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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Role in public opinion</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Role_in_public_opinion-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Impact_on_Chinese_society" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Impact_on_Chinese_society"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Impact on Chinese society</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Impact_on_Chinese_society-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_affiliation_and_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_affiliation_and_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Political affiliation and effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_affiliation_and_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-End_of_publication" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#End_of_publication"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>End of publication</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-End_of_publication-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literary_magazine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literary_magazine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Literary magazine</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literary_magazine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" 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href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E5%A0%B1" title="申報 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="申報" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%8D%D0%BD%D1%8C%D0%B1%D0%B0%D0%BE" title="Шэньбао – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Шэньбао" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen_Bao" title="Shen Bao – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Shen Bao" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shenbao" title="Shenbao – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Shenbao" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%94%B3%E5%A0%B1" title="申報 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="申報" 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<div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Newspaper in Shanghai, China</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the Chinese automobile, see <a href="/wiki/Senova" title="Senova">Senova</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1250428316">.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .infobox-title{font-size:125%;font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output .ib-newspaper .logo img{background-color:#f8f9fa}</style><table class="infobox vcard ib-newspaper"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">申報 (formerly 申江新報）<br />Shanghai News (Shen Pao)</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg/250px-%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="266" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg/330px-%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg/500px-%E7%94%B3%E6%8A%A5%E5%88%9B%E5%88%8A%E5%8F%B7.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1497" data-file-height="2213" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Type</th><td class="infobox-data">Commercial Newspaper</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ernest Major, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Liangcai" title="Shi Liangcai">Shi Liangcai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Allman" title="Norwood Allman">Norwood Allman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founder(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Ernest Major</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Editor</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/40px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b6/Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg/60px-Flag_of_China_%281889%E2%80%931912%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="341" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing dynasty</a> Jiang Zhixiang, He Guisheng, Qian Xinbo, Huang Shiquan <span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/40px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg/60px-Flag_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Republic of China</a> Chen Leng, <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Yunhe" title="Zhang Yunhe">Zhang Yunhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Allman" title="Norwood Allman">Norwood Allman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Founded</th><td class="infobox-data">30 April 1872<span class="noprint">; 152 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1872-04-30</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political alignment</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China">Conservatism</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Language</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><span class="nowrap">Ceased publication</span></th><td class="infobox-data">27 May 1949<span class="noprint">; 75 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">1949-05-27</span>)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Headquarters</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Songjiang_District" class="mw-redirect" title="Songjiang District">Songjiang</a>, Shanghai, <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing empire</a><br /> <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912-1949)" class="mw-redirect" title="Republic of China (1912-1949)">China</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="color: #202122;background-color:#b0c4de"><i>Shen Bao</i></th></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Traditional Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:申">申</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E5%A0%B1" class="extiw" title="wikt:報">報</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Simplified_Chinese_characters" title="Simplified Chinese characters">Simplified Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hans" style="font-size: 1rem;"><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E7%94%B3" class="extiw" title="wikt:申">申</a><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/%E6%8A%A5" class="extiw" title="wikt:报">报</a></span></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /><table class="infobox-subbox mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="display:inline-table; text-align: left;"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%; text-align: left;color: #202122; background-color: #f9ffbc;">Transcriptions</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #dcffc9;"><a href="/wiki/Standard_Chinese" title="Standard Chinese">Standard Mandarin</a></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shěn Bào</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Bopomofo" title="Bopomofo">Bopomofo</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Bopo" style="font-style: normal;">ㄕㄣㄅㄠˋ</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Spelling_in_Gwoyeu_Romatzyh" title="Spelling in Gwoyeu Romatzyh">Gwoyeu Romatzyh</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shen Baw</span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Wade%E2%80%93Giles" title="Wade–Giles">Wade–Giles</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Shên<sup>3</sup>-Pao<sup>4</sup></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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style="border: 4px double #154E9D; border-spacing:0.2em 0;color: var(--color-base, #000);"><tbody><tr><td class="sidebar-pretitle">Part of <a href="/wiki/Category:Conservatism_in_China" title="Category:Conservatism in China">a series</a> on</td></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-title-with-pretitle" style="background:#154e9d; padding-top:0.25em; font-size:160%; font-weight:normal; color:white; line-height:1em;"><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China" title="Conservatism in China"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:#FFF">Conservatism in China</span></a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_conservatism" title="Authoritarian conservatism">Authoritarian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Capitalism" title="Capitalism">Capitalism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Party-state_capitalism" title="Party-state capitalism">Party-state</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiangism" title="Chiangism">Chiangism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communitarianism" title="Communitarianism">Communitarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_conservatism#China" title="Cultural conservatism">Cultural</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao_Thought" title="Dai Jitao Thought">Dai Jitao Thought</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchism#China" title="Monarchism">Monarchism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_nationalism" title="Chinese nationalism">Nationalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_nationalism" title="Han nationalism">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-nationalism#China" title="Neo-nationalism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultranationalism" title="Ultranationalism">Ultra</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neoauthoritarianism_(China)" class="mw-redirect" title="Neoauthoritarianism (China)">Neoauthoritarianism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_conservatism#China" title="Social conservatism">Social</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditionalist_conservatism" title="Traditionalist conservatism">Traditionalist</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Confucianism" title="Confucianism">Confucianism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Confucianism" title="Neo-Confucianism">Neo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Confucianism" title="New Confucianism">New</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legalism_(Chinese_philosophy)" title="Legalism (Chinese philosophy)">Legalism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultraconservatism#China" title="Ultraconservatism">Ultra</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Principles</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ancestor_veneration_in_China" title="Ancestor veneration in China">Ancestral worship</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Asian_values" title="Asian values">Asian values</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Authority" title="Authority">Authority</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bureaucracy" title="Bureaucracy">Bureaucracy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Imperial_examination" title="Imperial examination">Imperial examination</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Civilization_state" title="Civilization state">Civilization state</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_culture" title="Chinese culture">Chinese culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Genealogy_book#Greater_China" title="Genealogy book">Genealogy book</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Great_Unity" title="Great Unity">Great Unity</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duty" title="Duty">Duty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elitism" title="Elitism">Elitism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_exceptionalism" title="Chinese exceptionalism">Exceptionalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Familialism" title="Familialism">Familialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filial_piety" title="Filial piety">Filial piety</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_stratification" title="Social stratification">Hierarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">Irredentism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_and_order_(politics)" title="Law and order (politics)">Law and order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Loyalty" title="Loyalty">Loyalty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mandate_of_Heaven" title="Mandate of Heaven">Mandate of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Meritocracy" title="Meritocracy">Meritocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">Patriotism</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rectification_of_names" title="Rectification of names">Rectification of names</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinicization" title="Sinicization">Sinicization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinocentrism" title="Sinocentrism">Sinocentrism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_order" title="Social order">Social order</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tradition" title="Tradition">Tradition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Technocracy" title="Technocracy">Technocracy</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhonghua_minzu" title="Zhonghua minzu">Zhonghua minzu</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">History</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1992_Consensus" title="1992 Consensus">1992 Consensus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boluan_Fanzheng" title="Boluan Fanzheng">Boluan Fanzheng</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boxer_Rebellion" title="Boxer Rebellion">Boxer Rebellion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Civil_War" title="Chinese Civil War">Chinese Civil War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Cultural_Renaissance" title="Chinese Cultural Renaissance">Chinese Cultural Renaissance</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dang_Guo" title="Dang Guo">Dang Guo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasties_of_China" title="Dynasties of China">Dynasties of China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Han_dynasty" title="Han dynasty">Han</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_China_(1915%E2%80%931916)" title="Empire of China (1915–1916)">Empire of China (1915–1916)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Kuomintang" title="History of the Kuomintang">History of the Kuomintang</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nationalist_government" title="Nationalist government">Nationalist government</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hua%E2%80%93Yi_distinction" title="Hua–Yi distinction">Hua–Yi distinction</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Four_Barbarians" title="Four Barbarians">Four Barbarians</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_China#Imperial_China" title="History of China">Imperial China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tributary_system_of_China" title="Tributary system of China">Tributary system</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchu_Restoration" title="Manchu Restoration">Manchu Restoration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nanjing_decade" title="Nanjing decade">Nanjing decade</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martial_law_in_Taiwan" title="Martial law in Taiwan">Martial law in Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Language_policy_in_Taiwan_during_martial_law" title="Language policy in Taiwan during martial law">Language policy</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Life_Movement" title="New Life Movement">New Life Movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Project_National_Glory" title="Project National Glory">Project National Glory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reform_and_opening_up" title="Reform and opening up">Reform and opening up</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_China_(1912%E2%80%931949)" title="Republic of China (1912–1949)">Republic of China (1912–1949)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_massacre" title="Shanghai massacre">Shanghai massacre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strike_Hard_Against_Crime_Campaign" class="mw-redirect" title="Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign">Strike Hard Against Crime Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tongzhi_Restoration" title="Tongzhi Restoration">Tongzhi Restoration</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Self-Strengthening_Movement" title="Self-Strengthening Movement">Self-Strengthening Movement</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Terror_(Taiwan)" title="White Terror (Taiwan)">White Terror in Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xueheng_School" title="Xueheng School">Xueheng School</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Intellectuals</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_A._Bell" title="Daniel A. Bell">Bell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chang_Ya-chung" title="Chang Ya-chung">Chang (Ya-chung)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Yuan" title="Chen Yuan">Chen (Yuan)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Confucius" title="Confucius">Confucius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dong_Zhongshu" title="Dong Zhongshu">Dong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gan_Yang" title="Gan Yang">Gan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gu_Hongming" title="Gu Hongming">Gu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Xijin" title="Hu Xijin">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Qing_(Confucian)" title="Jiang Qing (Confucian)">Jiang (Qing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Shigong" title="Jiang Shigong">Jiang (Shigong)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jin_Canrong" title="Jin Canrong">Jin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kang_Youwei" title="Kang Youwei">Kang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Ao" title="Li Ao">Li (Ao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Hongzhi" title="Li Hongzhi">Li (Hongzhi)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Zehou" title="Li Zehou">Li (Zehou)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan_Guangdan" title="Pan Guangdan">Pan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Zaifu" title="Liu Zaifu">Liu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shang_Yang" title="Shang Yang">Shang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tam_Yiu-chung" title="Tam Yiu-chung">Tam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tan_Sitong" title="Tan Sitong">Tan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wu_Jiaxiang" title="Wu Jiaxiang">Wu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiao_Gongqin" title="Xiao Gongqin">Xiao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xiong_Shili" title="Xiong Shili">Xiong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Weiwei_(professor)" title="Zhang Weiwei (professor)">Zhang (Weiwei)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zheng_Yongnian" title="Zheng Yongnian">Zheng (Yongnian)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhu_Xi" title="Zhu Xi">Zhu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zou_Rong" title="Zou Rong">Zou</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Politicians</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Imperial China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chao_Cuo" title="Chao Cuo">Chao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Shao" title="Duke of Shao">Duke Shao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wen_Tianxiang" title="Wen Tianxiang">Wen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_Wu_of_Han" title="Emperor Wu of Han">Emperor Wu (Han)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Jisheng_(Ming_dynasty)" title="Yang Jisheng (Ming dynasty)">Yang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yongle_Emperor" title="Yongle Emperor">Yongle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zhang_Juzheng" title="Zhang Juzheng">Zhang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Zhou" title="Duke of Zhou">Duke Zhou</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (before 1949)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Jitao" title="Dai Jitao">Dai (Jitao)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dai_Li" title="Dai Li">Dai (Li)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Hanmin" title="Hu Hanmin">Hu (Hanmin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Li_Yuanhong" title="Li Yuanhong">Li</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Sen" title="Lin Sen">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_Shikai" title="Yuan Shikai">Yuan</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>People's Republic of China (Mainland)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hu_Jintao" title="Hu Jintao">Hu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huang_Kunming" title="Huang Kunming">Huang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jiang_Zemin" title="Jiang Zemin">Jiang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wang_Huning" title="Wang Huning">Wang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping" title="Xi Jinping">Xi</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gary_Chan" title="Gary Chan">Chan (Gary)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joephy_Chan" title="Joephy Chan">Chan (Joephy)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holden_Chow" title="Holden Chow">Chow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Fok" title="Kenneth Fok">Fok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Junius_Ho" title="Junius Ho">Ho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ip_Kwok-him" title="Ip Kwok-him">Ip (Kwok-him)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regina_Ip" title="Regina Ip">Ip (Regina)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kwok_Wai-keung" title="Kwok Wai-keung">Kwok</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrie_Lam" title="Carrie Lam">Lam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Lee" title="Dominic Lee">Lee (Dominic)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Lee_Ka-chiu" title="John Lee Ka-chiu">Lee (John)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Starry_Lee" title="Starry Lee">Lee (Starry)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leung_Chun-ying" title="Leung Chun-ying">Leung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Liao" title="Martin Liao">Liao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Quat" title="Elizabeth Quat">Quat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_Tsang" title="Donald Tsang">Tsang (Donald)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsang_Yok-sing" class="mw-redirect" title="Tsang Yok-sing">Tsang (Yok-sing)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tung_Chee-hwa" title="Tung Chee-hwa">Tung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eunice_Yung" title="Eunice Yung">Yung</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fernando_Chui" title="Fernando Chui">Chui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edmund_Ho" title="Edmund Ho">Ho (Edmund)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ho_Iat_Seng" title="Ho Iat Seng">Ho (Iat Seng)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sam_Hou_Fai" title="Sam Hou Fai">Sam</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chen_Lifu" title="Chen Lifu">Chen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Ching-kuo" title="Chiang Ching-kuo">Chiang (Ching-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang (Kai-shek)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wan-an" title="Chiang Wan-an">Chiang (Wan-an)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiang_Wei-kuo" title="Chiang Wei-kuo">Chiang (Wei-kuo)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiu_Yi" title="Chiu Yi">Chiu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eric_Chu" title="Eric Chu">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terry_Gou" title="Terry Gou">Gou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Kuo-yu" title="Han Kuo-yu">Han</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Lung-pin" title="Hau Lung-pin">Hau (Lung-pin)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hau_Pei-tsun" title="Hau Pei-tsun">Hau (Pei-tsun)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hung_Hsiu-chu" title="Hung Hsiu-chu">Hung</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jaw_Shaw-kong" title="Jaw Shaw-kong">Jaw</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lee_Huan" title="Lee Huan">Lee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lien_Chen" class="mw-redirect" title="Lien Chen">Lien</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lin_Yang-kang" title="Lin Yang-kang">Lin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ma_Ying-jeou" title="Ma Ying-jeou">Ma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Soong" title="James Soong">Soong (James)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soong_Mei-ling" title="Soong Mei-ling">Soong (Mei-ling)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sun_Fo" title="Sun Fo">Sun</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yu_Kuo-hwa" title="Yu Kuo-hwa">Yu</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Extant parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Communist_Party" title="Chinese Communist Party">Chinese Communist Party</a> (<a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_China#After_the_Chinese_economic_reform" title="Conservatism in China">factions</a>)</li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Business_and_Professionals_Alliance_for_Hong_Kong" title="Business and Professionals Alliance for Hong Kong">Business and Professionals Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Civil_Force" title="Civil Force">Civil Force</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Alliance_for_the_Betterment_and_Progress_of_Hong_Kong" title="Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong">Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Public_Housing_Estates" title="Federation of Public Housing Estates">Federation of Public Housing Estates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Education_Workers" title="Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers">Hong Kong Federation of Education Workers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Federation_of_Trade_Unions" title="Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions">Hong Kong Federation of Trade Unions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kowloon_West_New_Dynamic" title="Kowloon West New Dynamic">Kowloon West New Dynamic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Hong_Kong)" title="Liberal Party (Hong Kong)">Liberal Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Century_Forum" title="New Century Forum">New Century Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_People%27s_Party" title="New People's Party">New People's Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Prospect_for_Hong_Kong" title="New Prospect for Hong Kong">New Prospect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Territories_Association_of_Societies" title="New Territories Association of Societies">New Territories Association of Societies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politihk_Social_Strategic" title="Politihk Social Strategic">Politihk Social Strategic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roundtable_(Hong_Kong)" title="Roundtable (Hong Kong)">Roundtable</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_Majority_for_Hong_Kong" title="Silent Majority for Hong Kong">Silent Majority</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Macau</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alliance_for_Change_(Macau)" title="Alliance for Change (Macau)">Alliance for Change</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau-Guangdong_Union" title="Macau-Guangdong Union">Macau-Guangdong Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Macau_Development_Union" title="New Macau Development Union">New Macau Development Union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macau_United_Citizens_Association" title="Macau United Citizens Association">United Citizens Association</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Chinese Nationalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Party_(Taiwan)" title="New Party (Taiwan)">Chinese New Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_Unification_Promotion_Party" title="Chinese Unification Promotion Party">Chinese Unification Promotion Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/For_Public_Good_Party" title="For Public Good Party">For Public Good Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_First_Party_(Taiwan)" title="People First Party (Taiwan)">People First Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_China_Party" title="Young China Party">Young China Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_Chinese_Association" title="Malaysian Chinese Association">Malaysian Chinese Association</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Historical parties</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Party_(China)" title="Progressive Party (China)">Progressive Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republican_Party_(China)" title="Republican Party (China)">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royalist_Party" title="Royalist Party">Royalist Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unity_Party_(China)" title="Unity Party (China)">Unity Party</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-operative_Resources_Centre" title="Co-operative Resources Centre">Co-operative Resources Centre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_for_the_Stability_of_Hong_Kong" title="Federation for the Stability of Hong Kong">Federation for the Stability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Alliance_of_Chinese_and_Expatriates" title="Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates">Hong Kong Alliance of Chinese and Expatriates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Progressive_Alliance" title="Hong Kong Progressive Alliance">Hong Kong Progressive Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberal_Democratic_Federation_of_Hong_Kong" title="Liberal Democratic Federation of Hong Kong">Liberal Democratic Federation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Hong_Kong_Alliance" title="New Hong Kong Alliance">New Hong Kong Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Professional_Forum" title="Professional Forum">Professional Forum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_Hong_Kong_Society" title="Progressive Hong Kong Society">Progressive Hong Kong Society</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Congress_Party_Alliance" title="Congress Party Alliance">Congress Party Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minkuotang" title="Minkuotang">Republican Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Motorists%27_Party_of_ROC" title="The Motorists' Party of ROC">The Motorists' Party of ROC</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kuomintang#Ryukyu_Guomindang" title="Kuomintang">Ryukyu Guomindang</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_Improvement_Party" title="Tibet Improvement Party">Tibet Improvement Party</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Alliances</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li>Pro-Kuomintang camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Blue_Coalition" title="Pan-Blue Coalition">Republic of China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_Chinese_Nationalists" title="Union of Chinese Nationalists">mainland China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-ROC_camp" title="Pro-ROC camp">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li>Pro-Beijing camp <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Hong_Kong)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Hong Kong)">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Beijing_camp_(Macau)" title="Pro-Beijing camp (Macau)">Macau</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Literature</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/America_Against_America" title="America Against America">America Against America</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Analects" title="Analects">Analects</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Classic_of_Filial_Piety" title="Classic of Filial Piety">Classic of Filial Piety</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_China_Wave:_Rise_of_a_Civilizational_State" title="The China Wave: Rise of a Civilizational State">The China Wave</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Farewell_to_Revolution" title="Farewell to Revolution">Farewell to Revolution</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Organisations</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Active</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/China_Youth_Service_%26_Recreation_Center" title="China Youth Service & Recreation Center">China Youth Service & Recreation Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Institute_of_Revolutionary_Practice" title="Institute of Revolutionary Practice">Institute of Revolutionary Practice</a></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Defunct</b> </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Shirts_Society" title="Blue Shirts Society">Blue Shirts Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_of_89" title="Group of 89">Group of 89</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Revolutionary_Army" title="National Revolutionary Army">National Revolutionary Army</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsotanhui_Clique" title="Tsotanhui Clique">Tsotanhui Clique</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Hills_Group" title="Western Hills Group">Western Hills Group</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Media</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <p><b>Mainland China</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Global_Times" title="Global Times">Global Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Hong Kong</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Headline_Daily" title="Headline Daily">Headline Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_Economic_Times" title="Hong Kong Economic Times">Hong Kong Economic Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oriental_Daily_News" title="Oriental Daily News">Oriental Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sing_Tao_Daily" title="Sing Tao Daily">Sing Tao Daily</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Standard_(Hong_Kong)" title="The Standard (Hong Kong)">The Standard</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Republic of China (Taiwan)</b><br /><b>(groups of pro-Chinese identity)</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chung_T%27ien_Television" title="Chung T'ien Television">Chung T'ien Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Television" title="China Television">China Television</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/China_Times" title="China Times">China Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Commercial_Times" title="Commercial Times">Commercial Times</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/TVBS" title="TVBS">TVBS</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/United_Daily_News" title="United Daily News">United Daily News</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Overseas</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/The_Epoch_Times" title="The Epoch Times">The Epoch Times</a></i></li></ul> <hr /> <p><b>Former</b> </p> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Central_Daily_News" title="Central Daily News">Central Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Shen Bao</a></i></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">By region</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Taiwan" title="Conservatism in Taiwan">Taiwan (Republic of China)</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Variants and movements</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-communism_in_China" title="Anti-communism in China">Anti-communism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Hong_Kong#Conservative_localism" title="Conservatism in Hong Kong">Conservative localism in Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanfu_Movement" title="Hanfu Movement">Hanfu Movement</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related ideologies</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Authoritarian_capitalism" title="Authoritarian capitalism">Authoritarian capitalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fascism_in_Asia#China" title="Fascism in Asia">Fascism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_chauvinism" title="Han chauvinism">Han chauvinism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hui_pan-nationalism" title="Hui pan-nationalism">Hui pan-nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_imperialism" title="Chinese imperialism">Imperialism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Statism#State_nationalism" title="Statism">State nationalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Principles_of_the_People" title="Three Principles of the People">Three Principles of the People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Three_Represents" title="Three Represents">Three Represents</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xi_Jinping_Thought" title="Xi Jinping Thought">Xi Jinping Thought</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="border-top:1px solid #36c; text-align:center;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content hlist"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">Anti-national sentiments</span> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Japanese_sentiment_in_China" title="Anti-Japanese sentiment in China">Japanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Taiwanese_sentiment" title="Anti-Taiwanese sentiment">Taiwanese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anti-Tibetan_sentiment" title="Anti-Tibetan sentiment">Tibetan</a></li></ul></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Baizuo" title="Baizuo">Baizuo</a></i></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Falun_Gong" title="Falun Gong">Falun Gong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Four_big_families_of_Hong_Kong" title="Four big families of Hong Kong">Four big families of Hong Kong</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_China" title="Liberalism in China">Liberalism in China</a> <span style="font-size: 85%;">(opposing)</span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penal_system_in_China" title="Penal system in China">Penal system in China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pro-Republic_of_China" title="Pro-Republic of China">Pro-Republic of China</a></li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Straight_man_cancer" title="Straight man cancer">Straight man cancer</a>"</li> <li><a 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.navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Conservatism_in_China" title="Template talk:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism_in_China" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Conservatism in China"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><i><b>Shen Bao</b></i> (<a href="/wiki/Traditional_Chinese_characters" title="Traditional Chinese characters">Chinese</a>: <span lang="zh-Hant">申報</span>; <a href="/wiki/Pinyin" title="Pinyin">pinyin</a>: <i><span lang="zh-Latn">Shēn Bào</span></i>), officially transliterated as <i><b>Shun Pao</b></i> or <i><b>Shen-pao</b></i>, known in English as <i><b>Shanghai News</b></i>, was a <a href="/wiki/Newspaper" title="Newspaper">newspaper</a> published from 1872 to 1949 in <a href="/wiki/Shanghai" title="Shanghai">Shanghai</a>, <a href="/wiki/China" title="China">China</a>. The name is short for <i>Shenjiang Xinbao</i>, Shenjiang being a short form of Chunshen Jiang, the old name for the <a href="/wiki/Huangpu_River" title="Huangpu River">Huangpu River</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The influence of the newspaper in early 20th century Shanghai was such that <i>Shen Bao zhi</i>, literally "Shen-pao paper", became a generic term for newspaper or newsprint.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formation">Formation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Formation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Founded by Ernest Major (1841–1908),<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a British businessman, in 1872, <i>Shen Bao</i> was one of the first modern Chinese newspapers. Major's Chinese language skills had been considered "legendary" and with the investment of four other Britons, he began managing <i>Shen Bao</i>. He was committed to bettering China by adopting Western Institutions and running a profitable business. When Major returned to England in 1889, the newspaper was reorganized and owned by Major Company Limited.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Because <i>Shen Bao</i> was based and published out of the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">Shanghai International Settlement</a>, it was subject to fewer regulations compared to many other Chinese newspapers. The International Settlement was governed by the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Municipal_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Municipal Council">Shanghai Municipal Council</a> which was completely separate from the Qing court and foreign consulate. The freedom of press granted in the International Settlement in Shanghai was “even greater than that enjoyed by British papers in London itself”. (Wagner, 4) Because of this lack of state regulation, Shen Bao was considered a reliable and independent source of information and “had acquired the reputation of being more independent and more reliable than most of the other available sources” (Wagner, 5). Chinese officials considered foreign journalists to be “infinitely more credible, reliable and honest than their own countrymen”. (Wagner, 19) Major specifically adopted an editorial policy geared toward improving China's long-term growth and development. </p><p>To further grow the business and establish itself as a “public forum in China” Shen Bao regularly reprinted essays from Xunhuan ribao in Hong Kong and the Jingbao announcements from the government. Furthermore, <i>Shen Bao</i> frequently published the essays of great reformist publicist Liang Qichao who has been “hailed as the father of modern Chinese journalism”. Although he did not invent the new newspaper style in the 1890s, he is said to have perfected it. (Judge, 235) </p><p>Major differentiated himself from other foreign newspaper publishers in two areas. First, from the outset, he made it clear that the new newspaper would be for Chinese readers, and thus that it would emphasize news and issues of interest to Chinese, not foreigners. Secondly, he put Chinese <a href="/wiki/Comprador" title="Comprador">compradors</a> in charge of running the business and let Chinese editors pick news items and write editorials. These two methods proved very effective. While the Chinese compradors used their knowledge of and connections with the local community to raise circulation and attract advertisements, they kept the price of the paper lower than that of its competitor. Simultaneously, Chinese editors did a better job of making <i>Shen Bao</i> appeal to Chinese readers' taste. Within one year, <i>Shen Bao</i> had put <i>Shanghai Xinbao</i> out of business and become the only Chinese newspaper in Shanghai until the appearance of <i>Xin Bao</i> in 1876 and <i>Hu Bao</i> in 1882.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Role_in_public_opinion">Role in public opinion</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Role in public opinion"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shen Bao</i> played a pivotal role in the formation of public opinion in the late 19th century. An example is its campaign in its first years against the new practice of employing young women as waitress in opium dens, which "blurred the demarcation line between acceptable and unacceptable practices by putting waitresses in the ambiguous position of implicitly providing sex services in the opium dens. Worse still, the opium dens embracing this practice were mostly located in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_French_Concession" title="Shanghai French Concession">French Concession</a>, connecting the issue to the presence of foreigners in Shanghai."<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result of the uproar, the practice was banned (although in practice not eradicated). </p><p><i>Shen Bao</i> also reflected the changing attitudes towards women as a new audience group - how the newspaper “described them in advertisements, editorials ad news reports”.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Inline_citation#When_you_must_use_inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Inline citation"><span title="The text near this tag needs a citation. (March 2021)">This quote needs a citation</span></a></i>]</sup> Women became a group that could be considered: adverts were directed at the feminine reading public. Newspaper was able to address women directly but also prescribed new feminine roles.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> This new role gave rise to the acceptance of public female schooling.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2021)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Impact_on_Chinese_society">Impact on Chinese society</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Impact on Chinese society"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The newspaper "innovated in printing technology, the use of the telegraph, the employment of a military correspondent (sent to cover the <a href="/wiki/Sino-French_War" title="Sino-French War">Sino-French War</a> in Vietnam in 1884), and the use of the <a href="/wiki/Vernacular_Chinese" class="mw-redirect" title="Vernacular Chinese">vernacular</a> (<i>baihua</i>)";<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> it quickly established a reputation as one of the best in China, coming under Chinese ownership in 1909,<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and by the early 20th century was printing 30,000 copies a day, 9,000 circulated in Shanghai and the rest elsewhere in China.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "By the early 1920s its circulation was 50,000; by the end of the decade 100,000; and by the mid 1930s, 150,000."<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Shen Bao</i> was also notably <a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#cite_note-5">a part of the commercialization of the Chinese press in the 1930s that prioritized advertising and mass circulation.</a> (MacKinnon, 9) The paper's offices were in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_International_Settlement" title="Shanghai International Settlement">International Settlement</a>, "about a block away from the Central Police Station."<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In its early period, it had eight pages, with news, essays, and advertisements as well as imperial decrees and memorials. "Because the editorial policies followed the principle of 'reporting whatever possible and letting the readers determine the truth,' many interesting but unfounded rumors were often included as news." After 1905, it increased its size to 20 pages.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><i>Shen Bao</i> also became a conduit between the high and low society, connecting the two in a way that was largely unprecedented. The court was the loudest and most continuous voice in the public sphere and continued to be with the publication of newspapers. The court had a specific section called <i>guanbao</i> which were a print form of <i>Jingbao</i>, a government approved set of public communications posted on boards in front of the government. Guanbao became the preferred method of communication and increased communication between high and low. (Wagner, 11) </p><p>Additionally, <i>Shen Bao</i> allowed “those below” to speak out about their opinions and criticism anonymously or in person. The publication of Jingbao gave a platform for public discussion of important issues between classes. <i>Shen Bao</i> published multiple editorials from opposite ends of the spectrum - sometimes even within the same issue. (Wagner, 19) </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_affiliation_and_effects">Political affiliation and effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Political affiliation and effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><i>Shen Bao</i> was founded as a commercial newspaper, and politically it remained conservative for its first three decades, supporting the <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing</a> government. In 1905 it began to change its orientation, quoting <a href="/wiki/Liang_Qichao" title="Liang Qichao">Liang Qichao</a>'s constitutionalist slogans on New Year's Day; in 1907 it was sold to Xi Zipei (1867–1929),<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> its former comprador, who "owned Shanghai's best-capitalized publishing operation, Zhongguo tushu gongsi (Chinese Library Company)"<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was under the influence of <a href="/wiki/Zhang_Jian_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Zhang Jian (politician)">Zhang Jian</a>, and it became a moderately liberal newspaper that strongly supported the constitutional movement.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "It had the following sections: editorials, international news, domestical news, local news, industry and trade, law and society, sports and education, literature and art, and advertisements. In addition to reporting important political news stories, it had many special columns and supplements such as <i>ziyou tan</i> (free discussion), automobile, education and life."<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1912 control was transferred to <a href="/wiki/Shi_Liangcai" title="Shi Liangcai">Shi Liangcai</a>. "In the 1930s, Shi was a strong supporter of the Human Rights Defence Alliance established by Madam <a href="/wiki/Soong_Ching-ling" title="Soong Ching-ling">Soong Qing Ling</a>, the second wife of revolutionary leader Dr <a href="/wiki/Sun_Yat-sen" title="Sun Yat-sen">Sun Yat-sen</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cai_Yuanpei" title="Cai Yuanpei">Cai Yuanpei</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lu_Xun" title="Lu Xun">Lu Xun</a>."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>There is some scholarly debate of the role of <i>Shen Bao</i> in igniting revolutionary and nationalist sentiments; however, it is generally regarded that “newspapers at most echoed, rather than produced, revolutionary or national feelings. Instead of making revolutions, it was made by them” (Judge 247). “[The press] was not merely a record of what happened but and ingredient in the happening”. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="End_of_publication">End of publication</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: End of publication"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Due to the surveillance from <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-Shek" class="mw-redirect" title="Chiang Kai-Shek">Chiang Kai-Shek</a> on the press, <i>Shen Bao</i> and other newspapers were frequently censored using postal bans for one day when they criticized government policy too strongly. Most of the time this was an effective enough deterrent, however, in July 1932, a warning was sent that the postal ban would not be lifted until <i>Shen Bao</i> fulfilled the following government requests: First, stop publishing editorials about the government's “bandit suppression” campaigns, dismiss three of the most critical editorial writers, and allow the government to appoint a new member to the editorial staff. (Mackinnon, 16). <i>Shen Bao</i> fulfilled all but the latter request. </p><p>In 1934, the newspaper "incurred the government's anger because of its strong anti-Japanese attitude. On November 13, <a href="/wiki/Shi_Liangcai" title="Shi Liangcai">Shih Liang-ts'ai</a>, its owner and editor-in-chief, was mysteriously assassinated on the Shanghai-Hangchow Highway";<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> responsibility for his murder has been attributed to the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Justice_Investigation_Bureau" title="Ministry of Justice Investigation Bureau">Bureau of Investigation and Statistics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chiang_Kai-shek" title="Chiang Kai-shek">Chiang Kai-shek</a>'s much-feared secret police.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1938, with <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Shanghai" title="Battle of Shanghai">the city under Japanese control</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwood_Allman" title="Norwood Allman">Norwood Allman</a> (1893–1987), an American lawyer who had been U.S. Consul in Shanghai in the early 1920s, was asked by the paper's Chinese owners to take over as editor; <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> wrote in 1940: "A fluent Chinese linguist, Allman reads every story that goes into Shun Pao, writes editorials, corrects editorials written by staff members. He serves without pay."<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paper was on bad terms with the Japanese, and in 1940 a Chinese assistant editor was killed and his head left on the street as a warning to journalists.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the murder of Shih Liang-ts'ai, the paper lost circulation and became less radical in its criticism of the <a href="/wiki/Kuomintang" title="Kuomintang">Kuomintang</a>. (MacKinnon, 11) Allman had control over the paper until December 1941 when it was seized by the Japanese on the ground that it was an American company. Allman had incorporated it as an American company purposefully to limit his financial liability. (Chin, 5) The Japanese appointed Chen Binhe (<span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hant">陳彬龢</span></span>), a former Shen bao editor-in-chief who gained the trust of the Japanese, as the new president of Shen bao. (Chin, 6) “As a result, [of these new appointments] Shen bao became a mouthpiece and propaganda tool for mobilizing the Chinese masses politically, economically, and culturally for total war” (Chin, 9). </p><p>During <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a> the paper passed into the hands of collaborators with the Japanese occupation, but after the war Pan Gongzhan, an influential Kuomintang party official who had been an editor on the paper in the late 1920s,<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> became its publisher and Chen Shunyü its chief editor. In May 1949, when the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Liberation_Army" title="People's Liberation Army">People's Liberation Army</a> took Shanghai, the newspaper was shut down. </p><p>There is a complete collection of the paper's issues in the <a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Library" title="Shanghai Library">Shanghai Library</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literary_magazine">Literary magazine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Literary magazine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Ernest Major's brother Frederick founded a literary magazine <i>Yinghuan suoji</i> (瀛寰瑣記; "Random Sketches of the World"), published by the <i>Shen Bao</i> since November 1872.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The magazine printed fiction, essays and poetry.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/42px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0d/Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg/56px-Newspaper_nicu_buculei_01.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Journalism" title="Portal:Journalism">Journalism portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_newspapers_and_magazines#China" class="mw-redirect" title="History of newspapers and magazines">History of newspapers and magazines § China</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/North_China_Daily_News" title="North China Daily News">North China Daily News</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Evening_Post_and_Mercury" class="mw-redirect" title="Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury">Shanghai Evening Post and Mercury</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Der_Ostasiatischer_Lloyd" class="mw-redirect" title="Der Ostasiatischer Lloyd">Der Ostasiatischer Lloyd</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanghai_Jewish_Chronicle" title="Shanghai Jewish Chronicle">Shanghai Jewish Chronicle</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deutsche_Shanghai_Zeitung" title="Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung">Deutsche Shanghai Zeitung</a></i></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visualizingcultures.mit.edu/dianshizhai_02/dsz2_intro.html">Shanghai's Lens on the News (text and translations) on MIT Visualizing Cultures website</a></li> <li>Catherine Vance Yeh, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/28100366/Recasting_the_Chinese_Novel_Ernest_Major_s_Shenbao_Publishing_House_1872_1890_?email_work_card=abstract-read-more">Recasting the Chinese Novel: Ernest Major's Shenbao Publishing House (1872-1890)</a>", <i>Transcultural Studies</i> 2015.1, pp. 171–289.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Endymion Wilkinson, <i>Chinese History: A Manual, Revised and Enlarged</i> (Harvard University Asia Center, 2000: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-00249-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-00249-0">0-674-00249-0</a>), p. 967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">蔣遵和 (Jiang Zunhe), <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://big5.eastday.com:82/gate/big5/auto.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper451/2/class045100001/hwz1311405.htm">“拿張申報紙來”是什麼意思</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20141129071608/http://big5.eastday.com:82/gate/big5/auto.eastday.com/epublish/gb/paper451/2/class045100001/hwz1311405.htm">Archived</a> 2014-11-29 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (What does "bring a sheet of Shen Pao paper mean"?), Shanghai Municipal Archives (re-published by EastDay).</i></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates from Roberta Wue, "The Profits of Philanthropy: Relief Aid, Shenbao, and the Art World in Later 19th-century Shanghai," <i>Late Imperial China</i> 25 (June 2004), pp. 187-211.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Chinese History Research Site at UCSD, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/miscellaneous_sources.htm">Miscellaneous Sources</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Yongming Zhou, <i>Historicizing Online Politics: Telegraphy, the Internet, and Political Participation in China</i> (Stanford University Press, 2006: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-5128-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-5128-5">0-8047-5128-5</a>), p. 45.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Zhou, <i>Historicizing Online Politics</i>, p. 50.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, <i>Chinese History</i>, p. 967.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, <i>Chinese History</i>, p. 968.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ninde_Gamewell" title="Mary Ninde Gamewell">Mary Ninde Gamewell</a>, <i>New Life Currents in China</i> (<a href="/wiki/Missionary_Education_Movement_of_the_United_States_and_Canada" title="Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada">Missionary Education Movement of the United States and Canada</a>, 1919), pp. 162-163.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Wilkinson, <i>Chinese History</i>, p. 995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Harriet Sergeant, <i>Shanghai: Collision Point of Cultures 1918-1939</i> (Crown, 1991: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-517-57025-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-517-57025-4">0-517-57025-4</a>), p. 162.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/">Chinese History Research Site at UCSD</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Miscellaneous Sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dates from Ellen Widmer, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lucian.uchicago.edu/blogs/premoderneastasia/files/2009/01/widmer_jan-20.doc">The Saoye shanfang of Suzhou and Shanghai: An Evolution in Five Stages</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>" [Word document]; Xi's name in Chinese is 希子佩.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Christopher A. Reed, <i><a href="/wiki/Gutenberg_in_Shanghai:_Chinese_Print_Capitalism,_1876-1937" class="mw-redirect" title="Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876-1937">Gutenberg in Shanghai: Chinese Print Capitalism, 1876-1937</a></i> (University of Hawaii Press, 2004: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8248-2833-X" title="Special:BookSources/0-8248-2833-X">0-8248-2833-X</a>), p. 174.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/Mary_C._Wright" title="Mary C. Wright">Mary Clabaugh Wright</a>, <i>China in Revolution: The First Phase, 1900-1913</i> (Yale University Press, 1971: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-01460-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-01460-0">0-300-01460-0</a>), p. 157.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://libraries.ucsd.edu/chinesehistory/">Chinese History Research Site at UCSD</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot"><span title=" Dead link tagged May 2018">permanent dead link</span></a></i><span style="visibility:hidden; color:transparent; padding-left:2px">‍</span>]</span></sup>, Miscellaneous Sources.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Patsy Yang and Jolin Ng, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://live.shanghaidaily.com/column_detail.asp?type=column&id=129">Cheers for favorite old bars and some newbies in Tongren Road</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110716200018/http://live.shanghaidaily.com/column_detail.asp?type=column&id=129">Archived</a> 2011-07-16 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>," <i>Shanghai Daily</i>, July 13, 2009.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lee-hsia Hsu Ting, Government Control of the Press in Modern China, 1900-1949 (Harvard University Asia Center, 1975: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-674-35820-1" title="Special:BookSources/0-674-35820-1">0-674-35820-1</a>), p. 97.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="/wiki/John_K._Fairbank" class="mw-redirect" title="John K. Fairbank">John K. Fairbank</a> and <a href="/wiki/Albert_Feuerwerker" title="Albert Feuerwerker">Albert Feuerwerker</a>, eds., <i>The Cambridge History of China, Vol. 13: Republican China 1912-1949, Part 2</i> (Cambridge University Press, 1986: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-24338-6" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-24338-6">0-521-24338-6</a>), p. 144.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Frederic E. Wakeman, <i>Spymaster: Dai Li and the Chinese Secret Service</i> (University of California Press, 2003: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-520-23407-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-520-23407-3">0-520-23407-3</a>), pp. 179ff.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Time</i>, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101014074936/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,764271,00.html">Foreign News: New Order in Shanghai</a>," July 29, 1940.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Paul French, <i>Carl Crow, a Tough Old China Hand: The Life, Times, and Adventures of an American in Shanghai</i> (Hong Kong University Press, 2007: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/962-209-802-9" title="Special:BookSources/962-209-802-9">962-209-802-9</a>), p. 212.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Xiaoqun Xu, <i>Chinese Professionals and the Republican State: The Rise of Professional Associations in Shanghai, 1912-1937</i> (Cambridge University Press, 2001: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-521-78071-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-521-78071-3">0-521-78071-3</a>), p. 171.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Min Wu, "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.reference-global.com/doi/abs/10.1515/9783598440205.4.173">Newspapers in the Shanghai Library</a>," <i>International Newspaper Librarianship for the 21st Century</i>, p. 173.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWagner2007" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Rudolf_G._Wagner" title="Rudolf G. Wagner">Wagner, Rudolf G.</a> (2007). <i>Joining the Global Public: Word, Image, and City in Early Chinese Newspapers, 1870–1910</i>. <a href="/wiki/State_University_of_New_York_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="State University of New York Press">State University of New York Press</a>. p. 51. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7117-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7914-7117-3"><bdi>978-0-7914-7117-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Joining+the+Global+Public%3A+Word%2C+Image%2C+and+City+in+Early+Chinese+Newspapers%2C+1870%E2%80%931910&rft.pages=51&rft.pub=State+University+of+New+York+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-7914-7117-3&rft.aulast=Wagner&rft.aufirst=Rudolf+G.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Bao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFWang1997" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/David_Der-wei_Wang" title="David Der-wei Wang">Wang, David Der-wei</a> (1997). <i><a href="/wiki/Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle_Splendor:_Repressed_Modernities_of_Late_Qing_Fiction,_1849%E2%80%931911" class="mw-redirect" title="Fin-de-siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849–1911">Fin-de-siècle Splendor: Repressed Modernities of Late Qing Fiction, 1849–1911</a></i>. <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University_Press" title="Stanford University Press">Stanford University Press</a>. p. 2. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8047-2845-3" title="Special:BookSources/0-8047-2845-3"><bdi>0-8047-2845-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fin-de-si%C3%A8cle+Splendor%3A+Repressed+Modernities+of+Late+Qing+Fiction%2C+1849%E2%80%931911&rft.pages=2&rft.pub=Stanford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.isbn=0-8047-2845-3&rft.aulast=Wang&rft.aufirst=David+Der-wei&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AShen+Bao" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Shen_Bao&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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aria-hidden="true"> <div class="vector-sticky-header-icons"> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-talk-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="talk-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-speechBubbles mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-speechBubbles"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-subject-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="subject-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-article mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-article"></span> <span></span> </a> <a href="#" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only" id="ca-history-sticky-header" tabindex="-1" data-event-name="history-sticky-header"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-history 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