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</ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_die_casting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_die_casting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>European die casting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-European_die_casting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle European die casting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-European_die_casting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early_European_diecast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_European_diecast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Early European diecast</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_European_diecast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trends_in_toy_detail" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trends_in_toy_detail"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Trends in toy detail</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trends_in_toy_detail-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Die_cast_seconds" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Die_cast_seconds"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Die cast seconds</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Die_cast_seconds-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collecting" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collecting"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Collecting</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Collecting subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Collecting-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_adult_collector" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_adult_collector"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>The adult collector</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_adult_collector-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Licensing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Licensing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Licensing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Licensing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Collectible_manufacturers_and_locations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Collectible_manufacturers_and_locations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.3</span> <span>Collectible manufacturers and locations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Collectible_manufacturers_and_locations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Promotional_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Promotional_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Promotional models</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Promotional_models-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Promotional models subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Promotional_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_plastic_promo" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_plastic_promo"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>The plastic promo</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_plastic_promo-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-American_promo_details" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#American_promo_details"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>American promo details</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-American_promo_details-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Marketing_approaches" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Marketing_approaches"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Marketing approaches</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Marketing_approaches-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_promotionals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_promotionals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>European promotionals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_promotionals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Model_kits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Model_kits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Model kits</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Model_kits-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Model kits subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Model_kits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Pioneers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pioneers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Pioneers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pioneers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Customizers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Customizers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Customizers</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Customizers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decline_and_revival" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decline_and_revival"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Decline and revival</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decline_and_revival-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japanese_kits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japanese_kits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>Japanese kits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japanese_kits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Short-run_multimedia_kits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Short-run_multimedia_kits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>Short-run multimedia kits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Short-run_multimedia_kits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Powered_models" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Powered_models"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Powered models</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Powered_models-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reference_bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference_bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Reference bibliography</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference_bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> 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title="Legetøjsbil – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Legetøjsbil" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modellautomobil" title="Modellautomobil – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Modellautomobil" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%DA%A9%D8%AA_%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%AF%D8%B1%D9%88" title="ماکت خودرو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="ماکت خودرو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9E%90%EB%8F%99%EC%B0%A8_%EB%AA%A8%ED%98%95" title="자동차 모형 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="자동차 모형" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%90%D0%B2%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%8C%D0%B4%D0%B5%D1%83" title="Автомодельдеу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Автомодельдеу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autoraedula" title="Autoraedula – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Autoraedula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modelauto" title="Modelauto – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Modelauto" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%87%AA%E5%8B%95%E8%BB%8A%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B" title="自動車模型 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="自動車模型" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samochodzik" title="Samochodzik – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Samochodzik" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carrinho_de_brinquedo" title="Carrinho de brinquedo – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Carrinho de brinquedo" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leikkiauto" title="Leikkiauto – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Leikkiauto" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leksaksbil" title="Leksaksbil – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Leksaksbil" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Model_araba" title="Model araba – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Model araba" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E8%BB%8A" title="模型車 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="模型車" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%A8%A1%E5%9E%8B%E8%BD%A6" title="模型车 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="模型车" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scale model of car</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about miniature car replicas or toys. For remotely controllable miniature cars with functioning motors or engines, see <a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car</a>. For the types of life-size automobiles from various manufacturers, see <a href="/wiki/Car_model" title="Car model">Car model</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid 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title="Wikipedia:Handling trivia">relocating</a> any relevant information, and removing excessive detail that may be against <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">Wikipedia's inclusion policy</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2020</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox"><caption class="infobox-title">Model car</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:ToyCars.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ToyCars.jpg/200px-ToyCars.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="69" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ToyCars.jpg/300px-ToyCars.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/ToyCars.jpg/400px-ToyCars.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="276" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">Various Hot Wheels toy vehicles</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">toy car</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Company</th><td class="infobox-data">various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Country</th><td class="infobox-data">various</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Materials</th><td class="infobox-data">plastic, metal</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>A <b>model car</b>, or <b>toy car</b>, is a <a href="/wiki/Physical_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Physical model">miniature representation</a> of an <a href="/wiki/Automobile" class="mw-redirect" title="Automobile">automobile</a>. Other miniature <a href="/wiki/Motor_vehicle" title="Motor vehicle">motor vehicles</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Truck" title="Truck">trucks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bus" title="Bus">buses</a>, or even <a href="/wiki/All-terrain_vehicle" title="All-terrain vehicle">ATVs</a>, etc. are often included in this general category. Because many miniature vehicles were originally aimed at children as <a href="/wiki/Toy" title="Toy">playthings</a>, there is no precise difference between a model car and a toy car, yet the word 'model' implies either assembly required or the accurate rendering of an actual vehicle at smaller scale. The kit building hobby became popular through the 1950s, while the collecting of miniatures by adults started to gain momentum around 1970. Precision-detailed miniatures made specifically for adults are a significant part of the market since the mid-1980s.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson19709_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson19709-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19985_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19985-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The scope of the vehicles involved in the hobby, according to Louis Heilbroner Hertz author of <i>The Complete Book of Building and Collecting Model Automobiles</i>, encompasses "ordinary or stock automobiles, racing cars ([...]), buses, trucks, specialized service vehicles (especially fire engines), military vehicles, including such equipment as self-propelled gun carriers and mobile rocket launchers; construction equipment, including bulldozers and road rollers, tractors and related farm equipment; mobile showmen's engines, customized automobiles, hot rods, dragsters, the recently popular so-called 'funny cars', early self-propelled road carriages, and so on."<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertz197011_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertz197011-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg/220px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg/330px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg/440px-The_Childrens_Museum_of_Indianapolis_-_Toy_Jaguar_sports_car.jpg 2x" data-file-width="768" data-file-height="339" /></a><figcaption>A diecast 1:10 scale <a href="/wiki/Doepke_Toys" title="Doepke Toys">Doepke Toys</a> <a href="/wiki/Jaguar_XK120" title="Jaguar XK120">Jaguar XK120</a> from 1955. One of two car models the company made, this model is 17.5 in (440 mm) long. In <a href="/wiki/The_Children%27s_Museum_of_Indianapolis" title="The Children's Museum of Indianapolis">The Children's Museum of Indianapolis</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Miniature models of automobiles first appeared in Europe around the time real automobiles did. Then, shortly after, they appeared in the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1996_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1996-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> These were toys and replicas often made of lead and brass.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later models made in the early 20th century were <a href="/wiki/Slush_Casting" class="mw-redirect" title="Slush Casting">slush cast</a> plaster or iron. Tin and <a href="/wiki/Stamping_(metalworking)" title="Stamping (metalworking)">pressed steel</a> cars, trucks, and military vehicles, like those made by <a href="/wiki/Bing_(company)" title="Bing (company)">Bing</a> of Germany, were introduced in the 1920s through the 1940s, but period models rarely copied actual vehicles, likely because of the crudeness of early casting and metal shaping techniques.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995,_1997_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995,_1997-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Casting vehicles in <a href="/wiki/Alloy" title="Alloy">alloys</a> such as zinc-aluminum-magnesium-copper (trademarked as <a href="/wiki/Zamak" title="Zamak">zamak</a>) became popular in the late 1930s and remained prominent after <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle2009_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2009-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fabricating_the_'real'_thing"><span id="Fabricating_the_.27real.27_thing"></span>Fabricating the 'real' thing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Fabricating the 'real' thing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_(7477512310).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg/250px-Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg/375px-Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg/500px-Signature_Models_-_1962_BMW_LS_Luxus_%287477512310%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>A model of a 1962 <a href="/wiki/BMW_700" title="BMW 700">BMW 700 LS Luxus</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Many early model cars were not intended either as toys or for collecting. By the 1920s, the manufacturers of real automobiles would design and construct <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">scale</a> as well as full-sized models for design or promotion. <a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn" title="Citroën">Citroën</a> of France, for example, made its own models for promotional purposes as early as 1923.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForce1991105_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEForce1991105-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1986176,_258–259_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1986176,_258–259-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sometimes styling or <a href="/wiki/Concept_car" title="Concept car">concept models</a> were made out of wood or clay, often in 3/8 scale.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStambler19662–7_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStambler19662–7-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ford_at_Fifty''1953_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ford_at_Fifty''1953-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> From 1930 until 1968, <a href="/wiki/General_Motors" title="General Motors">General Motors</a> sponsored the <a href="/wiki/Fisher_Body" title="Fisher Body">Fisher Body</a> Craftsman's Guild Competition where hundreds of modelers competed for scholarship money.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy2004_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy2004-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher_Body1956_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher_Body1956-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. The emphasis was to earn recognition for creativity which would lead to possible employment as an industry stylist. </p><p>In-house models could also be precise replicas made of similar materials to the real vehicles. For example, <a href="/wiki/Hudson_Motor_Car_Company" title="Hudson Motor Car Company">Hudson Motor Car Company</a> made twelve precisely crafted 1/4 scale replicas of its 1932 vehicles for promotion at the 1932 <a href="/wiki/New_York_Auto_Show" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Auto Show">New York Auto Show</a> (see Hudson display models). About the same time, but in a different vein, Studebaker made a wooden model of a <a href="/wiki/Cabriolet" class="mw-redirect" title="Cabriolet">cabriolet</a> over <i>twice</i> the size of the real car. The vehicle was stationary on the company grounds and large enough to hold a whole band that played mostly for photo shoots (Quinn 2004). As time went by, companies in the United States, Europe and Asia made, provided, or sold toys or precision promotional models to attract succeeding generations to their products. More models also displayed advertising on their bodies for non-automotive promotions. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Austin_Toy_Cars_(Factory),_Pengam,_Bargoed_(19363299009).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Austin_Toy_Cars_%28Factory%29%2C_Pengam%2C_Bargoed_%2819363299009%29.jpg/220px-Austin_Toy_Cars_%28Factory%29%2C_Pengam%2C_Bargoed_%2819363299009%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="306" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Austin_Toy_Cars_%28Factory%29%2C_Pengam%2C_Bargoed_%2819363299009%29.jpg/330px-Austin_Toy_Cars_%28Factory%29%2C_Pengam%2C_Bargoed_%2819363299009%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/ed/Austin_Toy_Cars_%28Factory%29%2C_Pengam%2C_Bargoed_%2819363299009%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="440" data-file-height="612" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Austin_Motor_Company" title="Austin Motor Company">Austin</a> toy pedal cars being manufactured at the <a href="/wiki/Longbridge_plant" title="Longbridge plant">Longbridge plant</a>.</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Scale_sizes">Scale sizes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Scale sizes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The scales of toy and model cars vary according to historical precedent, market demand and the need for detail. Many 'in house' models of real car companies are made by professional modelers in full size, or at very large scales like 1:4, 1:5, 3:8, or 1:10 to portray adequate features and proportions. For toys, many European pre-war cars and trucks were made to display with railroad layouts, making <a href="/wiki/1:87" class="mw-redirect" title="1:87">1:87</a> (1 to 2 inches, or HO scale) or <a href="/wiki/1:43_scale" title="1:43 scale">1:43</a> (about 4 inches long, or O scale) common scales. Other companies made vehicles in variations around 1:40 to <a href="/wiki/1:50_scale" title="1:50 scale">1:50</a> scales. Some companies went smaller to appeal to the hands of smaller children (about <a href="/wiki/1:64_scale" title="1:64 scale">1:64 scale</a> or about 3 inches), which improved profit margins in packaging more items per carton, and increasing profit per vehicle sold. Others moved to larger scales from 1:43 toward 1:40, 1:38 or <a href="/wiki/1:35_scale" title="1:35 scale">1:35</a>. Later, popular scales went even larger. In the United States, 1:25 (6 to 7 inches) became the staple size for plastic promotional models, while European manufacturers went to 1:24 or <a href="/wiki/1:18_scale_diecast" title="1:18 scale diecast">1:18</a> (about 9 inches long). The larger <a href="/wiki/1:12_scale" title="1:12 scale">1:12 scale</a> was occasionally seen and more rarely, 1:10 or <a href="/wiki/1:8" class="mw-redirect" title="1:8">1:8</a>. At the other extreme, some very tiny toys since the 1980s were fairly accurate down to about <a href="/wiki/1:120" class="mw-redirect" title="1:120">1:120</a> (a little over an inch). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Size_reference.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Size_reference.jpg/220px-Size_reference.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="189" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Size_reference.jpg/330px-Size_reference.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Size_reference.jpg/440px-Size_reference.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4026" data-file-height="3459" /></a><figcaption>Models from Spark, 6 different scales </figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Materials_and_markets">Materials and markets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Materials and markets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Toys in the United States almost always were simpler castings of zinc alloy (zamak), pressed steel or plastic and often castings of only seven parts (a car body, four plastic wheels and two axles) – while more complex plastic and zamak models in Europe often had precision detail with more working features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalston2007_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERalston2007-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This provides instruction on different regions of the world and their varied cultures, markets, labor and economies. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6,_Joustra_pic1.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG/220px-Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG/330px-Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fb/Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG/440px-Litho_tin_toy_Citro%C3%ABn_Ami_6%2C_Joustra_pic1.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4608" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Citro%C3%ABn_Ami" title="Citroën Ami">Citroen Ami 6</a> pressed tin toy.</figcaption></figure> <p>Europe quickly developed niche marketing after World War II. The greater availability of labor there generally allowed the development of relatively complex toys to serve different markets in different countries. In the United States, less labor availability would not allow for complex toys with opening doors, hoods, and complete interiors with all detail, so they were often single castings with few parts. Sophistication in America did come in the form of detailed (but simply cast) promotional models for automotive dealerships which preceded the appearance of automotive kits for assembly. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="European_die_casting">European die casting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: European die casting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:ScaleCarComparison.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ScaleCarComparison.jpg/250px-ScaleCarComparison.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ScaleCarComparison.jpg/375px-ScaleCarComparison.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/ScaleCarComparison.jpg/500px-ScaleCarComparison.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Die cast model cars in a variety of scales. Left to right: 1:64 <a href="/wiki/Chevrolet_Tahoe" title="Chevrolet Tahoe">Chevrolet Tahoe</a>, 1:43 1953 <a href="/wiki/Ford_F-100" class="mw-redirect" title="Ford F-100">Ford F-100</a>, 1:25 1999 <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang_SVT_Cobra" title="Ford Mustang SVT Cobra">Ford Mustang Cobra</a>, 1:18 1987 <a href="/wiki/Ferrari_F40" title="Ferrari F40">Ferrari F40</a>.</figcaption></figure><p> Among more collectible vehicles in Europe after World War II and during the 1950s, smaller scales, like <a href="/wiki/1:43_scale" title="1:43 scale">1:43</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1:64_scale" title="1:64 scale">1:64</a> generally became popular first. Since the 1980s, many factory assembled scale model cars made of diecast metal have become more and more adult collectible oriented and less and less toy-like. Besides the smaller scales, these models are manufactured in various scales like <a href="/wiki/1:12_scale" title="1:12 scale">1:12</a>, <a href="/wiki/1:18_scale" title="1:18 scale">1:18</a>, and <a href="/wiki/1:24_scale" title="1:24 scale">1:24</a>. </p><div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_European_diecast">Early European diecast</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Early European diecast"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Northern Europe and the British Isles were the homes of the most successful European producers in the 1950s and 1960s in the post-war revitalized economies across the continent (Rixon 2005, p. 9). Quite popular were models produced in the altered railroad modeling scale of 1:43. </p><p>Examples of well known companies are (or were) <a href="/wiki/Corgi_Toys" title="Corgi Toys">Corgi Toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dinky_Toys" title="Dinky Toys">Dinky Toys</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matchbox_(brand)" title="Matchbox (brand)">Matchbox</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Spot-On" class="mw-redirect" title="Spot-On">Spot-On</a> Models of the United Kingdom; <a href="/wiki/Solido" title="Solido">Solido</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norev" title="Norev">Norev</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Majorette_(toy_manufacturer)" title="Majorette (toy manufacturer)">Majorette</a> of France; <a href="/wiki/Schuco_Modell" title="Schuco Modell">Schuco Modell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gama_Toys" title="Gama Toys">Gama</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Siku_Toys" title="Siku Toys">Siku</a> of (West) Germany; <a href="/wiki/Tekno_(toy_manufacturer)" title="Tekno (toy manufacturer)">Tekno</a> of Denmark, and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mercury_(models)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mercury (models) (page does not exist)">Mercury</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polistil" title="Polistil">Polistil</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mebetoys" title="Mebetoys">Mebetoys</a> of Italy. Immediately post-war, Belgium made Septoy and Gasquy. Even Israel got into the act quite successfully with <a href="/wiki/Gamda_Koor_Sabra" title="Gamda Koor Sabra">Gamda Koor Sabra</a> which made its own tooling for several unique models. Non-market system communist countries also had some successful factories, like <a href="/wiki/Kaden_models" title="Kaden models">Kaden models</a> and Igra of Czechoslovakia, Espewe of East Germany, and Estetyka of Poland. State factories of the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> (commonly known as Novoexport, Saratov, or Tantal) produced many carefully crafted diecast models mostly in 1:43 scale. These were known for their intricate detail, numerous parts, and delicate construction. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg/250px-Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg/375px-Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0c/Moko_Box_Low_Loader.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="360" /></a><figcaption>Moko Lesney flat bed truck box. Reproduction boxes can sometimes be difficult to spot.</figcaption></figure> <p>Larger sizes in die-cast grew out of offerings of European companies like Polistil, Schuco Modell, and <a href="/wiki/Martoys" class="mw-redirect" title="Martoys">Martoys</a>, which was later to become <a href="/wiki/Bburago" title="Bburago">Bburago</a>. 1:24 and 1:18 scales did not become really popular until the late 1980s when other brands like <a href="/wiki/Yatming" class="mw-redirect" title="Yatming">Yatming</a> and <a href="/wiki/Maisto" title="Maisto">Maisto</a> were produced in <a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong" title="Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a> or China by either American or Asian companies. 1:87 scale plastic vehicles, related to railroad modeling or not, also continue to be popular in Europe. Despite continued European companies, today, China is now the center of diecast production. Post-war European diecast models were produced in fairly simple form, such as <a href="/wiki/Dinky_Toys" title="Dinky Toys">Dinky Toys</a> (often in the train related 1:64 or 1:43). Dinky production began in 1934, while <a href="/wiki/Matchbox_(toy_company)" class="mw-redirect" title="Matchbox (toy company)">Matchbox</a> cars (often approx. 1:64) were introduced in the mid-1950s. These early die-cast toys featured no opening parts whatsoever. Affected by market forces and by improvements in production technology, companies began to improve the quality of the toys over time. The "best" improvements were often copied by the competition within 1–2 years of their appearance on the market. Examples of these would be plastic windows, interiors, separate wheel/tire assemblies, working suspensions, opening/moving parts, jeweled headlights, mask-spraying or tampo-printing, and low-friction 'fast' wheels. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg/300px-Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg/450px-Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg/600px-Liontoysdaf66coupe.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="603" /></a><figcaption>Lion Toys <a href="/wiki/DAF_66" title="DAF 66">DAF 66 Coupe</a> model.</figcaption></figure> <p>Into the 1970s, model makers began to feel the squeeze of rising costs. Often press tooling for a new model might cost more than 30,000 pounds (more than US$50,000). Companies began to offer fewer new issues and the models became simpler with fewer opening parts.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741998_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741998-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Trends_in_toy_detail">Trends in toy detail</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Trends in toy detail"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Larger 1:24 and 1:18 scale premium models became extremely popular at toy and hobby centers during the 1990s, but are less popular circa 2010. This size is generally made with close attention to the details of the real vehicles, such as a working steering, and opening doors, trunk/boot, and hood/bonnet. Detailed interiors, instrument panels, trunks/boots with spare tires and engine compartments are common. Chassis often show intricacies of exhaust systems and suspensions. A working suspension system is often included. In smaller scales some of the details are often eliminated, so in 1:43, 1:64, or 1:87 scale cars, working steering is not common. Likewise, only the front doors and hood might open, with non-opening rear doors and trunk. (There are exceptions, of course, such as the steering by lever on the late 1960s 3 inch <a href="/wiki/Ford_Mustang" title="Ford Mustang">Ford Mustang</a> by Matchbox or the patented steering on 1:32 Modarri toy cars.)<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg/250px-Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg/375px-Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6b/Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg/500px-Nick%27s_pics_064.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>Corgi <a href="/wiki/Dual-Ghia" title="Dual-Ghia">Dual-Ghia</a> model.</figcaption></figure> <p>Over time, market pressures have caused further changes in the way models are designed and manufactured. In the 1960s, many European models had opening parts and working components, but today few of the smaller scale toys do. More working parts mean more production expense and <a href="/wiki/Hot_Wheels" title="Hot Wheels">Hot Wheels</a> and Matchbox vehicles now rarely have such features. Today, the number of moving parts has been reduced even in large-scale models. For example, premium model maker <a href="/wiki/AUTOart" title="AUTOart">AUTOart</a> introduced a line of race and sports cars in 1:18 scale with no opening parts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Die_cast_seconds">Die cast seconds</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Die cast seconds"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Also notable is the diffusion of model dies to companies in other countries which could not afford tooling expenses for their own new lines. Traditionally, when European companies have finished marketing their models, newer dies are developed and introduced and older dies are sold off to other companies, often in less developed countries.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>As early as about 1970, Dinky tooling became 'Nicky' Toys in India, just as older Matchbox models became 'Miltons' or Corgi dies became 'Maxwell'. Many dies previously made by Corgi, Efsi, Tekno, Sablon or Solido, trekked southward in Europe to Spanish or Portuguese companies like <a href="/wiki/Metosul" title="Metosul">MetOsul</a>, Nacoral or <a href="/wiki/Auto_Pilen" title="Auto Pilen">Auto Pilen</a>. Politoys became MacGregor in Mexico and also showed up in plastic in the Soviet Union. Earlier Solido and <a href="/wiki/Schuco_Modell" title="Schuco Modell">Schuco</a> dies made their way to Brazil. Even some of Mattel's earlier Hot Wheels tooling showed up in Argentina as <a href="/wiki/Muky" title="Muky">Muky</a>. Tomicas became <a href="/wiki/Yat_Ming" title="Yat Ming">Yat Mings</a>, Tomicas and Yat Mings became <a href="/wiki/Playart" title="Playart">Playarts</a>, and Matchbox tooling reappeared in other forms in many places.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The trend is nearly always a diffusion from more industrialized to somewhat lesser industrialized countries and often the result is poorer paint, faulty zamac alloys, and imprecise assembly. One example was the copies of Italian Ediltoys made by Meboto in Turkey. The Argentine Mukys featured paint that was flat and dull, unlike the bright colors of the original Hot Wheels. At the other extreme, Auto Pilen of Spain was an exception and copied models beautifully. These were as good as, or sometimes better, than the original Dinkys or Solidos in quality and paint.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Collecting">Collecting</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Collecting"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Organized collecting of model cars developed shortly after the models first appeared on the market. Even before such companies as Corgi and Dinky were ten years old, adults were collecting them, particularly in the UK and the USA.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197010_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197010-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Often, as well, adults seek the joys of childhood, collecting what they had destroyed in youth or what their parents had thrown away.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagan20006_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERagan20006-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This also lead to the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Diecast_Hall_of_Fame" class="mw-redirect" title="Diecast Hall of Fame">Diecast Hall of Fame</a> in 2009. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_adult_collector">The adult collector</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: The adult collector"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Many manufacturers began catering to the adult collector market. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, David Sinclair in <a href="/wiki/Erie,_Pennsylvania" title="Erie, Pennsylvania">Erie, Pennsylvania</a>, was important in bringing new, more sophisticated and rarely produced years and makes to the United States.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2012_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2012-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Model brands like <a href="/wiki/RIO_Models" title="RIO Models">Rio</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Models" title="Western Models">Western Models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brooklin_Models" title="Brooklin Models">Brooklin</a>, Idea3 and Pirate Models were sold to adult collectors for the first time.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly201256–57_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly201256–57-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Many of these were handmade in white metal in fewer numbers. Also in the early 1970s, craftsmen like Carlo Brianza and Michelle Conti started making ultra-detailed large replicas in Italy and Spain – costing hundreds or even thousands of dollars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1997_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1997-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the company <a href="/wiki/Pocher" title="Pocher">Pocher</a>, from Italy, made extremely complex kits in 1:8 scale<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG/250px-1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG/375px-1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cd/1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG/500px-1952_Nash-Healey_Le_Mans_lightweight.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1567" data-file-height="1038" /></a><figcaption>1952 <a href="/wiki/Nash-Healey" title="Nash-Healey">Nash-Healey</a> LeMans model.</figcaption></figure> <p>Around the early 1990s, many began to collect and record vehicle variations in miniature (in a manner similar to <a href="/wiki/Stamp_collecting" title="Stamp collecting">stamp</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coin_collecting" title="Coin collecting">coin collecting</a>) which led to rising values, especially for rare models (for an example, see Parker 1993). This led to mass producers such as Matchbox (specifically with its Models of Yesteryear series) and Corgi intentionally catering to a higher-price market segment with exclusive 'limited editions' of collectible vehicles.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback200248_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback200248-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Thus, this smaller movement in the late 1960s and early 1970s gradually gave rise to a huge premium market segment by the early 1990s. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Licensing">Licensing</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Licensing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The collectors' market also led to licensing aspects not known until the 1980s. In the 1950s and 1960s, models were produced spontaneously without licensing agreements, and real auto manufacturers saw it as free advertising.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClor1990_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClor1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Today, model companies have licensing arrangements with real car manufacturers to make replicas of their products, whether they be concepts, cars in current production, or models no longer produced. </p><p>Licenses appear on models where model car manufacturers enter similar licensing agreements. Licenses are expensive, which enhances the position of mass producers of model cars, while smaller companies have been marginalized and forced out of business.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClor1990_23-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEClor1990-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> For example, when <a href="/wiki/Ferrari" title="Ferrari">Ferrari</a> entered into an exclusive agreement with Mattel's Hot Wheels, companies like Solido and <a href="/wiki/Bburago" title="Bburago">Bburago</a> felt the crunch, and Bburago went out of business (though the name was eventually reacquired by Maisto). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Collectible_manufacturers_and_locations">Collectible manufacturers and locations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Collectible manufacturers and locations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Manufacturers focusing on premium models, usually in white metal and sometimes resin, include <a href="/wiki/Brooklin_Models" title="Brooklin Models">Brooklin Models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Western_Models" title="Western Models">Western Models</a>, Enchantment Land, Conquest / Madison, Durham Classics, Elegance Models, Mini Auto Emporium, Mini Marque, Motor City USA, Tron, Starter, RacingModels, SMTS and Victory.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2008137–154_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2008137–154-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several of these started production in the 1970s and 1980s and were handmade in the United States, Canada, or England with the occasional constructor in France, Belgium or the Netherlands. A couple of geographical oddities include <a href="/wiki/Sergio_Goldvarg" title="Sergio Goldvarg">Goldvarg</a> (made in Argentina) and some early Milestone Models which were made in South Africa. <a href="/wiki/Mail_order" title="Mail order">Mail order</a> companies like <a href="/wiki/Franklin_Mint" class="mw-redirect" title="Franklin Mint">Franklin Mint</a> and <a href="/wiki/Danbury_Mint" title="Danbury Mint">Danbury Mint</a> also focus on the collector market, though in a more popular vein. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg/300px-CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg/450px-CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg/600px-CMC_Maserati_250_F.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="395" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Maserati_250F" title="Maserati 250F">Maserati 250</a> Grand Prix model.</figcaption></figure> <p>Since 2000, more than fifty different diecast, resin and white metal manufacturers in England, France, Italy, Ukraine and Russia have exploded onto the adult collector market. These include Spark which focus on motorsport such as 24h Le Mans and F1, Bizarre is the brand dedicated to the unusual and extraordinary in the car world, FDS, YOW Modellini (from Japan) and many others. Since 2000, companies like Altaya, Ixo, and Model Car World (for example, with its White Box line) have been started in Europe – with production increasingly seen in China. Many of these producers have focused on global auto marques producing vehicles that were produced in Russia or Brazil. Some of these companies only produce kits – others produce kits and build them up to order. Still others are professional kit builders, who do not produce the kits themselves.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Promotional_models">Promotional models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Promotional models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Promotional models are sometimes used when the real auto manufacturers contract with model or toy companies to make copies of their real vehicles. Some of the earliest promotional models were from the early 1930s, when <a href="/wiki/TootsieToy" title="TootsieToy">TootsieToy</a> introduced a line of 1932 Grahams and later, the 1935 LaSalle. These were both diecast and made available in boxes with the brand name displayed with appropriate logos and colors (Seeley, No Date). National Products made models of about 1/28th scale starting in 1934. Later manufacturers like Winross, Lesney Matchbox, Lledo, AHL, and White Rose used their toy vehicles to advertise logos on their flanks promoting various companies. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AMT59EdselWarp.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AMT59EdselWarp.jpg/300px-AMT59EdselWarp.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="230" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AMT59EdselWarp.jpg/450px-AMT59EdselWarp.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/AMT59EdselWarp.jpg/600px-AMT59EdselWarp.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="920" /></a><figcaption>1:25 scale 1959 <a href="/wiki/Edsel" title="Edsel">Edsel</a> with typical warping of acetylene plastic.</figcaption></figure> <p>In the U.S., <a href="/wiki/Banthrico" class="mw-redirect" title="Banthrico">Banthrico</a> started producing diecast promotional model car banks in the late 1940s for the banking industry. These coin-banks were available as gifts to customers who opened a new account and had a slot in the bottom to put their spare change. Usually the bank's name and address was painted on the roof of the car. Banthrico models were also painted in authentic <a href="/wiki/Big_Three_(automobile_manufacturers)" title="Big Three (automobile manufacturers)">Big Three</a> colors and used as "paint chips" so dealers could gauge the upcoming colors on real models. These primitive promotionals included Buicks, Cadillacs, Lincolns, Packards, DeSotos, Chryslers, Dodges, Ramblers and the more common Chevrolets and Fords. </p><p>In the United States, the word 'promo' is usually associated with 1:25 scale plastic, pre-assembled models. In Europe, promotionals were made in smaller vehicle sizes in diecast zamac in 1:32, 1:43, or 1:50 scales. In the case of Chrysler's later Turbine Car, where 50 real cars were put into consumer use, the model by Jo-Han was widely distributed as a good will gesture by Chrysler, though the Turbine was never actually marketed.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehto201089,_101_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto201089,_101-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In Japan, promotional models from the late 1950s until the 1970s were typically cast in <a href="/wiki/Pot_metal" title="Pot metal">pot metal</a> and given a chrome or gold finish; they typically doubled as cigarette holders and ash trays. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_plastic_promo">The plastic promo</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: The plastic promo"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>About the time Banthrico was declining as a promotional maker, two companies, <a href="/wiki/Product_Miniature_Company" title="Product Miniature Company">PMC</a> and Ideal Models (later to become <a href="/wiki/Jo-Han" title="Jo-Han">Jo-Han</a>) were introducing plastic promotional models to the public. Similar to metal model producer Banthrico, PMC also made many in the form of banks. Many Chevrolet bank models had the inscription on the bottom "To help save for a rainy day, or to buy a new Chevrolet." The scale for these cars was 1:25, however a few Chevrolets and Plymouths were produced in a larger 1:20 scale. Other less well known plastic companies like Lincoln Line, Cruver or Burd Manufacturing, made the occasional promotional model though cars may not have been the company's specialty.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsumer_Guide197934–37_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsumer_Guide197934–37-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>AMT began producing assembled 1/25 friction and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Coaster_models&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Coaster models (page does not exist)">coaster models</a> in 1948. These were mostly promotional models manufactured for automobile dealers. Youngsters would be given the scale models to play with while the parents and the salesman haggled. Collecting and trading these "promos" soon became a popular hobby. AMT soon took control of SMP, another plastic promotional model producer. By 1960, Wisconsin-based PMC ceased to produce promo models, though continued to make toys. </p><p>Interest in the hobby peaked during the 1950s and 1960s, with AMT, Jo-Han, and <a href="/wiki/Model_Products_Corporation" title="Model Products Corporation">Model Products Corporation</a> (MPC) as the primary promotional manufacturers. </p><p>Throughout, the promo producers were at the whim of the real automakers and would respond to requests of particular scales, paint colors, and other details like working suspensions or even, on occasion, detailed engines, or other opening features.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000a88–89_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000a88–89-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="American_promo_details">American promo details</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: American promo details"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>These plastic models were intricately detailed, with body scripts, trim, and emblems, as well as dashboard details, exact duplicates of the real thing, in 1/25 scale. Typically, each automaker would license their cars to one or more model companies. Sometimes the contracts seemed piecemeal – for example in 1965, Chrysler had promos made by AMT, Jo-Han, and MPC.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000b87–88_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000b87–88-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> But often one of the BIG 3 favored a particular model maker. For example, Jo-Han produced most Chrysler products and Cadillacs and Oldsmobiles from GM, while AMT did the Chevrolet, Buick, Pontiac, and Fords. American Motors Corporation shared promotional duties between Jo-Han and AMT depending on the year. Also, contracts sometimes changed between companies for similar models almost on an annual basis. For example, Jo-Han uncharacteristically produced the 1972 Ford Torino, and MPC did full-size Chevrolets in the early and mid-1970s. While Jo-Han did Chrysler early on, MPC took on the pentastar in the mid-1970s. 1968 through 1970 Chevy Impala kits were made by both MPC and AMT, as were some Camaros.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c87–88_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c87–88-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Trying to beat competition to market, sometimes a model company would make a 'guess' at a particular model for a member of the Big 3 for a particular year and thus get details wrong.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c88_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c88-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Marketing_approaches">Marketing approaches</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Marketing approaches"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Commercial versions of the promos were also marketed and sold in retail stores like <a href="/wiki/Zayre" title="Zayre">Zayre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Murphy_USA" title="Murphy USA">Murphy USA</a> from the early 1960s, up until around 1973. Differences from dealer promos were lack of manufacturer's official paint schemes and often the addition of a friction motor located on the front axle, noticeable by the studded white vinyl gear that protruded around the axle (and through the oil pan). However, they were painted and looked just as attractive as dealer promos.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Some model companies sold unassembled versions of the promo cars, that were typically simpler and easier to assemble than the annual kits (with engine and customizing parts available in the full-blown kits left out). They were molded in color (instead of the traditional white) and easily assembled without glue (thus no glue or paint was required). When assembled these were almost identical to the much more elite promotional models. What usually gives them away is that they were mostly molded in a brighter nonmetallic color without paint matched to official 'Big 3' colors. AMT's "Craftsman" series of promo-like models had perforations in the bodies for mirrors and antennae – thus the model's final appearance was not precisely like a promo (which would have had no custom parts attached to the body of the car). Probably, because of the promo look, however, today these often command higher prices than the detailed "3-in-1" kits, especially AMT's Craftsman series of the early and mid sixties.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>After being owned for a time by Seville Enterprises, Okey Spaulding purchased once-defunct Jo-Han, which produced a few of its original Jo-Han models in limited quantities. These include the 1963 Chrysler Turbine Car, 1959 Rambler station wagon, and some of its original 1950s Oldsmobiles and Plymouths. However, he has had financial problems from the start, and there are no indications that he will be able to continue to produce the highly desired Johan line of models.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_promotionals">European promotionals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: European promotionals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>With the exception of some firms like Stahlberg which made larger scale plastic promotional models of Swedish Volvos and Saabs in an American style, European promotionals were usually based on the 1:43 or 1:32 scale diecast metal models produced as toys or collectors items, often brightly colored or with authentic tampo or silk screen liveries for commercial products. Companies commonly making promotionals in Europe have been <a href="/wiki/NZG_Models" title="NZG Models">NZG Models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Models" title="Conrad Models">Conrad Models</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gescha" class="mw-redirect" title="Gescha">Gescha</a> in Germany and <a href="/wiki/Tekno_(toy_manufacturer)" title="Tekno (toy manufacturer)">Tekno</a> and Emek Muovi in Denmark and Finland, respectively. Tekno was one of the first European companies to offer a wide variety of multiple promotional variations. Almost all European toy model brands had some kind of promotional service, but in Germany, 1:50 scale was, and remains very common for trucks. In the United States, such diecast companies are rare, but <a href="/wiki/Winross_Models" title="Winross Models">Winross Models</a> and Pennjoy are a couple of European style examples which have had much success, particularly Winross which has been making models since the early 1960s. </p><p>Another variation on promotionals were whole toy lines or brands constructed to represent vehicles on display at particular automotive museums. Examples were <a href="/wiki/Cursor_Models" title="Cursor Models">Cursor Models</a> of Germany which made models specifically on display in the <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_Museum" title="Mercedes-Benz Museum">Mercedes-Benz Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Sindelfingen" title="Sindelfingen">Sindelfingen</a>, R.A.M.I. by J.M.K. of France which made vehicles in the Automobile Museum de Rochetaillée sur Saône in France, or also <a href="/wiki/Dugu_Miniautotoys" title="Dugu Miniautotoys">Dugu Miniautotoys</a> of Italy which made vehicles for the classic automobile museum in <a href="/wiki/Turin" title="Turin">Turin</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Model_kits">Model kits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Model kits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-No_footnotes plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-No_footnotes" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/40px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/60px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg/80px-Text_document_with_red_question_mark.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section includes a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">list of references</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Further_reading" title="Wikipedia:Further reading">related reading</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a>, <b>but its sources remain unclear because it lacks <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Fact_and_Reference_Check" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Fact and Reference Check">improve</a> this section by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:When_to_cite" title="Wikipedia:When to cite">introducing</a> more precise citations.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">August 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pocher_Mercedes.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pocher_Mercedes.jpg/250px-Pocher_Mercedes.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pocher_Mercedes.jpg/375px-Pocher_Mercedes.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Pocher_Mercedes.jpg/500px-Pocher_Mercedes.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Pocher" title="Pocher">Pocher</a> model of a <a href="/wiki/Mercedes-Benz_SSK" title="Mercedes-Benz SSK">Mercedes-Benz SSK</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>Scale miniatures of real production vehicles, designed as kits for children or the enthusiast to construct, can be made of <a href="/wiki/Plastic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic model">plastic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Die-cast_toy" title="Die-cast toy">die-cast metal</a>, resin, and even wood. In plastic model kits, parts are molded in single cast 'trees' with thin connections that can be easily severed for painting and assembly. Parts come molded in a variety of colors, white being the most common in the 1960s and 1970s. Some parts are chrome plated to simulate real bumpers, grilles, wheels, and other pieces that might be chrome on the actual vehicle. Tires are most commonly molded in rubber. Water 'slide-on' decals are usually included along with an instruction brochure. </p><p>The best kits have incredible levels of accuracy, even in detail and parts unseen when the model is complete. Major manufacturers are <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_Metal_Toys" class="mw-redirect" title="Aluminum Metal Toys">AMT</a>, <a href="/wiki/Model_Products_Corporation" title="Model Products Corporation">MPC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revell" title="Revell">Revell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monogram_models" class="mw-redirect" title="Monogram models">Monogram</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tamiya_Corporation" title="Tamiya Corporation">Tamiya</a> but many smaller plastics companies, like <a href="/wiki/Aurora_Plastics_Corporation" title="Aurora Plastics Corporation">Aurora</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pyro_Plastics_Corporation" title="Pyro Plastics Corporation">Pyro</a>, IMC, and Premier have come and gone. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pioneers">Pioneers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Pioneers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The model car "kit" hobby began in the post <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> era with Ace and Berkeley wooden model cars. Revell pioneered the plastic model car in the late 1940s with their Maxwell kit, which was basically an unassembled version of a pull toy. Derek Brand, from England, pioneered the first real plastic kit, a 1932 Ford Roadster for Revell. He was also known for developing a line of 1/32 scale model car kits in England for the Gowland brothers. These kits were later introduced by Revell in the U.S. as the "Highway Pioneers" Series of kits.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>On the heels of the promotional model business, <a href="/wiki/Aluminum_Model_Toys" title="Aluminum Model Toys">Aluminum Model Toys</a> or AMT introduced model car kits in 1957. <a href="/wiki/Jo-Han" title="Jo-Han">Jo-Han</a>, <a href="/wiki/Revell" title="Revell">Revell</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monogram_(company)" title="Monogram (company)">Monogram</a> also started producing model car kits about this same time. Most of these were known as "annual" kits, and were the unassembled kit version of the promotional models or 'promos' representing the new cars that were introduced at the beginning of each model year. As early as 1962, avid British collector Cecil Gibson had even written a book on plastic model cars.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1962_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1962-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> By the mid-1960s, plastic model kits had become more plentiful and varied, with increased level of detail. Typically, the kits often had opening hoods, separate engines and detailed suspension parts. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Customizers">Customizers</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Customizers"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The mid-1960s is generally considered the "golden age" of plastic model car kits. Many specialty modelers and customizers, famous for their wild creations, were hired by model companies to sponsor and create new kit designs. <a href="/wiki/George_Barris_(auto_customizer)" title="George Barris (auto customizer)">George Barris</a>, Darryl Starbird, and the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Brothers_(auto_customizers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexander Brothers (auto customizers)">Alexander Brothers</a> worked for AMT. Tom Daniel design vehicles for Monogram and Mattel. Dean Jeffries was employed by MPC. Bill Campbell created hippie monster designs for Hawk. Ed Roth, famous for his 'Rat Fink' was hired by Revell about 1962. Many of these customizers created real cars and had to have specialists convert their creations into model kit form. Jim Keeler, a model kit designer for Revell, brought the world highly detailed model cars in the early sixties and is credited with bringing Ed Roth's famous hot rods and customs to the model car marketplace. He also designed Revell's Custom Car Parts which allowed kit builders to add engines, custom wheels and other custom features to existing models. Keeler later went on to Aurora Plastics and innovated the Prehistoric Scenes, which were highly detailed models of prehistoric dinosaurs. Many of Keelers kit designs are still being sold in the 21st century.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In addition to building them stock, most annual kits offered "3 in 1" versions which allowed the builder to assemble the car in stock, custom, or racing form. MPC joined the kit/promo business in 1965, and among their first annual kits/promos, was the full-size Dodge Monaco, which was released with a gold metallic plastic body and is a valuable collector's item today. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Decline_and_revival">Decline and revival</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Decline and revival"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Interest in model car kits began to wane in the mid-1970s, and while the precise causes are not perfectly clear, some factors were a sharp rise in the price of plastics, parents becoming cautious of 'glue sniffing' and, later, the rise of video gaming.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A revival of sorts was seen in the late 1980s, especially among adults, as Monogram introduced a series of replicas of <a href="/wiki/NASCAR" title="NASCAR">NASCAR</a> race cars, as did AMT with a kit of the 1966 Chevrolet Nova, which American modelers had been requesting for years. New model specific magazines sprang up, such as <i>Scale Auto Enthusiast</i>, (now simply <i>Scale Auto</i>) and <i>Model Cars Magazine!</i>. These magazines spread the word, helped advertisers, and brought a new generation of modelers together from all across the country. </p><p>Many of the kits from the golden age of modeling have been reissued. Not only does this allow the craftsman to build the cars they always wanted (but couldn't obtain or afford), but it tends to lower the prices of the originals. In some cases, models of cars from the 1950s and 1960s have been issued with all-new tooling, which allows for even more detailing with modern kit design and manufacturing methods. These include AMT's 1966 Fairlane and 1967 Impala SS, and Monogram's 1967 Chevelle and 1965 Impala Super Sport.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Today, model car companies are still in business, fueled by this renewed interest. ERTL took over AMT and MPC which are now both under the Round 2 LLC name. Revell and Monogram have merged. Modelers today can take advantage of modern technology, which includes photoetched details, adhesive chrome foil for chrome trim, wiring for engines, and billet-aluminum parts. Many builders today can construct a model so it resembles the real car in miniature, much more than could have been done with essentially the same kit more than forty years ago.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The internet has also fueled a growing modeling community through websites, online forums and bulletin boards, and sites that host photographs, allowing the hobby to expand internationally.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japanese_kits">Japanese kits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Japanese kits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Japanese model kit manufacturers – Tamiya, Fujimi, Aoshima, and Hasegawa, among them – also stepped up their presence in the U.S. market during the 1980s and 1990s. Lesser known kit manufacturers, at least in the United States, were Doyusha, Yamada, Nichimo, Otaki, Marui, Rosso, and Arii. Japanese kits are generally known for being ultra detailed and of very high quality. Most of the subjects of these companies are Japanese cars, both classic and current (and, of course, ships, planes and military vehicles). For example, Hasegawa and Aoshima make detailed models of the first-generation Toyota Celica, which has become somewhat of a classic. Nevertheless, Hasegawa also produced 1/25 scale models of 1965–66 American cars, including the 1965 Chevrolet Impala, and 1966 Buick Wildcat, Cadillac Coupe DeVille, and Thunderbird Landau. These were actually Johan and AMT kits that were simplified and modified for the Japanese market.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Short-run_multimedia_kits">Short-run multimedia kits</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Short-run multimedia kits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Since the mid-1990s several companies including: Tameo, Studio 27, Model Factory Hiro, and Renaissance have issued hundreds of Sports Car and Formula 1 subjects in limited-run, multimedia kit sets. These so-called "multimedia" offerings consist of a combination of resin, white metal, photo-etch, and machined aluminum instead of inject plastic parts. The most popular scales are 1/43, 1/20, and 1/24. These multimedia kits are very high quality, require a wide set of construction skills to complete, and are marketed to international competition enthusiasts.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (August 2016)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Powered_models">Powered models</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Powered models"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444" /><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Model_car" title="Special:EditPage/Model car">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Model+car%22">"Model car"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Model+car%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Model+car%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Model+car%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Model+car%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Model+car%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">March 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Though most car models are static display items, individual model builders have sometimes powered their vehicles in various ways, including rubber bands, springs, inertia mechanisms, electric motors, internal combustion engines, <a href="/wiki/Air_engine" class="mw-redirect" title="Air engine">air engines</a> and steam engines. In order to make them less fragile, powered models are often somewhat simplified and not as detailed as the best static models. For this reason, some modelers dismiss nearly all powered miniature cars as toys; however many individual efforts and commercial products are sufficiently well-scaled and detailed that they deserve to be called models. The main types of commercially produced powered car models include: </p><p><b>Uncontrolled</b> powered models, which were developed in the 1930s and were common until the 1960s. Often guided by a rail between the wheels, or by a tether staked to the center of a circular course, most of these cars use small internal combustion <a href="/wiki/Glow_plug_(model_engine)" title="Glow plug (model engine)">glow plug engines</a> and are known as <a href="/wiki/Tether_car" title="Tether car">tether cars</a>. </p><p><b>Electrically powered</b> <a href="/wiki/Slot_car" title="Slot car">slot cars</a> which draw power from the track. They became extremely popular in the 1960s, but commercial slot car racing experienced a rapid decline in popularity late in the decade. By the end of the 1970s, the slot car hobby had diminished significantly, especially public tracks operating larger scale cars, and modeling in general was on the decline (HO Slot Car Racing 1999–2011). One website attributes the weakening of the pastime to both the ageing of the baby-boomers along with the fragile economics of the slot car industry and the closing of many commercial slot car tracks perhaps as toy companies offered smaller sets to be used at home.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="This citation requires a reference to the specific page or range of pages in which the material appears. (April 2021)">page needed</span></a></i>]</sup> A wide variety of electrically powered vehicles, however are available today – in various forms. </p><p><b>Battery powered</b> model cars are also available. They exist in versions with or without remote control and are common toys. </p><p><b>Spring-powered</b> or "clockwork" car models, that are wound with a key or by a friction mechanism. These were common until slot cars largely replaced them in the 1960s. In fact, the first commercially successful slot cars, the Scalextric 1/32 line (originally 1:30) which debuted in 1957, were simply motorized versions of the earlier Scalex clockwork racers. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv/220px--Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="165" data-durationhint="30" data-mwtitle="Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b5/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv" type="video/ogg; codecs="theora, vorbis"" data-width="320" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/b/b5/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv/Bienaldoautomovel.theora.ogv.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="192" data-height="144" /></video></span><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled car</a> <a href="/wiki/Drifting_(motorsport)" title="Drifting (motorsport)">drifting</a> competition in <i>Bienal do Automóvel</i> exhibition, in <a href="/wiki/Belo_Horizonte" title="Belo Horizonte">Belo Horizonte</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p><b><a href="/wiki/Radio-controlled_car" title="Radio-controlled car">Radio-controlled cars</a></b>, which can be bought assembled or built from <a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">kits</a>. These are usually powered by electric motors or glow plug engines. Drivers can control the speed and steering of these cars remotely by a radio signal. </p><p><b>Combustion engine powered model cars</b> are expensive and usually remote controllable. As combustion engines have a significant danger such cars are not suitable for children. Combustion engine powered model cars are often used for races. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_building" title="Model building">Model building</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-cast_toy" title="Die-cast toy">Die-cast toy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diecast_Collector_(magazine)" class="mw-redirect" title="Diecast Collector (magazine)">Diecast Collector (magazine)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_model_car_brands" title="List of model car brands">List of model car brands</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 20em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson19709-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson19709_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1970">Gibson 1970</a>, p. 9.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey1974_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJohnson19985-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJohnson19985_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFJohnson1998">Johnson 1998</a>, p. 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHertz197011-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHertz197011_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHertz1970">Hertz 1970</a>, p. 11.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1996-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1996_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, pp. 1995–1996.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995,_1997-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995,_1997_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, pp. 1995, 1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEarle2009-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEarle2009_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFEarle2009">Earle 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEForce1991105-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEForce1991105_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFForce1991">Force 1991</a>, p. 105.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKing1986176,_258–259-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKing1986176,_258–259_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFKing1986">King 1986</a>, pp. 176, 258–259.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStambler19662–7-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStambler19662–7_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStambler1966">Stambler 1966</a>, pp. 2–7.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTE''Ford_at_Fifty''1953-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTE''Ford_at_Fifty''1953_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFord_at_Fifty1953"><i>Ford at Fifty</i> 1953</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPurdy2004-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPurdy2004_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFPurdy2004">Purdy 2004</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEFisher_Body1956-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEFisher_Body1956_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFFisher_Body1956">Fisher Body 1956</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERalston2007-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERalston2007_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRalston2007">Ralston 2007</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741998-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741998_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, p. 1998.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson197010-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson197010_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1970">Gibson 1970</a>, p. 10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERagan20006-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERagan20006_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFRagan2000">Ragan 2000</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2012-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly2012_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2012">Donnelly 2012</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDonnelly201256–57-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDonnelly201256–57_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDonnelly2012">Donnelly 2012</a>, pp. 56–57.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1997-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHarvey19741995–1997_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHarvey1974">Harvey 1974</a>, pp. 1995–1997.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoneback200248-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoneback200248_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFStoneback2002">Stoneback 2002</a>, p. 48.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEClor1990-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClor1990_23-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEClor1990_23-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFClor1990">Clor 1990</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEOlson2008137–154-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEOlson2008137–154_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFOlson2008">Olson 2008</a>, pp. 137–154.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTELehto201089,_101-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTELehto201089,_101_25-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFLehto2010">Lehto 2010</a>, pp. 89, 101.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEConsumer_Guide197934–37-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEConsumer_Guide197934–37_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFConsumer_Guide1979">Consumer Guide 1979</a>, pp. 34–37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000a88–89-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000a88–89_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoty2000a">Doty 2000a</a>, pp. 88–89.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000b87–88-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000b87–88_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoty2000b">Doty 2000b</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c87–88-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c87–88_29-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoty2000c">Doty 2000c</a>, pp. 87–88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c88-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDoty2000c88_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDoty2000c">Doty 2000c</a>, p. 88.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Funding Universe webpage</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGibson1962-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGibson1962_32-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGibson1962">Gibson 1962</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiller2011-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMiller2011_33-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMiller2011">Miller 2011</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Slotblog 2007<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (March 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reference_bibliography">Reference bibliography</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_car&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Reference bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFClor1990" class="citation magazine cs1">Clor, John M. (December 3, 1990). "Squeeze Play". <i>AutoWeek</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">17–</span>19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=AutoWeek&rft.atitle=Squeeze+Play&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E19&rft.date=1990-12-03&rft.aulast=Clor&rft.aufirst=John+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFConsumer_Guide1979" class="citation book cs1">"Model Cars". <i>Consumer Guide</i>. New York: Beekman House. 1979. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-294605" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-294605"><bdi>0-517-294605</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Model+Cars&rft.btitle=Consumer+Guide&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Beekman+House&rft.date=1979&rft.isbn=0-517-294605&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDonnelly2012" class="citation magazine cs1">Donnelly, Jim (January 2012). "Dave Sinclair". Personality Profile. <i>Hemmings Classic Car</i>. Vol. 8, no. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">54–</span>57.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hemmings+Classic+Car&rft.atitle=Dave+Sinclair&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E54-%3C%2Fspan%3E57&rft.date=2012-01&rft.aulast=Donnelly&rft.aufirst=Jim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoty2000a" class="citation magazine cs1">Doty, Dennis (2000). "Cabs Forward". Collectible Scale Automobile section. <i>Collectible Automobile</i>. Vol. 17, no. 1. pp. <span class="nowrap">88–</span>90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collectible+Automobile&rft.atitle=Cabs+Forward&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E88-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoty2000b" class="citation magazine cs1">Doty, Dennis (2000). "1965: The Year in Miniature". Collectible Scale Automobile section. <i>Collectible Automobile</i>. Vol. 17, no. 2. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>90.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collectible+Automobile&rft.atitle=1965%3A+The+Year+in+Miniature&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E90&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFDoty2000c" class="citation magazine cs1">Doty, Dennis (2000). "Shades of Difference". Collectible Scale Automobile section. <i>Collectible Automobile</i>. Vol. 17, no. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">87–</span>89.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collectible+Automobile&rft.atitle=Shades+of+Difference&rft.volume=17&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E87-%3C%2Fspan%3E89&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Doty&rft.aufirst=Dennis&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFEarle2009" class="citation book cs1">Earle, Joe (2009). <i>Buriki. Japanese Tin Toys from the Golden Age of the American Automobile: The Yoku Tanaka Collection</i>. New York, New York: The Japan Society. 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General Motors Corporation.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=How+to+Build+a+Model+Car&rft.pub=General+Motors+Corporation&rft.date=1956&rft.au=Fisher+Body+Craftsman%27s+Guild&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span> (Pamphlet)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFForce1991" class="citation book cs1">Force, Dr. Edward (1991). <i>Classic Miniature Vehicles Made in France with price guide and variations list</i>. West Chester, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Classic+Miniature+Vehicles+Made+in+France+with+price+guide+and+variations+list&rft.place=West+Chester%2C+Pennsylvania&rft.pub=Schiffer+Publishing&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Force&rft.aufirst=Dr.+Edward&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFFord_at_Fifty1953" class="citation book cs1"><i>Ford at Fifty</i>. Simon & Schuster. 1953.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ford+at+Fifty&rft.pub=Simon+%26+Schuster&rft.date=1953&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Funding Universe webpage. No date. Company history of Revell-Monogram. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/RevellMonogram-Inc-Company-History.html">[1]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson1962" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Cecil (1962). <i>Plastic Model Cars</i>. Watford, Hertfordshire, England: Model Aeronautical Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastic+Model+Cars&rft.place=Watford%2C+Hertfordshire%2C+England&rft.pub=Model+Aeronautical+Press&rft.date=1962&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGibson1970" class="citation book cs1">Gibson, Cecil (1970). <i>Commercial Vehicles</i>. Troy Model Club Series. London: Thomas Nelson and Sons.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Commercial+Vehicles&rft.place=London&rft.series=Troy+Model+Club+Series&rft.pub=Thomas+Nelson+and+Sons&rft.date=1970&rft.aulast=Gibson&rft.aufirst=Cecil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHarvey1974" class="citation book cs1">Harvey, Brian (1974). <i>The World of Automobiles: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of the Motor Car</i>. Motoring in Miniature. Vol. 17. London: Orbis Publishin. pp. <span class="nowrap">1995–</span>1998.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+World+of+Automobiles%3A+An+Illustrated+Encyclopedia+of+the+Motor+Car&rft.place=London&rft.series=Motoring+in+Miniature&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1995-%3C%2Fspan%3E1998&rft.pub=Orbis+Publishin&rft.date=1974&rft.aulast=Harvey&rft.aufirst=Brian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHertz1970" class="citation book cs1">Hertz, Louis Heilbroner (1970). <i>The Complete Book of Building and Collecting Model Automobiles</i>. Crown Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-517-50225-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-517-50225-9"><bdi>978-0-517-50225-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Book+of+Building+and+Collecting+Model+Automobiles&rft.pub=Crown+Publishers&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=978-0-517-50225-9&rft.aulast=Hertz&rft.aufirst=Louis+Heilbroner&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hudson "Display Models". Viewed 2010. 1932 1/4 scale Hudsons and text on display. Ypsilanti Automotive Heritage Museum. Ypsilanti, Michigan.</li> <li>Jewell, Brian F. 1963. <i>Model Car Collecting</i>. Temple Press Books Ltd.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJohnson1998" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Dana (1998). <i>Collector's Guide to Diecast Toys & Scale Models</i> (Second ed.). Padukah, KY: Collector Books, a Division of Schroeder Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Collector%27s+Guide+to+Diecast+Toys+%26+Scale+Models&rft.place=Padukah%2C+KY&rft.edition=Second&rft.pub=Collector+Books%2C+a+Division+of+Schroeder+Publishing.&rft.date=1998&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Dana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKing1986" class="citation book cs1">King, Constance Eileen (1986). <i>The Encyclopedia of Toys</i>. Secaucus, New Jersey: Chartwell Books, A Division of Book Sales, Inc. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55521-084-8" title="Special:BookSources/1-55521-084-8"><bdi>1-55521-084-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Toys&rft.place=Secaucus%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Chartwell+Books%2C+A+Division+of+Book+Sales%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=1-55521-084-8&rft.aulast=King&rft.aufirst=Constance+Eileen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLehto2010" class="citation book cs1">Lehto, Steve (2010). <i>Chrysler's Turbine Car: The Rise and Fall of Detroit's Coolest Creation</i>. Chicago, Illinois: Chicago Review Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-549-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-56976-549-4"><bdi>978-1-56976-549-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chrysler%27s+Turbine+Car%3A+The+Rise+and+Fall+of+Detroit%27s+Coolest+Creation&rft.place=Chicago%2C+Illinois&rft.pub=Chicago+Review+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-56976-549-4&rft.aulast=Lehto&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMiller2011" class="citation magazine cs1">Miller, Chuck (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110108233233/http://www.toycollectormagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123:revell&catid=34:features&Itemid=62">"Revell: After 60 Years Still Building the Future"</a>. <i>Toy Collector Magazine</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.toycollectormagazine.com/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=123:revell&catid=34:features&Itemid=62">the original</a> on January 8, 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Toy+Collector+Magazine&rft.atitle=Revell%3A+After+60+Years+Still+Building+the+Future&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Miller&rft.aufirst=Chuck&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.toycollectormagazine.com%2Findex.php%3Foption%3Dcom_content%26view%3Darticle%26id%3D123%3Arevell%26catid%3D34%3Afeatures%26Itemid%3D62&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFOlson2008" class="citation book cs1">Olson, Randall (2008). <i>GM in Miniature</i>. Dorchester, England: Veloce Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-156-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84584-156-0"><bdi>978-1-84584-156-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=GM+in+Miniature&rft.place=Dorchester%2C+England&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-1-84584-156-0&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Randall&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Parker, Bob. 1993. <i>Hot Wheels: A Collector's Guide</i>. Atglen, Pennsylvania: Schiffer Publishing.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFPurdy2004" class="citation magazine cs1">Purdy, Steve (December 2004). "Recaptured Youth: A Reunion of the Fisher Body Craftsman's Guild". <i>Collectible Automobile</i>. Vol. 21, no. 4. pp. <span class="nowrap">64–</span>73.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Collectible+Automobile&rft.atitle=Recaptured+Youth%3A+A+Reunion+of+the+Fisher+Body+Craftsman%27s+Guild&rft.volume=21&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E64-%3C%2Fspan%3E73&rft.date=2004-12&rft.aulast=Purdy&rft.aufirst=Steve&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Quinn, Richard. 2004. Life and Death of a Giant, <i>Turning Wheels Almanac</i> (a publication dedicated to Studebaker history). September.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRagan2000" class="citation book cs1">Ragan, Mac (2000). <i>Diecast Cars of the 1960s</i>. Osceola, Wisconsin: MBI Publishing.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diecast+Cars+of+the+1960s&rft.place=Osceola%2C+Wisconsin&rft.pub=MBI+Publishing&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Ragan&rft.aufirst=Mac&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRalston2007" class="citation book cs1">Ralston, Andrew (2007). <i>Plastic Toy Cars of the 1950s & 1960s</i>. Dorset, England: Veloce Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-845841-25-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-845841-25-6"><bdi>978-1-845841-25-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plastic+Toy+Cars+of+the+1950s+%26+1960s&rft.place=Dorset%2C+England&rft.pub=Veloce+Publishing&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-1-845841-25-6&rft.aulast=Ralston&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span>.</li> <li>Rixon, Peter. 2005. <i>Miller's Collecting Diecast Vehicles. </i>London: Miller's, a division of Mitchell Beazley. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-84533-030-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-84533-030-7">1-84533-030-7</a>.</li> <li>Seeley, Clint. No Date. 1933-1941 Tootsietoy Models. Found on Toy Museum at Home. Website of the De Lespinay Collection. <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.tsrfcars.com/toys-tootsietoys_main.htm">[2]</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFStambler1966" class="citation book cs1">Stambler, Irwin (1966). <i>Automobiles of the Future</i>. New York: G. P. 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London: Eagle Editions, A Quantum Book.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Matchbox+Toys%2C+The+Collector%27s+Guide&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Eagle+Editions%2C+A+Quantum+Book&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Stoneback&rft.aufirst=Bruce+and+Diane&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AModel+car" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist 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class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Scale_models" title="Template:Scale models"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Scale_models" title="Template talk:Scale models"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Scale_models" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Scale models"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Scale_modelling173" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Scale modelling</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Products</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Model_aircraft" title="Model aircraft">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architectural_model" title="Architectural model">Architectural</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Cars</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_construction_vehicle" class="mw-redirect" title="Model construction vehicle">Construction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diorama" title="Diorama">Diorama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dollhouse" title="Dollhouse">Dollhouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_figure" title="Model figure">Figure</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_figure" title="Action figure">Action</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_horse" title="Model horse">Horse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_military_vehicle" title="Model military vehicle">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_robot" title="Model robot">Robot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Model_rocket" title="Model rocket">Rocket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ship_model" title="Ship model">Ship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rail_transport_modelling" title="Rail transport modelling">Railway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_wargaming" title="Miniature wargaming">Wargaming</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg/96px-Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg/144px-Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg/192px-Aircraft_Scale_Model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="382" data-file-height="620" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Materials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Brass_model" title="Brass model">Brass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Die-cast_toy" title="Die-cast toy">Diecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matchstick_model" title="Matchstick model">Matchstick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plastic_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Plastic model">Plastic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Scales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1:12_scale" title="1:12 scale">1:12</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:18_scale" title="1:18 scale">1:18</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:18_scale_diecast" title="1:18 scale diecast">1:18 diecast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:24_scale" title="1:24 scale">1:24</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:32_scale" title="1:32 scale">1:32</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:35_scale" title="1:35 scale">1:35</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:43_scale" title="1:43 scale">1:43</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:48_scale" title="1:48 scale">1:48</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:50_scale" title="1:50 scale">1:50</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:64_scale" title="1:64 scale">1:64</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:72_scale" title="1:72 scale">1:72</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:144_scale" title="1:144 scale">1:144</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:200_scale" title="1:200 scale">1:200</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:285_scale" title="1:285 scale">1:285</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:350_scale" title="1:350 scale">1:350</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:500_scale" title="1:500 scale">1:500</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1:700_scale" title="1:700 scale">1:700</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standard-gauge_railway" title="Standard-gauge railway"><b>Standard gauge railway scales</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T_gauge" title="T gauge">T gauge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Z_scale" title="Z scale">Z scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/N_scale" title="N scale">N scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TT_scale" title="TT scale">TT scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HO_scale" title="HO scale">HO scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OO_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="OO scale">OO scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protofour" title="Protofour">Protofour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S_scale" title="S scale">S scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/G_scale" title="G scale">G scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/O_scale" title="O scale">O scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="1 scale">1 scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narrow-gauge_railway" title="Narrow-gauge railway"><b>Narrow gauge railway scales</b></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H0e_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="H0e scale">H0e scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/H0m_scale" class="mw-redirect" title="H0m scale">H0m scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gn15" title="Gn15">Gn15</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On2_gauge" title="On2 gauge">On2</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/16_mm_scale" title="16 mm scale">16 mm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/V_scale_(model_railroading)" title="V scale (model railroading)">V scale</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:7em">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_scale_model_kit_manufacturers" title="List of scale model kit manufacturers">List of brands</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_model_aircraft_manufacturers" title="List of model aircraft manufacturers">Aircraft</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_model_car_brands" title="List of model car brands">Cars</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gundam_model" class="mw-redirect" title="Gundam model">Gundam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kitbashing" title="Kitbashing">Kitbashing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_art" title="Miniature art">Miniature art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miniature_model_(gaming)" title="Miniature model (gaming)">Miniature model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Port_Revel" title="Port Revel">Port Revel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Room_box" title="Room box">Room box</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Diecast_Collector" title="Diecast Collector">Diecast Collector</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meccano_Magazine" title="Meccano Magazine">Meccano Magazine</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 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href="/wiki/Doll" title="Doll">Doll</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Action_figure" title="Action figure">Action figure</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobblehead" title="Bobblehead">bobblehead</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cymbal-banging_monkey_toy" title="Cymbal-banging monkey toy">Cymbal-banging monkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Puppet" title="Puppet">Puppet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuffed_toy" title="Stuffed toy">Stuffed</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Educational_toy" title="Educational toy">Educational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electronic_game" title="Electronic game">Electronic game</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fidget_toy" title="Fidget toy">Fidget</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Girls%27_toys_and_games" title="Girls' toys and games">Girls'</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_gun" title="Toy gun">Gun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mechanical_toy" title="Mechanical toy">Mechanical</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Model car</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office_toy" title="Office toy">Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Optical_toys" title="Optical toys">Optical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_model" title="Scale model">Scale model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_skill_toys" title="List of skill toys">Skill</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Toy_advertising" title="Toy advertising">Toy advertising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toy_Industry_Hall_of_Fame" title="Toy Industry Hall of Fame">Toy Industry Hall of Fame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Toy_Hall_of_Fame" title="National Toy Hall of Fame">National Toy Hall of Fame</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> 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