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<li id="toc-Establishment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Establishment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Establishment</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Establishment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Moorish_Wars" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Moorish_Wars"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>The Moorish Wars</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Moorish_Wars-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-First_Moorish_uprising" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#First_Moorish_uprising"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.1</span> <span>First Moorish uprising</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-First_Moorish_uprising-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Military_mutiny" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Military_mutiny"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.2</span> <span>Military mutiny</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Military_mutiny-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Second_Moorish_uprising_and_the_revolt_of_Guntharic" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Second_Moorish_uprising_and_the_revolt_of_Guntharic"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2.3</span> <span>Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Second_Moorish_uprising_and_the_revolt_of_Guntharic-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Peace_restored" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Peace_restored"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.3</span> <span>Peace restored</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Peace_restored-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflict_with_Moorish_kingdom_of_Garmul" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflict_with_Moorish_kingdom_of_Garmul"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.4</span> <span>Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflict_with_Moorish_kingdom_of_Garmul-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reorganization_into_the_Exarchate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reorganization_into_the_Exarchate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.5</span> <span>Reorganization into the Exarchate</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reorganization_into_the_Exarchate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-List_of_known_praefecti_praetorio_Africae" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#List_of_known_praefecti_praetorio_Africae"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>List of known <i>praefecti praetorio Africae</i></span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-List_of_known_praefecti_praetorio_Africae-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> 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class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Praetorian prefecture of Africa</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 14 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-14" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">14 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D8%A5%D9%81%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%82%D9%8A%D8%A7_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A5%D9%85%D8%A8%D8%B1%D8%A7%D8%B7%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%8A%D8%A9" title="ولاية إفريقيا الإمبراطورية – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ولاية إفريقيا الإمبراطورية" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectura_del_pretori_d%27%C3%80frica" title="Prefectura del pretori d'Àfrica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Prefectura del pretori d'Àfrica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A5%CF%80%CE%B1%CF%81%CF%87%CE%AF%CE%B1_%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82_%CE%91%CF%86%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE%CF%82" title="Υπαρχία της Αφρικής – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Υπαρχία της Αφρικής" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefectura_del_pretorio_de_%C3%81frica" title="Prefectura del pretorio de África – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Prefectura del pretorio de África" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pr%C3%A9fecture_du_pr%C3%A9toire_d%27Afrique" title="Préfecture du prétoire d'Afrique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Préfecture du prétoire d'Afrique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefettura_del_pretorio_d%27Africa" title="Prefettura del pretorio d'Africa – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Prefettura del pretorio d'Africa" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%A4%D7%A7%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%90%D7%A0%D7%99%D7%AA_%D7%A9%D7%9C_%D7%90%D7%A4%D7%A8%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%94" title="הפרפקטורה הפרטוריאנית של אפריקה – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="הפרפקטורה הפרטוריאנית של אפריקה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretoriaanse_prefectuur_van_Afrika" title="Pretoriaanse prefectuur van Afrika – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Pretoriaanse prefectuur van Afrika" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prefeitura_pretoriana_da_%C3%81frica" title="Prefeitura pretoriana da África – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Prefeitura pretoriana da África" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Преторианская префектура Африки – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Преторианская префектура Африки" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pretorijanska_prefektura_Afrika" title="Pretorijanska prefektura Afrika – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Pretorijanska prefektura Afrika" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Afrika_praetoria_idaresi" title="Afrika praetoria idaresi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Afrika praetoria idaresi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%96%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%84%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%82%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0_%D0%90%D1%84%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B8" title="Преторіанська префектура Африки – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Преторіанська префектура Африки" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%98%BF%E9%9D%9E%E5%88%A9%E5%8A%A0%E5%A4%A7%E5%8C%BA" title="阿非利加大区 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="阿非利加大区" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a 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<div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Byzantine administrative division in the Maghreb</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1048730501">.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv{border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv td,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Praetorian Prefecture of Africa<div class="ib-former-subdiv-native nickname"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r920966791">.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps{font-variant:small-caps}.mw-parser-output span.smallcaps-smaller{font-size:85%}</style><span class="smallcaps">Praefectura Praetorio Africae</span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefecture">Praet. Prefecture</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category">534–591</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Maghreb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/220px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/330px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/440px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="628" /></a></span><br />The province of Africa after the Fall of the Vandalic Kingdom</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Carthage</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Historical era</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity" class="mw-redirect" title="Late Antiquity">Late Antiquity</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Conquest of Vandal Kingdom </div></th><td class="infobox-data">534</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• <a href="/wiki/Byzantine-Moorish_wars" class="mw-redirect" title="Byzantine-Moorish wars">Moorish revolt</a> defeated </div></th><td class="infobox-data">548</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal;">• Reorganization into the Exarchate </div></th><td class="infobox-data">591</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Africa_proconsularis" class="mw-redirect" title="Africa proconsularis">Zeugitana</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Sardinia" title="Byzantine Sardinia">Sardinia</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"> <table style="width:95%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; display:inline-table;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="text-align:center; border:0; padding-bottom:0"><div id="before-after"></div> <b>Preceded by</b></td> <td style="text-align:center;border:0; padding-bottom:0;"><b>Succeeded by</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center; border:0;"> <table style="width:100%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3" data-file-height="2" /></span></span> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> </td></tr> </tbody></table> </td> <td style="vertical-align:top; text-align:center;border:0;"> <table style="width:92%; text-align:center; margin:0 auto; border:0;"> <tbody><tr> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle; text-align:right;"><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a> </td> <td style="border:0; padding:0; vertical-align:middle;"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/d/d2/Blank.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" 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3.3em}@media(max-width:640px){body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .sidebar{width:100%!important;clear:both;float:none!important;margin-left:0!important;margin-right:0!important}}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .sidebar a>img{max-width:none!important}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="sidebar-pretitle" style="margin: -0.2em 0; font-size:69%; font-weight:normal;">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:History_of_Tunisia" title="Category:History of Tunisia">a series</a> on the</div></th> </tr><tr> <th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style=""><a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia" title="History of Tunisia">History of <span class="fn org label">Tunisia</span></a></th> </tr><tr><td style="padding-bottom: 0.4em; border-bottom: 1px solid #ccc;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Partie de la coste de Barbarie en Africque où sont les royaumes de Tunis et de Tripoli et pays circonvoisins - par le Sr Sanson d'Abbeville"><img alt="Partie de la coste de Barbarie en Africque où sont les royaumes de Tunis et de Tripoli et pays circonvoisins - par le Sr Sanson d'Abbeville" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/150px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/225px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg/300px-Partie_de_la_coste_de_Barbarie_en_Africque_o%C3%B9_sont_les_royaumes_de_Tunis_et_de_Tripoli_et_pays_circonvoisins_-_par_le_Sr_Sanson_d%27Abbeville_-_btv1b8595347s.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8753" data-file-height="6147" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Capsian_culture" title="Capsian culture">Prehistoric</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Tunisia" title="History of early Tunisia">Prehistory</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Carthage" title="History of Carthage">Ancient</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Carthage" title="Ancient Carthage">Carthage</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">12th C.–146 BC</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">1st Roman</a> <span style="font-size:85%;">(<a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Province</a>)</span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">146 BC–435</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">435–534</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Roman-era_Tunisia#Byzantine_Empire" title="History of Roman-era Tunisia">2nd Roman (Byzantine)</a> / <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Byzantine North Africa</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">534–698</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prefecture</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">534–590</span></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <span style="font-size:85%;"><a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate</a></span></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"><span style="font-size:85%;">590–698</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_early_Islamic_Tunisia" title="History of early Islamic Tunisia">Early Islamic</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Umayyad_Caliphate" title="Umayyad Caliphate">Umayyad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">698–750</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Abbasid_Caliphate" title="Abbasid Caliphate">Abbasid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">750–800</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Aghlabids" class="mw-redirect" title="Aghlabids">Aghlabid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">800–909</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Fatimid_Caliphate" title="Fatimid Caliphate">Fatimid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">909–973</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_medieval_Tunisia" title="History of medieval Tunisia">Medieval</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Zirid_dynasty" title="Zirid dynasty">Zirid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">973–1148</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Africa" title="Kingdom of Africa">Norman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1148–1160</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Almohad_Caliphate" title="Almohad Caliphate">Almohad</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1160–1229</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Hafsid_dynasty" title="Hafsid dynasty">Hafsid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;">1229–1574</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Early modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Tunisia" title="Ottoman Tunisia">Ottoman</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1574–1705</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Beylik_of_Tunis" title="Beylik of Tunis">Husainid</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1705–1881</td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Modern</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><table style="width:100%;border-collapse:collapse;border-spacing:0px 0px;border:none;background:"><tbody><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_Tunisia_under_French_rule" title="History of Tunisia under French rule">French Tunisia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1881–1956</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#Independence_of_the_Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="History of modern Tunisia">Kingdom of Tunisia</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1956–1957</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Republic_of_Habib_Bourguiba" title="History of modern Tunisia">Bourguiba rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1957–1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/1987_Tunisian_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="1987 Tunisian coup d'état">Ben Ali coup</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Tunisia#The_Era_of_Ben_Ali" title="History of modern Tunisia">Ben Ali rule</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 1987–2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisian_revolution" title="Tunisian revolution">Tunisian revolution</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011</td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td style="text-align:left;"> <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Parliamentary system</a></td><td style="white-space:nowrap;text-align:right;"> 2011–<span style="font-size:85%;">present</span></td></tr></tbody></table></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #aaa; border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;"> <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/16px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/24px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/86/Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg/32px-Africa_%28orthographic_projection%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="550" data-file-height="550" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Africa" title="Portal:Africa">Africa portal</a> • <span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/16px-P_history.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/24px-P_history.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/48/P_history.svg/32px-P_history.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="400" data-file-height="360" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:History" title="Portal:History">History portal</a></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:History_of_Tunisia" title="Template:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:History_of_Tunisia" title="Template talk:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:History_of_Tunisia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:History of Tunisia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Praetorian Prefecture of Africa</b> (<a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: <i lang="la">praefectura praetorio Africae</i>) was an administrative division of the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">Maghreb</a>. With its seat at <a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Carthage</a>, it was established after the reconquest of northwestern Africa from the <a href="/wiki/Vandals" title="Vandals">Vandals</a> in 533–534 by the Byzantine Emperor <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>. It continued to exist until 591, when it was replaced by the <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Establishment">Establishment</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Establishment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">Vandalic War</a></div> <p>In 533, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Roman_army" title="Eastern Roman army">Eastern Roman army</a> under <a href="/wiki/Belisarius" title="Belisarius">Belisarius</a> defeated and destroyed the <a href="/wiki/Vandal_Kingdom" title="Vandal Kingdom">Vandal Kingdom</a> that had existed in the former Roman territories of Northern Africa. Immediately after the victory, in April 534, the emperor Justinian published a law concerning the administrative organization of the recovered territories. The old provinces of the Roman <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a> had been mostly preserved by the Vandals, but large parts, including almost all of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a>, much of <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a> and large parts of the interior of <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a>, had been lost to the inland <a href="/wiki/Berber_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Berber people">Berber</a> tribes, collectively called the <i><a href="/wiki/Mauri" title="Mauri">Mauri</a></i> (<a href="/wiki/Moors" title="Moors">Moors</a>). Nevertheless, Justinian restored the old administrative division, but raised the overall governor at <a href="/wiki/Roman_Carthage" title="Roman Carthage">Carthage</a> to the supreme administrative rank of <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_Prefect" class="mw-redirect" title="Praetorian Prefect">Praetorian Prefect</a>, thereby ending the Diocese of Africa's traditional subordination to the <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Prefecture of Italy</a> (then still under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Ostrogothic_Kingdom" title="Ostrogothic Kingdom">Ostrogothic Kingdom</a>). Seven provinces – four consular, three <i>praesides</i> – were designated: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>From the aforesaid city, with the aid of God, seven provinces with their judges shall be controlled, of which Tingi, Carthage, Byzacium, and Tripoli, formerly under the jurisdiction of <a href="/wiki/Proconsul" title="Proconsul">proconsuls</a>, shall have <a href="/wiki/Consularis" title="Consularis">consular</a> rulers; while the others, that is to say, Numidia, Mauritania, and Sardinia shall, with the aid of God, be subject to <a href="/wiki/Praeses" title="Praeses">governors</a>.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite><i><a href="/wiki/Codex_Iustinianus" class="mw-redirect" title="Codex Iustinianus">Codex Iustinianus</a>, I.XXVII</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>It should be assumed that Mauretania Tingitana, traditionally part of the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a> (then under the rule of the <a href="/wiki/Visigothic_Kingdom" title="Visigothic Kingdom">Visigothic Kingdom</a>), was temporarily extinguished as a separate province in Justinian's arrangement and merged with Mauretania Caesariensis to form the province ruled from <a href="/wiki/Tangier" title="Tangier">Tingi</a>, and that "Mauretania" refers to Mauretania Sitifensis.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also noteworthy that the island of <a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a> switched to being part of <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_North_Africa" title="Byzantine North Africa">African section</a> in terms of Byzantine provincial administration, rather than <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Italy" title="Byzantine Italy">Italian section</a> like <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">classical Roman</a> times. </p><p>Justinian's intent was to, in the words of the historian <a href="/wiki/J.B._Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="J.B. Bury">J.B. Bury</a>, "wipe out all traces of the Vandal conquest, as if it had never been".<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The churches were restored to the <a href="/wiki/Chalcedonian" class="mw-redirect" title="Chalcedonian">Chalcedonian</a> clergy, and the remaining <a href="/wiki/Arianism" title="Arianism">Arians</a> suffered persecution. Even the land ownership was reverted to the status prior to the Vandalic conquest, but the scarcity of valid property titles after 100 years of Vandal rule created an administrative and judicial chaos. </p><p>The military administration was headed by the new post of <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> Africae</i>, with a subordinate <i>magister peditum</i> and four regional frontier commands (<a href="/wiki/Leptis_Magna" title="Leptis Magna">Leptis Magna</a> for Tripolitania, <a href="/wiki/Gafsa" title="Gafsa">Capsa</a> or <a href="/wiki/Thelepte" title="Thelepte">Thelepte</a> for Byzacena, <a href="/wiki/Cirta" title="Cirta">Cirta</a> for Numidia, and <a href="/wiki/Cherchell" title="Cherchell">Caesarea</a> for Mauretania<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>) under <i><a href="/wiki/Dux" title="Dux">duces</a></i>. This organization was only gradually established, as the Romans pushed the Mauri back and regained these territories.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Moorish_Wars">The Moorish Wars</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The Moorish Wars"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Byzantine%E2%80%93Moorish_wars" title="Byzantine–Moorish wars">Byzantine–Moorish wars</a></div> <p>When the Romans landed in Africa, the Moors maintained a neutral stance, but after the quick Roman victories, most of their tribes pledged loyalty to the Empire. The most significant tribes were the Leuathae in Tripolitania, and the Frexi in Byzacena. The Frexi and their allies were led by <a href="/wiki/Antalas" title="Antalas">Antalas</a>, while other tribes in the area followed <a href="/wiki/Cutzinas" title="Cutzinas">Cutzinas</a>. The Aurasii (the tribes of the <a href="/wiki/Aur%C3%A8s_Mountains" title="Aurès Mountains">Aurès Mountains</a>) in Numidia were ruled by <a href="/wiki/Iaudas" title="Iaudas">Iaudas</a>, and the Mauretanian Moors were led by <a href="/wiki/Mastigas" title="Mastigas">Mastigas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Masuna" title="Masuna">Masuna</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="First_Moorish_uprising">First Moorish uprising</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: First Moorish uprising"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After Belisarius departed for Constantinople, he was succeeded as <i><a href="/wiki/Magister_militum" title="Magister militum">magister militum</a> Africae</i> by his <i><a href="/wiki/Domesticus_(Roman_Empire)" title="Domesticus (Roman Empire)">domesticus</a></i> (senior aide), the eunuch <a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Dara_(Mesopotamia)" title="Dara (Mesopotamia)">Dara</a>. The tribes of Mauri living in <a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a> and <a href="/wiki/Numidia" title="Numidia">Numidia</a> almost immediately rose up, and Solomon set out with his forces, which included allied Moorish tribes, against them. The situation was so critical that Solomon was also entrusted with civil authority, replacing the first prefect, Archelaus, in the autumn of 534. Solomon was able <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Mammes" title="Battle of Mammes">to defeat the Mauri of Byzacena at Mamma</a>, and again, decisively, at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bourgaon" title="Battle of Bourgaon">Mt. Bourgaon</a> in early 535. In the summer, he campaigned against Iaudas and the Aurasii, who were ravaging Numidia, but failed to achieve any result. Solomon then set about erecting <a href="/wiki/List_of_Byzantine_forts_and_other_structures_in_the_Maghreb" title="List of Byzantine forts and other structures in the Maghreb">forts along the borders and the main roads</a>, hoping to contain the raids of the Moors. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Military_mutiny">Military mutiny</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Military mutiny"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Siege_of_Carthage_(536)" title="Siege of Carthage (536)">Siege of Carthage (536)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:East_Numidia.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/220px-East_Numidia.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/330px-East_Numidia.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/93/East_Numidia.jpg/440px-East_Numidia.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1698" data-file-height="1310" /></a><figcaption>Africa, with the provinces of Byzacena, Zeugitana and Numidia.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Byzantine_Maghreb.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/220px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/330px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/88/Byzantine_Maghreb.png/440px-Byzantine_Maghreb.png 2x" data-file-width="935" data-file-height="628" /></a><figcaption>partial Byzantine restoration of Roman North Africa until 541</figcaption></figure> <p>In the Easter of 536 however, a large-scale military revolt broke out, caused by dissatisfaction of the soldiers with Solomon. Solomon, together with <a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, who worked as his secretary, was able to escape to <a href="/wiki/Sicily" title="Sicily">Sicily</a>, which had <a href="/wiki/Gothic_War_(535%E2%80%93554)#Fall_of_Sicily_and_Dalmatia_to_the_Romans" title="Gothic War (535–554)">just been conquered</a> by Belisarius. Solomon's lieutenants Martinus and Theodore were left behind, the first to try to reach the troops at Numidia, and the second to hold Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Upon hearing about the mutiny, Belisarius, with Solomon and 100 picked men, set sail for Africa. Carthage was being besieged by 9,000 rebels, including many Vandals, under a certain <a href="/wiki/Stotzas" title="Stotzas">Stotzas</a>. Theodore was contemplating capitulation, when Belisarius appeared. The news of the famous general's arrival were sufficient for the rebels to abandon the siege and withdraw westwards. Belisarius, although able to muster only 2,000 men, immediately gave pursuit and caught up and defeated the rebel forces at Membresa. The bulk of the rebels however was able to flee, and continued to march towards Numidia, where the local troops decided to join them.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Belisarius himself was forced to return to Italy, and Justinian appointed his cousin <a href="/wiki/Germanus_(cousin_of_Justinian_I)" title="Germanus (cousin of Justinian I)">Germanus</a> as <i>magister militum</i> to deal with the crisis. </p><p>Germanus managed to win over many of the rebels to his side by appearing conciliatory and paying their arrears. Eventually, in the spring of 537, the two armies clashed at Scalae Veteres, resulting in a hard-won victory for Germanus. Stotzas fled to the tribesmen of Mauretania, and Germanus spent the next two years in re-establishing discipline in the army. Finally, Justinian judged the situation to have been stabilized enough, and in 539 Germanus was replaced by Solomon. Solomon carried on Germanus' work by pruning out of the army those of suspect loyalties and strengthening the network of fortifications. This careful organization enabled him to strike successfully against the Aurasii, evicting them from their mountain strongholds, and firmly establish Roman rule in Numidia and <a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Second_Moorish_uprising_and_the_revolt_of_Guntharic">Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Second Moorish uprising and the revolt of Guntharic"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Africa enjoyed peace and prosperity for the next few years, until the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Plague_of_Justinian" title="Plague of Justinian">great plague</a> c. 542. At the same time, the arrogant behaviour of some Roman governors alienated the Mauri leaders, such as Antalas at Byzacena, and provoked them to rise up and raid Roman territory. So it was that during a battle with the Mauri at Cillium in Byzacena in 544, the Romans were defeated and Solomon himself killed.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Solomon was succeeded by his nephew, <a href="/wiki/Sergius_(Byzantine_general)" title="Sergius (Byzantine general)">Sergius</a>, who as <i>dux</i> of Tripolitania had been largely responsible for the Moorish uprising. Sergius was both unpopular and of limited abilities, while the Mauri, joined by the renegade Stotzas, gathered together under the leadership of Antalas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Moors, aided by Stotzas, were able to enter and sack the coastal city of <a href="/wiki/Hadrumetum" title="Hadrumetum">Hadrumetum</a> by trickery. A priest named Paulus was able to retake the city with a small force without help from Sergius, who refused to march forth against the Moors. Despite this setback, the rebels roamed the provinces at will, while the rural population fled to the fortified cities and to Sicily.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Justinian then sent <a href="/wiki/Areobindus_(died_546)" title="Areobindus (died 546)">Areobindus</a>, a man of senatorial rank and husband to his niece <a href="/wiki/Praejecta" title="Praejecta">Praejecta</a>, but otherwise undistinguished, with a few men to Africa, not to replace Sergius, but to share command with him. Sergius was entrusted with the war in Numidia, while Areobindus undertook to subdue Byzacena. Areobindus sent out a force under the able general John against Antalas and Stotzas. Because Sergius did not come to their aid as requested, the Romans were routed at <a href="/wiki/Thacia" title="Thacia">Thacia</a>, but not before John mortally wounded Stotzas in <a href="/wiki/Single_combat" title="Single combat">single combat</a>. The effects of this disaster at least forced Justinian to recall Sergius and restore unity of command in the hands of Areobindus.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Soon after, in March 546, Areobindus was overthrown and murdered by <a href="/wiki/Guntarith" title="Guntarith">Guntharic</a>, the <i>dux Numidiae</i>, who had come into negotiations with the Moors and intended to set himself up as an independent king. Guntharic himself was overthrown by loyal troops under the Armenian <a href="/wiki/Artabanes_(general)" class="mw-redirect" title="Artabanes (general)">Artabanes</a> in early May. Artabanes was elevated to the office of <i>magister militum Africae</i>, but was soon recalled to Constantinople.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The man Justinian sent to replace him was the talented general <a href="/wiki/John_Troglita" title="John Troglita">John Troglita</a>, whose exploits are celebrated in the epic poem <i>Iohannis</i>, written by <a href="/wiki/Flavius_Cresconius_Corippus" class="mw-redirect" title="Flavius Cresconius Corippus">Flavius Cresconius Corippus</a>. Troglita had already served in Africa under Belisarius and Solomon, and had a distinguished career in the East, where he had been appointed <i><a href="/wiki/Dux_Mesopotamiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Dux Mesopotamiae">dux Mesopotamiae</a></i>. Despite his numerically weak forces, he managed to win over several Moorish tribes, and in early 547 he decisively defeated Antalas and his allies, and drove them from Byzacena. As Procopius recounts: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>And this John, immediately upon arriving in Libya, had an engagement with Antalas and the Moors in Byzacium, and conquering them in battle, slew many; and he wrested from these barbarians all the standards of Solomon, and sent them to the emperor—standards which they had previously secured as plunder, when Solomon had been taken from the world.</p><div class="templatequotecite">— <cite>Procopius, <i>De Bello Vandalico II.XXVIII</i></cite></div></blockquote> <p>A few months later, however, the tribe of the <a href="/wiki/Leuathae" class="mw-redirect" title="Leuathae">Leuathae</a>, in Tripolitania, rose up, and inflicted a severe defeat upon the imperial forces in the plain of Gallica. The Leuathae were joined by Antalas, and the Moors once again raided freely as far as Carthage.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in the next year John mustered his forces, and together by several allied Moorish tribes, including the former rebel Cutzinas, utterly defeated the Moors at the battle of the Fields of Cato, killing seventeen of their leaders and putting an end to the revolt that had plagued Africa for almost 15 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Peace_restored">Peace restored</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Peace restored"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dame_Carthage(MNC).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg/220px-Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg/330px-Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg/440px-Dame_Carthage%28MNC%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1464" data-file-height="1346" /></a><figcaption>The famous <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lady_of_Carthage&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Lady of Carthage (page does not exist)">Lady of Carthage</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mosa%C3%AFque_de_la_Dame_de_Carthage" class="extiw" title="fr:Mosaïque de la Dame de Carthage">fr</a>]</span> mosaic, possibly a portrait of <a href="/wiki/Theodora_(6th_century)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theodora (6th century)">Theodora</a>, one of the major surviving pieces of Byzantine art in modern <a href="/wiki/Tunisia" title="Tunisia">Tunisia</a></figcaption></figure> <p>For the next decades, Africa remained tranquil, allowing it to recover. Peace might not have lasted as long, had not Troglita perceived that the complete eviction of the Mauri from the interior of the provinces, and the complete restoration of the province to its pre-Vandal bounds was impossible. Instead, he opted to accommodate himself with the Moors, promising them autonomy in exchange for becoming the Empire's <i><a href="/wiki/Foederati" title="Foederati">foederati</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The loyalty of these dependent princes of the various Moorish tribes was secured by means of annual pensions and gifts, and the peace was kept by a strong network of fortifications, many of which still survive to the present day. </p><p>The only interruption to the province's tranquility was a brief Moorish revolt of 563. It was caused by the unwarranted murder of the aged tribal leader Cutzinas, when he came to Carthage to receive his annual pension, by the <i>magister militum</i>, John Rogathinus. His sons and dependants rose up, until an expeditionary force under the tribune Marcian, nephew of the Emperor, succeeded in restoring the peace.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the reign of <a href="/wiki/Justin_II" title="Justin II">Justin II</a> (565–578), great care was shown to Africa. Under the prefect Thomas, during the period 565–570 the network of fortifications was further strengthened and expanded, the administration reformed and decentralized, and largely successful efforts were made to proselytize the <a href="/wiki/Garamantes" title="Garamantes">Garamantes</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Fezzan" title="Fezzan">Fezzan</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Gaetuli" title="Gaetuli">Gaetuli</a>, living to the south of Mauretania Caesariensis.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Africa was one of the more tranquil regions of the Empire – which was being assaulted on all sides – and this allowed for troops to be transferred from the province to the East.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conflict_with_Moorish_kingdom_of_Garmul">Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Conflict with Moorish kingdom of Garmul"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Mauretania, between the Roman outpost of <a href="/wiki/Ceuta" title="Ceuta">Septem</a> and the province of Caesariensis, various small Moorish kingdoms, which also ruled over Romanized urban populations, had been established ever since the arrival of the Vandals. Little information exists about them, but these were never subdued by the Vandals, and claimed continuity from the Roman Empire, their leaders styling themselves with titles such as <i><a href="/wiki/Imperator" title="Imperator">imperator</a></i>, like the chieftain <a href="/wiki/Masties" title="Masties">Masties</a> at <a href="/wiki/Arris,_Batna" title="Arris, Batna">Arris</a> (in the <a href="/wiki/Aures" class="mw-redirect" title="Aures">Aures</a>) in the late 5th century, or, in the case of king <a href="/wiki/Masuna" title="Masuna">Masuna</a> of <a href="/wiki/Altava" title="Altava">Altava</a> (modern <a href="/wiki/Ouled_Mimoun" title="Ouled Mimoun">Ouled Mimoun</a>, northwest <a href="/wiki/Algeria" title="Algeria">Algeria</a>), <i>rex gentium Maurorum et Romanorum</i> in the early 6th century.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Belisarius defeated the Vandals, the Romano-Moorish kings had apparently acknowledged Roman suzerainty (at least nominally), but soon, taking advantage of the Moorish revolts, renounced it. In the late 560s, the Moorish king <a href="/wiki/Garmul" title="Garmul">Garmul</a> (probably a successor of the aforementioned Masuna of Altava) launched raids into Roman territory, and although he failed to take any significant town, three successive generals (the praetorian prefect Theodore and the <i>magister militum</i> Theoctistus in 570, and Theoctistus' successor Amabilis in 571) are recorded by <a href="/wiki/John_of_Biclaro" title="John of Biclaro">John of Biclaro</a> to have been killed by Garmul's forces.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His activities, especially when regarded together with the simultaneous <a href="/wiki/Visigoth" class="mw-redirect" title="Visigoth">Visigoth</a> attacks in <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania</a>, presented a clear threat to the province's authorities. Garmul was not the leader of a mere semi-nomadic tribe, but of a fully-fledged <a href="/wiki/Barbarian_kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Barbarian kingdom">barbarian kingdom</a>, with a standing army. Thus the new emperor, <a href="/wiki/Tiberius_II_Constantine" title="Tiberius II Constantine">Tiberius II Constantine</a>, re-appointed Thomas as praetorian prefect, and the able general <a href="/wiki/Gennadius_(magister_militum_Africae)" title="Gennadius (magister militum Africae)">Gennadius</a> was posted as <i>magister militum</i> with the clear aim of reducing Garmul's kingdom. Preparations were lengthy and careful, but the campaign itself, launched in 577–78, was brief and effective, with Gennadius utilizing terror tactics against Garmul's subjects. Garmul was defeated and killed by 579, and the coastal corridor between Tingitana and Caesariensis secured.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reorganization_into_the_Exarchate">Reorganization into the Exarchate</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Reorganization into the Exarchate"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Exarchate of Africa</a></div> <p>Gennadius remained in Africa as <i>magister militum</i> for a long time (until the early 590s), and it was he who became the first <i>exarchus</i> of Africa,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> when Emperor <a href="/wiki/Maurice_(emperor)" title="Maurice (emperor)">Maurice</a> established the exarchate in the late 580s, uniting civil and military authority in his hands. The exarchate extended over North Africa, the <a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">possessions in Spain</a> at bay, the <a href="/wiki/Balearic_Islands" title="Balearic Islands">Balearic Islands</a>, Sardinia, and Corsica. It prospered greatly, and under <a href="/wiki/Heraclius" title="Heraclius">Heraclius</a>, African forces overthrew the tyrant <a href="/wiki/Phocas" title="Phocas">Phocas</a> in 610. The exarchate was de facto a semi-autonomous entity from the 640s on, and survived until the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Carthage_(698)" title="Battle of Carthage (698)">fall of Carthage</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Muslim_conquest_of_the_Maghreb" title="Muslim conquest of the Maghreb">Muslims</a> in 698. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="List_of_known_praefecti_praetorio_Africae">List of known <i>praefecti praetorio Africae</i></h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: List of known praefecti praetorio Africae"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Archelaus (534)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> (1st time, 534–536)</li> <li>Symmachus (536–539)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_(magister_militum)" title="Solomon (magister militum)">Solomon</a> (2nd time, 539–544)</li> <li>Sergius (544–545)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athanasius_(praetorian_prefect)" title="Athanasius (praetorian prefect)">Athanasius</a> (545–548, perhaps up to 550)</li> <li>Paul (c. 552)</li> <li>John (c. 558)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boethius_(consul_522)" title="Boethius (consul 522)">Boëthius</a> (560–561)<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>John Rogathinus (c. 563)</li> <li>Thomas (1st time, 563–565)</li> <li>Theodore (c. 570)</li> <li>Thomas (2nd time, 574–578)</li> <li>Theodore (c. 582)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien (1931, v.1, p.260–61)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 139</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien (1931: v.1, p.261)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 140</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 142, note 52</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XIX–XX</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XXI</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 145</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XXII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XXIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XXIV</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Procopius, BV II.XXV–XXVIII</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 147</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Mod%C3%A9ran" title="Yves Modéran">Modéran</a> (2003), p.816</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Bury (1923), Vol. II, p. 148</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Africa Bizantina, p. 38</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Africa Bizantina, p. 44</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Julien (1931: v.1, p.253–54). For a survey, see C. Courtois (1955) <i>Les Vandales et l' Afrique</i>. Paris: AMG.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PLRE IIIa, p. 504</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">El Africa Bizantina, pp. 45–46</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">PLRE IIIa, pp. 509–511</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The African exarchate is mentioned for the first time in 591. (El Africa Bizantina, p. 47)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">John R.C. Martyn, "A New Family Tree for Boethius", <i>Parergon</i>, <b>23</b> (2006), p. 6 <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon 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.citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fpgn.2006.0082">10.1353/pgn.2006.0082</a></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1259569809">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/28px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="28" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/42px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/58/Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg/56px-Byzantine_imperial_flag%2C_14th_century%2C_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="700" data-file-height="700" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Byzantine_Empire" title="Portal:Byzantine Empire">Byzantine Empire portal</a></span></li></ul> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrettFentress,_Elizabeth1996" class="citation book cs1">Brett, Michael; Fentress, Elizabeth (1996). <i>The Berbers</i>. Blackwell Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-20767-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-20767-8"><bdi>0-631-20767-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Berbers&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.date=1996&rft.isbn=0-631-20767-8&rft.aulast=Brett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft.au=Fentress%2C+Elizabeth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBury1923" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Bagnell_Bury" class="mw-redirect" title="John Bagnell Bury">Bury, John Bagnell</a> (1923). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://penelope.uchicago.edu/Thayer/E/Roman/Texts/secondary/BURLAT/home.html"><i>History of the Later Roman Empire Vols. I & II</i></a>. Macmillan & Co., Ltd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire+Vols.+I+%26+II&rft.pub=Macmillan+%26+Co.%2C+Ltd.&rft.date=1923&rft.aulast=Bury&rft.aufirst=John+Bagnell&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpenelope.uchicago.edu%2FThayer%2FE%2FRoman%2FTexts%2Fsecondary%2FBURLAT%2Fhome.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron2000" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (2000). "Vandal and Byzantine North Africa". <i>Late Antiquity: Empire and Successors A.D. 425–600, The Cambridge Ancient History Vol. XIV</i>. Cambridge University Press. pp. 552–569. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-32591-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-32591-9"><bdi>0-521-32591-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Vandal+and+Byzantine+North+Africa&rft.btitle=Late+Antiquity%3A+Empire+and+Successors+A.D.+425%E2%80%93600%2C+The+Cambridge+Ancient+History+Vol.+XIV&rft.pages=552-569&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=0-521-32591-9&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCameron1982" class="citation book cs1">Cameron, Averil (1982). "Byzantine Africa: The Literary Evidence". <i>University of Michigan Excavations at Carthage, Vol. VII</i>. University of Michigan Press. pp. 29–62.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Byzantine+Africa%3A+The+Literary+Evidence&rft.btitle=University+of+Michigan+Excavations+at+Carthage%2C+Vol.+VII&rft.pages=29-62&rft.pub=University+of+Michigan+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.aulast=Cameron&rft.aufirst=Averil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDiehl1896" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Diehl" title="Charles Diehl">Diehl, Charles</a> (1896). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lafriquebyzanti00diehgoog"><i>L'Afrique byzantine. Histoire de la domination byzantine en Afrique (533– 709)</i></a> (in French). Paris: Ernest Leroux.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=L%27Afrique+byzantine.+Histoire+de+la+domination+byzantine+en+Afrique+%28533%E2%80%93+709%29&rft.place=Paris&rft.pub=Ernest+Leroux&rft.date=1896&rft.aulast=Diehl&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Flafriquebyzanti00diehgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Julien, C.A. (1931) <i>Histoire de l'Afrique du Nord, vol. 1 – Des origines a la conquête arabe</i>, 1961 edition, Paris: Payot</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartindaleJones,_A.H.M.Morris,_J.1992" class="citation book cs1">Martindale, John R.; Jones, A.H.M.; Morris, J. (1992). <i>The Prosopography of the Later Roman Empire</i>. Vol. IIIa. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-20160-8"><bdi>0-521-20160-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Prosopography+of+the+Later+Roman+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=0-521-20160-8&rft.aulast=Martindale&rft.aufirst=John+R.&rft.au=Jones%2C+A.H.M.&rft.au=Morris%2C+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFModéran2003" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a href="/wiki/Yves_Mod%C3%A9ran" title="Yves Modéran">Modéran, Yves</a> (2003). <i>Les Maures et l'Afrique romaine, IV–VII siècle</i> (in French).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Les+Maures+et+l%27Afrique+romaine%2C+IV%E2%80%93VII+si%C3%A8cle&rft.date=2003&rft.aulast=Mod%C3%A9ran&rft.aufirst=Yves&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPringle1981" class="citation book cs1">Pringle, Denys (1981). <i>The Defence of Byzantine Africa from Justinian to the Arab Conquest: An Account of the Military History and Archaeology of the African Provinces in the Sixth and Seventh Century</i>. Oxford: British Archaeological Reports. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-86054-119-3"><bdi>0-86054-119-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Defence+of+Byzantine+Africa+from+Justinian+to+the+Arab+Conquest%3A+An+Account+of+the+Military+History+and+Archaeology+of+the+African+Provinces+in+the+Sixth+and+Seventh+Century&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=British+Archaeological+Reports&rft.date=1981&rft.isbn=0-86054-119-3&rft.aulast=Pringle&rft.aufirst=Denys&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Procopius" title="Procopius">Procopius</a>, <i>De Bello Vandalico</i> (<i>BV</i>), <a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/History_of_the_Wars/Book_IV#I" class="extiw" title="s:History of the Wars/Book IV">Volume II.</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110707233019/http://www.biblioteca-tercer-milenio.com/sala-de-lectura/HistoriaUniversal/ImperioRomano/AfricaBizantina-conquistayocaso.pdf">"Francisco Aguado – El Africa Bizantina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.biblioteca-tercer-milenio.com/sala-de-lectura/HistoriaUniversal/ImperioRomano/AfricaBizantina-conquistayocaso.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2011-07-07.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Francisco+Aguado+%E2%80%93+El+Africa+Bizantina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.biblioteca-tercer-milenio.com%2Fsala-de-lectura%2FHistoriaUniversal%2FImperioRomano%2FAfricaBizantina-conquistayocaso.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(2.03 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.miniweb.com.br/historia/artigos/i_media/pdf/caf.pdf">"Hilario Gómez – Ciudades del Africa Romano Bizantina"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Hilario+G%C3%B3mez+%E2%80%93+Ciudades+del+Africa+Romano+Bizantina&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.miniweb.com.br%2Fhistoria%2Fartigos%2Fi_media%2Fpdf%2Fcaf.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span> <span style="font-size:85%;">(1.16 <a href="/wiki/Mebibyte" class="mw-redirect" title="Mebibyte">MiB</a>)</span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaven1993" class="citation book cs1">Raven, Susan (1993). <i>Rome in Africa</i>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-415-08150-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-415-08150-5"><bdi>0-415-08150-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rome+in+Africa&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-415-08150-5&rft.aulast=Raven&rft.aufirst=Susan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APraetorian+prefecture+of+Africa" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Template talk:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Late_Roman_and_Byzantine_provinces" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Late Roman and Byzantine provinces"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Late_Roman_and_early_Byzantine_provinces_(4th–7th_centuries_AD)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Late_Roman_provinces" title="List of Late Roman provinces">Late Roman and early Byzantine provinces</a> (4th–7th centuries AD)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="History" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">History</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em">As found in the <i><a href="/wiki/Notitia_Dignitatum" title="Notitia Dignitatum">Notitia Dignitatum</a></i>. Provincial administration reformed and <a href="/wiki/Roman_diocese" title="Roman diocese">dioceses</a> established by <a href="/wiki/Diocletian" title="Diocletian">Diocletian</a>, <abbr title="circa">c.</abbr> 293. Permanent <a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture" title="Praetorian prefecture">praetorian prefectures</a> established after the death of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a>. Empire permanently partitioned after 395. Exarchates of <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Ravenna" title="Exarchate of Ravenna">Ravenna</a> and <a href="/wiki/Exarchate_of_Africa" title="Exarchate of Africa">Africa</a> established after 584. After massive territorial losses in the 7th century, the remaining provinces were superseded by the <a href="/wiki/Theme_system" class="mw-redirect" title="Theme system">theme system</a> in c. 640–660, although in <a href="/wiki/Anatolia" title="Anatolia">Asia Minor</a> and parts of Greece they survived under the themes until the early 9th century.</div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Western_Roman_Empire_(395–476)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Western_Roman_Empire" title="Western Roman Empire">Western Roman Empire</a> (395–476)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Gaul" title="Praetorian prefecture of Gaul">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Gaul" title="Diocese of Gaul">Diocese of Gaul</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Poeninae_et_Graiae" class="mw-redirect" title="Alpes Poeninae et Graiae">Alpes Poeninae et Graiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Prima">Belgica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgica_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Belgica Secunda">Belgica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Superior" title="Germania Superior">Germania I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Germania_Inferior" title="Germania Inferior">Germania II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis I">Lugdunensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis II">Lugdunensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis III">Lugdunensis III</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lugdunensis_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Lugdunensis IV">Lugdunensis IV</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Sequanorum" class="mw-redirect" title="Maxima Sequanorum">Maxima Sequanorum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Diocese of Vienne</a><sup><small>1</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Maritimae" title="Alpes Maritimae">Alpes Maritimae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica I">Aquitanica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aquitanica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aquitanica II">Aquitanica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis I">Narbonensis I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Narbonensis_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Narbonensis II">Narbonensis II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novempopulania" title="Novempopulania">Novempopulania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Viennensis" title="Viennensis">Viennensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Spain" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Spain">Diocese of Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Baetica" title="Hispania Baetica">Baetica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Balearica" title="Hispania Balearica">Balearica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Carthaginensis" title="Hispania Carthaginensis">Carthaginensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gallaecia" title="Gallaecia">Gallaecia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lusitania" title="Lusitania">Lusitania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Tingitana" title="Mauretania Tingitana">Mauretania Tingitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hispania_Tarraconensis" title="Hispania Tarraconensis">Tarraconensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_Britains" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of the Britains">Diocese of the Britains</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Prima" title="Britannia Prima">Britannia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Britannia_Secunda" title="Britannia Secunda">Britannia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flavia_Caesariensis" title="Flavia Caesariensis">Flavia Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maxima_Caesariensis" title="Maxima Caesariensis">Maxima Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentia_(Roman_Britain)" title="Valentia (Roman Britain)">Valentia (?)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Italy" title="Praetorian prefecture of Italy">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Suburbicarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy">Diocese of Suburbicarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Province_of_Apulia_and_Calabria" title="Province of Apulia and Calabria">Apulia et Calabria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Campania_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Campania (Roman province)">Campania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corsica" title="Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucania_et_Bruttium" title="Lucania et Bruttium">Lucania et Bruttium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Picenum" title="Picenum">Picenum Suburbicarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samnium" title="Samnium">Samnium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sardinia" title="Sardinia">Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sicilia_(Roman_province)" title="Sicilia (Roman province)">Sicilia</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Tuscia_et_Umbria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tuscia et Umbria (page does not exist)">Tuscia et Umbria</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Valeria_Suburbicaria&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Valeria Suburbicaria (page does not exist)">Valeria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Annonarian_Italy" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Annonarian Italy">Diocese of Annonarian Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alpes_Cottiae" title="Alpes Cottiae">Alpes Cottiae</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flaminia_et_Picenum_Annonarium" class="mw-redirect" title="Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium">Flaminia et Picenum Annonarium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liguria_(Roman_province)" title="Liguria (Roman province)">Liguria</a> et <a href="/wiki/Aemilia_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aemilia (Roman province)">Aemilia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Prima" title="Raetia Prima">Raetia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raetia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Raetia Secunda">Raetia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Venetia_et_Histria" title="Venetia et Histria">Venetia et Histria</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Africa" title="Diocese of Africa">Diocese of Africa</a><sup><small>2</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Africa_(Roman_province)" title="Africa (Roman province)">Africa proconsularis (Zeugitana)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzacena" title="Byzacena">Byzacena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Caesariensis" title="Mauretania Caesariensis">Mauretania Caesariensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauretania_Sitifensis" title="Mauretania Sitifensis">Mauretania Sitifensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Numidia_(Roman_province)" title="Numidia (Roman province)">Numidia (divided as Cirtensis and Militiana during the Tetrarchy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tripolitania_(Roman_province)" title="Tripolitania (Roman province)">Tripolitania (Roman province)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Eastern_Roman_Empire_(395–c._640)" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Eastern Roman Empire</a> (395–c. 640)</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_Illyricum" title="Praetorian prefecture of Illyricum">Praetorian prefecture<br />of Illyricum</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pannonia" title="Diocese of Pannonia">Diocese of Pannonia</a><sup><small>3</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dalmatia_(Roman_province)" title="Dalmatia (Roman province)">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_mediterraneum" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum mediterraneum">Noricum mediterraneum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noricum_ripense" class="mw-redirect" title="Noricum ripense">Noricum ripense</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Prima" title="Pannonia Prima">Pannonia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Secunda" title="Pannonia Secunda">Pannonia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pannonia_Savia" title="Pannonia Savia">Savia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valeria_ripensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeria ripensis">Valeria ripensis</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Dacia" title="Diocese of Dacia">Diocese of Dacia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Mediterranea" title="Dacia Mediterranea">Dacia Mediterranea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dacia_Ripensis" title="Dacia Ripensis">Dacia Ripensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Prima" title="Moesia Prima">Moesia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Macedonia" title="Diocese of Macedonia">Diocese of Macedonia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Achaea_(Roman_province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Achaea (Roman province)">Achaea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Crete" title="Byzantine Crete">Creta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Nova" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Nova">Epirus Nova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Epirus_Vetus" class="mw-redirect" title="Epirus Vetus">Epirus Vetus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Prima">Macedonia Prima</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Macedonia Secunda">Macedonia II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thessalia" class="mw-redirect" title="Thessalia">Thessalia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height:1.2em;text-align:center;"><a href="/wiki/Praetorian_prefecture_of_the_East" title="Praetorian prefecture of the East">Praetorian prefecture<br />of the East</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Thrace" title="Diocese of Thrace">Diocese of Thrace</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Europa_(Roman_province)" title="Europa (Roman province)">Europa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haemimontus" title="Haemimontus">Haemimontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moesia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Moesia Secunda">Moesia II</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodope_(province)" title="Rhodope (province)">Rhodope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scythia_Minor" title="Scythia Minor">Scythia</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thracia" title="Thracia">Thracia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Asia" title="Diocese of Asia">Diocese of Asia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Asia_(Roman_province)" title="Asia (Roman province)">Asia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caria" title="Caria">Caria</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hellespontus_(province)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellespontus (province)">Hellespontus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_(Roman_province)" title="Islands (Roman province)">Islands</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycaonia" title="Lycaonia">Lycaonia (370)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lycia" title="Lycia">Lycia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lydia" title="Lydia">Lydia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamphylia" title="Pamphylia">Pamphylia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pisidia" title="Pisidia">Pisidia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Pacatiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Pacatiana">Phrygia Pacatiana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phrygia_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Phrygia Salutaris">Phrygia Salutaris</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Pontus" title="Diocese of Pontus">Diocese of Pontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Prima">Armenia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Secunda">Armenia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_Maior" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia Maior">Armenia Maior</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Satrapies" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenian Satrapies">Armenian Satrapies</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia III">Armenia III (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenia_IV" class="mw-redirect" title="Armenia IV">Armenia IV (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bithynia" title="Bithynia">Bithynia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Prima">Cappadocia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cappadocia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cappadocia Secunda">Cappadocia II</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Prima">Galatia I</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galatia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Galatia Secunda">Galatia II Salutaris</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helenopontus" class="mw-redirect" title="Helenopontus">Helenopontus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Honorias" title="Honorias">Honorias</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paphlagonia" title="Paphlagonia">Paphlagonia</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pontus_Polemoniacus" class="mw-redirect" title="Pontus Polemoniacus">Pontus Polemoniacus</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_the_East" title="Diocese of the East">Diocese of the East</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arabia_Petraea" title="Arabia Petraea">Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Prima">Cilicia I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cilicia_Secunda" class="mw-redirect" title="Cilicia Secunda">Cilicia II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Cyprus" title="Roman Cyprus">Cyprus</a><sup><small>4</small></sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euphratensis" title="Euphratensis">Euphratensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isauria" title="Isauria">Isauria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mesopotamia_(Roman_province)" title="Mesopotamia (Roman province)">Mesopotamia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Osroene_(Roman_province)" title="Osroene (Roman province)">Osroene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Prima" title="Palaestina Prima">Palaestina I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_Secunda" title="Palaestina Secunda">Palaestina II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palaestina_III_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Palaestina III Salutaris">Palaestina III Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_Prima" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice Prima">Phoenice I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phoenice_II_Libanensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenice II Libanensis">Phoenice II Libanensis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_Prima" title="Syria Prima">Syria I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syria_II_Salutaris" class="mw-redirect" title="Syria II Salutaris">Syria II Salutaris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodorias_(province)" title="Theodorias (province)">Theodorias (528)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Egypt" title="Diocese of Egypt">Diocese of Egypt</a><sup><small>5</small></sup></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus I">Aegyptus I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aegyptus_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Aegyptus II">Aegyptus II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arcadia_Aegypti" title="Arcadia Aegypti">Arcadia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica I">Augustamnica I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augustamnica_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Augustamnica II">Augustamnica II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Superior">Libya Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Libya_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Libya Inferior">Libya Inferior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Superior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Superior">Thebais Superior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thebais_Inferior" class="mw-redirect" title="Thebais Inferior">Thebais Inferior</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Other_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Other territories</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Taurica" class="mw-redirect" title="Taurica">Taurica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus (536)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spania" title="Spania">Spania (552)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="2" style="line-height:1.3em;"><div> <ul><li><sup><small>1</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Septem_Provinciae" title="Septem Provinciae">Septem Provinciae</a></li> <li><sup><small>2</small></sup> Re-established after <a href="/wiki/Vandalic_War" title="Vandalic War">reconquest</a> by the Eastern Empire in 534 as the separate <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Prefecture of Africa</a></li> <li><sup><small>3</small></sup> Later the <a href="/wiki/Diocese_of_Illyricum" class="mw-redirect" title="Diocese of Illyricum">Diocese of Illyricum</a></li> <li><sup><small>4</small></sup> Placed under the <a href="/wiki/Quaestura_exercitus" title="Quaestura exercitus">Quaestura exercitus</a> in 536</li> <li><sup><small>5</small></sup> Affected (i.e. boundaries modified, abolished or renamed) by <a href="/wiki/Justinian_I" title="Justinian I">Justinian I</a>'s administrative reorganization in 534–536</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&oldid=1259493791">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Praetorian_prefecture_of_Africa&oldid=1259493791</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:States_and_territories_established_in_the_530s" 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