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href="#Advance_knowledge_of_the_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Advance knowledge of the raid </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Advance_knowledge_of_the_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Timeline_of_the_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Timeline_of_the_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Timeline of the raid </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Timeline_of_the_raid-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Timeline of the raid subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Timeline_of_the_raid-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sunday,_October_16" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sunday,_October_16"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Sunday, October 16 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sunday,_October_16-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monday,_October_17" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monday,_October_17"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Monday, October 17 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monday,_October_17-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Baltimore_&_Ohio_train" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Baltimore_&_Ohio_train"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.1 The Baltimore & Ohio train </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Baltimore_&_Ohio_train-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armory_employees_taken_hostage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armory_employees_taken_hostage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.2 Armory employees taken hostage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armory_employees_taken_hostage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Armed_citizens_arrive" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Armed_citizens_arrive"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.3 Armed citizens arrive </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Armed_citizens_arrive-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Buchanan_calls_out_the_Marines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Buchanan_calls_out_the_Marines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2.4 Buchanan calls out the Marines </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Buchanan_calls_out_the_Marines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tuesday,_October_18" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tuesday,_October_18"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Tuesday, October 18 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tuesday,_October_18-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-The_Marines_break_through_the_engine_house_door" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Marines_break_through_the_engine_house_door"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.1 The Marines break through the engine house door </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Marines_break_through_the_engine_house_door-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interviews" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interviews"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2 Interviews </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interviews-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Interview_by_Governor_Wise" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interview_by_Governor_Wise"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.1 Interview by Governor Wise </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interview_by_Governor_Wise-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Interview_by_Senator_Mason_and_two_Representatives" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-4"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Interview_by_Senator_Mason_and_two_Representatives"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3.2.2 Interview by Senator Mason and two Representatives </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interview_by_Senator_Mason_and_two_Representatives-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Wednesday,_October_19" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Wednesday,_October_19"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Wednesday, October 19 </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Wednesday,_October_19-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Trial_and_execution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Trial_and_execution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Trial and execution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Trial_and_execution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Consequences_of_Brown's_raid" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Consequences_of_Brown's_raid"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Consequences of Brown's raid </div> </a> <ul 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casualties, civilian and military </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_casualties,_civilian_and_military-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legacy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legacy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Legacy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Legacy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Legacy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tragic_Prelude" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tragic_Prelude"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Tragic Prelude </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tragic_Prelude-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Bell_from_Harpers_Ferry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bell_from_Harpers_Ferry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Bell from Harpers Ferry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bell_from_Harpers_Ferry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Harpers Ferry National Historical Park </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Grave_site" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Grave_site"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.4 Grave site </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Grave_site-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conflicting_interpretations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conflicting_interpretations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Conflicting interpretations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conflicting_interpretations-sublist" 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href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Argadenn_John_Brown_war_Harpers_Ferry" title="Argadenn John Brown war Harpers Ferry – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Argadenn John Brown war Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Cberfall_auf_Harpers_Ferry" title="Überfall auf Harpers Ferry – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Überfall auf Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_de_John_Brown_contre_Harpers_Ferry" title="Raid de John Brown contre Harpers Ferry – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Raid de John Brown contre Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pobuna_u_Harpers_Ferryju" title="Pobuna u Harpers Ferryju – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Pobuna u Harpers Ferryju" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Serangan_John_Brown_ke_Harpers_Ferry" title="Serangan John Brown ke Harpers Ferry – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Serangan John Brown ke Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raid_di_John_Brown_contro_Harpers_Ferry" title="Raid di John Brown contro Harpers Ferry – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Raid di John Brown contro Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Najazd_Johna_Browna" title="Najazd Johna Browna – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Najazd Johna Browna" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/O_ataque_de_John_Brown_a_Harpers_Ferry" title="O ataque de John Brown a Harpers Ferry – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="O ataque de John Brown a Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_olay%C4%B1" title="Harpers Ferry olayı – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Harpers Ferry olayı" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&params=39_19_23_N_77_43_49_W_">39°19′23″N 77°43′49″W / 39.32306°N 77.73028°W / 39.32306; -77.73028</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">1859 effort by abolitionist John Brown to initiate an armed slave revolt in Southern states</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Harpers_Ferry" title="Battle of Harpers Ferry">Battle of Harpers Ferry</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r963460841">@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .desktop-float-right{box-sizing:border-box;float:right;clear:right}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.vevent .status>p:first-child{margin:0}</style><table class="infobox vevent" style="width:25.5em;border-spacing:2px;"><tbody><tr><th class="summary" colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="background-color:#DCDCDC;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;">Part of the <a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">prelude to the American Civil War</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-bottom:1px solid #aaa;line-height:1.5em;"><a href="/wiki/File:HWFireHouseBrown.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/HWFireHouseBrown.jpg/300px-HWFireHouseBrown.jpg" decoding="async" width="300" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/HWFireHouseBrown.jpg/450px-HWFireHouseBrown.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/HWFireHouseBrown.jpg/600px-HWFireHouseBrown.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="420" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s_Weekly" title="Harper's Weekly">Harper's Weekly</a> illustration of U.S. Marines attacking John Brown's "Fort"</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2"><table style="width:100%;margin:0;padding:0;border:0;display:inline-table"><tbody><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Date</th><td>October 16–18, 1859</td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Location</th><td><div class="location"><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a>, <a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a> (now <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>)</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&params=39_19_23_N_77_43_49_W_">39°19′23″N 77°43′49″W / 39.32306°N 77.73028°W / 39.32306; -77.73028</a></td></tr><tr><th style="padding-right:1em">Result</th><td class="status"> Government tactical victory</td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Belligerents</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281858%E2%80%931859%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> United States</td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></li></ul> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionist militias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Commanders and leaders</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Worthington_Russell" title="William Worthington Russell">William W. Russell</a></li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_punishment" title="Executed"><img alt="Executed" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/14px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/21px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Skull_and_Crossbones.svg/28px-Skull_and_Crossbones.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="510" data-file-height="490" /></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a> <a href="/wiki/Killed_in_action" title="Killed in action">†</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Units involved</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_Marine_Corps#Civil_War" title="History of the United States Marine Corps">United States Marines</a></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/Militia" title="Militia">militias</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Strength</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>88 <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a></li> <li>Larger number of Virginia and Maryland militia</li></ul> </div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>17 white men</li> <li>2 free black men</li> <li>3 fugitive black men</li> <li>2 local enslaved black men, probably more<a href="#cite_note-history.com-1">[1]</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" style="background-color:#C3D6EF;color:inherit;text-align:center;vertical-align:middle;font-size:110%;">Casualties and losses</th></tr><tr><td style="width:50%;border-right:1px dotted #aaa;"> U.S. Marines:<div style="margin-bottom:1em"><ul><li style="line-height:1em">1 killed</li><li style="line-height:1em">1 wounded</li></ul></div> Virginian and Maryland Militia:<div><ul><li>8 wounded</li></ul></div></td><td style="width:50%;padding-left:0.25em"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>11 killed</li> <li>7 captured and later executed</li> <li>1 died in jail</li> <li>5 escaped</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="text-align:center;border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"> Civilians:<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li>6 killed</li> <li>9 wounded</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" style="border-top:1px dotted #aaa;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238443738">.mw-parser-output .locmap .od{position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .id{position:absolute;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .locmap .l0{font-size:0;position:absolute}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv{line-height:110%;position:absolute;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr{line-height:110%;position:absolute;top:-0.75em;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pv>div{display:inline;padding:1px}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pl>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:right}.mw-parser-output .locmap .pr>div{display:inline;padding:1px;float:left}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:#fff!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .locmap{filter:grayscale(0.6)}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pv>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pl>div,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .od .pr>div{background:white!important;color:#000!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data .locmap div{background:transparent!important}}</style><div class="center"><div class="locmap noviewer noresize thumb tnone"><div class="thumbinner" style="width:222px;border:none"><div style="position:relative;width:220px"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry is located in West Virginia"><img alt="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry is located in West Virginia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/220px-USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="205" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/330px-USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg/440px-USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1201" data-file-height="1118" /></a><div class="od notheme" style="top:38.867%;left:95.655%;font-size:91%"><div class="id" style="left:-4px;top:-4px"><img alt="John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/8px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="8" height="8" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/16px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:USA_West_Virginia_relief_location_map.svg" title="File:USA West Virginia relief location map.svg">class=notpageimage| </a></div>Location within West Virginia</div></div></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1034237262">.mw-parser-output .stack{box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .stack>div{margin:1px;overflow:hidden}@media all and (min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .stack-clear-left{float:left;clear:left}.mw-parser-output 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Crandall</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_rule_(United_States)" title="Gag rule (United States)">Gag rule</a> (1836–44)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_v._Aves" title="Commonwealth v. Aves">Commonwealth v. Aves</a> (1836)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_Parish_Lovejoy" title="Elijah Parish Lovejoy">Murder of Elijah Lovejoy</a> (1837)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Burning of Pennsylvania Hall</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_Slavery_As_It_Is" class="mw-redirect" title="American Slavery As It Is">American Slavery As It Is</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_States_v._The_Amistad" title="United States v. The Amistad">United States v. The Amistad</a> (1841)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prigg_v._Pennsylvania" title="Prigg v. Pennsylvania">Prigg v. Pennsylvania</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Texas_annexation" title="Texas annexation">Texas annexation</a> (1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican%E2%80%93American_War" title="Mexican–American War">Mexican–American War</a> (1846–48)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilmot_Proviso" title="Wilmot Proviso">Wilmot Proviso</a> (1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nashville_Convention" title="Nashville Convention">Nashville Convention</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Compromise_of_1850" title="Compromise of 1850">Compromise of 1850</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uncle_Tom%27s_Cabin" title="Uncle Tom's Cabin">Uncle Tom's Cabin</a> (1852)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Recapture of Anthony Burns</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kansas%E2%80%93Nebraska_Act" title="Kansas–Nebraska Act">Kansas–Nebraska Act</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Ostend Manifesto</a> (1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> (1854–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caning_of_Charles_Sumner" title="Caning of Charles Sumner">Caning of Charles Sumner</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dred_Scott_v._Sandford" title="Dred Scott v. Sandford">Dred Scott v. Sandford</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis_of_the_South" title="The Impending Crisis of the South">The Impending Crisis of the South</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panic_of_1857" title="Panic of 1857">Panic of 1857</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln%E2%80%93Douglas_debates" title="Lincoln–Douglas debates">Lincoln–Douglas debates</a> (1858)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oberlin%E2%80%93Wellington_Rescue" title="Oberlin–Wellington Rescue">Oberlin–Wellington Rescue</a> (1858)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1860_United_States_presidential_election" title="1860 United States presidential election">1860 presidential election</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crittenden_Compromise" title="Crittenden Compromise">Crittenden Compromise</a> (1860)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America#Secession" title="Confederate States of America">Secession of Southern states</a> (1860–61)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_Conference_of_1861" title="Peace Conference of 1861">Peace Conference of 1861</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corwin_Amendment" title="Corwin Amendment">Corwin Amendment</a> (1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Sumter" title="Battle of Fort Sumter">Battle of Fort Sumter</a> (1861)</li></ol></div></div> </div></div> John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry<a href="#cite_note-3">[nb 1]</a> was an effort by <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionist</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>, from October 16 to 18, 1859, to initiate a <a href="/wiki/Slave_revolt#North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave revolt">slave revolt</a> in <a href="/wiki/Antebellum_South" title="Antebellum South">Southern states</a> by taking over the <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">United States arsenal at Harpers Ferry, Virginia</a> (since 1863, <a href="/wiki/West_Virginia" title="West Virginia">West Virginia</a>). It has been called the <a href="/wiki/Dress_rehearsal" title="Dress rehearsal">dress rehearsal</a> for the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">American Civil War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 5  Brown's party of 22<a href="#cite_note-history.com-1">[1]</a> was defeated by a company of <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps" title="United States Marine Corps">U.S. Marines</a>, led by <a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">First Lieutenant Israel Greene</a>.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a> Ten of the <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">raiders</a> were killed during the raid, seven were tried and executed afterwards, and five escaped. Several of those present at the raid would later be involved in the Civil War: Colonel <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a> was in overall command of the operation to retake the arsenal. <a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jeb_Stuart" class="mw-redirect" title="Jeb Stuart">Jeb Stuart</a> were among the troops guarding the arrested Brown,<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a> was a spectator at Brown's execution. John Brown had originally asked <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a>, both of whom he had met in his transformative years as an abolitionist in <a href="/wiki/Springfield,_Massachusetts" title="Springfield, Massachusetts">Springfield, Massachusetts</a>, to join him in his raid, but Tubman was prevented by illness and Douglass declined, as he believed Brown's plan was suicidal.<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> The raid was extensively covered in the press nationwide—it was the first such national crisis to be publicized using the new <a href="/wiki/Electrical_telegraph" title="Electrical telegraph">electrical telegraph</a>. Reporters were on the first train leaving for Harpers Ferry after news of the raid was received, at 4 p.m. on Monday, October 17.<a href="#cite_note-Exchange-8">[7]</a> It carried <a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a> militia, and parked on the Maryland side of the Harpers Ferry bridge, just 3 miles (4.8 km) east of the town (at the <a href="/wiki/Hamlet_(place)" title="Hamlet (place)">hamlet</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a>). As there were few official messages to send or receive, the telegraph itself was carried on the next train, connected to the telegraph wires that had been cut at the start of the raid, and was "given up to reporters" who "are in force strong as military".<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 17  By Tuesday morning the telegraph line had been repaired,<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 21  and there were reporters from <a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a> "and other distant papers".<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 23  Brown's raid caused much excitement and anxiety throughout the United States,<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> with the South seeing it as a threat to slavery and thus their way of life, and some in the North perceiving it as a bold abolitionist action. At first it was generally viewed as madness, the work of a fanatic.<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a> It was Brown's words and letters after the raid and at his trial – <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a> – aided by the writings of supporters, including <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, that turned him into a hero and icon for the <a href="/wiki/Union_(American_Civil_War)" title="Union (American Civil War)">Union</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> The label "raid" was not used at the time. A month after the attack, a Baltimore newspaper listed 26 terms used, including "insurrection", "rebellion", "treason", and "crusade". "Raid" was not among them.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 4  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Brown's_preparation">Brown's preparation</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Brown's preparation">edit</a>]</div> John Brown rented the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farmhouse" title="Kennedy Farmhouse">Kennedy Farmhouse</a>, with a small cabin nearby, 4 miles (6.4 km) north of Harpers Ferry, in <a href="/wiki/Washington_County,_Maryland" title="Washington County, Maryland">Washington County, Maryland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> and took up residence under the name Isaac Smith. Brown came with a small group of men minimally trained for military action. His group eventually included 21 men besides himself (16 white men, five black men). Northern abolitionist groups sent 198 <a href="/wiki/Breech-loading" class="mw-redirect" title="Breech-loading">breech-loading</a> .52-caliber <a href="/wiki/Sharps_carbines" class="mw-redirect" title="Sharps carbines">Sharps carbines</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Beecher%27s_Bible" class="mw-redirect" title="Beecher's Bible">Beecher's Bibles</a>"). He ordered from a <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmith</a> in Connecticut 950 <a href="/wiki/Pike_(weapon)" title="Pike (weapon)">pikes</a>, for use by blacks untrained in the use of firearms, as few were.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-13">[12]</a>: 19–20  He told curious neighbors that they were tools for mining, which aroused no suspicion as for years the possibility of local mining for metals had been explored.<a href="#cite_note-Barry-14">[13]</a>: 17  Brown "frequently took home with him parcels of earth, which he pretended to analyse in search of minerals. Often his neighbors would visit him when he was making his chemical experiments and so well did he act his part that he was looked upon as one of profound learning and calculated to be a most useful man to the neighborhood."<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> The pikes were never used; a few blacks in the engine house carried one, but none used it. After the action was over and most of the principals dead or imprisoned, they were sold at high prices as souvenirs. <a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a> had one,<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abby_Hopper_Gibbons" class="mw-redirect" title="Abby Hopper Gibbons">Abby Hopper Gibbons</a> another;<a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> the Marines returning to base each had one.<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> When all had been taken or sold, an enterprising mechanic started making and selling new ones.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> "It is estimated that enough of these have been sold as genuine to supply a large army."<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> Virginian <a href="/wiki/Fire-Eaters" title="Fire-Eaters">Fire-Eater</a> <a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ruffin" title="Edmund Ruffin">Edmund Ruffin</a> had them sent to the governors of every <a href="/wiki/Slave_states_and_free_states" title="Slave states and free states">slave state</a>, with a label that said "Sample of the favors designed for us by our Northern Brethren". He also carried one around in Washington D.C., showing it to every one he could, "so as to create fear and terror of slave insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The United States Armory was a large complex of buildings that manufactured small arms for the U.S. Army (1801–1861), with an <a href="/wiki/Arsenal" title="Arsenal">Arsenal</a> (weapons storehouse) that was thought to contain at the time 100,000 muskets and rifles.<a href="#cite_note-22">[21]</a> However Brown, who had his own stock of weapons, did not seek to capture those of the Arsenal.<a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 55–56  <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg/220px-Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg/330px-Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg/440px-Douglass_argued_against_John_Brown%27s_plan_to_attack_the_arsenal_at_Harpers_Ferry_-_NARA_-_559102.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="1949" /></a><figcaption>Artist Jacob Lawrence's conception of Brown trying to persuade abolitionist <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> to join him in the raid on Harpers Ferry. Douglass refused, as he believed Brown would fail.</figcaption></figure> Brown attempted to attract more black recruits, and felt the lack of a black leader's involvement. He had tried recruiting <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a> as a liaison officer to the slaves in a meeting held (for safety) in an abandoned quarry at <a href="/wiki/Chambersburg,_Pennsylvania" title="Chambersburg, Pennsylvania">Chambersburg, Pennsylvania</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> It was at this meeting that ex-slave "Emperor" <a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a>, rather than return home with Douglass (in whose house Green was living), decided to join with John Brown on his attack on the United States Armory, Green stating to Douglass "I believe I will go with the old man." Douglass declined, indicating to Brown that he believed the raid was a suicide mission. The plan was "an attack on the federal government" that "would array the whole country against us. ...You will never get out alive", he warned.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Anderson</a>, "the Old Captain told us, we stood nine chances to one to be killed; but, said the Captain at the same time[,] 'there are moments when men can do more dead than alive.'"<a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> The Kennedy Farmhouse served as "barracks, arsenal, supply depot, mess hall, debate club, and home". It was very crowded, and life there was tedious. Brown was worried about arousing neighbors' suspicions. As a result, the raiders had to stay indoors during the daytime, without much to do but study (Brown recommended <a href="/wiki/Plutarch" title="Plutarch">Plutarch</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Parallel_Lives" title="Parallel Lives">Lives</a>),<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> drill, argue politics, discuss religion, and play cards and checkers. Brown's daughter-in-law Martha served as cook and housekeeper. His daughter Annie served as lookout. She remarked later that these were the most important months of her life.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Brown wanted women at the farm, to prevent suspicions of a large all-male group. The raiders went outside at night to drill and get fresh air. Thunderstorms were welcome since they concealed noise from Brown's neighbors.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Brown did not plan to execute a quick raid and immediately escape to the mountains. Rather, he intended to arm rebellious slaves with the aim of striking terror in the slaveholders in Virginia. Believing that on the first night of action, 200 to 500 slaves would join his line, Brown ridiculed the militia and the regular army that might oppose him. He planned to send agents to nearby plantations, rallying the slaves, and to hold Harpers Ferry for a short time, with the expectation that as many volunteers, white and black, would join him as would form against him. He would then move rapidly southward, sending out armed bands along the way that would free more slaves, obtain food, horses, and hostages, and destroy slaveholders' morale. Brown intended to follow the <a href="/wiki/Appalachian_Mountains" title="Appalachian Mountains">Appalachian Mountains</a> south into <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a> and even <a href="/wiki/Alabama" title="Alabama">Alabama</a>, the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Southern_United_States" title="Southern United States">South</a>, making forays into the plains on either side.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Advance_knowledge_of_the_raid">Advance knowledge of the raid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Advance knowledge of the raid">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown_portrait,_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg/170px-John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="235" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg/255px-John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e3/John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg/340px-John_Brown_portrait%2C_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3095" data-file-height="4278" /></a><figcaption>John Brown in 1859</figcaption></figure> Brown paid <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hugh_Forbes_(soldier)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hugh Forbes (soldier) (page does not exist)">Hugh Forbes</a> $100 per month (equivalent to $3,375 in 2024),<a href="#cite_note-32">[31]</a> to a total of $600, to be his drillmaster. Forbes was an English mercenary who served <a href="/wiki/Giuseppe_Garibaldi" title="Giuseppe Garibaldi">Giuseppe Garibaldi</a> in Italy. Forbes' Manual for the Patriotic Volunteer was found in Brown's papers after the raid. Brown and Forbes argued over strategy and money. Forbes wanted more money so that his family in Europe could join him.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Forbes sent threatening letters to Brown's backers in an attempt to get money. Failing in this effort, Forbes traveled to Washington, DC, and met with <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senators</a> <a href="/wiki/William_H._Seward" title="William H. Seward">William H. Seward</a> and <a href="/wiki/Henry_Wilson" title="Henry Wilson">Henry Wilson</a>. He denounced Brown to Seward as a "vicious man" who needed to be restrained, but did not disclose any plans for the raid. Forbes partially exposed the plan to Senator Wilson and others. Wilson wrote to <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a>, a Brown backer, advising him to get Brown's backers to retrieve the weapons intended for use in Kansas. Brown's backers told him that the weapons should not be used "for other purposes, as rumor says they may be".<a href="#cite_note-Oates-34">[33]</a>: 248  In response to warnings, Brown had to return to Kansas to shore up support and discredit Forbes. Some historians believe that this trip cost Brown valuable time and momentum.<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> Another important figure that helped to pay for the raid was <a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant" title="Mary Ellen Pleasant">Mary Ellen Pleasant</a>. She donated $30,000 (equivalent to $1.1 million in 2023), saying it was the "most important and significant act of her life".<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> Estimates are that at least eighty people knew about Brown's planned raid in advance, although Brown did not reveal his total plan to anyone. Many others had reasons to believe that Brown was contemplating a move against the South. One of those who knew was David J. Gue of <a href="/wiki/Springdale,_Iowa" title="Springdale, Iowa">Springdale, Iowa</a>, where Brown had spent time. Gue was a <a href="/wiki/Quaker" class="mw-redirect" title="Quaker">Quaker</a> who believed that Brown and his men would be killed. Gue decided to warn the government "to protect Brown from the consequences of his own rashness". He sent an anonymous letter to <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_War" title="United States Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">Cincinnati, Aug. 20, 1859. SIR: I have lately received information of a movement of so great importance that I feel it to be my duty to impart it to you without delay. I have discovered the existence of a secret association, having for its object the liberation of the slaves of the South, by a general insurrection. The leader of the movement is "Old John Brown", late of Kansas. He has been in Canada during the winter, drilling the negroes there, and they are only waiting his word to start for the South to assist the slaves. They have one of their leading men (a white man) in an armory in Maryland; where it is situated I am not enabled to learn. As soon as everything is ready, those of their number who are in the Northern States and Canada are to come in small companies to their rendezvous, which is in the mountains of Virginia. They will pass down through Pennsylvania and Maryland, and enter Virginia at Harper's Ferry. Brown left the North about three or four weeks ago, and will arm the negroes and strike a blow in a few weeks, so that whatever is done must be done at once. They have a large quantity of arms at their rendezvous, and are probably distributing them already. I am not fully in their confidence. This is all the information I can give you. I dare not sign my name to this, but trust that you will not disregard this warning on that account.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a></blockquote> He was hoping that Floyd would send soldiers to Harpers Ferry. He hoped that the extra security would motivate Brown to call off his plans.<a href="#cite_note-Oates-34">[33]</a>: 284–285  Even though <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> Buchanan offered a $250 reward for Brown, Floyd evidently either did not connect the John Brown of Gue's letter to the John Brown of <a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie, Kansas</a>, fame, or he concluded that Gue had no real connection to Brown and was simply using his notoriety in an attemot to give the letter credibility. Floyd knew that Maryland did not have an armory (Harpers Ferry is in Virginia, today West Virginia, just across the <a href="/wiki/Potomac_River" title="Potomac River">Potomac River</a> from Maryland.) Floyd concluded that the letter writer was a crackpot, and disregarded it. He later said that "a scheme of such wickedness and outrage could not be entertained by any citizen of the United States".<a href="#cite_note-Oates-34">[33]</a>: 285  Brown's second in command <a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a> wrote to a friend on October 15, the day before the attack, that they had heard there was a search warrant for the Kennedy farmhouse, and therefore they had to start eight days sooner than planned.<a href="#cite_note-Quaker-38">[37]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Timeline_of_the_raid">Timeline of the raid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Timeline of the raid">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sunday,_October_16">Sunday, October 16</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Sunday, October 16">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HarpersF1862.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HarpersF1862.jpg/220px-HarpersF1862.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HarpersF1862.jpg/330px-HarpersF1862.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/HarpersF1862.jpg/440px-HarpersF1862.jpg 2x" data-file-width="620" data-file-height="460" /></a><figcaption>1862 photograph of the Harpers Ferry arsenal; the "engine house", later called "<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a>", is on the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg/220px-John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="177" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg/330px-John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/68/John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg/440px-John_Brown%27s_Fort_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1592" data-file-height="1280" /></a><figcaption>John Brown's Fort, drawing published in 1883. Note the hill.</figcaption></figure> On Sunday night, October 16, 1859, at about 11 PM, Brown left three of his men behind as a rear-guard, in charge of the cache of weapons: his son <a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist)">Owen Brown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a>. He led the rest across the bridge and into the town of Harpers Ferry, Virginia. Brown detached a party under John Cook, Jr., to capture Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a>, great-grandnephew of <a href="/wiki/George_Washington" title="George Washington">George Washington</a>, at his nearby <a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a> estate, free his slaves, and seize two relics of George Washington: a sword Lewis Washington said had been presented to George Washington by <a href="/wiki/Frederick_the_Great" title="Frederick the Great">Frederick the Great</a>, and two pistols given by <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_du_Motier,_Marquis_de_Lafayette" title="Gilbert du Motier, Marquis de Lafayette">Marquis de Lafayette</a>, which Brown considered <a href="/wiki/Talisman" title="Talisman">talismans</a>.<a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv1-39">[38]</a> The party carried out its mission and returned via the <a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House</a>, where they took more hostages and freed more slaves.<a href="#cite_note-nrhpinv2-40">[39]</a> Brown's men needed to capture the Armory and then escape before word could be sent to Washington. The raid was going well for Brown's men. They cut the telegraph line twice, to prevent communication in either direction: first on the Maryland side of the bridge; slightly later on the far side of the station, preventing communication with Virginia. Some of Brown's men were posted so as to control both the Potomac and the Shenandoah bridges. Others went into the town; it was the middle of the night and a single watchman was the only person at the Armory. He was unarmed and forced to turn over his keys when some of Brown's men appeared and threatened him. Brown had been sure that he would get major support from slaves ready to rebel; his followers said to a man that he had told them that. But Brown had no way to inform these slaves; they did not arrive, and Brown waited too long for them. The South, starting with Governor Wise, whose speech after Harpers Ferry was reprinted widely, proclaimed that this showed the truth of their old allegation, that their slaves were happy and did not want freedom. <a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Anderson</a>, the only raider to leave a memoir, and the only black survivor, put the lie to this: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">The Sunday evening of the outbreak, when we visited the plantations and acquainted the slaves with our purpose to effect their liberation, the greatest enthusiasm was manifested by them—joy and hilarity beamed from every countenance. One old mother, white-haired from age, and borne down with the labors of many years in bonds, when told of the work in hand, replied: "God bless you! God bless you! " She then kissed the party at her house, and requested all to kneel, which we did, and she offered prayer to God for His blessing on the enterprise, and our success. At the slaves' quarters, there was apparently a general jubilee, and they stepped forward manfully, without impressing or coaxing.<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-41">[40]</a>: 39 </blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monday,_October_17">Monday, October 17</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Monday, October 17">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg/220px-Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg/330px-Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg/440px-Map_of_Harpers_Ferry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="841" data-file-height="858" /></a><figcaption>The town of Harpers Ferry in 1859.</figcaption></figure> A free black man was the first fatality to result from the raid: <a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Heyward Shepherd">Heyward Shepherd</a>, a baggage handler at the Harpers Ferry train station, who had ventured out onto the bridge to look for a watchman who had been driven off by Brown's raiders.<a href="#cite_note-Brands-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-USPS-43">[42]</a> He was shot from behind when he by chance encountered the raiders, refused to freeze, and headed back to the station.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> That a black man was the first casualty of an <a href="/wiki/Insurrection" class="mw-redirect" title="Insurrection">insurrection</a> whose purpose was to aid blacks, and that he disobeyed the raiders, made him a hero of the "<a href="/wiki/Lost_Cause" class="mw-redirect" title="Lost Cause">Lost Cause</a>" pro-Confederacy movement; a <a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">monument</a> enshrining this perspective on Shepherd's death was installed in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> But in fact, Shepherd was only making "an effort to see what was going on".<a href="#cite_note-46">[45]</a> The shot and a cry of distress were heard by physician John Starry, who lived across the street from the bridge and walked over to see what was happening. After he saw it was Shepherd and that he could not be saved, Brown let him leave. Instead of going home he started the alarm, having the bell on the Lutheran church rung, sending a messenger to summon help from Charles Town, and then going there himself, after having notified such local men as could be contacted quickly.<a href="#cite_note-Senate-47">[46]</a>: Testimony 23–25  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Baltimore_&_Ohio_train">The Baltimore & Ohio train</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Baltimore & Ohio train">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg/220px-Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg/330px-Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg/440px-Railroad_map_of_Harpers_Ferry_in_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="781" data-file-height="439" /></a><figcaption>Railroads in the Harpers Ferry vicinity in 1859. "W=PRR" is the <a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a>.</figcaption></figure> About 1:15 AM the eastbound <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore & Ohio</a> express train from <a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling</a>—one per day in each direction<a href="#cite_note-48">[47]</a>—was to pass through towards Baltimore. The night watchman ran to warn of trouble ahead; the engineer stopped and then backed up the train.<a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Two train crew members who stepped down to reconnoiter were shot at.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 316  Brown boarded the train and talked with passengers for over an hour, not concealing his identity. (Because of his <a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">abolitionist work in Kansas</a>, Brown was a "notorious" celebrity;<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a><a href="#cite_note-Riot-52">[51]</a> he was well known to any newspaper reader.) Brown then told the train crew they could continue. According to the conductor's telegram they had been detained for five hours,<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 5  but according to other sources the conductor did not think it prudent to proceed until sunrise, when it could more easily be verified that no damage had been done to the tracks or bridge, and that no one would shoot at them.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 317 <a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-54">[53]</a><a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> The passengers were cold on the stopped train, with the engine shut down; normally the temperature would have been around 5 °C (41 °F),<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> but it was "unusually cold".<a href="#cite_note-Osowotomy-57">[56]</a>: 8  Brown's men had blankets over their shoulders and arms;<a href="#cite_note-Osowotomy-57">[56]</a>: 12  <a href="/wiki/John_Edwin_Cook" title="John Edwin Cook">John Cook</a> reported later having been "chilled through".<a href="#cite_note-Cook-58">[57]</a>: 12  The passengers were allowed to get off and they "went into the hotel and remained there, in great alarm, for four or five hours".<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 175  Several times, Brown later called this incident his "one mistake": "not detaining the train on Sunday night or else permitting it to go on unmolested".<a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> Brown scholar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Louis_DeCaro_Jr.&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Louis DeCaro Jr. (page does not exist)">Louis DeCaro Jr.</a> called it a "ruinous blunder".<a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 34  The train departed at dawn, Brown himself, on foot, escorting the train across the bridge.<a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 34  At about 7 AM it arrived at the first station with a working telegraph,<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monocacy_station" title="Monocacy station">Monocacy</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a>, about 23 miles (37 km) east of Harpers Ferry. The conductor sent a telegram to W. P. Smith, Master of Transportation at B&O headquarters in Baltimore. Smith's reply to the conductor rejected his report as "exaggerated", but by 10:30 AM he had received confirmation from <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Martinsburg, Virginia">Martinsburg, Virginia</a>, the next station west of Harpers Ferry. No westbound trains were arriving and three eastbound trains were backed up on the Virginia side of the bridge;<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 181  because of the cut telegraph line the message had to take a long, roundabout route via the other end of the line in Wheeling, and from there back east via Pittsburgh, causing delay.<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 7, 15  At that point Smith informed the railroad president, <a href="/wiki/John_W._Garrett" title="John W. Garrett">John W. Garrett</a>, who sent telegrams to Major General <a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(brigadier_general)" title="George H. Steuart (brigadier general)">George H. Steuart</a> of the <a href="/wiki/First_Light_Division,_Maryland_Volunteers" title="First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers">First Light Division, Maryland Volunteers</a>, Virginia Governor <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a>, U.S. <a href="/wiki/Secretary_of_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Secretary of War">Secretary of War</a> <a href="/wiki/John_B._Floyd" title="John B. Floyd">John B. Floyd</a>, and U.S. President <a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 5–9  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armory_employees_taken_hostage">Armory employees taken hostage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Armory employees taken hostage">edit</a>]</div> At about this time Armory employees began arriving for work; they were taken as hostages by Brown's party. Reports differ on how many there were, but there were many more than would fit in the small engine house. Brown divided them into two groups, keeping only the ten most important in the engine house;<a href="#cite_note-Osowotomy-57">[56]</a>: 17–18  the others were held in a different Armory building. According to the report of Robert E. Lee,<a href="#cite_note-Lee-63">[62]</a> the hostages included: <ul><li>Colonel <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">L. W. Washington</a>, of Jefferson County, Virginia</li> <li>Mr. <a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">J. H. Allstadt</a>, of Jefferson County, Virginia</li> <li>Mr. Israel Russell, Justice of the Peace, Harpers Ferry</li> <li>Mr. John Donahue, clerk of <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_and_Ohio_Railroad" title="Baltimore and Ohio Railroad">Baltimore and Ohio Railroad</a></li> <li>Mr. Terence Byrne, of Maryland</li> <li>Mr. George D. Shope, of <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Frederick, Maryland</a></li> <li>Mr. Benjamin Mills, master armorer [weaponmaker], <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Arsenal" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry Arsenal">Harpers Ferry Arsenal</a></li> <li>Mr. A. M. Ball, master machinist, Harpers Ferry Arsenal</li> <li>Mr. <a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a> or Dangerfield, paymaster's clerk, Acting Paymaster, Harpers Ferry Arsenal, not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a>. Brown told him that by noon he would have 1,500 armed men with him.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a>: 266 </li> <li>Mr. J. Burd, armorer, Harpers Ferry Arsenal</li></ul> All save the last were held in the engine house.<a href="#cite_note-Norris-65">[64]</a>: 446  According to a newspaper report, there were "not less than sixty"; another report says "upwards of seventy".<a href="#cite_note-Osowotomy-57">[56]</a>: 13  they were detained in "a large building further down the yard".<a href="#cite_note-Era10181859-66">[65]</a> The number of rebels sometimes was inflated because some observers, who had to remain at a distance, thought that the hostages were part of Brown's party.<a href="#cite_note-Osowotomy-57">[56]</a>: 15  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Armed_citizens_arrive">Armed citizens arrive</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Armed citizens arrive">edit</a>]</div> As it became known that citizens had been taken hostage by an armed group, men of Harpers Ferry found themselves without arms other than <a href="/wiki/Fowling-piece" class="mw-redirect" title="Fowling-piece">fowling-pieces</a>, which were useless at a distance. Military companies from neighboring towns began to arrive late Monday morning.<a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a> Among them was Captain John Avis, who would soon be Brown's jailor, who arrived with a company of militia from Charles Town.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> Also according to the report of Lee, who does not mention Avis, the following volunteer militia groups arrived between 11 AM and his arrival in the evening: <ul><li>Jefferson Guards and volunteers from <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town</a>, under Captain J. W. Rowen</li> <li>Hamtramck Guards, Jefferson County, Captain V. M. Butler</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepherdstown,_West_Virginia" title="Shepherdstown, West Virginia">Shepherdstown</a> troop, Captain Jacob Rienahart</li> <li>Captain Ephraim G. Alburtis's company, by train from <a href="/wiki/Martinsburg,_West_Virginia" title="Martinsburg, West Virginia">Martinsburg</a>. Most of the militia members were employees of the <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_%26_Ohio_Railroad" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore & Ohio Railroad">Baltimore & Ohio Railroad</a> shops there. They freed all the hostages except those in the engine house.<a href="#cite_note-Era10181859-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-DeWitt-69">[68]</a>: 33 <a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a></li> <li>Captain B. B. Washington's company from <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester</a></li> <li>Three companies from <a href="/wiki/Frederick,_Maryland" title="Frederick, Maryland">Fredericktown, Maryland</a>, under Colonel Shriver</li> <li>Companies from Baltimore, under General Charles C. Edgerton, second light brigade</li></ul> Expecting that thousands of slaves would join him,<a href="#cite_note-71">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-Maryland-9">[8]</a>: 19  Brown stayed too long in Harpers Ferry.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 311  Harpers Ferry is on a narrow peninsula, almost an island;<a href="#cite_note-Korda-72">[71]</a>: xix  it is sometimes called "the Island of Virginia".<a href="#cite_note-Barry-14">[13]</a>: 7, 35, 55  By noon hopes of escape were gone, as his men had lost control of both bridges leading out of town, which because of the terrain were the only practical escape routes.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 319  The other bridge, of which not even the pillars remain (the visible pillars are from a later bridge), went east over the <a href="/wiki/Shenandoah_River" title="Shenandoah River">Shenandoah River</a> from Harpers Ferry. The militia companies, under the direction of Colonels R. W. Baylor and John T. Gibson, forced the insurgents to abandon their positions and, since escape was impossible, fortify themselves in "a sturdy stone building",<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 565  the most defensible in the Armory,<a href="#cite_note-Star-73">[72]</a> the fire engine house, which would be known later as <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a>. (There were two <a href="/wiki/Fire_engines" class="mw-redirect" title="Fire engines">fire engines</a>;<a href="#cite_note-Sun1-74">[73]</a> which Greene described as old-fashioned and heavy, plus a hose cart.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 565 <a href="#cite_note-Exchange-8">[7]</a>) They blocked the few windows, used the engines and hose cart to block the heavy doors, and reinforced the doors with rope, making small holes on the walls and through them trading sporadic gunfire with the surrounding militia. Between 2 and 3 there was "a great deal of firing".<a href="#cite_note-Anderson-41">[40]</a>: 345  During the day four townspeople were killed, including the mayor, who managed the Harpers Ferry station and was a former county sheriff. Eight militiamen were wounded. But the militia, besides the poor quality of their weapons, were disorderly and unreliable.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-13">[12]</a>: 22  "Most of them [militiamen] got roaring drunk."<a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> "A substantial proportion of the militia (along with many of the townspeople) had become a disorganized, drunken, and cowering mob by the time that Colonel Robert E. Lee and the U.S. Marines captured Brown on Tuesday, October 18." The Charleston Mercury called it a "broad and pathetic farce". According to several reports, Governor Wise was outraged at the poor performance of the local militia.<a href="#cite_note-Simpson-13">[12]</a>: 21  At one point Brown sent out his son <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a> with a white flag, but Watson was mortally wounded by a shot from a town man, expiring after more than 24 hours of agony, and Stevens was shot and taken prisoner. The raid was clearly failing. One of Brown's men, William H. Leeman, panicked and made an attempt to flee by swimming across the Potomac River, but he was shot and killed while doing so. During the intermittent shooting, another son of Brown, Oliver, was also hit; he died, next to his father, after a brief period.<a href="#cite_note-76">[75]</a> Brown's third participating son, Owen, escaped (with great difficulty) via Pennsylvania to the relative safety of his brother <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Jr.</a>'s house in <a href="/wiki/Ashtabula_County,_Ohio" title="Ashtabula County, Ohio">Ashtabula County</a> in <a href="/wiki/Northeast" class="mw-redirect" title="Northeast">northeast</a> Ohio,<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-77">[76]</a> but he was not part of the Harpers Ferry action; he was guarding the weapons at their base, the <a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a>, just across the river in Maryland. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Buchanan_calls_out_the_Marines">Buchanan calls out the Marines</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Buchanan calls out the Marines">edit</a>]</div> Late in the afternoon <a href="/wiki/Presidency_of_James_Buchanan" title="Presidency of James Buchanan">President Buchanan</a> called out a detachment of U.S. Marines from the <a href="/wiki/Washington_Navy_Yard" title="Washington Navy Yard">Washington Navy Yard</a>, the only federal troops in the immediate area: 81 privates, 11 sergeants, 13 corporals, and 1 <a href="/wiki/Bugler" class="mw-redirect" title="Bugler">bugler</a>, armed with seven <a href="/wiki/Howitzer" title="Howitzer">howitzers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a> The Marines left for Harper's Ferry on the regular 3:30 train, arriving about 10 PM.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 564 <a href="#cite_note-Star-73">[72]</a> Israel Greene was in charge. To command them Buchanan ordered <a href="/wiki/Brevet_(military)" title="Brevet (military)">Brevet Colonel</a><a href="#cite_note-Korda-72">[71]</a>: xv  <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>, conveniently on leave at <a href="/wiki/Arlington_House,_The_Robert_E._Lee_Memorial" title="Arlington House, The Robert E. Lee Memorial">his home</a>, just across the Potomac in <a href="/wiki/Arlington_County,_Virginia" title="Arlington County, Virginia">Arlington, Virginia</a>, to "repair" to Harpers Ferry,<a href="#cite_note-Korda-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> where he arrived about 10 PM, on a special train.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 564 <a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a> Lee had no uniform readily available, and wore civilian clothes.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 567 <a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tuesday,_October_18">Tuesday, October 18</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Tuesday, October 18">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="The_Marines_break_through_the_engine_house_door">The Marines break through the engine house door</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: The Marines break through the engine house door">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg/220px-John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg/330px-John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f1/John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg/440px-John_brown_interior_engine_house.jpg 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="614" /></a><figcaption>A contemporary newspaper illustration showing the interior of the engine house immediately before the door is broken down by <a href="/wiki/U.S._Marines" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Marines">U.S. Marines</a>. Note hostages on the left.</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg/220px-Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg/330px-Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg/440px-Brown_at_Harper%27s_Ferry.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="604" /></a><figcaption>John Brown inside the engine house</figcaption></figure> At 6:30 AM Lee began the attack on the engine house.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 565  He first offered the role of attacking it to the local militia units, but both commanders declined. Lee then sent Lt. <a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a>, serving as a volunteer <a href="/wiki/Aide-de-camp" title="Aide-de-camp">aide-de-camp</a>, under a white flag of truce to offer John Brown and his men the option of surrendering. Colonel Lee informed Lt. <a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a> that if Brown did not surrender, he was to direct the Marines to attack the engine house. Stuart walked towards the front of the engine house where he told Brown that his men would be spared if they surrendered. Brown refused and as Stuart walked away, he made a pre-arranged signal—waving his hat—to Lt. Greene and his men standing nearby.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 565  Greene's men then tried to break in using sledgehammers, but their efforts were unsuccessful. He found a ladder nearby, and he and about twelve Marines used it as a battering ram to break down the sturdy doors. Greene was the first through the door and with the assistance of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a>, identified and singled out John Brown. Greene later recounted what events occurred next: <blockquote>Quicker than thought I brought my saber down with all my strength upon [Brown's] head. He was moving as the blow fell, and I suppose I did not strike him where I intended, for he received a deep saber cut in the back of the neck. He fell senseless on his side, then rolled over on his back. He had in his hand a short Sharpe's cavalry carbine. I think he had just fired as I reached Colonel Washington, for the Marine who followed me into the aperture made by the ladder received a bullet in the abdomen, from which he died in a few minutes. The shot might have been fired by someone else in the insurgent party, but I think it was from Brown. Instinctively as Brown fell I gave him a saber thrust in the left breast. The sword I carried was a light uniform weapon, and, either not having a point or striking something hard in Brown's accouterments, did not penetrate. The blade bent double.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 566 </blockquote> Two of the raiders were killed, and the rest taken prisoner. Brown was wounded before and after his surrender.<a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 38–39  The hostages were freed and the assault was over. It lasted three minutes.<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 567  According to one marine, the raiders presented a sad appearance: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Some were wounded and others dead or dying. They were greeted with execrations, and only the precautions that had been taken, saved them from the exasperated crowd, many of whom had relatives killed or wounded by the desperate gang of cut-throats. Nearly every man carried a gun, and the cry of "Shoot them! Shoot them!" rang on every side. Only the steadiness of the trained marines, under the command of that great soldier Robert E. Lee, then an unknown colonel of the United States Army, prevented the butchery of the entire gang of outlaws.<a href="#cite_note-Norris-65">[64]</a>: 442 </blockquote> Colonel Lee and Jeb Stuart searched the surrounding country for fugitives who had participated in the attack. Few of Brown's associates escaped, and among the five who did, some were sheltered by abolitionists in the North, including <a href="/wiki/William_Still" title="William Still">William Still</a>.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-Simmons1887-83">[82]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Interviews">Interviews</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Interviews">edit</a>]</div> All the bodies were taken out and laid on the ground in front. "A detail of [Greene's] men" carried Brown and <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a>, the only other white survivor of the attack on the engine house, to the adjacent office of the paymaster,<a href="#cite_note-North-5">[4]</a>: 568  where they lay on the floor for over a day. Until they went with the group to the Charles Town jail on Wednesday, there is no record of the location of the two surviving captured black raiders, <a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland" class="mw-redirect" title="John Anthony Copeland">John Anthony Copeland</a>, who were also the only two survivors of the engine house with no injuries. Green attempted unsuccessfully to disguise himself as one of the enslaved of Colonel Washington being liberated. From this point forward, Brown would endlessly be interrogated by soldiers, politicians, lawyers, reporters, citizens, and preachers.<a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 42  He welcomed the attention. The first to interview him was Virginia congressman <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Boteler" title="Alexander Boteler">Alexander Boteler</a>, who rode over from his home in nearby Shepherd's Town (now <a href="/wiki/Shepherdstown,_West_Virginia" title="Shepherdstown, West Virginia">Shepherdstown, West Virginia</a>), and was present when Brown was carried out of the engine house, and told a Catholic priest to leave.<a href="#cite_note-Gath-84">[83]</a><a href="#cite_note-Decaro2015-23">[22]</a>: 49  Five people, in addition to several reporters, came almost immediately to Harpers Ferry specifically to interview Brown. He was interviewed at length as he lay there over 24 hours; he had been without food and sleep for over 48 hours.<a href="#cite_note-Mcglonebrown-85">[84]</a> ("Brown carried no provisions on the expedition, as if God would rain down manna from the skies as He had done for the Israelites in the wilderness."<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a>) The first interviewers after Boteler were Virginia <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Governor Wise</a>, his attorney <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a>, who was also the leading attorney in <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson County</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Ould" title="Robert Ould">Robert Ould</a>, <a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney" title="United States Attorney">United States Attorney</a> for the District of Columbia, sent by <a href="/wiki/President_Buchanan" class="mw-redirect" title="President Buchanan">President Buchanan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Execution-87">[86]</a> Governor Wise having left—he set up a base in a Harpers Ferry hotel—Brown was then interviewed by Senator <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>, and Representatives <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Charles J. Faulkner</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Martinsville,_Virginia" title="Martinsville, Virginia">Martinsville, Virginia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Copperhead_(politics)" title="Copperhead (politics)">Copperhead</a> <a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Clement Vallandigham</a>, from Ohio.<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 197  (Brown lived for years in Ohio, and both <a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown</a> were born there.) Vallandingham was on his way from Washington to Ohio via the B&O Railroad, which of course would take him through Harpers Ferry. In Baltimore he was informed about the raid.<a href="#cite_note-Ohio-88">[87]</a> Up until this point, most public opinion in the North and West had seen Brown as a fanatic, a crazy man, attacking Virginia with only 22 men, of whom 10 were killed immediately, and 7 others would soon be hanged, as well as 5 deaths and 9 injuries among the Marines and local population. With the newspaper reports of these interviews, followed by Brown's widely reported words at his trial, the public perception of Brown changed suddenly and dramatically. According to Henry David Thoreau, "I know of nothing so miraculous in our history. Years were not required for a revolution of public opinion; days, nay hours, produced marked changes."<a href="#cite_note-Religious-89">[88]</a> Governor Wise, though firmly in favor of Brown's execution, called him "the gamest man I ever saw".<a href="#cite_note-90">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 198  Boteler also spoke well of him.<a href="#cite_note-Gath-84">[83]</a> Representative Vallandingham, described later by Thoreau as an enemy of Brown,<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> made the following comment after reaching Ohio: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">It is in vain to underrate either the man or the conspiracy. Captain John Brown is as brave and resolute a man as ever headed an insurrection, and in a good cause, and with a sufficient force, would have been a consummate partisan commander. He has coolness, daring, persistency, the stoic faith and patience, and a firmness of will and purpose unconquerable. He is tall, wiry, muscular, but with little flesh—with a cold, gray eye, gray hair, beard and mustache, compressed lips and sharp, aquiline nose; of cast-iron face and frame, and with powers of endurance equal to anything needed to be done or suffered in any cause. Though engaged in a wicked, mad and fanatical enterprise, he is the farthest possible remove from the ordinary ruffian, fanatic, or madman; but his powers are rather executory than inventive, and he never had the depth or breadth of mind to originate and contrive himself the plan of insurrection which he undertook to carry out. The conspiracy was, unquestionably, far more extended than yet appears, numbering among the conspirators many more than the handful of followers who assailed Harpers Ferry, and having in the North and West, if not also the South, as its counselors and abettors, men of intelligence, position and wealth. Certainly it was one of the best planned and best executed conspiracies that ever failed.<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 204 </blockquote> Like Mason (see below), Vallandingham thought Brown could not possibly have thought of and planned the raid by himself. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interview_by_Governor_Wise">Interview by Governor Wise</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Interview by Governor Wise">edit</a>]</div> Virginia Governor Wise, with a force of ninety men,<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 183  who were disappointed that the action was already over,<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 194  arrived from Richmond about midday Tuesday.<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a>: 176 n. 24 <a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> "Learning how quickly the Marines had crushed the raid, Wise 'boiled over', and said he would rather have lost both legs and both arms from his shoulders and hips than such a disgrace should have been cast upon it [Virginia, since Brown held off all the local militia]. That fourteen white men and five negroes should have captured the government works and all Harper's Ferry, and have found It possible to retain them for [even] one hour, while Col. Lee, with twelve marines, settled the matter in ten minutes."<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 194  <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg/220px-John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="135" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg/330px-John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg/440px-John_Brown_being_interrogated.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1887" data-file-height="1154" /></a><figcaption>Brown being interrogated in the paymaster's office by Virginia Gov. <a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (4th from left); Robert E. Lee stands 3rd from left and others. From <a href="/wiki/Frank_Leslie%27s_Illustrated_Newspaper" title="Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper">Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper</a>, October 29, 1859.</figcaption></figure> Wise interviewed Brown while he, along with Stevens, was lying on the floor of the paymaster's office at the Arsenal, where they would remain until, over thirty hours later, they were moved to the Jefferson County jail.<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 205  Brown, despite his wounds, was "courteous and afable".<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 204  Andrew Hunter took notes,<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a>: 167 <a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 194  but there is no transcript of this interview. One exchange was as follows: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Wise. Mr. Brown, the silver of your hair is reddened by the blood of crime, and you should eschew these hard words and think upon eternity. You are suffering from wounds, perhaps fatal; and should you escape death from these causes, you must submit to a trial which may involve death. Your confessions justify the presumption that you will be found guilty; and even now you are committing a felony under the laws of Virginia, by uttering sentiments like these. It is better you should turn your attention to your eternal future than be dealing in denunciations which can only injure you. Brown. Governor, I have from all appearances not more than fifteen or twenty years the start of you in the journey to that eternity of which you kindly warn me; and whether my time here shall be fifteen months, or fifteen days, or fifteen hours, I am equally prepared to go. There is an eternity behind and an eternity before; and this little speck in the centre, however long, is but comparatively a minute. The difference between your tenure and mine is trifling, and I therefore tell you to be prepared. I am prepared. You all have a heavy responsibility, and it behooves you to prepare more than it does me.<a href="#cite_note-Sanborn-97">[96]</a>: 571 </blockquote> The paymaster's clerk at the Arsenal, Captain J.E.P. Dangerfield (not to be confused with <a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a>), was taken hostage when he arrived for work. He was present at this interview, and remarked that: "Governor Wise was astonished at the answers he received from Brown."<a href="#cite_note-Sanborn-97">[96]</a>: 559  Back in Richmond, on Saturday, October 22, in a speech widely reported in the newspapers, Wise himself stated: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">They are themselves mistaken who take him to be a madman. He is a bundle of the best nerves I ever saw, cut and thrust, bleeding and in bonds. He is a man of clear head, of courage, fortitude and simple ingenuousness. He is cool, collected and indomitable, and it is but just to him to say, that he was humane to his prisoners, as attested to me by Col. Washington and Mr. Mills; and he inspired me with great trust in his integrity, as a man of truth. He is a fanatic, vain and garrulous, but firm, and truthful, and intelligent.<a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wise1-99">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wise-100">[99]</a></blockquote> Wise also reported the opinion of <a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a>, in a passage called "well known" in 1874: "Colonel Washington says that he, Brown, was the coolest and firmest man he ever saw in defying danger and death. With one son dead by his side, and another shot through, he felt the pulse of his dying son with one hand and held his rifle with the other, and commanded his men with the utmost composure, encouraging them to be firm, and to sell their lives as dearly as they could."<a href="#cite_note-Wise-100">[99]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wise1-99">[98]</a> Wise left for his hotel in Harpers Ferry about dinnertime Tuesday. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading5"><h5 id="Interview_by_Senator_Mason_and_two_Representatives">Interview by Senator Mason and two Representatives</h5>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Interview by Senator Mason and two Representatives">edit</a>]</div> Virginia Senator <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> lived in nearby Winchester, and would later chair the Select Senate committee investigating the raid.<a href="#cite_note-Atlantic-77">[76]</a>: 343  He also came immediately to Harpers Ferry to interview Brown. Congressmen <a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandigham" title="Clement Vallandigham">Clement Vallandigham</a> of Ohio, who called Brown "sincere, earnest, practical",<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles_J._Faulkner" title="Charles J. Faulkner">Charles J. Faulkner</a> of Virginia, <a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Senate-47">[46]</a>: 46  and "several other distinguished gentlemen" were also present. The audience averaged 10 to 12. Lee said that he would exclude all visitors from the room if the wounded men were annoyed or pained by them, but Brown said he was by no means annoyed; on the contrary, he was glad to be able to make himself and his motives "clearly understood".<a href="#cite_note-Herald1-102">[101]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">I claim to be here in carrying out a measure I believe perfectly justifiable, and not to act the part of an incendiary or ruffian, but to aid those suffering great wrong. I wish to say furthermore, that you had better—all you people at the South—prepare yourselves for a settlement of that question that must come up for settlement sooner than you are prepared for it. The sooner you are prepared the better. You may dispose of me very easily. I am nearly disposed of now; but this question is still to be settled—this negro question I mean; the end of that is not yet.<a href="#cite_note-Herald1-102">[101]</a></blockquote> A reporter-<a href="/wiki/Stenographer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stenographer">stenographer</a> of the New York Herald produced a "verbatim" transcript of the interview, although it started before he arrived, shortly after 2 PM. Published in full or part in many newspapers, it is the most complete public statement we have of Brown about the raid.<a href="#cite_note-Herald1-102">[101]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Wednesday,_October_19">Wednesday, October 19</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Wednesday, October 19">edit</a>]</div> Lee and the Marines, except for Greene, left Harper's Ferry for Washington on the 1:15 AM train, the only express east. He finished his report and sent it to the War Department that day. He made a synopsis of the events that took place at <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="Harpers Ferry">Harpers Ferry</a>. According to Lee's report: "the plan [raiding the Harpers Ferry Arsenal] was the attempt of a fanatic or madman." Lee also believed that the blacks in the raid were forced by Brown. "The blacks, whom he [John Brown] forced from their homes in this neighborhood, as far as I could learn, gave him no voluntary assistance." Lee attributed John Brown's "temporary success" to the panic and confusion and to "magnifying" the number of participants involved in the raid. Lee said that he was sending the Marines back to the Navy Yard. <a href="#cite_note-Lee-63">[62]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Jail_in_Charles_Town,_Virginia,_in_1859.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg/220px-Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="317" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg/330px-Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg/440px-Jail_in_Charles_Town%2C_Virginia%2C_in_1859.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1373" /></a><figcaption>Jefferson County Jail, in which John Brown was held, Charles Town, Virginia, 1859</figcaption></figure> "Governor Wise is still [Wednesday] here busily engaged in a personal investigation of the whole affair, and seems to be using every means for bringing to retribution all the participators in it."<a href="#cite_note-103">[102]</a> A holograph copy of Brown's Provisional Constitution, held by the <a href="/wiki/Yale_University_Library" title="Yale University Library">Yale University Library</a>, bears the handwritten annotation: "Handed to Gov. Wise by John Brown on Wed Oct 19/59 before he was removed from the U.S. grounds at Harpers Ferry & while he lay wounded on his cot."<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a> On Wednesday evening the prisoners were moved by train from Harpers Ferry to Charles Town, where they were placed in the <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson County</a> jail, "a very pretty jail, ...like a handsome private residence", the press reported.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Governor Wise and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a>, his attorney, accompanied them.<a href="#cite_note-Redpath-59">[58]</a>: 205  The <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_County,_West_Virginia" title="Jefferson County, West Virginia">Jefferson County</a> jail was "a meek-looking edifice, [which] must have been a respectable private residence".<a href="#cite_note-Jail-106">[105]</a> Brown wrote his family: "I am supplied with almost everything I could desire to make me comfortable".<a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> According to the New York Tribune's reporter on the scene: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote">Brown is as comfortably situated as any man can be in jail. He has a pleasant room, which is shared by Stephens [<a href="/wiki/Sic" title="Sic">sic</a>], whose recovery remains doubtful. He has opportunities of occupying himself by writing and reading. His jailor, Avis, was of the party who assisted in capturing him. Brown says Avis is one of the bravest men he ever saw, and that his treatment is precisely what be should expect from so brave a fellow. He is permitted to receive such visitors as he desires to see. He says that he welcomes every one, and that he is preaching, even in jail, with great effect, upon the enormities of Slavery, and with arguments that everybody fails to answer. His friends say, with regret, that in many of his recent conversations, he has given stronger reason for a belief that he is insane than ever before. Brown's wounds, excepting one cut on the back of the head, have all now healed.<a href="#cite_note-Jail-106">[105]</a></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Trial_and_execution">Trial and execution</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Trial and execution">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="John Brown's last prophecy" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg/220px-T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="72" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg/330px-T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg/440px-T-john-brown-last-prophecy.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3207" data-file-height="1048" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> wrote a final statement on December 2, 1859.</figcaption></figure> Brown was hastily processed by the legal system. He was charged by a <a href="/wiki/Grand_juries_in_the_United_States" title="Grand juries in the United States">grand jury</a> with <a href="/wiki/Treason" title="Treason">treason</a> against the Commonwealth of Virginia, murder, and inciting a slave insurrection. A jury found him guilty of all charges; he was sentenced to death on November 2, and after a legally required delay of 30 days he was hanged on December 2. The execution was witnessed by actor <a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a>, who later assassinated President <a href="/wiki/Abraham_Lincoln" title="Abraham Lincoln">Abraham Lincoln</a>. At the hanging and en route to it, authorities prevented spectators from getting close enough to Brown to hear a final speech. He wrote his last words on a scrap of paper given to his jailer Capt. John Avis, whose treatment Brown spoke well of in his letters: <blockquote>I John Brown am now quite certain that the crimes of this guilty, land: will never be purged away; but with Blood. I had as I now think: vainly flattered myself that without very much bloodshed; it might be done.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 256 </blockquote> Four other raiders were executed on December 16 and two more on March 16, 1860. In <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">his last speech</a>, at his sentencing, he said to the court: <blockquote>[H]ad I so interfered in behalf of the rich, the powerful, the intelligent, the so-called great, or in behalf of any of their friends, either father, mother, brother, sister, wife, or children, or any of that class, and suffered and sacrificed what I have in this interference, it would have been all right; and every man in this court would have deemed it an act worthy of reward rather than punishment.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 212 </blockquote> Southerners had a mixed attitude towards their slaves. Many Southern whites lived in constant fear of another slave insurrection; paradoxically, Southern whites also claimed that slaves were content in bondage, blaming slave unrest on Northern <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">abolitionists</a>. After the raid Southerners initially lived in fear of slave uprisings and invasion by armed abolitionists. The South's reaction entered the second phase at around the time of Brown's execution. Southerners were relieved that no slaves had volunteered to help Brown, as they were incorrectly told by Governor Wise and others see (<a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a>), and felt vindicated in their claims that slaves were content. After Northerners had expressed admiration for Brown's motives, with some treating him as a martyr, Southern opinion evolved into what <a href="/wiki/James_M._McPherson" title="James M. McPherson">James M. McPherson</a> called "unreasoning fury".<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> The first Northern reaction among antislavery advocates to Brown's raid was one of baffled reproach. Abolitionist <a href="/wiki/William_Lloyd_Garrison" title="William Lloyd Garrison">William Lloyd Garrison</a>, "committed to the methods of nonviolent moral suasion", called the raid "misguided, wild, and apparently insane".<a href="#cite_note-109">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> But through the trial and his execution, Brown was transformed into a <a href="/wiki/Martyr" title="Martyr">martyr</a>. <a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a>, in <a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a>, said, "I think that for once the Sharps' rifles and the revolvers were employed in a righteous cause. The tools were in the hands of one who could use them," and said of Brown, "He has a spark of divinity in him."<a href="#cite_note-111">[110]</a> To the South, Brown was a murderer who wanted to deprive them of their property (slaves). The North "has sanctioned and applauded theft, murder, and treason", said <a href="/wiki/De_Bow%27s_Review" title="De Bow's Review">De Bow's Review</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 340 <a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> According to the <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Enquirer" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Enquirer">Richmond Enquirer</a>, the South's reaction was "horror and indignation".<a href="#cite_note-Enquirer-113">[112]</a> But this was not the entire story. Kent Blaser writes that "there was surprisingly little fear or panic over race insurrection in North Carolina.... Much was made of the refusal of slaves to join in the insurrection".<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> The Republican Party, faced with charges that their opposition to slavery inspired Brown's raid, distanced themselves from Brown by instead suggesting that it was instead precedented by Democrats' support for <a href="/wiki/Filibuster_(military)" title="Filibuster (military)">filibusters</a> such as <a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(filibuster)" title="William Walker (filibuster)">William Walker</a> and <a href="/wiki/Narciso_L%C3%B3pez" title="Narciso López">Narciso López</a>, arguing that their attempts to overthrow foreign governments and their receipt of support from Democratic politicians had inspired Brown to attempt a similar action.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Consequences_of_Brown's_raid">Consequences of Brown's raid</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Consequences of Brown's raid">edit</a>]</div> John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry was the last major event that led to the <a href="/wiki/American_Civil_War" title="American Civil War">Civil War</a> (see sidebar, above). According to the Richmond Enquirer, "The Harper's Ferry invasion has advanced the cause of Disunion, more than any other event that has happened since the formation of the Government; it has rallied to that standard men who formerly looked upon it with horror; it has revived, with ten fold [sic] strength the desire of a Southern Confederacy."<a href="#cite_note-Enquirer-113">[112]</a> His well-publicized raid, a complete failure in the short term, contributed to Lincoln's election in 1860, and <a href="/wiki/Jefferson_Davis" title="Jefferson Davis">Jefferson Davis</a> "cited the attack as grounds for Southerners to leave the Union, 'even if it rushes us into a sea of blood.'"<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 5  Seven Southern states seceded to form the <a href="/wiki/Confederate_States_of_America" title="Confederate States of America">Confederacy</a>. The Civil War followed, and four more states seceded; Brown had seemed to be calling for war in his last message before his execution: "the crimes of this guilty land will never be purged away, but with Blood."<a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> However, David S. Reynolds wrote, "The raid on Harpers Ferry helped dislodge slavery, but not in the way Brown had foreseen. It did not ignite slave uprisings throughout the South. Instead, it had an immense impact because of the way Brown behaved during and after it, and the way it was perceived by key figures on both sides of the slavery divide. The raid did not cause the storm. John Brown and the reaction to him did."<a href="#cite_note-Reynolds-50">[49]</a>: 309  Brown's raid, trial, and execution energized both the abolitionists in the North and the supporters of slavery in the South, and it brought a flurry of political organizing. Public meetings in support of Brown, sometimes also raising money for his family, were held across the North.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> "These meetings gave the era's most illustrious thinkers and activists an opportunity to renew their assault on slavery".<a href="#cite_note-Nudelman-118">[117]</a>: 26  It reinforced Southern sentiment for secession. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Casualties">Casualties</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Casualties">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="John_Brown's_raiders">John Brown's raiders</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: John Brown's raiders">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a></div> Counting John Brown, there were 22 raiders, 15 white and 7 black. 10 were killed during the raid, 7 were tried and executed afterwards, and 5 escaped. In addition, Brown was assisted by at least two local enslaved people; one was killed and the other died in jail. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_casualties,_civilian_and_military">Other casualties, civilian and military</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Other casualties, civilian and military">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Killed <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd" class="mw-redirect" title="Heyward Shepherd">Heyward Shepherd</a>, a free African-American B&O baggage master. He was buried in the African-American cemetery on Rt. 11 in <a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a>. In 1932 no one could find his grave.<a href="#cite_note-Ochiai-119">[118]</a>: 11 </li> <li>Private Luke Quinn, U.S. Marines, was killed during the storming of the engine house. He was buried in Harpers Ferry Catholic Cemetery on Rte. 340.</li> <li>Thomas Boerly, townsperson. According to Richard Hinton, "Mr. Burleigh" was killed by <a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a>.<a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a>: 305 </li> <li>George W. Turner, townsperson.</li> <li>Fontaine Beckham, Harpers Ferry mayor, B&O stationmaster, former sheriff. Mayor Beckham's Will Book called for the liberation of Isaac Gilbert, Gilbert's wife, and their three children upon his death. When Edwin Coppock killed Beckham the enslaved family was thus freed.<a href="#cite_note-Oates-34">[33]</a>: 296 </li> <li>A man enslaved by Colonel Washington was killed.</li> <li>A man enslaved by hostage John Allstad was killed. Both slaves voluntarily joined Brown's raiders. One was killed trying to escape across the Potomac River; the other was wounded and later died in the Charles Town jail.</li></ul></li> <li>Wounded but survived <ul><li>Private Matthew Ruppert, U. S. Marines, was shot in the face during the storming of the engine house.</li> <li>Edward McCabe, Harpers Ferry laborer.</li> <li>Samuel C. Young, Charles Town militia. As he was "permanently disabled by a wound received in defence of Southern institutions" (slavery), a pamphlet was published to raise money for him.<a href="#cite_note-Cook-58">[57]</a></li> <li>Martinsburg, Virginia, militia: <ul><li>George Murphy</li> <li>George Richardson</li> <li>G. N. Hammond</li> <li>Evan Dorsey</li> <li>Nelson Hooper</li> <li>George Woollett<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 292 </li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Legacy">Legacy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Legacy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown#Aftermath" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown § Aftermath</a></div> Many of John Brown's homes are today small museums. The only major street named for John Brown is in <a href="/wiki/Port-au-Prince,_Haiti" class="mw-redirect" title="Port-au-Prince, Haiti">Port-au-Prince, Haiti</a> (where there is also an Avenue <a href="/wiki/Charles_Sumner" title="Charles Sumner">Charles Sumner</a>). In Harpers Ferry today, the engine house, now known as <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a>, sits in a park, open to walk through, where there is an interpretive display summarizing the events. Another monument is the <a href="/wiki/Cenotaph" title="Cenotaph">cenotaph</a> to <a href="/wiki/Shields_Green#Green's_supposed_connection_with_Oberlin" title="Shields Green">three black participants</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Oberlin,_Ohio" title="Oberlin, Ohio">Oberlin, Ohio</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tragic_Prelude">Tragic Prelude</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Tragic Prelude">edit</a>]</div> John Brown is featured in an extremely large mural—11 feet 4 inches (3.45 m) tall by 31 feet (9.4 m) long)<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a>—painted in the <a href="/wiki/Kansas_State_Capitol" title="Kansas State Capitol">Kansas State Capitol</a> in Topeka, Kansas. In <a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a> by Kansan <a href="/wiki/John_Steuart_Curry" title="John Steuart Curry">John Steuart Curry</a>, the larger-than-life figure of John Brown dominates a scene of war, death, and destruction. Wildfires and a tornado are backdrops to his zeal and fervor. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bell_from_Harpers_Ferry">Bell from Harpers Ferry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Bell from Harpers Ferry">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Bell" title="John Brown Bell">John Brown Bell</a>, taken by the Marborough unit of Massachusetts Volunteer Militia to Marlborough, Massachusetts, has been called the "second-most important bell in American history".<a href="#cite_note-wickedlocal.com-122">[121]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">edit</a>]</div> Harpers Ferry and some surrounding areas were designated as a National Monument in 1944. Congress later designated it as the <a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a> in 1963. Just as in the town of Harpers Ferry, John Brown and the raid are downplayed at the park. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Grave_site">Grave site</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Grave site">edit</a>]</div> John Brown is buried on his farm near <a href="/wiki/Lake_Placid,_New_York" title="Lake Placid, New York">Lake Placid, New York</a>. It is maintained as the New York <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a>. His son Watson is also buried there, and the bones of his son Oliver and nine other raiders are buried in a single coffin. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Conflicting_interpretations">Conflicting interpretations</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Conflicting interpretations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic. Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>. (September 2020) (<a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a>)</div></td></tr></tbody></table> From 1859 until the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_President_Lincoln" class="mw-redirect" title="Assassination of President Lincoln">assassination of President Lincoln</a> in 1865, Brown was the most famous American. He was the symbol of the nation's polarization: in the North he was a hero, and the day of his execution a day of mourning for many; flags were flown at half staff in some cities. To white Southerners, he was an outlaw, a traitor, promoting slave insurrection. Doubt has been raised as to whether Brown believed his implausible, undermanned attack could succeed, or whether he knew it was doomed yet wanted the publicity it would generate for the abolitionist cause. Certainly he "fail[ed] to take the steps necessary"<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 239  to make it succeed: he never called on nearby slaves to join the uprising, for example.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 236  According to Garrison, "His raid into Virginia looks utterly lacking in common sense—a desperate self-sacrifice for the purpose of giving an earthquake shock to the slave system, and thus hastening the day for a universal catastrophe."<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 234  Brown's <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">Provisional Constitution</a>, of which he had stacks of copies printed, "was not just a governing document. It was a scare tactic".<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 238  As Brown wrote in 1851: "The trial for life of one bold and to some extent successful man, for defending his rights in good earnest, would arouse more sympathy throughout the nation than the accumulated wrongs and suffering of more than three millions of our submissive colored population."<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 240  According to his son Salmon, fifty years later: "He wanted to bring on the war. I have heard him talk of it many times."<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 238  Certainly Brown saw to it that his arrest, trial, and execution received as much publicity as possible. He "ask[ed] that the incendiary constitution he carried with him be read aloud".<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 240  "He seemed very fond of talking."<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 240  Authorities deliberately prevented spectators from being close enough to Brown to hear him speak during his short trip to the gallows, but he did give what became his famous final message to a jailer who had asked for his autograph.<a href="#cite_note-Horwitz-4">[3]</a>: 256  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a>, about his funeral in North Elba</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body</a> (song)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_raiders" title="John Brown's raiders">John Brown's raiders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a> (painting)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sources_for_John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ellen_Pleasant" title="Mary Ellen Pleasant">Mary Ellen Pleasant</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> Spelled Harper's Ferry at the time of John Brown's raid.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 35em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-history.com-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-history.com_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-history.com_1-1">b</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-browns-raid-on-harpers-ferry">"John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry"</a>. History.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150401113432/http://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/john-browns-raid-on-harpers-ferry">Archived</a> from the original on April 1, 2015. Retrieved May 1, 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History.com&rft.atitle=John+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.history.com%2Fthis-day-in-history%2Fjohn-browns-raid-on-harpers-ferry&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a> For example, "Col. Robert E. Lee's Report Concerning the Attack at Harper's Ferry, October 19, 1859"; Horace Greeley, The American Conflict: A History of the Great Rebellion in the United States of America, 1860–64. Volume: 1 (1866). p. 279; French Ensor Chadwick, Causes of the Civil War, 1859–1861 (1906) p. 74; Allan Nevins, The Emergence of Lincoln (1950) vol. 2 ch. 3; James M. McPherson, Battle Cry of Freedom: The Civil War Era (1988), p. 201; Stephen W. Sears, Landscape Turned Red: The Battle of Antietam (2003) p. 116. </li> <li id="cite_note-Horwitz-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Horwitz_4-15">p</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHorwitz2011" class="citation book cs1">Horwitz, Tony (2011). 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Retrieved January 16, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Capture+of+John+Brown&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E564-%3C%2Fspan%3E569&rft.date=1885-12&rft.aulast=Green%5Be%5D&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Duc1.b4806405%26view%3D1up%26seq%3D572%26q1%3DJohn%2520brown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTaylor2004" class="citation book cs1">Taylor, Marian (2004). Harriet Tubman: Antislavery Activist. 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New York: Simon & Schuster, 2018, p. 302. </li> <li id="cite_note-Exchange-8">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Exchange_8-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Exchange_8-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57579394/report-from-the-daily-exchanges/">"The Late Rebellion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Exchange" title="The Daily Exchange">The Daily Exchange</a> (Baltimore, Maryland). October 19, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200901022605/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57579394/report-from-the-daily-exchanges/">Archived</a> from the original on September 1, 2020. 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href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23539029">23539029</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159682875">159682875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Biography&rft.atitle=John+Brown+and+Governor+Wise%3A+A+New+Perspective+on+Harpers+Ferry&rft.ssn=fall&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E15-%3C%2Fspan%3E38&rft.date=1978&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159682875%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23539029%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fbio.2010.0765&rft.aulast=Simpson&rft.aufirst=Craig&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23539028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li 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October 24, 1882. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194719/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12715958/topeka-daily-capital-24oct1882-p4-jb/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. 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Oxford University Press USA. p. 162. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0195304510" title="Special:BookSources/978-0195304510"><bdi>978-0195304510</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200804004534/https://books.google.com/books?id=uUleEW07AvgC&pg=PA162&lpg=PA162">Archived</a> from the original on August 4, 2020. 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Midnight Rising, p. 139. </li> <li id="cite_note-Senate-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Senate_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Senate_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress._Senate._Select_Committee_on_the_Harper's_Ferry_Invasion1860" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on the Harper's Ferry Invasion (June 15, 1860). "Testimony". In <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">Mason, John Murray</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ack4818.0001.001/1">Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210122213451/https://quod.lib.umich.edu/m/moa/ack4818.0001.001/1">Archived</a> from the original on January 22, 2021. Retrieved January 13, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Testimony&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Invasion&rft.date=1860-06-15&rft.au=United+States+Congress.+Senate.+Select+Committee+on+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmoa%2Fack4818.0001.001%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspaperarchive.com/wheeling-daily-intelligencer-apr-09-1859-p-3/">"Change of time"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intelligencer_and_Wheeling_News_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="The Intelligencer and Wheeling News Register">Wheeling Daily Intelligencer</a> (<a href="/wiki/Wheeling,_West_Virginia" title="Wheeling, West Virginia">Wheeling, West Virginia</a>). April 9, 1859. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194710/https://newspaperarchive.com/wheeling-daily-intelligencer-apr-09-1859-p-3/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved December 11, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspaperarchive.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspaperarchive.com">newspaperarchive.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wheeling+Daily+Intelligencer+%28Wheeling%2C+West+Virginia%29&rft.atitle=Change+of+time&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1859-04-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspaperarchive.com%2Fwheeling-daily-intelligencer-apr-09-1859-p-3%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOates1968" class="citation journal cs1">Oates, Stephen B. (Winter 1968). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43467939">"John Brown's Bloody Pilgrimage"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southwest_Review" title="Southwest Review">Southwest Review</a>. 53 (1): 1–22, at p. 13. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/43467939">43467939</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southwest+Review&rft.atitle=John+Brown%27s+Bloody+Pilgrimage&rft.ssn=winter&rft.volume=53&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1-%3C%2Fspan%3E22%2C+at+p.+13&rft.date=1968&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43467939%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Oates&rft.aufirst=Stephen+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F43467939&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Reynolds-50">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Reynolds_50-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReynolds2005" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_S._Reynolds" title="David S. Reynolds">Reynolds, David S.</a> (2005). John Brown, Abolitionist. The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. <a href="/wiki/Vintage_Books" title="Vintage Books">Vintage Books</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0375726152" title="Special:BookSources/0375726152"><bdi>0375726152</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%2C+Abolitionist.+The+Man+Who+Killed+Slavery%2C+Sparked+the+Civil+War%2C+and+Seeded+Civil+Rights&rft.pub=Vintage+Books&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=0375726152&rft.aulast=Reynolds&rft.aufirst=David+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58124888/paragraph-on-john-brown/">"Commander of the insurrectionists"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Dispatch" class="mw-redirect" title="Richmond Dispatch">Richmond Dispatch</a> (<a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia" title="Richmond, Virginia">Richmond, Virginia</a>). October 20, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130415/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58124888/paragraph-on-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 27, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Dispatch+%28Richmond%2C+Virginia%29&rft.atitle=Commander+of+the+insurrectionists&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F58124888%2Fparagraph-on-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Riot-52"><a href="#cite_ref-Riot_52-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59263681/john-brosns-riot-at-harpers-ferry/">"More on the Harpers Ferry Riot"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Athens_Post&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Athens Post (page does not exist)">The Athens Post</a> (<a href="/wiki/Athens,_Tennessee" title="Athens, Tennessee">Athens, Tennessee</a>). October 28, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194721/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59263681/john-browns-riot-at-harpers-ferry/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 14, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Athens+Post+%28Athens%2C+Tennessee%29&rft.atitle=More+on+the+Harpers+Ferry+Riot&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F59263681%2Fjohn-brosns-riot-at-harpers-ferry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49997163/new-york-daily-herald/">"Fearful and exciting intelligence"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>. October 18, 1859. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130415/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/49997163/new-york-daily-herald/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Fearful+and+exciting+intelligence&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1859-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F49997163%2Fnew-york-daily-herald%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=AG18591019&e=------185-en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22John+brown%22+wise----1859---">"The Insurrection at Harpers Ferry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Gazette" title="Alexandria Gazette">Alexandria Gazette</a>. October 19, 1859. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130417/https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=AG18591019&e=------185-en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%22John+brown%22+wise----1859---">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette&rft.atitle=The+Insurrection+at+Harpers+Ferry&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1859-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirginiachronicle.com%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DAG18591019%26e%3D------185-en-20--1-byDA-txt-txIN-%2522John%2Bbrown%2522%2Bwise----1859---&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63975498/john-browns-intent-to-establish-freedom/">"The Attempt to Establish Freedom. The attempt made"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Anti-Slavery_Bugle" class="mw-redirect" title="Anti-Slavery Bugle">Anti-Slavery Bugle</a> (<a href="/wiki/Lisbon,_Ohio" title="Lisbon, Ohio">Lisbon, Ohio</a>). October 29, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194704/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/63975498/john-browns-intent-to-establish-freedom/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved November 25, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Anti-Slavery+Bugle+%28Lisbon%2C+Ohio%29&rft.atitle=The+Attempt+to+Establish+Freedom.+The+attempt+made&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F63975498%2Fjohn-browns-intent-to-establish-freedom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/harpers-ferry-wv/25425/october-weather/2175592">"Harpers Ferry October Weather 2015 - AccuWeather Forecast for WV 25425"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151208182227/http://www.accuweather.com/en/us/harpers-ferry-wv/25425/october-weather/2175592">Archived</a> from the original on December 8, 2015. Retrieved August 26, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harpers+Ferry+October+Weather+2015+-+AccuWeather+Forecast+for+WV+25425&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.accuweather.com%2Fen%2Fus%2Fharpers-ferry-wv%2F25425%2Foctober-weather%2F2175592&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Osowotomy-57">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Osowotomy_57-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osowotomy_57-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osowotomy_57-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osowotomy_57-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Osowotomy_57-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFA_Citizen_of_Harpers_Ferry1859" class="citation book cs1">A Citizen of Harpers Ferry (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.slavery.amdigital.co.uk/Contents/Transcript.aspx?imageid=652581&vpath=searchresults">Startling incidents & developments of Osowotomy Brown's insurrectory and treasonable movements at Harper's Ferry, Virginia, October 17th, 1859 : with a true and accurate account of the whole transaction</a>. Baltimore. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210710123024/https://www.login.amdigital.co.uk/Login.aspx?sessionID=01jdb345xtanoo45ttebr02n&returnURL=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavery.amdigital.co.uk%2FContents%2FTranscript.aspx%3Fimageid%3D652581%26vpath%3Dsearchresults&login=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavery.amdigital.co.uk%2FLogin.aspx&cookiesTesting=true">Archived</a> from the original on July 10, 2021. Retrieved January 17, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Adam_Matthew" class="mw-redirect" title="Adam Matthew">Adam Matthew</a> (subscription required).</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Startling+incidents+%26+developments+of+Osowotomy+Brown%27s+insurrectory+and+treasonable+movements+at+Harper%27s+Ferry%2C+Virginia%2C+October+17th%2C+1859+%3A+with+a+true+and+accurate+account+of+the+whole+transaction&rft.place=Baltimore&rft.date=1859&rft.au=A+Citizen+of+Harpers+Ferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.slavery.amdigital.co.uk%2FContents%2FTranscript.aspx%3Fimageid%3D652581%26vpath%3Dsearchresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Cook-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Cook_58-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCook1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/w/index.php?title=John_E._Cook&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John E. Cook (page does not exist)">Cook, John E.</a> (November 11, 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may926904">Confession of John E. Cooke [sic], brother-in-law of Gov. A. P. Willard, of Indiana, and one of the participants in the Harper's Ferry invasion: published for the benefit of Samuel C. Young, a non-slaveholder, who is permanently disabled by a wound received in defence of Southern institutions</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Town, Virginia">Charles Town, Virginia</a>: D. Smith Eichelberger, publisher of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Independent_Democrat_(newspaper)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Independent Democrat (newspaper) (page does not exist)">Independent Democrat</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201209093310/https://digital.library.cornell.edu/catalog/may926904">Archived</a> from the original on December 9, 2020. Retrieved December 4, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Confession+of+John+E.+Cooke+%5Bsic%5D%2C+brother-in-law+of+Gov.+A.+P.+Willard%2C+of+Indiana%2C+and+one+of+the+participants+in+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+invasion%3A+published+for+the+benefit+of+Samuel+C.+Young%2C+a+non-slaveholder%2C+who+is+permanently+disabled+by+a+wound+received+in+defence+of+Southern+institutions&rft.place=Charles+Town%2C+Virginia&rft.pub=D.+Smith+Eichelberger%2C+publisher+of+the+Independent+Democrat&rft.date=1859-11-11&rft.aulast=Cook&rft.aufirst=John+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdigital.library.cornell.edu%2Fcatalog%2Fmay926904&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Redpath-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Redpath_59-11">l</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedpath1860" class="citation book cs1">Redpath, James (1860). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclifeofcapt00redprich">The Public Life of Captain John Brown</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Thayer_and_Eldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayer and Eldridge">Thayer and Eldridge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Life+of+Captain+John+Brown&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Thayer+and+Eldridge&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Redpath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclifeofcapt00redprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60818754/john-brownks-insurrection/">"Further particulars of the attempted insurrection in Virginia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a>. Boston, Massachusetts. October 28, 1859. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194705/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/60818754/john-browns-insurrection/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved October 9, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Further+particulars+of+the+attempted+insurrection+in+Virginia&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1859-10-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F60818754%2Fjohn-brownks-insurrection%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=WDI18591020.1.3&srpos=30&e=------185-en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22John+brown%22----1859---">"Further from Harper's Ferry!"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Intelligencer_and_Wheeling_News_Register" class="mw-redirect" title="The Intelligencer and Wheeling News Register">Wheeling Daily Intelligencer</a>. October 20, 1869. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130417/https://virginiachronicle.com/?a=d&d=WDI18591020.1.3&srpos=30&e=------185-en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%22John+brown%22----1859---">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wheeling+Daily+Intelligencer&rft.atitle=Further+from+Harper%27s+Ferry%21&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1869-10-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvirginiachronicle.com%2F%3Fa%3Dd%26d%3DWDI18591020.1.3%26srpos%3D30%26e%3D------185-en-20--21-byDA-txt-txIN-%2522John%2Bbrown%2522----1859---&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57418553/first-dispatches-from-harpers-ferry/">"The following dispatch has just been received from Frederick"</a>. Dawson's Fort Wayne Weekly Times (<a href="/wiki/Fort_Wayne,_Indiana" title="Fort Wayne, Indiana">Fort Wayne, Indiana</a>). October 15, 1859. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130427/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/57418553/first-dispatches-from-harpers-ferry/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 16, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Dawson%27s+Fort+Wayne+Weekly+Times+%28Fort+Wayne%2C+Indiana%29&rft.atitle=The+following+dispatch+has+just+been+received+from+Frederick&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1859-10-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F57418553%2Ffirst-dispatches-from-harpers-ferry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lee-63">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_63-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lee_63-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1902" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee, Robert E.</a> (1902). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/4242480">"The John Brown Letters. Found in the Virginia State Library in 1901"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Magazine of History and Biography">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</a>. 10 (1). (Some reprints of this report, first published here, omit the appendices): 17–32, at pp. 18–25. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4242480">4242480</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201229150202/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4242480">Archived</a> from the original on December 29, 2020. Retrieved November 28, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+John+Brown+Letters.+Found+in+the+Virginia+State+Library+in+1901&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E17-%3C%2Fspan%3E32%2C+at+pp.+18-25&rft.date=1902&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4242480%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4242480&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDaingerfield1885" class="citation magazine cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. 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(1890). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/historyoflowersh00norr/page/446/mode/2up?q=John+brown">History of the lower Shenandoah Valley counties of Frederick, Berkeley, Jefferson and Clarke, their early settlement and progress to the present time; geological features; a description of their historic and interesting localities; cities, towns and villages; portraits of some of the prominent men, and biographies of many of the representative citizens</a>. Chicago: A. Warner & Co.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+of+the+lower+Shenandoah+Valley+counties+of+Frederick%2C+Berkeley%2C+Jefferson+and+Clarke%2C+their+early+settlement+and+progress+to+the+present+time%3B+geological+features%3B+a+description+of+their+historic+and+interesting+localities%3B+cities%2C+towns+and+villages%3B+portraits+of+some+of+the+prominent+men%2C+and+biographies+of+many+of+the+representative+citizens&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=A.+Warner+%26+Co.&rft.date=1890&rft.aulast=Norris&rft.aufirst=J.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fhistoryoflowersh00norr%2Fpage%2F446%2Fmode%2F2up%3Fq%3DJohn%2Bbrown&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Era10181859-66">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Era10181859_66-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Era10181859_66-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64384237/report-on-harpers-ferry-raid/">"Harpers Ferry Insurrection"</a>. <a href="/wiki/National_Era" class="mw-redirect" title="National Era">National Era</a> (Washington, D.C.). October 27, 1859 [October 18, 1859]. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210202142400/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/64384237/report-on-harpers-ferry-raid/">Archived</a> from the original on February 2, 2021. Retrieved December 1, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=National+Era+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.atitle=Harpers+Ferry+Insurrection&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1859-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F64384237%2Freport-on-harpers-ferry-raid%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=coo.31924079630582">"Monthly Record of Current Events. United States"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Harper's">Harper's</a>. Vol. 20. December 1859. pp. 115–116.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Harper%27s&rft.atitle=Monthly+Record+of+Current+Events.+United+States&rft.volume=20&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E115-%3C%2Fspan%3E116&rft.date=1859-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dcoo.31924079630582&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarquette1916" class="citation news cs1">Marquette, M. A. (March 23, 1916). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77778455/story-of-john-browns-raid-told-by-ma/">"Story of John Brown's raid told by late M. A. Marquette"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Portsmouth_Daily_Times" title="Portsmouth Daily Times">Portsmouth Daily Times</a> (<a href="/wiki/Portsmouth,_Ohio" title="Portsmouth, Ohio">Portsmouth, Ohio</a>). p. 10. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210516102714/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/77778455/story-of-john-browns-raid-told-by-ma/">Archived</a> from the original on May 16, 2021. Retrieved May 16, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Portsmouth+Daily+Times+%28Portsmouth%2C+Ohio%29&rft.atitle=Story+of+John+Brown%27s+raid+told+by+late+M.+A.+Marquette&rft.pages=10&rft.date=1916-03-23&rft.aulast=Marquette&rft.aufirst=M.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F77778455%2Fstory-of-john-browns-raid-told-by-ma%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-DeWitt-69"><a href="#cite_ref-DeWitt_69-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDe_Witt1859" class="citation book cs1">De Witt, Robert M. (1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/lifetrialandexe00cogoog/page/n6/mode/2up">The Life, Trial and Execution of Captain John Brown, Known as "Old Brown of Ossawatomie", with a full account of the attempted insurrection at Harper's Ferry, Virginia. Compiled from official and authentic sources. Inducting Cooke's Confession, and all the Incidents of the Execution</a>. New York: Robert M. 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Strother">Strother, David H.</a> (April 1965). Eby, Cecil D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">"The Last Hours of the John Brown Raid: The Narrative of David H. Strother"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Magazine of History and Biography">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</a>. 73 (2): 169–177 at p. 172 n. 11. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">4247105</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614164303/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. 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October 21, 1859. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194721/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59173948/events-at-harpers-ferry-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved September 13, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Richmond+Dispatch&rft.atitle=Important+from+Harpers+Ferry&rft.date=1859-10-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F59173948%2Fevents-at-harpers-ferry-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Korda-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Korda_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korda_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Korda_72-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda2014" class="citation book cs1">Korda, Michael (2014). Clouds of Glory : The Life and Legend of Robert E. Lee. An excerpt, "When Robert E. Lee Met John Brown and Saved the Union", was published in <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Beast" title="The Daily Beast">The Daily Beast</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harper_(publisher)" title="Harper (publisher)">Harper</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0062116314" title="Special:BookSources/978-0062116314"><bdi>978-0062116314</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Clouds+of+Glory+%3A+The+Life+and+Legend+of+Robert+E.+Lee&rft.pub=Harper&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0062116314&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Star-73">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Star_73-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Star_73-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1859-10-19/ed-1/seq-2/">"The insurrection at Harper's Ferry. —Antecedents of the originators. — Authentic details"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Washington_Star" title="The Washington Star">Evening Star</a> (Washington, D.C.). October 19, 1859. p. 2.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Evening+Star+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.atitle=The+insurrection+at+Harper%27s+Ferry.+%E2%80%94Antecedents+of+the+originators.+%E2%80%94+Authentic+details&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1859-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fchroniclingamerica.loc.gov%2Flccn%2Fsn83045462%2F1859-10-19%2Fed-1%2Fseq-2%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sun1-74"><a href="#cite_ref-Sun1_74-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58069049/full-reports-insurrection-in-harpers/">"Incidents of the second battle"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Baltimore_Sun" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore Sun">Baltimore Sun</a>. October 19, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130439/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/58069049/full-reports-insurrection-in-harpers/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 26, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Baltimore+Sun&rft.atitle=Incidents+of+the+second+battle&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F58069049%2Ffull-reports-insurrection-in-harpers%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/71777401/harpers-ferry/">"Where Abolitionist Leader Met His Waterloo"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh_Sun-Telegraph" title="Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph">Pittsburgh Sun-Telegraph</a>. May 13, 1945. p. 47. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194705/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/71777401/harpers-ferry/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved February 22, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Pittsburgh+Sun-Telegraph&rft.atitle=Where+Abolitionist+Leader+Met+His+Waterloo&rft.pages=47&rft.date=1945-05-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F71777401%2Fharpers-ferry%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-76"><a href="#cite_ref-76">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreeley1864" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Horace_Greeley" title="Horace Greeley">Greeley, Horace</a> (1864). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=b66NS2rUMIsC&q=William+H.+Leeman&pg=PA292">The American Conflict: A History: Part One</a>. Kessinger. p. 292. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1417908288" title="Special:BookSources/978-1417908288"><bdi>978-1417908288</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194705/https://books.google.com/books?id=b66NS2rUMIsC&q=William+H.+Leeman&pg=PA292">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved October 23, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+American+Conflict%3A+A+History%3A+Part+One&rft.pages=292&rft.pub=Kessinger&rft.date=1864&rft.isbn=978-1417908288&rft.aulast=Greeley&rft.aufirst=Horace&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Db66NS2rUMIsC%26q%3DWilliam%2BH.%2BLeeman%26pg%3DPA292&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Atlantic-77">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_77-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Atlantic_77-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKeeler1874" class="citation magazine cs1">Keeler, Ralph (March 1874). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.25763588&view=2up">"Owen Brown's Escape From Harper's Ferry"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Monthly" class="mw-redirect" title="Atlantic Monthly">Atlantic Monthly</a>. pp. 342–365. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194718/https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=chi.25763588&view=2up&seq=9&a=zoom:1">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved October 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Monthly&rft.atitle=Owen+Brown%27s+Escape+From+Harper%27s+Ferry.&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E342-%3C%2Fspan%3E365&rft.date=1874-03&rft.aulast=Keeler&rft.aufirst=Ralph&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbabel.hathitrust.org%2Fcgi%2Fpt%3Fid%3Dchi.25763588%26view%3D2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62665097/effect-of-the-harpers-ferry-news-in/">"Effect of the News in Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charleston_Daily_Courier" class="mw-redirect" title="Charleston Daily Courier">Charleston Daily Courier</a> (<a href="/wiki/Charleston,_South_Carolina" title="Charleston, South Carolina">Charleston, South Carolina</a>). October 22, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194706/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/62665097/effect-of-the-harpers-ferry-news-in/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved November 6, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Charleston+Daily+Courier+%28Charleston%2C+South+Carolina%29&rft.atitle=Effect+of+the+News+in+Washington&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F62665097%2Feffect-of-the-harpers-ferry-news-in%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> Emory M. Thomas, Robert E. Lee: A Biography (1995) p. 180 </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1904" class="citation book cs1">Lee, Robert E. (1904). Recollections and letters of General Robert E. Lee. Robert E. Lee the author (1843–1914) is a son of Robert E. Lee the general (1807–1870). New York: <a href="/wiki/Doubleday_(publisher)" title="Doubleday (publisher)">Doubleday, Page</a>. p. 22.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Recollections+and+letters+of+General+Robert+E.+Lee&rft.place=New+York&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Doubleday%2C+Page&rft.date=1904&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKorda2014" class="citation news cs1">Korda, Michael (May 15, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thedailybeast.com/when-robert-e-lee-met-john-brown-and-saved-the-union">"When Robert e. Lee Met John Brown and Saved the Union"</a>. The Daily Beast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Beast&rft.atitle=When+Robert+e.+Lee+Met+John+Brown+and+Saved+the+Union&rft.date=2014-05-15&rft.aulast=Korda&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thedailybeast.com%2Fwhen-robert-e-lee-met-john-brown-and-saved-the-union&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/owenbrownescape.html">"Owen Brown's Escape From Harper's Ferry"</a>. www.wvculture.org. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180330143646/http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/owenbrownescape.html">Archived</a> from the original on March 30, 2018. Retrieved June 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.wvculture.org&rft.atitle=Owen+Brown%27s+Escape+From+Harper%27s+Ferry&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fjbexhibit%2Fowenbrownescape.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Simmons1887-83"><a href="#cite_ref-Simmons1887_83-0">^</a> Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising. G. M. Rowell & Company, 1887. p. 160 </li> <li id="cite_note-Gath-84">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Gath_84-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Gath_84-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGath1883" class="citation news cs1">Gath (May 2, 1883). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/118699960/congressman-boteler-interviews-john/">"Reminiscences of Old John Brown, of Harper's Ferry. Striking Characteristics of the Man—The Object and the Possibilities of His Raid Into Virginia"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Cincinnati_Enquirer" title="The Cincinnati Enquirer">The Cincinnati Enquirer</a>. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.atitle=Reminiscences+of+Old+John+Brown%2C+of+Harper%27s+Ferry.+Striking+Characteristics+of+the+Man%E2%80%94The+Object+and+the+Possibilities+of+His+Raid+Into+Virginia&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1883-05-02&rft.au=Gath&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F118699960%2Fcongressman-boteler-interviews-john%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mcglonebrown-85"><a href="#cite_ref-Mcglonebrown_85-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGlone1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">McGlone, Robert E. (1995). "John Brown, Henry Wise, and the Politics of Insanity". In <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Finkelman, Paul</a> (ed.). His Soul Goes Marching On. Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid. <a href="/wiki/Charlottesville,_Virginia" title="Charlottesville, Virginia">Charlottesville, Virginia</a>: <a href="/wiki/University_Press_of_Virginia" class="mw-redirect" title="University Press of Virginia">University Press of Virginia</a>. pp. 213–252, at p. 235. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0813915368" title="Special:BookSources/0813915368"><bdi>0813915368</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=John+Brown%2C+Henry+Wise%2C+and+the+Politics+of+Insanity&rft.btitle=His+Soul+Goes+Marching+On.+Responses+to+John+Brown+and+the+Harpers+Ferry+Raid&rft.place=Charlottesville%2C+Virginia&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E213-%3C%2Fspan%3E252%2C+at+p.+235&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Virginia&rft.date=1995&rft.isbn=0813915368&rft.aulast=McGlone&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWyatt-Brown1995" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Wyatt-Brown, Bertram (1995). 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North Carolina Law Review. 91 (5): 1785–1815. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190430190254/https://scholarlycommons.law.northwestern.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1208&context=facultyworkingpapers">Archived</a> from the original on April 30, 2019. 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B.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=50&ipp=20&searchterm=shakers&vol=30&pages=184-289">"Vallandingham and John Brown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Ohio_History_Journal" class="mw-redirect" title="Ohio History Journal">Ohio History Journal</a>: 266–271. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210602220258/https://resources.ohiohistory.org/ohj/search/display.php?page=50&ipp=20&searchterm=shakers&vol=30&pages=184-289">Archived</a> from the original on June 2, 2021. Retrieved November 19, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ohio+History+Journal&rft.atitle=Vallandingham+and+John+Brown&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E266-%3C%2Fspan%3E271&rft.aulast=Galbreath&rft.aufirst=C.+B.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresources.ohiohistory.org%2Fohj%2Fsearch%2Fdisplay.php%3Fpage%3D50%26ipp%3D20%26searchterm%3Dshakers%26vol%3D30%26pages%3D184-289&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Religious-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Religious_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeCaro_Jr.2002" class="citation book cs1">DeCaro Jr., Louis A. (2002). "Fire from the Midst of You": A Religious Life of John Brown'. New York: <a href="/wiki/New_York_University_Press" title="New York University Press">New York University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/081471921X" title="Special:BookSources/081471921X"><bdi>081471921X</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%22Fire+from+the+Midst+of+You%22%3A+A+Religious+Life+of+John+Brown%27&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=New+York+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=081471921X&rft.aulast=DeCaro+Jr.&rft.aufirst=Louis+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-90"><a href="#cite_ref-90">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61936285/a-long-conversation-with-john-brown/">"A Long Conversation with Brown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Era" title="The National Era">The National Era</a> (<a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington, D.C.</a>). October 27, 1859. p. 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201113104745/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61936285/a-long-conversation-with-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on November 13, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+National+Era+%28Washington%2C+D.C.%29&rft.atitle=A+Long+Conversation+with+Brown&rft.pages=3&rft.date=1859-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F61936285%2Fa-long-conversation-with-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThoreau1859" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Henry_D._Thoreau" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry D. Thoreau">Thoreau, Henry D.</a> (November 5, 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69252439/thoreau-on-john-brown/">"Captain John Brown of Ossawatomie"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194706/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/69252439/thoreau-on-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved February 3, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Captain+John+Brown+of+Ossawatomie&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1859-11-05&rft.aulast=Thoreau&rft.aufirst=Henry+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F69252439%2Fthoreau-on-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67094591/vallandingham-and-john-brown/">"Letter to the editor of the Cincinnati Enquirer"</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Daily_Empire&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Daily Empire (page does not exist)">Daily Empire</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dayton,_Ohio" title="Dayton, Ohio">Dayton, Ohio</a>). October 25, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194707/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/67094591/vallandingham-and-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved January 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Daily+Empire+%28Dayton%2C+Ohio%29&rft.atitle=Letter+to+the+editor+of+the+Cincinnati+Enquirer&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F67094591%2Fvallandingham-and-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrother1965" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Strother" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Strother">Strother, D. H.</a> (April 1965). Ely, Cecil D. (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">"The Last Hours of the John Brown Raid: The Narrative of David H. Strother"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Magazine of History and Biography">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</a>. 73 (2): 169–177. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">4247105</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210614164303/https://www.jstor.org/stable/4247105">Archived</a> from the original on June 14, 2021. Retrieved May 19, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=The+Last+Hours+of+the+John+Brown+Raid%3A+The+Narrative+of+David+H.+Strother&rft.volume=73&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E169-%3C%2Fspan%3E177&rft.date=1965-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4247105%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=D.+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4247105&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33434279/cf-lg-report-for-harpers-ferry-the/">"Effect of the news in Washington"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Exchange" title="The Daily Exchange">The Daily Exchange</a> (<a href="/wiki/Baltimore,_Maryland" class="mw-redirect" title="Baltimore, Maryland">Baltimore, Maryland</a>). October 19, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200829130440/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/33434279/cf-lg-report-for-harpers-ferry-the/">Archived</a> from the original on August 29, 2020. Retrieved August 18, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Exchange+%28Baltimore%2C+Maryland%29&rft.atitle=Effect+of+the+news+in+Washington&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F33434279%2Fcf-lg-report-for-harpers-ferry-the%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStrother1859" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Strother" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Strother">Strother, David</a> (October 21, 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59131494/interview-of-john-brown/">"Military orders from Governor Wise"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Herald" title="New York Herald">New York Herald</a>. Signed "Our Special Correspondent". p. 1, column 3. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210428032334/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59131494/interview-of-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on April 28, 2021. Retrieved September 12, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=Military+orders+from+Governor+Wise&rft.pages=1%2C+column+3&rft.date=1859-10-21&rft.aulast=Strother&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F59131494%2Finterview-of-john-brown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHunter1897" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Hunter, Andrew</a> (1897). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publicationssou02assogoog/page/n176/mode/1up">"John Brown's Raid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Southern_Historical_Association" title="Southern Historical Association">Southern History Association</a>. 1 (3): 165–195.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Southern+History+Association&rft.atitle=John+Brown%27s+Raid&rft.volume=1&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E165-%3C%2Fspan%3E195&rft.date=1897&rft.aulast=Hunter&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpublicationssou02assogoog%2Fpage%2Fn176%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sanborn-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Sanborn_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Sanborn_97-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSanbornBrown1885" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Sanborn, Franklin B</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">Brown, John</a> (1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/DKC0110/page/n1/mode/2up">The Life and Letters of John Brown, Liberator of Kansas, and Martyr of Virginia</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Roberts_Brothers" title="Roberts Brothers">Roberts Brothers</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Life+and+Letters+of+John+Brown%2C+Liberator+of+Kansas%2C+and+Martyr+of+Virginia&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Roberts+Brothers&rft.date=1885&rft.aulast=Sanborn&rft.aufirst=Franklin+B&rft.au=Brown%2C+John&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FDKC0110%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61934490/governor-wise-on-john-browns-raid-on/">"Gov. Wise's Return from Harper's Ferry—His Speech in Richmond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Daily Herald">New York Daily Herald</a>. October 25, 1859. p. 4. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030215328/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61934490/governor-wise-on-john-browns-raid-on/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Gov.+Wise%27s+Return+from+Harper%27s+Ferry%E2%80%94His+Speech+in+Richmond&rft.pages=4&rft.date=1859-10-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F61934490%2Fgovernor-wise-on-john-browns-raid-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise1-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wise1_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise1_99-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61933822/virginia-governor-wise-on-john-browns/">"Speech of Governor Wise at Richmond"</a>. <a href="/wiki/New_York_Daily_Herald" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Daily Herald">New York Daily Herald</a>. October 26, 1859. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201030215814/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61933822/virginia-governor-wise-on-john-browns/">Archived</a> from the original on October 30, 2020. Retrieved October 27, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Daily+Herald&rft.atitle=Speech+of+Governor+Wise+at+Richmond&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F61933822%2Fvirginia-governor-wise-on-john-browns%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Wise-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wise_100-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61933254/virginia-governor-wise-on-johnbrown/">"Gov Wise's Speech at Richmond on the Subject of the Harper's Ferry Rebellion"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Alexandria_Gazette" title="Alexandria Gazette">Alexandria Gazette</a> (<a href="/wiki/Alexandria,_Virginia" title="Alexandria, Virginia">Alexandria, Virginia</a>). October 27, 1859. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210825194708/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/61933254/virginia-governor-wise-on-john-brown/">Archived</a> from the original on August 25, 2021. Retrieved October 27, 2020 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Alexandria+Gazette+%28Alexandria%2C+Virginia%29&rft.atitle=Gov+Wise%27s+Speech+at+Richmond+on+the+Subject+of+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Rebellion&rft.pages=2&rft.date=1859-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F61933254%2Fvirginia-governor-wise-on-johnbrown%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVallandingham1859" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Clement_Vallandingham" class="mw-redirect" title="Clement Vallandingham">Vallandingham, Clement</a> (November 11, 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73678456/letter-from-frederick-douglass/">"Letter to unidentified recipient"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Liberator_(newspaper)" title="The Liberator (newspaper)">The Liberator</a>. Boston, Massachusetts. p. 1. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210413201032/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/73678456/letter-from-frederick-douglass/">Archived</a> from the original on April 13, 2021. Retrieved May 11, 2021 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Liberator&rft.atitle=Letter+to+unidentified+recipient&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-11-11&rft.aulast=Vallandingham&rft.aufirst=Clement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newspapers.com%2Fclip%2F73678456%2Fletter-from-frederick-douglass%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Herald1-102">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Herald1_102-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herald1_102-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Herald1_102-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREF[Strother1859" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_H._Strother" class="mw-redirect" title="David H. Strother">[Strother, David</a> (October 21, 1859). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newspapers.com/clip/59131494/interview-of-john-brown/">"The Harper's Ferry Outbreak. Verbatim Report of the Questioning of Old Brown by Senator Mason, Congressman Vallandigham, and Others. He Refuses to Disclose the Names of his Abettors, but Confesses to Interviews with Joshua R. Giddings, and Endorses Gerrit Smith's Letter. He Declares that he Received his Wounds After Surrendering. His Statement to the Herald Reporter. The Slavery Question Must Come up for Settlement Sooner than the Southern People Calculate on. The Property of Slaveholders to have been Confiscated. Military Orders from Gov. Wise. He is Mortified at the Disgrace Brought on the State—Brown's Magazine. Letter from Gerrit Smith to Capt. Brown. 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Retrieved January 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown+and+his+men%3B+with+some+account+of+the+roads+they+traveled+to+reach+Harper%27s+Ferry&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Funk+%26+Wagnalls&rft.date=1894&rft.aulast=Hinton&rft.aufirst=Richard+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fquod.lib.umich.edu%2Fm%2Fmoa%2Fack4822.0001.001%2F307%3Fpage%3Droot%3Brgn%3Dfull%2Btext%3Bsize%3D100%3Bview%3Dimage%3Bq1%3DShields&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcQuillen2017" class="citation web cs1">McQuillen, Charles (March 25, 2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlesmcquillen.com/john-steuart-curry-tragic-prelude-english-language-arts-lesson-plan/">"Cross-Curricular Connect: Tragic Prelude"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200317224414/https://charlesmcquillen.com/john-steuart-curry-tragic-prelude-english-language-arts-lesson-plan/">Archived</a> from the original on March 17, 2020. Retrieved April 7, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Cross-Curricular+Connect%3A+Tragic+Prelude&rft.date=2017-03-25&rft.aulast=McQuillen&rft.aufirst=Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcharlesmcquillen.com%2Fjohn-steuart-curry-tragic-prelude-english-language-arts-lesson-plan%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-wickedlocal.com-122"><a href="#cite_ref-wickedlocal.com_122-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2008" class="citation news cs1">Lynch, Matt (July 22, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://marlborough.wickedlocal.com/article/20080722/NEWS/307229423">"For whom should John Brown's bell toll?"</a>. Marlborough Enterprise. Retrieved July 3, 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Marlborough+Enterprise&rft.atitle=For+whom+should+John+Brown%27s+bell+toll%3F&rft.date=2008-07-22&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Matt&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmarlborough.wickedlocal.com%2Farticle%2F20080722%2FNEWS%2F307229423&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><div class="side-box metadata side-box-right"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:The_Wikipedia_Library" title="Wikipedia:The Wikipedia Library">Library resources</a> about John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry <hr /></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Brown%26%2339%3Bs+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry&library=OLBP">Online books</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Brown%26%2339%3Bs+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry">Resources in your library</a></li> <li><a class="external text" href="https://ftl.toolforge.org/cgi-bin/ftl?st=wp&su=John+Brown%26%2339%3Bs+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry&library=0CHOOSE0">Resources in other libraries</a></li> </ul></div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_sources_for_John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">List of sources for John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Primary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Primary sources">Primary sources</a> (arranged from oldest to most recent) <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Lee, Robert E.</a> (October 19, 1859). "Colonel Lee to the Adjutant General". In <a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">Mason, James M.</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710135118/http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html">Senate Select Committee Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html">the original</a> on July 10, 2016. Retrieved January 28, 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Colonel+Lee+to+the+Adjutant+General&rft.btitle=Senate+Select+Committee+Report+on+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Invasion&rft.date=1859-10-19&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=Robert+E.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wvculture.org%2Fhistory%2Fjbexhibit%2Fmasonreport.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJefferson_County_Grand_Jury1859" class="citation web cs1">Jefferson County Grand Jury (October 30, 1859) [October 26, 1859]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://newspapers.com/image/593181392/?terms=%22Shields%20green%22&match=1">"The Bill of Indictment Found Against the Prisoners"</a>. New York Herald. p. 1 – via <a href="/wiki/Newspapers.com" class="mw-redirect" title="Newspapers.com">newspapers.com</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=New+York+Herald&rft.atitle=The+Bill+of+Indictment+Found+Against+the+Prisoners&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1859-10-30&rft.au=Jefferson+County+Grand+Jury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnewspapers.com%2Fimage%2F593181392%2F%3Fterms%3D%2522Shields%2520green%2522%26match%3D1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrumbull1859" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Lyman_Trumbull" title="Lyman Trumbull">Trumbull, Lyman</a> (1859) [December 6, 7, 8, 1859]. Remarks of Hon. Lyman Trumbull, of Illinois, on seizure of arsenals at Harper's Ferry, Va., and Liberty, Mo., and in vindication of the Republican party and its creed, in response to Senators Chesnut, Yulee, Saulsbury, Clay and Pugh. Washington, D.C.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Remarks+of+Hon.+Lyman+Trumbull%2C+of+Illinois%2C+on+seizure+of+arsenals+at+Harper%27s+Ferry%2C+Va.%2C+and+Liberty%2C+Mo.%2C+and+in+vindication+of+the+Republican+party+and+its+creed%2C+in+response+to+Senators+Chesnut%2C+Yulee%2C+Saulsbury%2C+Clay+and+Pugh&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.date=1859&rft.aulast=Trumbull&rft.aufirst=Lyman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedpath1860" class="citation book cs1">Redpath, James (1860) [December 25, 1859]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/publiclifeofcapt00redprich">The Public Life of Captain John Brown</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Thayer_and_Eldridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Thayer and Eldridge">Thayer and Eldridge</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Public+Life+of+Captain+John+Brown&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Thayer+and+Eldridge&rft.date=1860&rft.aulast=Redpath&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fpubliclifeofcapt00redprich&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndrewGreen1952" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Albion_Andrew" title="John Albion Andrew">Andrew, John A.</a>; <a href="/w/index.php?title=William_Green_(lawyer)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="William Green (lawyer) (page does not exist)">Green, William</a> (January 1952) [30 December 1859–16 January 1860]. Shackelford, George Green (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4245819">"From the Society's Collections: Attorneys Andrew of Boston and Green of Richmond Consider the John Brown Raid"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Virginia_Magazine_of_History_and_Biography" class="mw-redirect" title="Virginia Magazine of History and Biography">Virginia Magazine of History and Biography</a>. 60 (1): 89–114 (28 pages). <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/4245819">4245819</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Virginia+Magazine+of+History+and+Biography&rft.atitle=From+the+Society%27s+Collections%3A+Attorneys+Andrew+of+Boston+and+Green+of+Richmond+Consider+the+John+Brown+Raid&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=89-114+%2828+pages%29&rft.date=1952-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4245819%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.aulast=Andrew&rft.aufirst=John+A.&rft.au=Green%2C+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F4245819&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUnited_States_Congress._Senate._Select_Committee_on_the_Harper's_Ferry_Invasion1860" class="citation book cs1">United States Congress. Senate. Select Committee on the Harper's Ferry Invasion (June 15, 1860). <a href="/wiki/James_Murray_Mason" class="mw-redirect" title="James Murray Mason">Mason, John Murray</a> (ed.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/reportselectcommi00unit/page/n1">Report on the Harper's Ferry Invasion</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Report+on+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Invasion&rft.date=1860-06-15&rft.au=United+States+Congress.+Senate.+Select+Committee+on+the+Harper%27s+Ferry+Invasion&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Freportselectcommi00unit%2Fpage%2Fn1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> Same text is more legible <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html">here</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160710135118/http://www.wvculture.org/history/jbexhibit/masonreport.html">Archived</a> July 10, 2016, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnderson1861" class="citation book cs1">Anderson, Osborne P. (1861). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/voicefromharpers01ande">A Voice from Harper's Ferry: A Narrative of Events at Harper's Ferry : with Incidents Prior and Subsequent to Its Capture by Captain Brown and His Men</a>. Boston.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Voice+from+Harper%27s+Ferry%3A+A+Narrative+of+Events+at+Harper%27s+Ferry+%3A+with+Incidents+Prior+and+Subsequent+to+Its+Capture+by+Captain+Brown+and+His+Men&rft.place=Boston&rft.date=1861&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Osborne+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fvoicefromharpers01ande&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreen1885" class="citation news cs1"><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Green, Israel</a> (December 1885). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.iath.virginia.edu/jbrown/igreen.html">"The Capture of John Brown"</a>. <a href="/wiki/North_American_Review" title="North American Review">North American Review</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=North+American+Review&rft.atitle=The+Capture+of+John+Brown&rft.date=1885-12&rft.aulast=Green&rft.aufirst=Israel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.iath.virginia.edu%2Fjbrown%2Figreen.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAvey1906" class="citation book cs1">Avey, Elijah (1906). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forgottenbooks.com/en/readbook/TheCaptureandExecutionofJohnBrownaTaleofMartyrdom_10140253#8">The Capture and Execution of John Brown</a>. Chicago: <a href="/wiki/Brethren_Publishing_House" class="mw-redirect" title="Brethren Publishing House">Brethren Publishing House</a>. Retrieved November 6, 2018. <q>Eyewitness.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Capture+and+Execution+of+John+Brown&rft.place=Chicago&rft.pub=Brethren+Publishing+House&rft.date=1906&rft.aulast=Avey&rft.aufirst=Elijah&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.forgottenbooks.com%2Fen%2Freadbook%2FTheCaptureandExecutionofJohnBrownaTaleofMartyrdom_10140253%238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWarch1973" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Richard_Warch" title="Richard Warch">Warch, Richard</a>, ed. (1973). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnbrown0000warc/page/n3/mode/2up">John Brown</a>. [Collection of primary documents]. <a href="/wiki/Englewood_Cliffs,_New_Jersey" title="Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey">Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey</a>: <a href="/wiki/Prentice-Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Prentice-Hall">Prentice-Hall</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown&rft.place=Englewood+Cliffs%2C+New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice-Hall&rft.date=1973&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnbrown0000warc%2Fpage%2Fn3%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stauffer_(professor)" title="John Stauffer (professor)">Stauffer, John</a> and Zoe Trodd, eds. (2012). The Tribunal: Responses to John Brown and the Harpers Ferry Raid. Cambridge, Massachusetts and London, England: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/bookrev-jul13-pdf-1.pdf">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Finkelman" title="Paul Finkelman">Paul Finkelman</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nybooks.com/articles/2013/03/07/terrorist-or-martyr/">Review</a> by <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Benfey" title="Christopher Benfey">Christopher Benfey</a></li></ul></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Secondary_sources" class="mw-redirect" title="Secondary sources">Secondary sources</a> (alphabetical) <ul><li>Earle, Jonathan. <a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a>'s <a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry">Raid on Harpers Ferry</a>: A Brief History with Documents (2008) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RsfO24SuhcIC&q=%22harper%27s+ferry%22">excerpt and text search</a></li> <li>Field, Ron. Avenging Angel: John Brown's Raid on Harpers Ferry 1859 (2012). Osprey Raid Series #36. Osprey Publishing. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1849087575" title="Special:BookSources/978-1849087575">978-1849087575</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tony_Horwitz" title="Tony Horwitz">Horwitz, Tony</a>. Midnight Rising: John Brown and the Raid That Sparked the Civil War (2011) <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLandon1921" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Fred_Landon" title="Fred Landon">Landon, Fred</a> (1921). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fadedpage.com/showbook.php?pid=20220314">"Canadian Negroes and the John Brown Raid"</a>. Journal of Negro History. VI (2): 174–182. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F2713730">10.2307/2713730</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/2713730">2713730</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:150319215">150319215</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Negro+History&rft.atitle=Canadian+Negroes+and+the+John+Brown+Raid&rft.volume=VI&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E174-%3C%2Fspan%3E182&rft.date=1921&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A150319215%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F2713730%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F2713730&rft.aulast=Landon&rft.aufirst=Fred&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.fadedpage.com%2Fshowbook.php%3Fpid%3D20220314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcGinty2009" class="citation book cs1">McGinty, Brian (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=aZQxEsFJV-IC&q=john+brown%27s+trial">John Brown's Trial</a>. <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University_Press" title="Harvard University Press">Harvard University Press</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03517-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-674-03517-1"><bdi>978-0-674-03517-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%27s+Trial&rft.pub=Harvard+University+Press&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-0-674-03517-1&rft.aulast=McGinty&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DaZQxEsFJV-IC%26q%3Djohn%2Bbrown%2527s%2Btrial&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.fedbar.org/wp-content/uploads/2009/10/bookreviewsoct09-pdf-1.pdf">Reviewed</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNalty1959" class="citation book cs1">Nalty, Bernard C. (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/UnitedStatesMarinesAtHarpersFerryAndInTheCivilWar/page/n1/mode/2up">The United States Marines at Harpers Ferry and in the Civil War</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Marine_Corps_History_Division" title="United States Marine Corps History Division">History and Museums Division, U.S. Marine Corps</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+United+States+Marines+at+Harpers+Ferry+and+in+the+Civil+War&rft.pub=History+and+Museums+Division%2C+U.S.+Marine+Corps&rft.date=1959&rft.aulast=Nalty&rft.aufirst=Bernard+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2FUnitedStatesMarinesAtHarpersFerryAndInTheCivilWar%2Fpage%2Fn1%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNational_Park_Service1974" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/National_Park_Service" title="National Park Service">National Park Service</a> (1974). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gutenberg.org/files/56106/56106-h/56106-h.htm">John Brown's Raid</a>. Washington, D.C.: <a href="/wiki/Government_Printing_Office" class="mw-redirect" title="Government Printing Office">Government Printing Office</a>. <a href="/wiki/LCCN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="LCCN (identifier)">LCCN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://lccn.loc.gov/73-600184">73-600184</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%27s+Raid&rft.place=Washington%2C+D.C.&rft.pub=Government+Printing+Office&rft.date=1974&rft_id=info%3Alccn%2F73-600184&rft.au=National+Park+Service&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gutenberg.org%2Ffiles%2F56106%2F56106-h%2F56106-h.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Nevins" title="Allan Nevins">Nevins, Allan</a>. The Emergence of Lincoln: Prelude to Civil War, 1859–1861 (1950), vol 4 of The Ordeal of the Union, esp ch 3 pp. 70–97</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_B._Oates" title="Stephen B. Oates">Oates, Stephen B.</a> To Purge this Land with Blood: A Biography of John Brown (1984). Amherst, MA: The University of Massachusetts Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_M._Potter" title="David M. Potter">Potter, David M.</a> <a href="/wiki/The_Impending_Crisis,_1848%E2%80%931861" title="The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861">The Impending Crisis, 1848–1861</a> (1976), pp. 356–84; Pulitzer Prize-winning history</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_S._Reynolds" title="David S. Reynolds">Reynolds, David S.</a> John Brown, Abolitionist: The Man Who Killed Slavery, Sparked the Civil War, and Seeded Civil Rights. Alfred A. Knopf (2005).</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVillard1910" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Garrison_Villard" title="Oswald Garrison Villard">Villard, Oswald Garrison</a> (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/johnbrownabiogr02villgoog">John Brown, 1800–1859: A Biography Fifty Years After</a>. Boston: <a href="/wiki/Houghton_Mifflin" class="mw-redirect" title="Houghton Mifflin">Houghton Mifflin</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=John+Brown%2C+1800%E2%80%931859%3A+A+Biography+Fifty+Years+After&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Villard&rft.aufirst=Oswald+Garrison&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fjohnbrownabiogr02villgoog&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMichael_E._Ruane2009" class="citation news cs1">Michael E. Ruane (October 14, 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/wp-dyn/content/article/2009/10/14/AR2009101402520.html">"150 Years Later, John Brown's Failed Slave Revolt Marches On"</a>. The Washington Post.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Washington+Post&rft.atitle=150+Years+Later%2C+John+Brown%27s+Failed+Slave+Revolt+Marches+On&rft.date=2009-10-14&rft.au=Michael+E.+Ruane&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.washingtonpost.com%2Fwp-dyn%2Fcontent%2Farticle%2F2009%2F10%2F14%2FAR2009101402520.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AJohn+Brown%27s+raid+on+Harpers+Ferry" class="Z3988"></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://monthlyreview.org/091012bisson.php">"John Brown – 150 Years After Harpers Ferry"</a> by Terry Bisson, <a href="/wiki/Monthly_Review" title="Monthly Review">Monthly Review</a>, October 2009</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Osborne_Perry_Anderson" title="Osborne Perry Anderson">Osborne Perry Anderson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="John Brown (abolitionist)">John Brown</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">body</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Brown_(abolitionist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oliver Brown (abolitionist)">Oliver Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1824)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1824)">Owen Brown (son)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Watson_Brown_(abolitionist)" title="Watson Brown (abolitionist)">Watson Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Anthony_Copeland_Jr." title="John Anthony Copeland Jr.">John Anthony Copeland Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barclay_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Barclay Coppock">Barclay Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edwin_Coppock" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Coppock">Edwin Coppock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shields_Green" title="Shields Green">Shields Green</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Hazlett" title="Albert Hazlett">Albert Hazlett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Henry_Kagi" title="John Henry Kagi">John Henry Kagi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Sheridan_Leary" title="Lewis Sheridan Leary">Lewis Sheridan Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Francis_Jackson_Meriam" title="Francis Jackson Meriam">Francis Jackson Meriam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aaron_Dwight_Stevens" title="Aaron Dwight Stevens">Aaron Dwight Stevens</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Secret_Six" title="Secret Six">Secret Six</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Wentworth_Higginson" title="Thomas Wentworth Higginson">Thomas Wentworth Higginson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Gridley_Howe" title="Samuel Gridley Howe">Samuel Gridley Howe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theodore_Parker" title="Theodore Parker">Theodore Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_Benjamin_Sanborn" title="Franklin Benjamin Sanborn">Franklin Benjamin Sanborn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerrit_Smith" title="Gerrit Smith">Gerrit Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Luther_Stearns" title="George Luther Stearns">George Luther Stearns</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other individuals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Wilkes_Booth" title="John Wilkes Booth">John Wilkes Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_Day_Brown" title="Mary Ann Day Brown">Mary Ann Day Brown</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Owen_Brown_(abolitionist,_born_1771)" title="Owen Brown (abolitionist, born 1771)">Owen Brown (father)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Junior" title="John Brown Junior">John Brown, Jr.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Buchanan" title="James Buchanan">James Buchanan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Chilton" title="Samuel Chilton">Samuel Chilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E.P._Daingerfield" title="John E.P. Daingerfield">John E.P. Daingerfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Israel_Greene" title="Israel Greene">Israel Greene</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Hoyt" title="George Henry Hoyt">George Henry Hoyt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stonewall_Jackson" title="Stonewall Jackson">Stonewall Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_E._Lee" title="Robert E. Lee">Robert E. Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parker_(congressman)" title="Richard Parker (congressman)">Richard Parker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wendell_Phillips" title="Wendell Phillips">Wendell Phillips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Realf" title="Richard Realf">Richard Realf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Redpath" title="James Redpath">James Redpath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Sennott" title="George Sennott">George Sennott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lysander_Spooner" title="Lysander Spooner">Lysander Spooner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_H._Steuart_(militia_general)" title="George H. Steuart (militia general)">George H. Steuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J._E._B._Stuart" title="J. E. B. Stuart">J. E. B. Stuart</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lewis_Washington" title="Lewis Washington">Lewis Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Locations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Allstadt_House_and_Ordinary" title="Allstadt House and Ordinary">Allstadt House and Ordinary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/B_%26_O_Railroad_Potomac_River_Crossing" title="B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing">B & O Railroad Potomac River Crossing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Town,_West_Virginia" title="Charles Town, West Virginia">Charles Town, West Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibson-Todd_House" title="Gibson-Todd House">Gibson-Todd House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Armory" title="Harpers Ferry Armory">Harpers Ferry Armory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry,_West_Virginia" title="Harpers Ferry, West Virginia">Harpers Ferry, West Virginia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_Historic_District" title="Harpers Ferry Historic District">Historic District</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Fort" title="John Brown's Fort">John Brown's Fort</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kennedy_Farm" class="mw-redirect" title="Kennedy Farm">Kennedy Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandy_Hook,_Maryland" title="Sandy Hook, Maryland">Sandy Hook, Maryland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester,_Virginia" title="Winchester, Virginia">Winchester, Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Afterwards</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_Hymn_of_the_Republic" title="Battle Hymn of the Republic">Battle Hymn of the Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harpers_Ferry_National_Historical_Park" title="Harpers Ferry National Historical Park">Harpers Ferry National Historical Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heyward_Shepherd_monument" title="Heyward Shepherd monument">Heyward Shepherd monument</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_(biography)" title="John Brown (biography)">John Brown (biography)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm_State_Historic_Site" title="John Brown Farm State Historic Site">John Brown Farm State Historic Site</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Farm,_Tannery_%26_Museum" title="John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum">John Brown Farm, Tannery & Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Summit_County_Historical_Society_of_Akron,_Ohio" class="mw-redirect" title="The Summit County Historical Society of Akron, Ohio">John Brown House (Akron, Ohio)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown_Museum_(Osawatomie,_Kansas)" title="John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)">John Brown Museum (Osawatomie, Kansas)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_body" title="John Brown's body">John Brown's body</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body_(poem)" title="John Brown's Body (poem)">John Brown's Body (poem)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Body" title="John Brown's Body">John Brown's Body (song)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_last_speech" title="John Brown's last speech">John Brown's last speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Brown%27s_Provisional_Constitution" title="John Brown's Provisional Constitution">John Brown's Provisional Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Days_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Days of John Brown">The Last Days of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Last_Moments_of_John_Brown" title="The Last Moments of John Brown">The Last Moments of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Plea_for_Captain_John_Brown" title="A Plea for Captain John Brown">A Plea for Captain John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remarks_After_the_Hanging_of_John_Brown" title="Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown">Remarks After the Hanging of John Brown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tragic_Prelude" title="Tragic Prelude">Tragic Prelude</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_States" title="Abolitionism in the United States">Abolitionism in the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/La_Amistad" title="La Amistad">La Amistad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison_Bell" title="James Madison Bell">James Madison Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cloudsplitter" title="Cloudsplitter">Cloudsplitter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Stuart_Curry" class="mw-redirect" title="John Stuart Curry">John Stuart Curry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_DeBaptiste" title="George DeBaptiste">George DeBaptiste</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Douglass" title="Frederick Douglass">Frederick Douglass</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ralph_Waldo_Emerson#Civil_War_years" title="Ralph Waldo Emerson">Ralph Waldo Emerson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fire_on_the_Mountain_(Bisson_novel)" title="Fire on the Mountain (Bisson novel)">Fire on the Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wm._Lloyd_Garrison" class="mw-redirect" title="Wm. Lloyd Garrison">Wm. Lloyd Garrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird" title="The Good Lord Bird">The Good Lord Bird (book, </a><a href="/wiki/The_Good_Lord_Bird_(miniseries)" title="The Good Lord Bird (miniseries)">miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haitian_Revolution" title="Haitian Revolution">Haitian Revolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victor_Hugo" title="Victor Hugo">Victor Hugo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elijah_P._Lovejoy" class="mw-redirect" title="Elijah P. Lovejoy">Elijah P. Lovejoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marching_Song_(play)" title="Marching Song (play)">Marching Song (play)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Montgomery_(colonel)" class="mw-redirect" title="James Montgomery (colonel)">James Montgomery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origins_of_the_American_Civil_War" title="Origins of the American Civil War">Origins of the American Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quindaro_Townsite" title="Quindaro Townsite">Quindaro Townsite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Allan_Pinkerton" title="Allan Pinkerton">Allan Pinkerton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santa_Fe_Trail_(film)" title="Santa Fe Trail (film)">Santa Fe Trail (film)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seven_Angry_Men" title="Seven Angry Men">Seven Angry Men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Storer_College" title="Storer College">Storer College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_David_Thoreau#Later_years,_1851–1862" title="Henry David Thoreau">Henry David Thoreau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harriet_Tubman" title="Harriet Tubman">Harriet Tubman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_slave_rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Nat Turner's slave rebellion">Nat Turner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Denmark_Vesey" title="Denmark Vesey">Denmark Vesey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Walt_Whitman" title="Walt Whitman">Walt Whitman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Winchester_and_Potomac_Railroad" title="Winchester and Potomac Railroad">Winchester and Potomac Railroad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Template talk:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery_in_Virginia" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Slavery in Virginia"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="History_of_slavery_in_Virginia309" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/History_of_slavery_in_Virginia" title="History of slavery in Virginia">History of slavery in Virginia</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Slavery_in_the_colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Slavery in the colonial history of the United States">Slavery in the colonial history of the United States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Virginia" title="History of Virginia">History of Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enslaved people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Angela_(slave)" class="mw-redirect" title="Angela (slave)">Angela</a> (fl. 1619–1625)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Box_Brown" title="Henry Box Brown">Henry Box Brown</a> (c. 1815–1897)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Burns" title="Anthony Burns">Anthony Burns</a> (1834–1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Casor" title="John Casor">John Casor</a> (living 1655)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Driggus" title="Emanuel Driggus">Emanuel Driggus</a> (c. 1620s-d. 1673)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Olaudah_Equiano" title="Olaudah Equiano">Olaudah Equiano</a> (c. 1745–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Gibbons" title="Isabella Gibbons">Isabella Gibbons</a> (c. 1836–1890)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_D._Gibbons" title="William D. Gibbons">William D. Gibbons</a> (1825–1886)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Graweere" title="John Graweere">John Graweere</a> (living 1641)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Key_Grinstead" title="Elizabeth Key Grinstead">Elizabeth Key Grinstead</a> (Greenstead) (1630–1665)</li> <li>Left, husband of <a href="/wiki/Jane_Webb_(Northampton,_Virginia)" title="Jane Webb (Northampton, Virginia)">Jane Webb</a> (fl. 1704–1727)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Johnson_(colonist)" title="Anthony Johnson (colonist)">Mary and Anthony Johnson</a> (1600–1670)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philip_Lee_(valet)" title="Philip Lee (valet)">Philip Lee</a> (c. 1785–?)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dangerfield_Newby" title="Dangerfield Newby">Dangerfield Newby</a> (c. 1820–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Punch_(slave)" title="John Punch (slave)">John Punch</a> (fl. 1630s, living 1640)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Prosser" class="mw-redirect" title="Gabriel Prosser">Gabriel Prosser</a> (1776–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Virginia_colony)" title="William Tucker (Virginia colony)">William Tucker</a> (born 1624)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner" title="Nat Turner">Nat Turner</a> (1800–1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Booker_T._Washington" title="Booker T. Washington">Booker T. Washington</a> (1856–1915)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Slave owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Presidents of the United States <ul><li><a href="/wiki/George_Washington_and_slavery" title="George Washington and slavery">Washington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Jefferson_and_slavery" title="Thomas Jefferson and slavery">Jefferson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Madison" title="James Madison">Madison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Monroe" title="James Monroe">Monroe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Tyler" title="John Tyler">Tyler</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Armfield" title="John Armfield">John Armfield</a> (1797–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carter_Braxton" title="Carter Braxton">Carter Braxton</a> (1736–1797)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Landon_Carter" title="Landon Carter">Landon Carter</a> (1710–1778)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_I" title="Robert Carter I">Robert "King" Carter</a> (1663–1732)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Carter_III" title="Robert Carter III">Robert Carter III</a> (1728–1804)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Roderick_Dew" title="Thomas Roderick Dew">Thomas Roderick Dew</a> (1802–1846)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Hunter_(lawyer)" title="Andrew Hunter (lawyer)">Andrew Hunter</a> (1804–1888)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_M._T._Hunter" title="Robert M. T. Hunter">Robert M. T. Hunter</a> (1809–1887)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eppa_Hunton" title="Eppa Hunton">Eppa Hunton</a> (1822–1908)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Bland_Lee" title="Richard Bland Lee">Richard Bland Lee</a> (1761–1827)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Mahone" title="William Mahone">William Mahone</a> (1826–1895)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Mason" title="George Mason">George Mason</a> (1725–1792)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_M._Mason" title="James M. Mason">James M. Mason</a> (1798–1871)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Page_(Middle_Plantation)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Page (Middle Plantation)">John Page</a> (1628–1692)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Prosser_(burgess)" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas Prosser (burgess)">Thomas Prosser</a> (died 1798)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randolph_family_of_Virginia" title="Randolph family of Virginia">Randolph family of Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Barton_Rogers" title="William Barton Rogers">William Barton Rogers</a> (1804–1882)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Henry_Thomas" title="George Henry Thomas">George Henry Thomas</a> (1816–1870)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Tucker_(Jamestown_immigrant)" title="William Tucker (Jamestown immigrant)">William Tucker</a> (died 1642)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Wayles" title="John Wayles">John Wayles</a> (1715–1773)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_A._Wise" title="Henry A. Wise">Henry A. Wise</a> (1806–1876)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seth_Woodroof" title="Seth Woodroof">Seth Woodroof</a> (1805–1875)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">Plantations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beall-Air" title="Beall-Air">Beall-Air</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berry_Hill_Plantation" title="Berry Hill Plantation">Berry Hill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brookfield_(plantation)" title="Brookfield (plantation)">Brookfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenmore_(Fredericksburg,_Virginia)" title="Kenmore (Fredericksburg, Virginia)">Kenmore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monticello" title="Monticello">Monticello</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montpelier_(Orange,_Virginia)" title="Montpelier (Orange, Virginia)">Montpelier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Airy_Plantation" title="Mount Airy Plantation">Mount Airy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mount_Vernon" title="Mount Vernon">Mount Vernon</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_enslaved_people_of_Mount_Vernon" title="List of enslaved people of Mount Vernon">enslaved people</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oatlands_Plantation" class="mw-redirect" title="Oatlands Plantation">Oatlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poplar_Forest" title="Poplar Forest">Poplar Forest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shirley_Plantation" title="Shirley Plantation">Shirley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stratford_Hall_(plantation)" title="Stratford Hall (plantation)">Stratford Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuckahoe_(plantation)" title="Tuckahoe (plantation)">Tuckahoe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westover_Plantation" title="Westover Plantation">Westover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Woodlawn_(Alexandria,_Virginia)" title="Woodlawn (Alexandria, Virginia)">Woodlawn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_plantations_in_Virginia" title="List of plantations in Virginia">List of plantations in Virginia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_pen" class="mw-redirect" title="Slave pen">Slave pens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bruin%27s_Slave_Jail" title="Bruin's Slave Jail">Bruin's Slave Jail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cage_(Richmond,_Virginia)" title="The Cage (Richmond, Virginia)">The Cage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin_and_Armfield_Office" title="Franklin and Armfield Office">Franklin and Armfield Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lumpkin%27s_Jail" title="Lumpkin's Jail">Lumpkin's Jail</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other sites</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_American_Burial_Ground" title="African American Burial Ground">African American Burial Ground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremo_Slave_Chapel" title="Bremo Slave Chapel">Bremo Slave Chapel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Memorial_to_Enslaved_Laborers" title="Memorial to Enslaved Laborers">Memorial to Enslaved Laborers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_House_of_the_Confederacy" title="White House of the Confederacy">White House of the Confederacy</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_Slave_Codes_of_1705" title="Virginia Slave Codes of 1705">Virginia Slave Codes of 1705</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_v._John_Brown" title="Virginia v. John Brown">Virginia v. John Brown</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Slave_rebellion_and_resistance_in_the_United_States" title="Slave rebellion and resistance in the United States">Revolts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gabriel%27s_Rebellion" title="Gabriel's Rebellion">Gabriel's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_1619_Project" title="The 1619 Project">The 1619 Project</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Creole" title="Atlantic Creole">Atlantic Creole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Burning_of_Winchester_Medical_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Burning of Winchester Medical College">Burning of Winchester Medical College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coastwise_slave_trade" title="Coastwise slave trade">Coastwise slave trade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Africans_in_Virginia" title="First Africans in Virginia">First Africans in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indentured_servitude_in_Virginia" title="Indentured servitude in Virginia">Indentured servitude in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/District_of_Columbia_retrocession" title="District of Columbia retrocession">District of Columbia retrocession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Dismal_Swamp_maroons" title="Great Dismal Swamp maroons">Great Dismal Swamp maroons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_trafficking_in_Virginia" title="Human trafficking in Virginia">Human trafficking in Virginia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberation_and_Freedom_Day" title="Liberation and Freedom Day">Liberation and Freedom Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richmond,_Virginia_slave_market" title="Richmond, Virginia slave market">Richmond slave market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Virginia_in_the_American_Civil_War" title="Virginia in the American Civil War">Virginia in the American Civil War</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1607–1865)396" style="wide;padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color:#CEE0F2;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1607%E2%80%931865)" title="Template:Riots in the United States (1607–1865)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1607%E2%80%931865)" title="Template talk:Riots in the United States (1607–1865)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Riots_in_the_United_States_(1607%E2%80%931865)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Riots in the United States (1607–1865)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Riots_and_civil_unrest_in_the_history_of_the_United_States_(1607–1865)396" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Riot" title="Riot">Riots</a> and <a href="/wiki/Civil_disorder" title="Civil disorder">civil unrest</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_the_United_States" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in the United States">in the history of the United States</a> (1607–1865)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Colonial_history_of_the_United_States" title="Colonial history of the United States">Colonial era</a> & <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1776%E2%80%931789)" title="History of the United States (1776–1789)">1776–1789</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1689_Boston_revolt" title="1689 Boston revolt">1689 Boston revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_bread_riot" title="Boston bread riot">Boston bread riot</a> (1710–1713)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowles_Riot" title="Knowles Riot">Knowles Riot</a> (1747)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hancock" title="John Hancock">Liberty affair</a> (1768)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston_Massacre" title="Boston Massacre">Boston Massacre</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shays%27_Rebellion" class="mw-redirect" title="Shays' Rebellion">Shays' Rebellion</a> (1786–1787)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leisler%27s_Rebellion" title="Leisler's Rebellion">Leisler's Rebellion</a> (1689–1691)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Slave_Revolt_of_1712" title="New York Slave Revolt of 1712">New York Slave Revolt of 1712</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_Conspiracy_of_1741" title="New York Conspiracy of 1741">New York Conspiracy of 1741</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Golden_Hill" title="Battle of Golden Hill">Battle of Golden Hill</a> (1770)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1788_doctors%27_riot" title="1788 doctors' riot">1788 doctors' riot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/North_Carolina" title="North Carolina">North Carolina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culpeper%27s_Rebellion" title="Culpeper's Rebellion">Culpeper's Rebellion</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cary%27s_Rebellion" title="Cary's Rebellion">Cary's Rebellion</a> (1711)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regulator_Movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Regulator Movement">War of the Regulation</a> (1765–1771)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Alamance" title="Battle of Alamance">Battle of Alamance</a> (1771)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_Election_riot" title="Philadelphia Election riot">Philadelphia Election riot</a> (1742)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Mutiny_of_1783" title="Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783">Pennsylvania Mutiny of 1783</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Virginia" title="Virginia">Virginia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester_County_Conspiracy" title="Gloucester County Conspiracy">Gloucester County Conspiracy</a> (1663)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bacon%27s_Rebellion" title="Bacon's Rebellion">Bacon's Rebellion</a> (1677)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chesapeake_rebellion" title="Chesapeake rebellion">Chesapeake rebellion</a> (1730)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Plundering_Time" title="Plundering Time">Plundering Time</a> (Maryland, 1644)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestant_Revolution_(Maryland)" title="Protestant Revolution (Maryland)">Protestant Revolution</a> (Maryland, 1689)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stono_Rebellion" title="Stono Rebellion">Stono Rebellion</a> (South Carolina, 1739)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gaspee_affair" title="Gaspee affair">Gaspee affair</a> (1772)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pine_Tree_Riot" title="Pine Tree Riot">Pine Tree Riot</a> (1772)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1789%E2%80%931849)" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the United States (1789–1849)">1789–1849</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Iowa" title="Iowa">Iowa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Honey_War" title="Honey War">Honey War</a> (1839)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellevue_War" title="Bellevue War">Bellevue War</a> (1840)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ursuline_Convent_riots" title="Ursuline Convent riots">Ursuline Convent riots</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_Riot_of_1836" title="Abolition Riot of 1836">Abolition Riot of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Broad_Street_Riot" title="Broad Street Riot">Broad Street Riot</a> (1837)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eggnog_riot" title="Eggnog riot">Eggnog riot</a> (1826)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_anti-abolitionist_riots_(1834)" title="New York anti-abolitionist riots (1834)">New York anti-abolitionist riots</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flour_riot_of_1837" title="Flour riot of 1837">Flour riot of 1837</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Rent_War" title="Anti-Rent War">Anti-Rent War</a> (1839–1845)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astor_Place_Riot" title="Astor Place Riot">Astor Place Riot</a> (1849)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cincinnati_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Cincinnati riots">1792 Cincinnati riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1829" title="Cincinnati riots of 1829">Cincinnati riots of 1829</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1836" title="Cincinnati riots of 1836">Cincinnati riots of 1836</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1841" title="Cincinnati riots of 1841">Cincinnati riots of 1841</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania" title="Pennsylvania">Pennsylvania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Whiskey_Rebellion" title="Whiskey Rebellion">Whiskey Rebellion</a> (1791–1794)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fries%27s_Rebellion" title="Fries's Rebellion">Fries's Rebellion</a> (1799–1800)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1834_Philadelphia_race_riot" title="1834 Philadelphia race riot">Philadelphia race riot</a> (1834)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pennsylvania_Hall_(Philadelphia)" title="Pennsylvania Hall (Philadelphia)">Destruction of Pennsylvania Hall</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckshot_War" title="Buckshot War">Buckshot War</a> (1838)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lombard_Street_riot" title="Lombard Street riot">Lombard Street riot</a> (1842)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Muncy_Abolition_riot_of_1842" title="Muncy Abolition riot of 1842">Muncy Abolition riot of 1842</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia_nativist_riots" title="Philadelphia nativist riots">Philadelphia nativist riots</a> (1844)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Rhode_Island" title="Rhode Island">Rhode Island</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Scrabble_and_Snow_Town" title="Hard Scrabble and Snow Town">1824 Hard Scrabble race riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hard_Scrabble_and_Snow_Town" title="Hard Scrabble and Snow Town">1831 Snow Town race riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorr_Rebellion" title="Dorr Rebellion">Dorr Rebellion</a> (1841–1842)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1811_German_Coast_uprising" title="1811 German Coast uprising">1811 German Coast uprising</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nat_Turner%27s_Rebellion" title="Nat Turner's Rebellion">Nat Turner's Rebellion</a> (1831)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blackburn_Riots" title="Blackburn Riots">Blackburn Riots</a> (1833)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_bank_riot" title="Baltimore bank riot">Baltimore bank riot</a> (1835)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Snow_Riot" title="Snow Riot">Snow Riot</a> (1835)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_United_States_(1849%E2%80%931865)" title="History of the United States (1849–1865)">1849–1865</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/California" title="California">California</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Squatters%27_riot" title="Squatters' riot">Squatters' riot</a> (1850)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/San_Francisco_Committee_of_Vigilance" title="San Francisco Committee of Vigilance">San Francisco Vigilance Movement</a> (1851–1856)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Illinois" title="Illinois">Illinois</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lager_Beer_Riot" title="Lager Beer Riot">Lager Beer Riot</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charleston_riot" title="Charleston riot">Charleston riot</a> (1864)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Kansas" title="Kansas">Kansas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bleeding_Kansas" title="Bleeding Kansas">Bleeding Kansas</a> (1854–1861)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wakarusa_War" title="Wakarusa War">Wakarusa War</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sacking_of_Lawrence" title="Sacking of Lawrence">Sacking of Lawrence</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pottawatomie_massacre" title="Pottawatomie massacre">Pottawatomie massacre</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Black_Jack" title="Battle of Black Jack">Battle of Black Jack</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Titus" title="Battle of Fort Titus">Battle of Fort Titus</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Osawatomie" title="Battle of Osawatomie">Battle of Osawatomie</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franklin%27s_Fort" title="Franklin's Fort">Battles of Franklin's Fort</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marais_des_Cygnes_massacre" title="Marais des Cygnes massacre">Marais des Cygnes massacre</a> (1856)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Spurs_(Kansas)" title="Battle of the Spurs (Kansas)">Battle of the Spurs</a> (1859)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maine" title="Maine">Maine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Maine,_anti-Catholic_riot_of_1854" title="Bath, Maine, anti-Catholic riot of 1854">Bath anti-Catholic riot of 1854</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portland_Rum_Riot" title="Portland Rum Riot">Portland Rum Riot</a> (1855)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maryland" title="Maryland">Maryland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Riots_of_1856" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Riots of 1856">Know-Nothing Riots of 1856</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baltimore_riot_of_1861" title="Baltimore riot of 1861">Baltimore riot of 1861</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Michigan" title="Michigan">Michigan</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit riots">1849 Detroit riot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_riots" class="mw-redirect" title="Detroit riots">Detroit brothel riots</a> (1855–1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Detroit_race_riot_of_1863" title="Detroit race riot of 1863">Detroit race riot of 1863</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/New_York_(state)" title="New York (state)">New York</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_Police_riot" title="New York City Police riot">New York City Police riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dead_Rabbits_riot" title="Dead Rabbits riot">Dead Rabbits riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/1862_Brooklyn_riot" title="1862 Brooklyn riot">Brooklyn riot</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buffalo_riot_of_1862" title="Buffalo riot of 1862">Buffalo riot of 1862</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_York_City_draft_riots" title="New York City draft riots">New York City draft riots</a> (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ohio" title="Ohio">Ohio</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riot_of_1853" title="Cincinnati riot of 1853">Cincinnati riot of 1853</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cincinnati_riots_of_1855" title="Cincinnati riots of 1855">Cincinnati riots of 1855</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fort_Fizzle" title="Battle of Fort Fizzle">Battle of Fort Fizzle</a> (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Others</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Erie_Gauge_War" title="Erie Gauge War">Erie Gauge War</a> (1853–1854)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bloody_Monday" title="Bloody Monday">Bloody Monday</a> (1855)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Riot">Washington D.C. Know-Nothing Riot</a> (1857)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Know-Nothing_Riot" class="mw-redirect" title="Know-Nothing Riot">New Orleans Know-Nothing Riot</a> (1858)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferry</a> (1859)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Morrisite_War" title="Morrisite War">Morrisite War</a> (1862)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southern_bread_riots" title="Southern bread riots">Southern bread riots</a> (1863)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color:#eeeeee;">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_incidents_of_civil_unrest_in_Colonial_North_America" title="List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America">List of incidents of civil unrest in Colonial North America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_racial_violence_in_the_United_States" title="Mass racial violence in the United States">Mass racial violence in the United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&oldid=1276407854">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry&oldid=1276407854</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:John_Brown%27s_raid_on_Harpers_Ferry" title="Category:John Brown's raid on Harpers 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