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class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Evelyn Hooker</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Evelyn Hooker</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Evelyn_Hooker.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/Evelyn_Hooker.jpg/220px-Evelyn_Hooker.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="279" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/0/01/Evelyn_Hooker.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="280" data-file-height="355" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Evelyn Gentry</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1907-09-02</span>)</span>September 2, 1907<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/North_Platte,_Nebraska" title="North Platte, Nebraska">North Platte</a>, United States</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">November 18, 1996<span style="display:none">(1996-11-18)</span> (aged 89)<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>, US</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_Memorial_Cemetery" class="mw-redirect" title="Woodlawn Memorial Cemetery">Woodlawn Cemetery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Alma mater</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data role">Psychologist</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Evelyn Hooker</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="/ɛ/: 'e' in 'dress'">ɛ</span><span title="'v' in 'vie'">v</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="'l' in 'lie'">l</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span><span title="'n' in 'nigh'">n</span></span><span class="wrap"> </span><span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'h' in 'hi'">h</span><span title="/ʊ/: 'u' in 'push'">ʊ</span><span title="'k' in 'kind'">k</span><span title="/ər/: 'er' in 'letter'">ər</span></span>/</a></span></span>; née <b>Gentry</b>, September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996) was an American <a href="/wiki/Psychologist" title="Psychologist">psychologist</a> most notable for her 1956 paper "The Adjustment of the Male Overt Homosexual" in which she administered several <a href="/wiki/Psychological_test" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological test">psychological tests</a> to groups of self-identified male <a href="/wiki/Homosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual">homosexuals</a> and <a href="/wiki/Heterosexual" class="mw-redirect" title="Heterosexual">heterosexuals</a> and asked experts to identify the homosexuals and rate their mental health. The experiment, which other researchers subsequently repeated, found that homosexuality was not a mental disorder, as there was no detectable difference between homosexual and heterosexual men in terms of mental adjustment. </p><p>Hooker argued that a <a href="/wiki/False_correlation" class="mw-redirect" title="False correlation">false correlation</a> between homosexuality and mental illness had formed the basis of classifying homosexuality as a <a href="/wiki/Mental_disorder" title="Mental disorder">mental disorder</a>. The correlation was the result of earlier researchers studying <a href="/wiki/Sample_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Sample group">sample groups</a> that contained <a href="/wiki/Homosexual_men" class="mw-redirect" title="Homosexual men">homosexual men</a> with a history of treatment for <a href="/wiki/Mental_illness" class="mw-redirect" title="Mental illness">mental illness</a>. Hooker's work was of critical importance in refuting cultural <a href="/wiki/Heterosexism" title="Heterosexism">heterosexism</a> because it found that homosexuality was not developmentally inferior to heterosexuality. Her work led the way to the eventual removal of homosexuality from the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychiatric_Association" title="American Psychiatric Association">American Psychiatric Association</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Life">Life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Hooker was born Evelyn Gentry in North Platte, Nebraska, in her grandmother's house and grew up with eight brothers and sisters in the Colorado Plains. When she was 13, her family moved to <a href="/wiki/Sterling,_Colorado" title="Sterling, Colorado">Sterling, Colorado</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The journey to Sterling would be one of Hooker's fondest memories.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hooker's mother, Jessie Bethel, who had a third grade education, told her to pursue an education because that was the only thing that could not be taken away from her.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Gentry family was not wealthy in the least, and Hooker was further stigmatized by her nearly 6-foot (1.8 m) stature. Still an advocate of education, Jessie Bethel enrolled her daughter at Sterling High School, which was large and unusually progressive for the time.<sup id="cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There, Hooker was in an honors program and was able to take a course in psychology.<sup id="cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker wanted to go to a teachers college, but her instructors saw her potential and encouraged her to go to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado" title="University of Colorado">University of Colorado</a>. By the time she was ready to graduate, she had obtained a scholarship to the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Colorado_Boulder" title="University of Colorado Boulder">University of Colorado Boulder</a> (UCB).<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1924 she became a student at UCB while working as a maid for a rich <a href="/wiki/Boulder,_Colorado" title="Boulder, Colorado">Boulder</a> family. Her mentor, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karl_Munzinger&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karl Munzinger (page does not exist)">Karl Munzinger</a>, guided her in her challenge of the then-prevalent psychological theory of <a href="/wiki/Behaviourism" class="mw-redirect" title="Behaviourism">behaviourism</a>. She wrote her thesis paper on <a href="/wiki/Trial-and-error" class="mw-redirect" title="Trial-and-error">trial-and-error</a> learning in rats.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneidman_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneidman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He invited her to write her own case history. After receiving her <a href="/wiki/Master%27s_degree" title="Master's degree">master's degree</a>, she became one of 11 women involved in the <a href="/wiki/PhD" class="mw-redirect" title="PhD">PhD</a> program in <a href="/wiki/Psychology" title="Psychology">psychology</a> at <a href="/wiki/Johns_Hopkins_University" title="Johns Hopkins University">Johns Hopkins University</a>, Baltimore, Maryland, having been refused referral from the chairman of <a href="/wiki/Yale" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale">Yale</a> for being a female. She studied with <a href="/wiki/Knight_Dunlap" title="Knight Dunlap">Knight Dunlap</a>, who also generally did not approve of women doctorates.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneidman_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneidman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was awarded her PhD in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In her early career, she was not especially interested in the psychology of homosexual people. After teaching for only one year at the <a href="/wiki/Maryland_College_for_Women" title="Maryland College for Women">Maryland College for Women</a>, she contracted <a href="/wiki/Tuberculosis" title="Tuberculosis">tuberculosis</a> and spent the next year in a <a href="/wiki/Sanatorium" title="Sanatorium">sanatorium</a> in Arizona. After her recovery she began teaching at <a href="/wiki/Whittier_College" title="Whittier College">Whittier College</a> in Southern California.<sup id="cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then in 1937 Gentry received a fellowship to the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Berlin_Institute_of_Psychotherapy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Berlin Institute of Psychotherapy (page does not exist)">Berlin Institute of Psychotherapy</a>, at which point she left Whittier. Hooker lived with a Jewish family while she studied in Europe. While there, she got a first-hand look at the rise of Adolf Hitler and witnessed such events as the <a href="/wiki/Kristallnacht" title="Kristallnacht">Kristallnacht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She learned later that the Jewish family she lived with was killed in concentration camps. Before returning home, Hooker went on a group tour to Russia, arriving just after a major purge. The events that Hooker would see in Europe ultimately sparked her desire to help overcome social injustice.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>When Hooker was ready to return to work at Whittier, she found that she could not return. The heads at Whittier were afraid of her because she had spent a year living in a totalitarian Europe. She and several other staff were let go because they were suspected of subversive behavior.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton,_H._L._2002_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton,_H._L._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, she applied for work in the psychology department at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Los_Angeles" title="University of California, Los Angeles">University of California, Los Angeles</a> (UCLA).<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The chair of the psychology department at UCLA at the time was Knight Dunlap, Hooker's mentor from Johns Hopkins.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton,_H._L._2002_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton,_H._L._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dunlap said he would like to give her a job, but they already had three female faculty members and they were “cordially disliked”.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton,_H._L._2002_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton,_H._L._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She was able to get a position as a research associate, however. Hooker quickly gained a reputation as a brilliant teacher and researcher. She stayed at UCLA for 31 years, where she conducted research and taught experimental and physiological psychology until 1970 when she went into private practice.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>However, during the 1940s, she first became interested in what would turn out to be her life's work. Hooker was teaching an introductory psychology class in 1944 when a student approached her after class. He identified himself as Sam From; he confided in her that he was gay and so were most of his friends.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She realized Sam was one of the brightest students in the class and quickly became friends with him. They would spend time between and after classes to talk and get to know each other. Sam introduced Hooker to his circle of homosexual friends. They would go to clubs, bars, and parties where Hooker was able to fraternize with more homosexuals.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam's closest friends included <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Isherwood" title="Christopher Isherwood">Christopher Isherwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Spender" title="Stephen Spender">Stephen Spender</a>, a writer and a poet.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He challenged her to scientifically study "people like him".<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sam proposed a question to Hooker: Why not conduct research on homosexuals to determine whether homosexuality was some sort of disease or disorder and not relevant to a person's psychological makeup?<sup id="cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam urged her to conduct research on homosexuals, saying it was "her scientific duty to study people like us".<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Hooker was intrigued by the question and further persuaded by her experience with social rejection as a child, witnessing the effects of racial and political persecution in her travels, and discrimination in her professional life. </p><p>Over the next two decades she became established professionally. In 1948 she moved to a guest cottage at the Salter [more likely Saltair] Avenue home of Edward Hooker, professor of English at UCLA and <a href="/wiki/Poetry" title="Poetry">poetry</a> scholar. They married in London in 1951, and she took his surname. In the mid-fifties Christopher Isherwood became their neighbor. She was against the relationship of Isherwood with the much younger <a href="/wiki/Don_Bachardy" title="Don Bachardy">Don Bachardy</a>; they were not welcome at her house.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Sam From died in a car accident in 1956, just before Hooker's ground-breaking research was published. Hooker's husband died in January 1957 of <a href="/wiki/Cardiac_arrest" title="Cardiac arrest">cardiac arrest</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The 1960s saw her work find a wider audience, and her conclusions were taken up by the <a href="/wiki/Gay_rights_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay rights movement">gay rights movement</a>. In 1961 Hooker was invited to lecture in Europe and in 1967, the director of the <a href="/wiki/National_Institute_of_Mental_Health" title="National Institute of Mental Health">National Institute of Mental Health</a> (NIMH) asked her to produce a report on what the institution should do about homosexual men. <a href="/wiki/Richard_Nixon" title="Richard Nixon">Richard Nixon</a>'s election in 1969 delayed the publication of the report, which was published by a magazine, without authorization, in 1970. The report recommended the <a href="/wiki/Decriminalization" title="Decriminalization">decriminalization</a> of homosexuality and the provision of similar rights to both homosexual and heterosexual people. The burgeoning gay rights movement seized on this.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She retired from her research at UCLA in 1970 at the age of 63 and started a private practice in Santa Monica. Most of her clients were gay men and lesbians.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In her later life she would be awarded with the Distinguished Contribution in the Public Interest Award.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The University of Chicago opened the Evelyn Hooker Center for Gay and Lesbian Studies in her honor. She was also the subject of the 1992 Academy Award–nominated film <i><a href="/wiki/Changing_Our_Minds:_The_Story_of_Dr._Evelyn_Hooker" title="Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker">Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hooker died at her home in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>, in 1996, at the age of 89.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Projective_tests_study">Projective tests study</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Projective tests study"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although Hooker had collected data about her homosexual friends since 1954, she felt this was of little value because of the lack of scientific rigor attached to the gathering of these data. She applied for a grant from the NIMH even though she was warned that it was highly unlikely she would receive it due to the controversy of the topic.<sup id="cite_ref-Herek_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After all, the 1950s was at the height of the McCarthy era, and homosexuality was considered to be a mental disorder by psychologists, a sin by the church, and a crime by the law.<sup id="cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The man in charge of awarding the grants, John Eberhart, personally met with Hooker and, convinced by her charm, he awarded her the grant.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>She gathered two groups of men: one group would be exclusively homosexual, the other exclusively heterosexual. She contacted the <a href="/wiki/Mattachine_Society" title="Mattachine Society">Mattachine Society</a> to find a large portion of homosexual men. The Mattachine Society was an organization whose purpose was to integrate homosexuals into society.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She had greater difficulty finding heterosexual men for the study. She gathered a sample of 30 heterosexual men and 30 homosexual men and paired them based on equivalent <a href="/wiki/IQ" class="mw-redirect" title="IQ">IQ</a>, age, and education. For the interest of the study, it was required that none of the men from either group have previously been seen for psychological help, in disciplinary barracks in the armed services, in prison, showed evidence of considerable disturbance, or who were in therapy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> She also had to use her home to conduct the interviews to protect the participants' anonymity.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Hooker used three <a href="/wiki/Projective_tests" class="mw-redirect" title="Projective tests">projective psychological tests</a> for her study: the <a href="/wiki/Thematic_Apperception_Test" title="Thematic Apperception Test">Thematic Apperception Test</a> (TAT), the <a href="/wiki/Picture_Arrangement_Test" class="mw-redirect" title="Picture Arrangement Test">Make-a-Picture-Story test</a> (MAPS test), and the <a href="/wiki/Rorschach_test" title="Rorschach test">Rorschach inkblot test</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Rorschach was used due to the belief of clinicians at the time that it was the best method for diagnosing homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After a year of work, Hooker presented a team of three expert evaluators with 60 unmarked psychological profiles. She decided to leave the interpretation of her results to other people, to avoid any possible bias.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>First, she contacted <a href="/wiki/Bruno_Klopfer" title="Bruno Klopfer">Bruno Klopfer</a>, an expert on Rorschach tests, to see if he would be able to identify the sexual orientation of people through their results at those tests. His ability to differentiate between the two groups was no better than chance.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Then <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Shneidman" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Shneidman">Edwin Shneidman</a>, creator of the MAPS test, also analyzed the 60 profiles. It took him six months and he, too, found that both groups were highly similar in their psychological make-up.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The third expert was Dr. Mortimer Mayer, who was so certain he would be able to tell the two groups apart that he went through the process twice.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The assumption was that these tests would prompt respondents to reveal their innermost anxieties, fears, and wishes.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton,_H._L._2002_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton,_H._L._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each test response would be submitted in random order, with no identifying information, to Klopfer, Meyer, and Shneidman.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_10-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The judges had two tasks: to arrive at an overall adjustment rating on a five-point scale, and to distinguish in pairs which participant was homosexual and heterosexual.<sup id="cite_ref-Minton,_H._L._2002_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Minton,_H._L._2002-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The three evaluators concluded that in terms of adjustment, there were no differences between the members of each group.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1956, Hooker presented the results of her research in a paper at the <a href="/wiki/American_Psychological_Association" title="American Psychological Association">American Psychological Association</a>'s convention in Chicago.<sup id="cite_ref-ucd_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ucd-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The NIMH was so impressed with the evidence Hooker found they granted her the NIMH Research Career Award in 1961 to continue her work.<sup id="cite_ref-feministvoices.com_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-feministvoices.com-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Her studies contributed to a change in the attitudes of the psychological community toward homosexuality and to the American Psychiatric Association's decision to remove homosexuality from its <a href="/wiki/Diagnostic_and_Statistical_Manual_of_Mental_Disorders#Seventh_printing_of_the_DSM-II_(1974)" title="Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders">handbook of disorders</a> in 1973. This in turn helped change the attitude of society at large.<sup id="cite_ref-changing_2-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-changing-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> One element that did stay in the handbook of disorders was <a href="/wiki/Ego-dystonic_homosexuality" class="mw-redirect" title="Ego-dystonic homosexuality">ego-dystonic homosexuality</a>. Experts became concerned about using psychoanalytic approaches and behavior modification <a href="/wiki/Conversion_therapy" title="Conversion therapy">conversion therapy</a>. In 1987 ego-dystonic homosexuality was also eliminated from the handbook when it was determined that psychological therapies could not cure homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Publications">Publications</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Publications"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Evelyn Hooker, "The adjustment of the male overt homosexual", Journal of projective techniques, XXI 1956, pp. 18–31.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "The homosexual community". Proceedings of the XIV International congress of applied psychology, Munksgaard, Copenhagen 1961.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Homosexuality: Summary of studies". In Evelyn Duvall and Sylvanus Duvall (curr.), Sex ways in fact and faith, Association Press, New York 1961.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexual life styles and venereal disease". In: Proceedings of the World forum on syphilis and other treponematoses (Public Health Service Publication No. 997), U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1962.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexuality". In: N. L. Farberow (cur.), Taboo topics, Atherton, New York 1963, pp. 44–55.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "An empirical study of some relations between sexual patterns and gender identity in male homosexuals". In J. Money (cur.), Sex research: new development, Holt, Rinehart & Winston, New York 1965, pp. 24–52.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Male homosexuals and their worlds". In: Judd Marmor (cur.), Sexual inversion: the multiple roots of homosexuality, Basic Books, New York 1965, pp. 83–107). Traduzione italiana in: Judd Marmor, Inversione sessuale.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Homosexuality". In: The international encyclopedia of the social sciences, Macmillan and Free Press, New York 1968.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, "Parental relations and male homosexuality in patient and non-patient samples", Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, XXXIII 1969, pp. 140–142.</li> <li>Evelyn Hooker, Foreword to: C. J. Williams and M. S. Weinberg, Homosexuals and the military: a study of less than honorable discharge, Harper & Row, New York 1971, pp. vii–ix.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legacy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2010, actor/playwright <a href="/wiki/Jade_Esteban_Estrada" title="Jade Esteban Estrada">Jade Esteban Estrada</a> portrayed Hooker in the solo musical <i>ICONS: The Lesbian and Gay History of the World, Vol. 4.</i> </p><p>Season 1, episode 4 of the <a href="/wiki/Podcast" title="Podcast">podcast</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Making_Gay_History" title="Making Gay History">Making Gay History</a></i> is about her.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>In 1967, Hooker became Chair of the NIMH Task Force on Homosexuality.<sup id="cite_ref-Shneidman_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shneidman-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1991, she received the Award for Distinguished Contribution to Psychology in the Public Interest presented by the American Psychological Association.<sup id="cite_ref-Herek_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Herek-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>In 1992, she received The Lifetime Achievement Award, APA's highest honor.<sup id="cite_ref-Marmor_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Marmor-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-ucd-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ucd_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://psychology.ucdavis.edu/rainbow/html/hooker2.html#biography">"Evelyn Hooker, Ph.D.: September 2, 1907 – November 18, 1996"</a>. UC Davis<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">April 23,</span> 2011</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Evelyn+Hooker%2C+Ph.D.%3A+September+2%2C+1907+%E2%80%93+November+18%2C+1996&rft.pub=UC+Davis&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpsychology.ucdavis.edu%2Frainbow%2Fhtml%2Fhooker2.html%23biography&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvelyn+Hooker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-changing-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-changing_2-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/title/tt0103938/"><i>Changing Our Minds: The Story of Dr. Evelyn Hooker</i></a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a> <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5072025#P345" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Jackson,_K._T._2001-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Jackson,_K._T._2001_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Jackson, K. T., Markoe, A., Markoe, K. (2001). The Scribner Encyclopedia of American Lives. Charles Scribner’s Sons. 4, 251–253.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Milite,_G._A._2001_p._307-308_4-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Milite, G. A. (2001). The Gale Encyclopedia of Psychology. 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A. (2005). Homosexuality Debate. In C. Mitcham (Ed.), Encyclopedia of Science, Technology, and Ethics (Vol. 2, pp. 934-935)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochranDrescherKismödiGiami2014" class="citation journal cs1">Cochran, Susan D.; <a href="/wiki/Jack_Drescher" title="Jack Drescher">Drescher, Jack</a>; Kismödi, Eszter; Giami, Alain; García-Moreno, Claudia; Atalla, Elham; Marais, Adele; Meloni Vieira, Elisabeth; Reed, Geoffrey M. (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208576">"Proposed declassification of disease categories related to sexual orientation in the <i>International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Related Health Problems</i> (ICD-11)"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Bulletin_of_the_World_Health_Organization" title="Bulletin of the World Health Organization">Bulletin of the World Health Organization</a></i>. <b>92</b> (9): 672–679. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2471%2FBLT.14.135541">10.2471/BLT.14.135541</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4208576">4208576</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25378758">25378758</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bulletin+of+the+World+Health+Organization&rft.atitle=Proposed+declassification+of+disease+categories+related+to+sexual+orientation+in+the+International+Statistical+Classification+of+Diseases+and+Related+Health+Problems+%28ICD-11%29&rft.volume=92&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=672-679&rft.date=2014&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4208576%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F25378758&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2471%2FBLT.14.135541&rft.aulast=Cochran&rft.aufirst=Susan+D.&rft.au=Drescher%2C+Jack&rft.au=Kism%C3%B6di%2C+Eszter&rft.au=Giami%2C+Alain&rft.au=Garc%C3%ADa-Moreno%2C+Claudia&rft.au=Atalla%2C+Elham&rft.au=Marais%2C+Adele&rft.au=Meloni+Vieira%2C+Elisabeth&rft.au=Reed%2C+Geoffrey+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC4208576&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvelyn+Hooker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://makinggayhistory.com/season-one/">"Season One"</a>. Making Gay History<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2020-04-27</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Season+One&rft.pub=Making+Gay+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmakinggayhistory.com%2Fseason-one%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvelyn+Hooker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Marmor-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Marmor_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarmor1997" class="citation journal cs1">Marmor, J (1997). "Evelyn Hooker: In memoriam (1907–1996)". <i>Archives of Sexual Behavior</i>. <b>25</b> (5): 577–578. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1023%2FA%3A1024568108358">10.1023/A:1024568108358</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:187997549">187997549</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Archives+of+Sexual+Behavior&rft.atitle=Evelyn+Hooker%3A+In+memoriam+%281907%E2%80%931996%29&rft.volume=25&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=577-578&rft.date=1997&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1023%2FA%3A1024568108358&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A187997549%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Marmor&rft.aufirst=J&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AEvelyn+Hooker" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Evelyn_Hooker&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120721034604/http://www.brightlightsfilm.com/46/hooker.htm"><i>Defending the deviates. Evelyn Hooker documentary </i>Changing our minds<i> on video</i>.</a> A review of the above documentary</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060318030145/http://www.queertheory.com/histories/h/hooker_dr_evelyn.htm">Her entry at QueerTheory.com</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HL3Hq5UwOnM">How a 1940s psychology study sparked the modern gay rights movement</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl 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