo Baekeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tim_Berners-Lee" title="Tim Berners-Lee">Tim Berners-Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rachel_Carson" title="Rachel Carson">Rachel Carson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Albert Einstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philo_Farnsworth" title="Philo Farnsworth">Philo Farnsworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Enrico Fermi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Fleming" title="Alexander Fleming">Alexander Fleming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sigmund_Freud" title="Sigmund Freud">Sigmund Freud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_H._Goddard" title="Robert H. Goddard">Robert H. Goddard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurt_G%C3%B6del" title="Kurt Gödel">Kurt Gödel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Hubble" title="Edwin Hubble">Edwin Hubble</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Maynard_Keynes" title="John Maynard Keynes">John Maynard Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leakey_family" title="Leakey family">Leakey family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean_Piaget" title="Jean Piaget">Jean Piaget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonas_Salk" title="Jonas Salk">Jonas Salk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">William Shockley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Turing" title="Alan Turing">Alan Turing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Crick" title="Francis Crick">Francis Crick</a> & <a href="/wiki/James_Watson" title="James Watson">James Watson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ludwig_Wittgenstein" title="Ludwig Wittgenstein">Ludwig Wittgenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wright_brothers" title="Wright brothers">Wright brothers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Heroes & icons</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Muhammad_Ali" title="Muhammad Ali">Muhammad Ali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G.I." title="G.I.">The American G.I.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne_Frank" title="Anne Frank">Anne Frank</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Graham" title="Billy Graham">Billy Graham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Che_Guevara" title="Che Guevara">Che Guevara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Hillary" title="Edmund Hillary">Edmund Hillary</a> & <a href="/wiki/Tenzing_Norgay" title="Tenzing Norgay">Tenzing Norgay</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Keller" title="Helen Keller">Helen Keller</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_family" title="Kennedy family">Kennedy family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Lee" title="Bruce Lee">Bruce Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lindbergh" title="Charles Lindbergh">Charles Lindbergh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harvey_Milk" title="Harvey Milk">Harvey Milk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marilyn_Monroe" title="Marilyn Monroe">Marilyn Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emmeline_Pankhurst" title="Emmeline Pankhurst">Emmeline Pankhurst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rosa_Parks" title="Rosa Parks">Rosa Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pel%C3%A9" title="Pelé">Pelé</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jackie_Robinson" title="Jackie Robinson">Jackie Robinson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Sakharov" title="Andrei Sakharov">Andrei Sakharov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mother_Teresa" title="Mother Teresa">Mother Teresa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_W." title="Bill W.">Bill W.</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319682#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319682#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000066746033">ISNI</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/3273574">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/68117/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxRwDHgmgDYP3DrxHwXBP">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/119113236">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81018659">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131955633">France</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb131955633">BnF data</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jx20070126003&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX4683035">Spain</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p112954499">Netherlands</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007272304805171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/artist/d64f0589-d05e-438a-b870-88e282dcf39f">MusicBrainz</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/pnd119113236.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/232932360">IdRef</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/23807012">NARA</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6vx1d07">SNAC</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&oldid=1257928068">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&oldid=1257928068</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1884_births" title="Category:1884 births">1884 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1957_deaths" title="Category:1957 deaths">1957 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Russian_Jews" title="Category:Russian Jews">Russian Jews</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Emigrants_from_the_Russian_Empire_to_Canada" title="Category:Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Canada">Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_people_of_Russian-Jewish_descent" title="Category:Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent">Canadian people of Russian-Jewish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_emigrants_to_the_United_States" title="Category:Canadian emigrants to the United States">Canadian emigrants to the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_people_of_Russian-Jewish_descent" title="Category:American people of Russian-Jewish descent">American people of Russian-Jewish descent</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_studio_executives" title="Category:American film studio executives">American film studio executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_film_production_company_founders" title="Category:American film production company founders">American film production company founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_Freemasons" title="Category:American Freemasons">American Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Film_producers_from_California" title="Category:Film producers from California">Film producers from California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer_executives" title="Category:Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives">Metro-Goldwyn-Mayer executives</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_racehorse_owners_and_breeders" title="Category:American racehorse owners and breeders">American racehorse owners and breeders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Businesspeople_from_Los_Angeles" title="Category:Businesspeople from Los Angeles">Businesspeople from Los Angeles</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:California_Republican_Party_chairs" title="Category:California Republican Party chairs">California Republican Party chairs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_Freemasons" title="Category:Canadian Freemasons">Canadian Freemasons</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_from_Perris,_California" title="Category:People from Perris, California">People from Perris, California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_of_Motion_Picture_Arts_and_Sciences_founders" title="Category:Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders">Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences founders</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Academy_Honorary_Award_recipients" title="Category:Academy Honorary Award recipients">Academy Honorary Award recipients</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Deaths_from_leukemia_in_California" title="Category:Deaths from leukemia in California">Deaths from leukemia in California</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Burials_at_Home_of_Peace_Cemetery" title="Category:Burials at Home of Peace Cemetery">Burials at Home of Peace Cemetery</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_businesspeople" title="Category:20th-century American businesspeople">20th-century American businesspeople</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Jewish_film_people" title="Category:Jewish film people">Jewish film people</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_numeric_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list">CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_December_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from December 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_matches_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description matches Wikidata">Short description matches Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_mdy_dates_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use mdy dates from July 2016">Use mdy dates from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_American_English_from_July_2016" title="Category:Use American English from July 2016">Use American English from July 2016</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_Wikipedia_articles_written_in_American_English" title="Category:All Wikipedia articles written in American English">All Wikipedia articles written in American English</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_hCards" title="Category:Articles with hCards">Articles with hCards</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_July_2024" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024">Articles with unsourced statements from July 2024</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 17 November 2024, at 08:09 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Louis_B._Mayer&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-czcdm","wgBackendResponseTime":254,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"1.562","walltime":"1.850","ppvisitednodes":{"value":10759,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":163171,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":15226,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":24,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":9,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":217938,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 1517.167 1 -total"," 23.82% 361.382 1 Template:Infobox_person"," 22.41% 340.015 3 Template:Reflist"," 17.11% 259.518 22 Template:Cite_book"," 12.28% 186.282 20 Template:Pluralize_from_text"," 10.40% 157.814 1 Template:Ubl"," 9.78% 148.352 2 Template:Marriage"," 8.65% 131.262 1 Template:Inflation-fn"," 5.62% 85.266 1 Template:Short_description"," 4.36% 66.103 11 Template:Cite_web"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.716","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":11827786,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n}\n\"\"\ntable#1 {\n}\n\"\"\n"},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-598ft","timestamp":"20241122141219","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Louis B. Mayer","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Louis_B._Mayer","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319682","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q319682","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2003-11-29T07:47:21Z","dateModified":"2024-11-17T08:09:21Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/d\/d4\/Louis_B_Mayer_cropped.jpg","headline":"Canadian-American film producer (1884\u20131957)"}</script> </body> </html>