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class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><i>Hamidiye</i> (cavalry)</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 15 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-15" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">15 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AE%D9%8A%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AD%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%AF%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="الخيالة الحميدية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الخيالة الحميدية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye" title="Hamidiye – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Hamidiye" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C9%99midiy%C9%99_alaylar%C4%B1" title="Həmidiyə alayları – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Həmidiyə alayları" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye_(Kavallerie)" title="Hamidiye (Kavallerie) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Hamidiye (Kavallerie)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidi%C3%A9s" title="Hamidiés – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Hamidiés" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%80%D5%A1%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A4%D5%AB%D5%A5" title="Համիդիե – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Համիդիե" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye_(kavaleri)" title="Hamidiye (kavaleri) – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Hamidiye (kavaleri)" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalleria)" title="Hamidiye (cavalleria) – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Hamidiye (cavalleria)" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heng%C3%AAn_Hem%C3%AEdiye" title="Hengên Hemîdiye – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Hengên Hemîdiye" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye-regimenten" title="Hamidiye-regimenten – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Hamidiye-regimenten" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%8F%E3%83%9F%E3%83%87%E3%82%A3%E3%82%A4%E3%82%A7" title="ハミディイェ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ハミディイェ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D0%B5_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F)" title="Хамидие (кавалерия) – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Хамидие (кавалерия)" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B4%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B5" title="Хамидије – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хамидије" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hamidiye_Alaylar%C4%B1" title="Hamidiye Alayları – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Hamidiye Alayları" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B0%D0%BC%D1%96%D0%B4%D1%96%D1%94_(%D0%BA%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96%D1%8F)" title="Хамідіє (кавалерія) – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хамідіє (кавалерія)" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1229718#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Hamidiye_(cavalry)" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Article</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Hamidiye_(cavalry)" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"><span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Redirected from <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidieh&redirect=no" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a>)</span></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1890–1908 Ottoman irregular cavalry regiment</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Ottoman warship, see <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_cruiser_Hamidiye" title="Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye">Ottoman cruiser Hamidiye</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;"><i>Hamidiye</i></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png/100px-Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="238" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png/150px-Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a0/Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png/200px-Kurdish_Hamidiye_officer.png 2x" data-file-width="297" data-file-height="706" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption">A major in the <i>Hamidiye</i></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Active</th><td class="infobox-data">1890-1908</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Country</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Branch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman Army">Ottoman Army</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Size</th><td class="infobox-data">16,500+ in 1892.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="padding-right: 1em;">Notable<br />commanders</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Zeki_Pasha" title="Zeki Pasha">Zeki Pasha</a></td></tr></tbody></table><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Military unit</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard hlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Military of the Ottoman Empire">Military of the</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_(1882%E2%80%931922).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire"><img alt="Coat of Arms of the Ottoman Empire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/75px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/113px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c7/Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg/150px-Coat_of_arms_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_%281882%E2%80%931922%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1595" data-file-height="1906" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_army_in_the_15th%E2%80%9319th_centuries" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman army in the 15th–19th centuries">Classical army</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1451–1826)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kap%C4%B1kulu" title="Kapıkulu">Kapıkulu</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Janissaries" class="mw-redirect" title="Janissaries">Janissaries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Six_Divisions_of_Cavalry" title="Six Divisions of Cavalry">Six Divisions of Cavalry</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sipahi" title="Sipahi">Sipahi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voynuks" title="Voynuks">Voynuks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yamaks" title="Yamaks">Yamaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dervendjis" title="Dervendjis">Dervendjis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban" title="Sekban">Sekban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seymen" title="Seymen">Seymen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seimeni" title="Seimeni">Seimeni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Akinji" title="Akinji">Akinji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Azap" class="mw-redirect" title="Azap">Azap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levend" title="Levend">Levend</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timariots" title="Timariots">Timariots</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaya_(military)" title="Yaya (military)">Yaya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Humbarac%C4%B1" title="Humbaracı">Humbaracı</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bashi-bazouk" title="Bashi-bazouk">Bashi-bazouk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deli_(Ottoman_troops)" class="mw-redirect" title="Deli (Ottoman troops)">Deli</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martolos" title="Martolos">Martolos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arnaut" title="Arnaut">Arnaut</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_military_reforms" title="Ottoman military reforms">Reform period</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nizam-i_Djedid_Army" title="Nizam-i Djedid Army">Nizam-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sekban-i_Djedid_Army" title="Sekban-i Djedid Army">Sekban-i Djedid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auspicious_Incident" title="Auspicious Incident">Auspicious Incident</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asakir-i_Mansure-i_Muhammediye" title="Asakir-i Mansure-i Muhammediye">Mansure Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamidieh" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidieh">Hamidieh</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modern army</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1861–1922)</span></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Army_(1861%E2%80%931922)" title="Ottoman Army (1861–1922)">Modern Army</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Navy" title="Ottoman Navy">Navy</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_Arsenal" title="Imperial Arsenal">Imperial Arsenal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_ships_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval ships of the Ottoman Empire">Ships</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Kapudan_Pashas" title="List of Kapudan Pashas">Kapudan Pashas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Naval_battles_involving_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Naval battles involving the Ottoman Empire">Naval battles</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Aviation_Squadrons" title="Ottoman Aviation Squadrons">Aviation</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vecihi_H%C3%BCrku%C5%9F" title="Vecihi Hürkuş">Vecihi Hürkuş</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ahmet_Ali_%C3%87elikten" title="Ahmet Ali Çelikten">Ahmet Ali Çelikten</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)">Conflicts</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="background:#eee"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Europe" title="Ottoman wars in Europe">European</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine–Ottoman Wars">Byzantine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Bulgarian–Ottoman wars">Bulgarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian%E2%80%93Turkish_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Serbian–Turkish conflicts">Serbian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Moldavian–Ottoman Wars">Moldavian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Hungarian–Ottoman Wars">Hungarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Venetian_wars" title="Ottoman–Venetian wars">Venetian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/League_of_Lezh%C3%AB" title="League of Lezhë">Albanian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian%E2%80%93Ottoman_wars" title="Croatian–Ottoman wars">Croatian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Ottoman_Wars" title="Polish–Ottoman Wars">Polish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Portuguese_conflicts" class="mw-redirect" title="Ottoman–Portuguese conflicts">Portuguese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Habsburg_wars" title="Ottoman–Habsburg wars">Habsburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Russo-Turkish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the Russo-Turkish wars">Russian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Asia" title="Ottoman wars in Asia">Asia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman%E2%80%93Persian_Wars" title="Ottoman–Persian Wars">Persian</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_wars_in_Africa" title="Ottoman wars in Africa">Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Ottoman_sieges_and_landings" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ottoman sieges and landings">Sieges and landings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rebellions_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of rebellions in the Ottoman Empire">Rebellions</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conscription_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Conscription in the Ottoman Empire">Conscription</a></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Template talk:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Military_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Military of the Ottoman Empire sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <i><b>Hamidiye</b></i> <a href="/wiki/Regiment" title="Regiment">regiments</a> (literally meaning "belonging to <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Hamid</a>",<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> full official name <i>Hamidiye Hafif Süvari Alayları</i>, Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments) were well-armed, irregular, mainly <a href="/wiki/Sunni_Islam" title="Sunni Islam">Sunni</a> <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurdish</a><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but also <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turkish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Palmer_1994_S249u258u389_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Palmer_1994_S249u258u389-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VanBruinessen_1989_pp1-541_S248a_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VanBruinessen_1989_pp1-541_S248a-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Turkmen_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Turkmen people">Turkmen</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-ShawEtShaw_1977_S246_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ShawEtShaw_1977_S246-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk" class="mw-redirect" title="Yörük">Yörük</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Öhrig_1998_1996_S36a_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Öhrig_1998_1996_S36a-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-cfWP_Yörük_VersionID31139363_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cfWP_Yörük_VersionID31139363-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and <a href="/wiki/Arab" class="mw-redirect" title="Arab">Arab</a> cavalry formations that operated in the south eastern provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Established by and named after Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> in 1891, they were intended to be modeled after the <a href="/wiki/Cossacks" title="Cossacks">Cossacks</a> and were supposedly tasked to patrol the Russo-Ottoman frontier. However, the <i>Hamidiye</i> were more often used by the Ottoman authorities to harass and assault <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenians</a> living in Eastern Provinces of the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Western_Armenia" title="Western Armenia">Western Armenia</a> in some sources).<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A major role in the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_massacres" title="Hamidian massacres">Armenian massacres</a> of 1894-96 had been often ascribed to the <i>Hamidiye</i> regiments, particularly during the bloody suppression of the revolt of the Armenians of Sasun (1894).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After Sultan <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>'s reign, the cavalry was not dissolved but given a new name, the Tribal Light Cavalry Regiments.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_background">Historical background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Historical background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Sultan Abdul Hamid II</a>'s reign has the reputation of being "the most <a href="/wiki/Despotic" class="mw-redirect" title="Despotic">despotic</a> and centralized era in modern Ottoman History".<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sultan Abdul Hamid II is also considered the last sultan to have full control over <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a>. His reign struggled with the culmination of 75 years of change throughout the empire and an opposing reaction to that change.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a> was particularly concerned with the centralization of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts to centralize the Sublime Porte were not unheard of among other sultans. The Ottoman Empire's local provinces had more control over their areas than the central government. Sultan Abdul Hamid II's foreign relations came from a "policy of non-commitment."<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The sultan understood the fragility of the Ottoman military, and the Empire's weaknesses of its domestic control.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pan-Islamism became Sultan Abdülhamid's solution to the empire's loss of identity and power.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His efforts to promote Pan-Islamism were for the most part unsuccessful because of the large non-Muslim population, and the European influence onto the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid II's policies essentially isolated the Ottoman Empire, which further aided in its decline. Several of the elite who sought a new constitution and reform for the empire were forced to flee to Europe.<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Berlin_(1878)" title="Treaty of Berlin (1878)">Treaty of Berlin (1878)</a>, the Ottoman Empire began to contract and it lost certain territories. New groups of radicals began to threaten the power of the Ottoman Empire. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Creation_of_Hamidiye_cavalry">Creation of Hamidiye cavalry</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Creation of Hamidiye cavalry"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hamidiye regiments were established in 1891 following a decree published in November 1890.<sup id="cite_ref-:022_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:022-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There are several reasons advanced as to why the Hamidiye light cavalry was created. The establishment of the Hamidiye was in one part a response to the Russian threat, although some scholars believe that the central reason was to suppress <a href="/wiki/Armenians" title="Armenians">Armenian</a> socialist/nationalist revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-newperspectivesonturkey.net_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newperspectivesonturkey.net-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After the <a href="/wiki/Russo_Ottoman_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Russo Ottoman War">Russo-Ottoman war</a> in 1877-1878 the <a href="/wiki/Six_vilayets" class="mw-redirect" title="Six vilayets">six eastern provinces</a> were left under the control of several non-state actors with spheres of interest of Kurdish tribes and Armenian revolutionaries.<sup id="cite_ref-:023_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:023-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Armenian revolutionaries posed a threat because they were seen as disruptive, and they could work with the Russians against the Ottoman Empire.<sup id="cite_ref-newperspectivesonturkey.net_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-newperspectivesonturkey.net-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first Armenian revolutionary party was the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-hunchak.org.au_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunchak.org.au-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <a href="/wiki/Social_Democrat_Hunchakian_Party" title="Social Democrat Hunchakian Party">Social Democrat Hunchakian Party</a> was made up of Armenian university students whose aim was "to create an independent Armenian state."<sup id="cite_ref-hunchak.org.au_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-hunchak.org.au-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye Light Cavalry was created to "combat local and cross-border challenges to Ottoman authority."<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The biggest patron of the Hamidiye was <a href="/wiki/Abdul_Hamid_II" title="Abdul Hamid II">Abdul Hamid II</a>. They were named after him and under the direct order of him and his brother-in-law Zeki Pasha,<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassian</a> commander of the <a href="/wiki/Fourth_Army_(Ottoman_Empire)" title="Fourth Army (Ottoman Empire)">4th Army</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Erzincan" title="Erzincan">Erzincan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zeki Pasha was given the task of collecting sufficient taxes in order to recruit Kurds into the Hamidiye. If one was a member of the Hamidiye and a crime was committed against him, the government would take immediate action to punish the criminals.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plunder, murder, and theft that the Hamidiye carried out went unpunished, but if a non-Hamidiye group did similar actions they were punished.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other groups who associated themselves with the Hamidiye received benefits as well, they rose in power with the money and land they acquired illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Abdul Hamid II. wanted to create a relationship of commitment and loyalty with the <a href="/wiki/Kurds" title="Kurds">Kurds</a> that were chosen to make up the Hamidiye Cavalry.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye was divided into groups according to age: the <i>ibtidaiye</i> (ages 17–20), the <i>nizamiye</i> (age 20–32), and the <i>redif</i> (age 32–40).<sup id="cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> An Ottoman diplomat, close advisor to the sultan, and contributor to the creation of the Hamidiye Light Cavalry was <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sakir_Pasa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sakir Pasa (page does not exist)">Şakir Pasa</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-:0232_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0232-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was put in charge of the Hamidiye following the massacres against Armenians in 1895–1896.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Kurdish Hamidiye commanders were given exceptional rights to negotiate with the Sultan. Notable commanders were I<a href="/wiki/Ibrahim_Pasha_Milli" title="Ibrahim Pasha Milli">brahim Pasha</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hac%C4%B1_Musa_Bey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hacı Musa Bey (page does not exist)">Hacı Musa Beg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hac%C4%B1_Musa_Bey" class="extiw" title="tr:Hacı Musa Bey">tr</a>]</span> or Kör Hüseyin Pasha.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Over time the Russians forged relationships with Armenian revolutionaries, and with <a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdish</a> tribal leaders.<sup id="cite_ref-:0232_30-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0232-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Ottoman Empire understood the threat this created and is in large part why they chose the Kurds to make-up the Hamidiye.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> The Kurdish population could potentially unite with the Russians, but with the formation of the Hamidiye they would protect the frontiers of the Ottoman Empire.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (November 2015)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Some argue that the creation of the Hamidiye "further antagonized the Armenian population" and it worsened the very conflict they were created to prevent.<sup id="cite_ref-auto1_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hamidiye shaped the "social, economic, and political transformations" in Kurdish societies.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye received several benefits for their participation. They were able to seize much of the lands they occupied, whether lawful or not.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye were protected during their annual migrations (periods when they took care of their livestock).<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_33-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were supplied with the most advanced weapons from the state, and were given armed escorts.<sup id="cite_ref-auto2_33-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto2-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye stole money from the villages they plundered without fear of government sanction.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The plunder, murder, and theft that the Hamidiye carried out went unpunished, but if a non-Hamidiye group did similar actions they were punished.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other groups who associated themselves with the Hamidiye received benefits as well, they rose in power with the money and land they acquired illegally.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_28-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hamidiye were not held responsible for their actions. They were assured freedom of action in raids that involved non-Hamidiye parties.<sup id="cite_ref-auto3_26-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye obtained wealth illegally with secret help from the Ottoman government. The corruption, chaos, and destruction caused by the Hamidiye is a direct cause of their lack of order and control. No guidelines in the Hamidiye cavalry led some of its members to not be a part of the indulgences that came with the corruption. Ottoman soldiers described the some Hamidiye as "miserable, hungry, and sometimes poorly clothed."<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye's performance was due to their "lack of professionalism superimposed on an emotionally charged mission requiring highly disciplined troops."<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The cavalry was not prepared for all they were intended to do because they were not trained properly and based their raids on anti-Armenian ideologies. These factors led to the slow disintegration of the Hamidiye. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Armenian_and_Assyrian_genocide">Armenian and Assyrian genocide</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Armenian and Assyrian genocide"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg/220px-Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="316" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg/330px-Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/60/Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg/440px-Group_of_Karapapakh_Hamidiyeh_Cavalry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="713" data-file-height="1024" /></a><figcaption>Officers of the Karapapakh Hamidiyeh cavalry</figcaption></figure> <p>The Hamidiye played a significant role in the <a href="/wiki/Armenian_genocide" title="Armenian genocide">Armenian genocide</a> and largely responsible for the <a href="/wiki/Hamidian_Massacres" class="mw-redirect" title="Hamidian Massacres">Hamidian Massacres</a> that occurred from 1894 to 1896.<sup id="cite_ref-:0233_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0233-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They were told to take control of many lands populated by Armenians to weaken "internal enemies" along with the hidden agenda of eventually eliminating the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Regions with high Armenian revolutionary actions were targets for the Hamidiye.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hamidiye created an "Armenian Conspiracy" to justify their reasons for killing the Armenians.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to some estimates, about ten to twenty thousand Armenians were slaughtered by the Hamidiye units.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Janet Klein, Hamidiye units were involved in the large scale massacres and violence against Armenians in the period 1894-96 and 1915, and they were also "implicated in mass murder, deportation and looting" during the First World War.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>According to <a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Richar G. Hovannisian</a>, an Armenian-American, the Ottoman armed forces and Hamidiye units slaughtered Assyrians in the Tur Abdin region in 1915. It is estimated that ten thousand Assyrians were killed, and according to a document from the same years, "the skulls of small children were smashed with rocks, the bodies of girls and women who resisted rape were chopped into pieces live, men were mostly beheaded, and the clergy skinned or burnt alive".<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uniforms">Uniforms</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Uniforms"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The uniform ranking system was based on the 1861 patterns of cuff chevrons.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Several ceremonies took place for the Hamidiye, where they wore elegant uniforms showing their ranks and accomplishments. The new uniforms were to take the place of the colorful uniforms previously worn by the Kurds.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_45-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Its purpose was to create an identity for the Hamidiye who were spread across the frontiers of the empire.<sup id="cite_ref-auto4_45-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-auto4-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other than this, the Ottoman army was greatly influenced by the <a href="/wiki/Circassians" title="Circassians">Circassians</a>. They wore <a href="/wiki/Chokha" title="Chokha">cherkeska</a> and they were armed with <a href="/wiki/Shashka" title="Shashka">shashka</a> Circassian swords and Caucasian dagger.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> They sometimes consisted of grey tunics or waist-belts, grey trousers with a narrow red stripe, and <a href="/wiki/Kalpak" title="Kalpak">kalpak</a> with the imperial arms.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The uniforms slightly varied depending on the region the Hamidiye was located. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Units">Units</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Units"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Hamidiye Regiments were stationed in the following towns and villages:<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td valign="top"> <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr class="hintergrundfarbe8"> <th>Number </th> <th>Group or tribe </th> <th>Place </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Cavalry" title="Cavalry">Cavalry</a> </th> <th><a href="/wiki/Infantry" title="Infantry">Infantry</a> </th> <th>Total </th></tr> <tr> <td>1 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Spik%C3%A2n&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spikân (page does not exist)">Sipkân</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tutak,_Turkey" title="Tutak, Turkey">Dutak</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>2 </td> <td>Sipkân </td> <td>Hosuna </td> <td>400 </td> <td>175 </td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td>3 </td> <td>Sipkân </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Bulutp%C4%B1nar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bulutpınar (page does not exist)">Cemal Verdi</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>225 </td> <td>625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>4 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zilan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zilan (page does not exist)">Zilan</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Toprakkale,_Ele%C5%9Fkirt&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Toprakkale, Eleşkirt (page does not exist)">Toprakkale</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>360 </td> <td>610 </td></tr> <tr> <td>5 </td> <td>Zilan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Karakilise</a> </td> <td>450 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>700 </td></tr> <tr> <td>6 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Karapapak" class="mw-redirect" title="Karapapak">Karapapak</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ele%C5%9Fkirt" title="Eleşkirt">Eleşkirt</a> and <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Karakilise</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>7 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Terekeme" class="mw-redirect" title="Terekeme">Terekeme</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tutak,_Turkey" title="Tutak, Turkey">Tutak</a> - <a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Karakilise</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>8 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ke%C5%9Fvan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Keşvan (page does not exist)">Keşvan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pasinler_(town)" class="mw-redirect" title="Pasinler (town)">Hasankale</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>175 </td> <td>475 </td></tr> <tr> <td>9 </td> <td>Şapikan and Badayan </td> <td>Kızıldiz </td> <td>250 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td>10 </td> <td>Taşkesen, <a href="/wiki/Diyadin" title="Diyadin">Diyadin</a> </td> <td>Kasatkanlı </td> <td>198 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>548 </td></tr> <tr> <td>11 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikaili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikaili (page does not exist)">Mikaili</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Karakilise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyadin" title="Diyadin">Diyadin</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>325 </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>12 </td> <td>Hamdiki, Başımi, Hal Hesini </td> <td><a href="/wiki/A%C4%9Fr%C4%B1" title="Ağrı">Karakilise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Diyadin" title="Diyadin">Diyadin</a> </td> <td>225 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>13 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Haydaran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Haydaran (page does not exist)">Haydaran</a> </td> <td>Bergiri (<a href="/wiki/Muradiye_(District),_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Muradiye (District), Van">Muradiye</a>) </td> <td>200 </td> <td>318 </td> <td>518 </td></tr> <tr> <td>14 </td> <td>Haydaran </td> <td>Bergiri (Muradiye) </td> <td>175 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>15 </td> <td>Şevli </td> <td>Van, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gedikbulak&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gedikbulak (page does not exist)">Timar</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>16 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kal%C4%B1kan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kalıkan (page does not exist)">Kalıkan</a>, Livi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a> </td> <td>255 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>17 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mukuri&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mukuri (page does not exist)">Mukuri</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saray_(District),_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (District), Van">Saray</a> </td> <td>215 </td> <td>315 </td> <td>530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>18 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takari&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takari (page does not exist)">Takari</a> </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zermaniz&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zermaniz (page does not exist)">Zermaniz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saray_(District),_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (District), Van">Saray</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>380 </td> <td>680 </td></tr> <tr> <td>19 </td> <td>Milli, <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eemsiki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şemsiki (page does not exist)">Şemsiki</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saray_(District),_Van" class="mw-redirect" title="Saray (District), Van">Saray</a> </td> <td>225 </td> <td>425 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>20 </td> <td>Şkeftka </td> <td>Eblak </td> <td>327 </td> <td>213 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>21 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Adaman&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Adaman (page does not exist)">Adaman</a>, Zilan, Hecidıran </td> <td>Erciş </td> <td>250 </td> <td>275 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>22 </td> <td>Haydaran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>23 </td> <td>Haydaran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adilcevaz" title="Adilcevaz">Adilcevaz</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>24 </td> <td>Heydaran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a> </td> <td>175 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>525 </td></tr> <tr> <td>25 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Marhoran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Marhoran (page does not exist)">Marhoran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Adilcevaz" title="Adilcevaz">Adilcevaz</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>26 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hasenan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hasenan (page does not exist)">Hasenan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s" title="Hınıs">Hınıs</a> (Kumdeban) </td> <td>335 </td> <td>205 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>27 </td> <td>Hasenan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Malazgirt" title="Malazgirt">Malazgirt</a> </td> <td>340 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>28 </td> <td>Hasenan </td> <td>Malazgirt (Diknuk, Dinbut) </td> <td>304 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>534 </td></tr> <tr> <td>29 </td> <td>Hasenan </td> <td>Moranköyü </td> <td>310 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>30 </td> <td>Hasenan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bulan%C4%B1k" title="Bulanık">Bulanık</a> </td> <td>308 </td> <td>232 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>31 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Cibran&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cibran (page does not exist)">Cibran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/G%C3%BCmg%C3%BCm" class="mw-redirect" title="Gümgüm">Gümgüm</a> </td> <td>308 </td> <td>232 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>32 </td> <td>Cibran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s" title="Hınıs">Hınıs</a> </td> <td>310 </td> <td>235 </td> <td>545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>33 </td> <td>Cibran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Varto" title="Varto">Varto</a> </td> <td>315 </td> <td>330 </td> <td>545 </td></tr> <tr> <td>34 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Zirkan_(tribe)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Zirkan (tribe) (page does not exist)">Zirkan</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zirkan" class="extiw" title="ku:Zirkan">ku</a>]</span> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s" title="Hınıs">Hınıs</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>35 </td> <td>Zirkan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/H%C4%B1n%C4%B1s" title="Hınıs">Hınıs</a> (Halilçavuş) </td> <td>375 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>875 </td></tr> <tr> <td>36 </td> <td>Cibran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ki%C4%9F%C4%B1" title="Kiğı">Kiğı</a> </td> <td>285 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>37 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Jalali_(tribe)" title="Jalali (tribe)">Jalali</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Europe" title="Europe">Bayezit</a> (Örtülü kışlağı) </td> <td>305 </td> <td>370 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>38 </td> <td>Celali </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Do%C4%9Fubeyaz%C4%B1t" class="mw-redirect" title="Doğubeyazıt">Bayezit</a> (Şeyhlu kışlağı) </td> <td>300 </td> <td>240 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>39 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Takori&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Takori (page does not exist)">Takori</a> </td> <td>Mahmudiye (Saray) </td> <td>305 </td> <td>301 </td> <td>606 </td></tr> <tr> <td>40 </td> <td>Caucasian muhajirs </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sivas" title="Sivas">Sivas</a> </td> <td>275 </td> <td>500 </td> <td>775 </td></tr> <tr> <td>41 </td> <td>Milli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> </td> <td>275 </td> <td>265 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>42 </td> <td>Milli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a> </td> <td>255 </td> <td>375 </td> <td>630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>43 </td> <td>Milli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a> </td> <td>303 </td> <td>247 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>44 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Karake%C3%A7i&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karakeçi (page does not exist)">Karakeçi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a> </td> <td>305 </td> <td>225 </td> <td>530 </td></tr> <tr> <td>45 </td> <td>Kikan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ras_al-Ayn,_al-Hasakah" class="mw-redirect" title="Ras al-Ayn, al-Hasakah">Ra's al-'Ayn</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mardin" title="Mardin">Mardin</a> </td> <td>350 </td> <td>270 </td> <td>620 </td></tr> <tr> <td>46 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Tayy" title="Tayy">Tayy</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Nusaybin" title="Nusaybin">Nusaybin</a> </td> <td>445 </td> <td>185 </td> <td>630 </td></tr> <tr> <td>47 </td> <td>Karakeçi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Siverek" title="Siverek">Siverek</a> </td> <td>310 </td> <td>230 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>48 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Miran_tribe" class="mw-redirect" title="Miran tribe">Miran</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cezire" class="mw-redirect" title="Cezire">Cezire</a> </td> <td>335 </td> <td>205 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>49 </td> <td>Miran </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cizre" title="Cizre">Cezire</a> </td> <td>308 </td> <td>232 </td> <td>540 </td></tr> <tr> <td>50 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Erto%C5%9Fi&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ertoşi (page does not exist)">Ertoşi</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ba%C5%9Fkale" title="Başkale">Elbak</a> </td> <td>375 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>625 </td></tr> <tr> <td>51 </td> <td>Kays </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Urfa</a> </td> <td>450 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>52 </td> <td>Kays </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> </td> <td>400 </td> <td>150 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>53 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Beraz%C4%B1&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berazı (page does not exist)">Berazı</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Urfa</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>54 </td> <td>Berazı </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Urfa</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>55 </td> <td>Berazı </td> <td><a href="/wiki/%C5%9Eanl%C4%B1urfa" class="mw-redirect" title="Şanlıurfa">Urfa</a> </td> <td>275 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>575 </td></tr> <tr> <td>56 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Gevdan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gevdan (page does not exist)">Gevdan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkari</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>500 </td></tr> <tr> <td>57 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=%C5%9Eadili&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Şadili (page does not exist)">Şadili</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hasankale" class="mw-redirect" title="Hasankale">Hasankale</a> </td> <td>300 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>58 </td> <td>Adaman </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a> </td> <td>200 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>59 </td> <td>Pinyan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkari</a> </td> <td>150 </td> <td>400 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>60 </td> <td>Şidan </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Hakk%C3%A2ri_(city)" title="Hakkâri (city)">Hakkari</a> </td> <td>350 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>650 </td></tr> <tr> <td>61 </td> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Kas%C4%B1kan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kasıkan (page does not exist)">Kasıkan</a> </td> <td>Söylemez </td> <td>250 </td> <td>300 </td> <td>550 </td></tr> <tr> <td>62 </td> <td>Kiki </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harran" title="Harran">Harran</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>350 </td> <td>600 </td></tr> <tr> <td>63 </td> <td>Milli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viran%C5%9Fehir" title="Viranşehir">Viranşehir</a> </td> <td>550 </td> <td>250 </td> <td>800 </td></tr> <tr> <td>64 </td> <td>Milli </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Viran%C5%9Fehir" title="Viranşehir">Viranşehir</a> </td> <td>600 </td> <td>225 </td> <td>825 </td></tr> <tr> <td>65 </td> <td>Belideyi </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Erci%C5%9F" title="Erciş">Erciş</a>, <a href="/wiki/Patnos" title="Patnos">Patnos</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malazgirt" title="Malazgirt">Malazgirt</a> </td> <td>250 </td> <td>200 </td> <td>450 </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 24em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBalakian2003" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Balakian, Peter</a> (2003). <i><a href="/wiki/The_Burning_Tigris:_The_Armenian_Genocide_and_America%27s_Response" class="mw-redirect" title="The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response">The Burning Tigris: The Armenian Genocide and America's Response</a></i>. New York: HarperCollins. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/burningtigris00pete/page/51">51</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-06-055870-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-06-055870-9"><bdi>0-06-055870-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Burning+Tigris%3A+The+Armenian+Genocide+and+America%27s+Response&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=HarperCollins&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-06-055870-9&rft.aulast=Balakian&rft.aufirst=Peter&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Peter_Balakian" title="Peter Balakian">Balakian</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Burning_Tigris" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning Tigris">Burning Tigris</a></i>, p. 44.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEppel2016" class="citation book cs1">Eppel, Michael (13 September 2016). <i>A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism, page 81</i>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477311073" title="Special:BookSources/9781477311073"><bdi>9781477311073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Without+a+State%3A+The+Kurds+from+the+Rise+of+Islam+to+the+Dawn+of+Nationalism%2C+page+81&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.isbn=9781477311073&rft.aulast=Eppel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEppel2016" class="citation book cs1">Eppel, Michael (2016-09-13). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-tuPDAAAQBAJ&q=hamidiye+cavalry+circassian&pg=PA81"><i>A People Without a State: The Kurds from the Rise of Islam to the Dawn of Nationalism</i></a>. University of Texas Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781477311073" title="Special:BookSources/9781477311073"><bdi>9781477311073</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+People+Without+a+State%3A+The+Kurds+from+the+Rise+of+Islam+to+the+Dawn+of+Nationalism&rft.pub=University+of+Texas+Press&rft.date=2016-09-13&rft.isbn=9781477311073&rft.aulast=Eppel&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-tuPDAAAQBAJ%26q%3Dhamidiye%2Bcavalry%2Bcircassian%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Palmer_1994_S249u258u389-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Palmer_1994_S249u258u389_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palmer, Alan, <i>Verfall und Untergang des Osmanischen Reiches</i>, Heyne, München 1994 (engl. Original: London 1992), pp. 249, 258, 389. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-453-11768-9" title="Special:BookSources/3-453-11768-9">3-453-11768-9</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VanBruinessen_1989_pp1-541_S248a-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-VanBruinessen_1989_pp1-541_S248a_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Van Bruinessen, Martin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bnk.institutkurde.org/catalogue/detail.php?pirtuk=680"><i>Agha, Shaikh and State - The Social and Political Structures of Kurdistan</i></a>. London: Zed Books, 1992, p. 185. Van Bruinessen mentions the "occasional" recruiting of a Turkish tribe (the Qarapapakh)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ShawEtShaw_1977_S246-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ShawEtShaw_1977_S246_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Stanford_Shaw" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanford Shaw">Shaw, Stanford J.</a> and Ezel Kural Shaw, <i>History of the Ottoman Empire and Modern Turkey</i>. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1977, vol. 2, p. 246.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Öhrig_1998_1996_S36a-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Öhrig_1998_1996_S36a_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Öhrig, Bruno, <i>Meinungen und Materialien zur Geschichte der Karakeçili Anatoliens</i>, in: Matthias S. Laubscher (Ed.), Münchener Ethnologische Abhandlungen, <u>20</u>, Akademischer Verlag, München 1998 (Edition Anacon), zugleich Inaugural-Dissertation zur Erlangung des Doktorgrades der Philosophie an der Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität zu München, München 1996, p. 36, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/3-932965-10-8" title="Special:BookSources/3-932965-10-8">3-932965-10-8</a>. U. a. mit Verweis auf Ş. Beysanoğlu, <i>Ziya Gökalp´in İlk Yazı Hayatı - 1894-1909</i> [Ziya Gökalp's First Writing Life, 1894-1909], Istanbul 1956, pp. 164-168.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-cfWP_Yörük_VersionID31139363-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-cfWP_Yörük_VersionID31139363_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Vgl. deutschsprachige Wikipedia, Artikel "Yörük", Abschnitt "<a class="external text" href="https://de.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Y%C3%B6r%C3%BCk&oldid=31139363#Herkunft_und_Einwanderung_nach_Kleinasien">Herkunft und Einwanderung nach Kleinasien</a>", Versions-ID 31139363</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:022-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:022_10-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:022_10-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJongerden2012" class="citation book cs1">Jongerden, Joost (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915</i>. Brill. p. 61. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225183"><bdi>9789004225183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870-1915&rft.pages=61&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225183&rft.aulast=Jongerden&rft.aufirst=Joost&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Richard_G._Hovannisian" title="Richard G. Hovannisian">Hovannisian, Richard G.</a> "The Armenian Question in the Ottoman Empire, 1876-1914" in <i>The Armenian People From Ancient to Modern Times, Volume II: Foreign Dominion to Statehood: The Fifteenth Century to the Twentieth Century</i>. Richard G. Hovannisian (ed.) New York: St. Martin's Press, 1997, p. 217. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-312-10168-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-312-10168-6">0-312-10168-6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/278219/_Les_Freres_De_Terre_Et_DEau_Sur_Le_Role_Des_Kurdes_Dans_Les_Massacres_Armeniens_De_1894_-1896_">Verheij, Jelle (1998). Les Frères de terre et d'eau: sur le role des Kurdes dans les massacres arméniens de 1894-1896, in: Bruinessen, M. van & Blau, Joyce, eds., Islam des Kurdes special issue of <i>Cahiers de l'Autre Islam</i></a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012-08-03). "Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915": p. 94</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">*Klein, Janet. <i>The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceA-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceA_15-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Stephen Duguid, The Politics of Unity: Hamidian Policy of Eastern Anatolia, 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdulhamid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceB-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceB_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 129.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">M.Sükrü Hanioglu, A Brief History of the Late Ottoman Empire, 130.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ReferenceC-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ReferenceC_19-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Dr. Bayram Kodaman, The Hamidiye Light Cavalry Regiments (Abdulhamid II and Eastern Anatolian Tribes)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-newperspectivesonturkey.net-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-newperspectivesonturkey.net_20-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-newperspectivesonturkey.net_20-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newperspectivesonturkey.net/Journal/Lecture/13">Summary of</a> Janet Klein's <i>Power in the Periphery: The Hamidiye Light Cavalry and the Struggle over Ottoman Kurdistan, 1890-1914</i>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:023-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:023_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915</i>. Brill. p. 150. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225183"><bdi>9789004225183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870-1915&rft.pages=150&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225183&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-hunchak.org.au-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-hunchak.org.au_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-hunchak.org.au_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hunchak.org.au/aboutus/intro.html">"Social Democrat Hunchakian Party"</a>. <i>hunchak.org.au</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=hunchak.org.au&rft.atitle=Social+Democrat+Hunchakian+Party&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hunchak.org.au%2Faboutus%2Fintro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Joost Jongerden; Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij (ed.), <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>, p. 62</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Jongerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle, eds. (2012-08-03). "Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915": p. 61</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_25-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGeorgeon2013" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Georgeon" title="François Georgeon">Georgeon, François</a> (2013). <i>Penser, agir et vivre dans l'Empire ottoman et en Turquie: Études réunies pour François Georgeon</i>. Peeters. p. 25. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-9042925984" title="Special:BookSources/978-9042925984"><bdi>978-9042925984</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Penser%2C+agir+et+vivre+dans+l%27Empire+ottoman+et+en+Turquie%3A+%C3%89tudes+r%C3%A9unies+pour+Fran%C3%A7ois+Georgeon&rft.pages=25&rft.pub=Peeters&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-9042925984&rft.aulast=Georgeon&rft.aufirst=Fran%C3%A7ois&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto3-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_26-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto3_26-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 69.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 70.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_28-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 75.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Manfred Berg, Simon Wendt, Globalizing Lynching History: Vigilantism and Extralegal Punishment from an International Perspective, 127.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0232-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0232_30-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0232_30-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915</i>. Brill. p. 151. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225183"><bdi>9789004225183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870-1915&rft.pages=151&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225183&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto1-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-auto1_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>, 152</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>, 154</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto2-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto2_33-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 68.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>, 160</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Edward J. Erickson, Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913, 14</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0233-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-:0233_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKlein2012" class="citation book cs1">Klein, Janet (2012). Jorngerden, Joost; Verheij, Jelle (eds.). <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1915</i>. Brill. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789004225183" title="Special:BookSources/9789004225183"><bdi>9789004225183</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Social+Relations+in+Ottoman+Diyarbekir%2C+1870-1915&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Brill&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=9789004225183&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Janet&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 5.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Janet Klein, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>, 153.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Ernest Edmondson Ramsaur, Jr. The Young Turks: Prelude to the Revolution of 1908, Beirut, Khayats, 1965, p.10.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, Janet. The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Armenian Genocide: Cultural and Ethical Legacies, Richard G. Hovannisian, Transaction Publishers</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140108204835/http://www.ottoman-uniforms.com/ottoman-hamidiye-corps-1890-till-1908/">"WW1 Turkish Flaherty"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ottoman-uniforms.com/ottoman-hamidiye-corps-1890-till-1908/">the original</a> on 2014-01-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2014-01-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WW1+Turkish+Flaherty&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ottoman-uniforms.com%2Fottoman-hamidiye-corps-1890-till-1908%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AHamidiye+%28cavalry%29" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-auto4-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_45-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-auto4_45-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 37.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">G, F. <i>Çerkez Kılıcı</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Klein, <i>The Margins of the Empire</i>, 38.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="languageicon">(in Turkish)</span> Avyarov. <i>Osmanlı-Rus ve İran Savaşlar'ında Kürtler 1801-1900</i> [The Kurds in the Ottoman-Russian and -Iranian Wars, 1801-1900]. Ankara: SİPAN, 1995, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/38764140">38764140</a>.</span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Bibliography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Hamidiye_regiments" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Hamidiye regiments">Hamidiye regiments</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li>Klein, Janet. <i>The Margins of Empire: Kurdish Militias in the Ottoman Tribal Zone</i>. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2011.</li> <li>Klein Janet, Joost Jongerden, Jelle Verheij, <i>Social Relations in Ottoman Diyarbekir, 1870-1975</i>. Koninklijke Brill NV, Leidin, Netherlands, 2012</li> <li>Edward J. Erickson, <i>"Defeat in Detail: The Ottoman Army in the Balkans, 1912-1913"</i>. 2003</li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&oldid=1238729092">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hamidiye_(cavalry)&oldid=1238729092</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cavalry_units_and_formations_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Cavalry units and formations of the Ottoman Empire">Cavalry units and formations of the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Ottoman_Empire_in_Asia" title="Category:History of the Ottoman Empire in Asia">History of the Ottoman Empire in Asia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Kurdish_people" title="Category:History of the Kurdish people">History of the Kurdish people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_the_Zaza_people" title="Category:History of the Zaza people">History of the Zaza people</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:People_of_the_Armenian_genocide" title="Category:People of the Armenian genocide">People of the Armenian genocide</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kurdish_people_from_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:Kurdish people from the Ottoman Empire">Kurdish people from the Ottoman Empire</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Military_units_and_formations_established_in_1890" title="Category:Military units and formations established in 1890">Military units and formations established in 1890</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1890_establishments_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Category:1890 establishments in the Ottoman Empire">1890 establishments in the Ottoman Empire</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_Turkish-language_sources_(tr)" title="Category:Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)">Articles with Turkish-language sources (tr)</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:All_articles_with_unsourced_statements" title="Category:All articles with unsourced statements">All articles with unsourced statements</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_unsourced_statements_from_November_2015" title="Category:Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015">Articles with unsourced statements from November 2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 5 August 2024, at 11:16<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. 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