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vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_decline"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Political decline</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Political_decline-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-'Rosa_Kaganovich'" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#'Rosa_Kaganovich'"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>'Rosa Kaganovich'</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-'Rosa_Kaganovich'-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Decorations_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Decorations_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Decorations and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Decorations_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">14</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Lazar Kaganovich</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 44 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-44" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">44 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganowitsj" title="Lazar Kaganowitsj – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Lazar Kaganowitsj" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%BA%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="لازار كاغانوفيتش – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="لازار كاغانوفيتش" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каганович Лазарь Моисеевич – Bashkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Каганович Лазарь Моисеевич" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Bashkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%96%D1%87" title="Лазар Майсеевіч Кагановіч – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Лазар Майсеевіч Кагановіч" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A0zar_Kagan%C3%B3vitx" title="Làzar Kaganóvitx – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Làzar Kaganóvitx" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovi%C4%8D" title="Lazar Kaganovič – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Lazar Kaganovič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Lazar Kaganovich" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasar_Kaganovitj" title="Lasar Kaganovitj – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Lasar Kaganovitj" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lasar_Moissejewitsch_Kaganowitsch" title="Lasar Moissejewitsch Kaganowitsch – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Lasar Moissejewitsch Kaganowitsch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovit%C5%A1" title="Lazar Kaganovitš – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitš" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9B%CE%AC%CE%B6%CE%B1%CF%81_%CE%9A%CE%B1%CE%B3%CE%BA%CE%B1%CE%BD%CF%8C%CE%B2%CE%B9%CF%84%CF%82" title="Λάζαρ Καγκανόβιτς – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Λάζαρ Καγκανόβιτς" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A1zar_Kagan%C3%B3vich" title="Lázar Kaganóvich – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Lázar Kaganóvich" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovi%C4%89" title="Lazar Kaganoviĉ – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lazar Kaganoviĉ" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovitx" title="Lazar Kaganovitx – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitx" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%86" title="لازار کاگانویچ – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="لازار کاگانویچ" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazare_Kaganovitch" title="Lazare Kaganovitch – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lazare Kaganovitch" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%9D%BC%EC%9E%90%EB%A6%AC_%EC%B9%B4%EA%B0%80%EB%85%B8%EB%B9%84%EC%B9%98" title="라자리 카가노비치 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="라자리 카가노비치" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BC%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D6%80_%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A3%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D5%BE%D5%AB%D5%B9" title="Լազար Կագանովիչ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Լազար Կագանովիչ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Lazar Kaganovich" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar%27_Moiseevi%C4%8D_Kaganovi%C4%8D" title="Lazar' Moiseevič Kaganovič – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Lazar' Moiseevič Kaganovič" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9C%D7%96%D7%A8_%D7%A7%D7%92%D7%A0%D7%95%D7%91%D7%99%D7%A5%27" title="לזר קגנוביץ' – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="לזר קגנוביץ'" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazarus_Kaganovi%C4%8D" title="Lazarus Kaganovič – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lazarus Kaganovič" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazars_Kaganovi%C4%8Ds" title="Lazars Kaganovičs – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Lazars Kaganovičs" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazaris_Kaganovi%C4%8Dius" title="Lazaris Kaganovičius – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Lazaris Kaganovičius" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Moiszejevics_Kaganovics" title="Lazar Moiszejevics Kaganovics – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Lazar Moiszejevics Kaganovics" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%D9%83%D8%A7%D8%AC%D8%A7%D9%86%D9%88%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%AA%D8%B4" title="لازار كاجانوفيتش – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لازار كاجانوفيتش" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovitsj" title="Lazar Kaganovitsj – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitsj" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A9%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B6%E3%83%AA%E3%83%BB%E3%82%AB%E3%82%AC%E3%83%8E%E3%83%BC%E3%83%B4%E3%82%A3%E3%83%81" title="ラーザリ・カガノーヴィチ – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ラーザリ・カガノーヴィチ" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovitsj" title="Lazar Kaganovitsj – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovitsj" title="Lazar Kaganovitsj – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitsj" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Lazar Kaganovich" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81azar_Kaganowicz" title="Łazar Kaganowicz – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Łazar Kaganowicz" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Kaganovich – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Lazar Kaganovich" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovici" title="Lazar Kaganovici – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lazar Kaganovici" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87,_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каганович, Лазарь Моисеевич – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Каганович, Лазарь Моисеевич" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D8%B1_%DA%A9%D8%A7%DA%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%DB%86%DA%A4%DB%8C%DA%86" title="لازار کاگانۆڤیچ – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="لازار کاگانۆڤیچ" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Лазар Каганович – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Лазар Каганович" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovi%C4%8D" title="Lazar Kaganovič – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Lazar Kaganovič" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovit%C5%A1" title="Lazar Kaganovitš – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitš" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovitj" title="Lazar Kaganovitj – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Lazar Kaganovitj" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Kaganovi%C3%A7" title="Lazar Kaganoviç – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Lazar Kaganoviç" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80_%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B9%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B9%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87" title="Каганович Лазар Мойсейович – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Каганович Лазар Мойсейович" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lazar_Moiseyevich_Kaganovich" title="Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Soviet politician (1893–1991)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">In this name that follows <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Slavic_naming_customs" title="Eastern Slavic naming customs">Eastern Slavic naming customs</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Patronymic" title="Patronymic">patronymic</a> is <i> Moiseyevich</i> and the <a href="/wiki/Surname" title="Surname">family name</a> is <i> Kaganovich</i>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Lazar Kaganovich</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-size:125%; font-weight:bold;"><div class="nickname" lang="ru"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style><span class="nobold">Лазарь Каганович</span></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg/220px-Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="308" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/3/31/Lazar_Kaganovich_1935.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="225" data-file-height="315" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Kaganovich in 1935</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />5 March 1953 – 29 June 1957</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />21 August 1938 – 5 March 1953</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Premier</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a><br />Joseph Stalin</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union#Secretariat" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Second Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />December 1930 – 21 March 1939</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="display:inline" class="nickname">Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich</div><br /><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1893-11-22</span>)</span>22 November 1893<br /><a href="/wiki/Dibrova,_Vyshhorod_Raion,_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Dibrova, Vyshhorod Raion, Kyiv Oblast">Kabany</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a>, Russian Empire</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">25 July 1991<span style="display:none">(1991-07-25)</span> (aged 97)<br />Moscow, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Soviet_Federative_Socialist_Republic" title="Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic">Russian SFSR</a>, Soviet Union</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Resting place</th><td class="infobox-data label"><a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a>, Moscow</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">RSDLP</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolsheviks</a>) <span class="nowrap">(1911–1918)</span> <br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">CPSU</a> (1918–1961)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Signature</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Lazar Kaganovich's signature"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png/128px-Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="31" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png/192px-Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png/256px-Lazar_Kaganovich_Signature.png 2x" data-file-width="551" data-file-height="135" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Central institution membership</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1930–1957: Full Member, <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_19th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 19th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a> and <a href="/wiki/Presidium_of_the_20th_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Presidium of the 20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1926–1930: Candidate Member, <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th</a> & <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Politburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th</a> Politburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1924–25 & 1928–1939: Member, <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Secretariat_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Secretariat of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a> Secretariat </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1924–26 & 1928–1946: Member, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a> & <a href="/wiki/Orgburo_of_the_18th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Orgburo of the 18th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a> Orgburo </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1924–57: Full member, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_13th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 13th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">13th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_14th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 14th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_15th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 15th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th</a>, <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Central Committee of the 16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th</a>, <a href="/wiki/17th_Central_Committee_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="17th Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">17th</a>, <a href="/wiki/18th_Central_Committee_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Central Committee of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th</a>, <a href="/wiki/19th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th</a>, <a href="/wiki/20th_Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="20th Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">20th</a> Central Committee</li></ul> </div> <hr /> <div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold; background-color:#FCF;text-align:center;"><div style="margin: 0 4em">Other offices held</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1955–1956: Chairman of State Committee on Labor and Salary </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1948–1952: Chairman of State Committee on Materiel-Technical Supply for National Economy </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1944–47 & 1956–57: <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Construction_Materials_Industry" title="Ministry of Construction Materials Industry">Minister of Construction Materials Industry</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1941: Chairman of Council on Evacuation </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1939–40:People's Commissar of Oil Industry </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1939: People's Commissar of Fuel Industry </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1937–39: People's Commissar of Heavy Industry </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1935–37,1938–42 & 1943–44: <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Communication_Routes_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="People's Commissariat of Communication Routes of the Soviet Union">People's Commissar for Transport</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1931–1934: First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moscow </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1930–1935: First Secretary of the Communist Party of Moscow Oblast </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"> 1925–28 & 1947: <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Lazar Moiseyevich Kaganovich</b><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>a<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (<a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a>: <span lang="ru">Лазарь Моисеевич Каганович</span>; 22 November [<a href="/wiki/Old_Style_and_New_Style_dates" title="Old Style and New Style dates">O.S.</a> 10 November] 1893 – 25 July 1991) was a Soviet politician and one of <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a>'s closest associates. </p><p>Born to a Jewish family in Ukraine, Kaganovich worked as a shoemaker and joined the <a href="/wiki/Russian_Social_Democratic_Labour_Party" title="Russian Social Democratic Labour Party">Russian Social Democratic Labour Party</a> in 1911. During and after the 1917 <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a>, he held leading positions in <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> organizations in Belarus and Russia, and helped consolidate Soviet rule in <a href="/wiki/Turkestan_Autonomous_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Turkestan Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic">Turkestan</a>. In 1922, Stalin placed Kaganovich in charge of an organizational department of the <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Communist Party</a>, assisting the former in consolidating his grip on the party. Kaganovich was appointed <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine</a> in 1925, and a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> and Stalin's deputy party secretary in 1930. In 1932–33, he helped enforce grain quotas in Ukraine which contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a> famine. From the mid-1930s on, Kaganovich variously served as the <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat" title="People's Commissariat">People's Commissar</a> for <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Railways (Soviet Union)">Railways</a>, <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissariat_of_Heavy_Industry" title="People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry">Heavy Industry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Oil_Industry" title="Ministry of Oil Industry">Oil Industry</a>, and during the <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">Second World War</a> was appointed a member of the <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defence Committee</a>. </p><p>After <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Joseph_Stalin" title="Death and state funeral of Joseph Stalin">Stalin's death</a> in 1953 and the rise of <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>, Kaganovich quickly lost his influence. After joining in <a href="/wiki/Anti-Party_Group" title="Anti-Party Group">a failed coup</a> against Khrushchev in 1957, Kaganovich was dismissed from the Presidium and demoted to the director of a small <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> works in the <a href="/wiki/Urals" class="mw-redirect" title="Urals">Urals</a>. He was expelled from the party in 1961 and lived out his life as a pensioner in <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>. At his death in 1991, he was the last surviving <a href="/wiki/Old_Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Old Bolshevik">Old Bolshevik</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Soviet Union itself outlasted him by only five months, <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">dissolving</a> on 26 December 1991. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life">Early life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaganovich was born in 1893 to <a href="/wiki/Jew" class="mw-redirect" title="Jew">Jewish</a> parents<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> in the village of Kabany, <a href="/wiki/Radomyshl" title="Radomyshl">Radomyshl</a> <a href="/wiki/Uyezd" class="mw-redirect" title="Uyezd">uyezd</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kiev_Governorate" title="Kiev Governorate">Kiev Governorate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russian Empire</a> (today <a href="/wiki/Dibrova,_Vyshhorod_Raion,_Kyiv_Oblast" title="Dibrova, Vyshhorod Raion, Kyiv Oblast">Dibrova</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kyiv_Oblast" title="Kyiv Oblast">Kyiv Oblast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>). Although not from a "fanatically observant" family, according to Kaganovich, he spoke <a href="/wiki/Yiddish" title="Yiddish">Yiddish</a> at home.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was the son of Moisei Benovich Kaganovich (1863–1923) and Genya Iosifovna Dubinskaya (1860–1933). Of the 13 children born to the family, 6 died in infancy. Lazar had four elder brothers, all of whom became members of the <a href="/wiki/Bolsheviks" title="Bolsheviks">Bolshevik</a> party. Several of Lazar's brothers ended up occupying positions of varying significance in the Soviet government. <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kaganovich" title="Mikhail Kaganovich">Mikhail Kaganovich</a> (1888–1941) served as <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar_of_Defence_Industry" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar of Defence Industry">People's Commissar of Defence Industry</a> before being appointed <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Aviation_Industry_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Aviation Industry (Soviet Union)">Head of the People's Commissariat of the Aviation Industry of the USSR</a>, while Yuli Kaganovich (1892–1962) became the 3rd First Secretary of the Gorky Regional Committee of the CPSU. Israel Kaganovich (1884–1973) was made the head of the Main Directorate for Cattle Harvesting of the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Meat_and_Dairy_Industry" title="Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry">Ministry of Meat and Dairy Industry</a>. However, Aron Moiseevich Kaganovich (1888–1960s) apparently decided against following his siblings into government, and did not pursue a career in politics. Lazar also had a sister, Rachel Moiseevna Kaganovich (1883–1926), who married Mordechai Ber Lantzman; they lived together in <a href="/wiki/Chernobyl" title="Chernobyl">Chernobyl</a> for a period, but she subsequently died in the 1920s and was interred in <a href="/wiki/Kiev" class="mw-redirect" title="Kiev">Kiev</a>. </p><p>Lazar Kaganovich left school at 14, to work in shoe factories and cobblers' shops.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Around 1911, he joined the <a href="/wiki/Bolshevik" class="mw-redirect" title="Bolshevik">Bolshevik</a> party (his older brother <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kaganovich" title="Mikhail Kaganovich">Mikhail Kaganovich</a> had become a member in 1905).<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Early in his political career, in 1915, Kaganovich became a Communist organizer at a shoe factory where he worked.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the same year he was arrested and sent back to Kabany.<sup id="cite_ref-Rees_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Revolution_and_Civil_War">Revolution and Civil War</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Revolution and Civil War"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>During March and April 1917, he served as the Chairman of the Tanners Union and as the vice-chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Yuzovka" class="mw-redirect" title="Yuzovka">Yuzovka</a> <a href="/wiki/Soviet_(council)" title="Soviet (council)">Soviet</a>. In May 1917, he became the leader of the military organization of Bolsheviks in <a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, and in August 1917, he became the leader of the <i><a href="/wiki/Polesia" title="Polesia">Polessky</a> Committee</i> of the Bolshevik party in <a href="/wiki/Belarus" title="Belarus">Belarus</a>. During the <a href="/wiki/October_Revolution" title="October Revolution">October Revolution</a> of 1917 he led the revolt in <a href="/wiki/Gomel" title="Gomel">Gomel</a>. </p><p>In 1918 Kaganovich acted as <a href="/wiki/Commissar" title="Commissar">Commissar</a> of the propaganda department of the <a href="/wiki/Red_Army" title="Red Army">Red Army</a>. From May 1918 to August 1919 he was the Chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Ispolkom" title="Ispolkom">Ispolkom</a> (Committee) of the <a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod_Governorate" title="Nizhny Novgorod Governorate">Nizhny Novgorod Governorate</a>. In 1919–1920, he served as governor of the <a href="/wiki/Voronezh_Governorate" title="Voronezh Governorate">Voronezh Governorate</a>. The years 1920 to 1922 he spent in <a href="/wiki/Turkmenistan" title="Turkmenistan">Turkmenistan</a> as one of the leaders of the Bolshevik struggle against local <a href="/wiki/Muslim" class="mw-redirect" title="Muslim">Muslim</a> rebels (<i><a href="/wiki/Basmach" class="mw-redirect" title="Basmach">basmachi</a></i>), and also commanding the succeeding punitive expeditions against local opposition. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Communist_functionary">Communist functionary</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Communist functionary"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In June 1922, two months after <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> became the <a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">General Secretary of the Communist Party</a>, Kaganovich was appointed head of the party's Organisation and Instruction Department (<i>Orgotdel</i>), which was expanded a year later by absorbing the Records and Assignment Department, and renamed the Organisation-Assignment Department (<i>Orgraspred</i>).<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This department was responsible for all assignments within the apparatus of the Communist Party. Working there, Kaganovich helped to place Stalin's supporters in important jobs within the Communist Party bureaucracy. In this position he became noted for his great work capacity and for his personal loyalty to Stalin. He stated publicly that he would execute absolutely any order from Stalin, which at that time was a novelty.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (June 2010)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In May 1924, Kaganovich became a full member of the <a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Central Committee</a>, after having first been elected as a candidate one year earlier, a member of the <a href="/wiki/Orgburo" title="Orgburo">Orgburo</a>, and a Secretary of the Central Committee.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1925 to 1928, Kaganovich was the <a href="/wiki/First_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="First Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First Secretary of the Communist Party of the Ukrainian SSR</a>. In July 1926, he was also elected a candidate member of the <a href="/wiki/Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">Politburo</a> of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union. He was given the task of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainization" title="Ukrainization">"ukrainizatsiya"</a> – meaning at that time the building up of Ukrainian communist popular cadres, and encouraging 'low' Ukrainian culture, by removing bureaucratic obstacles to the use of the Ukrainian language; but he treated high culture with great suspicion. He was particularly suspicious of the poet, <a href="/wiki/Mykola_Khvylovy" title="Mykola Khvylovy">Mykola Khvylovy</a>, and sent Stalin a selection of quotations from Khvylovy's verses, which incited Stalin to launch an attack on the poet.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He clashed frequently with the two most prominent ethnic Ukrainian Bolsheviks <a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Shumsky" title="Alexander Shumsky">Alexander Shumsky</a>. Shumsky obtained an audience with Stalin in 1926 to insist that Kaganovich be recalled,<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but Kaganovich succeeded in getting Shumsky dismissed the following year, over his support for Khvylovy. Later, Stalin had a similar visit from Chubar, and the Ukraine President, <a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1928, Stalin reluctantly agreed to recall Kaganovich. </p><p>In Moscow, he returned to his position as a Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party, a job he held until 1939. As Secretary, he endorsed Stalin's struggle against the so-called <a href="/wiki/Left_Opposition" title="Left Opposition">Left</a> and <a href="/wiki/Right_Opposition" title="Right Opposition">Right</a> oppositions within the Communist Party, and backed Stalin's decision to enforce rapid collectivisation of agriculture, against the more moderate policy of <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a>, who argued in favor of the "peaceful integration of kulaks into socialism." In summer 1930, he was warned that Lenin's widow, <a href="/wiki/Nadezhda_Krupskaya" title="Nadezhda Krupskaya">Nadezhda Krupskaya</a> had delivered a speech at a district party branch in Moscow, in which she criticised collectivisation. Kaganovich rushed to the meeting, and subjected Krupskaya to "coarse and scathing abuse."<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In July 1930, Kaganovich was promoted to full membership of the <a href="/wiki/16th_Politburo_and_the_16th_Secretariat_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="16th Politburo and the 16th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">Politburo</a>, which he retained for 27 years. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stalin's_deputy"><span id="Stalin.27s_deputy"></span>Stalin's deputy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Stalin's deputy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 1930, when <a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> promoted to the post of chairman of the Soviet government, Kaganovich replaced him as Stalin's deputy in the party secretariat, a position he held until February 1935. In these four years, he was the third most powerful figure in the Soviet leadership, behind Stalin and Molotov. He was left in Moscow in charge of party affairs when Stalin was on vacation. In 2001, a collection of 836 letters and telegrams that Stalin and Kaganovich exchanged in 1931–36 were published in Russia. The bulk of them were translated and published in the US in 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1933 and 1934, he served as the Chairman of the Commission for Vetting of the Party Membership (<i>Tsentralnaya komissiya po proverke partiynykh ryadov</i>) and ensured personally that nobody associated with anti-Stalin opposition would be permitted to remain a Communist Party member. In 1934, at the <a href="/wiki/17th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="17th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">XVII Congress of the Communist Party</a>, Kaganovich chaired the Counting Committee. He falsified voting for positions in the Central Committee, deleting 290 votes opposing the Stalin candidacy. His actions resulted in Stalin's being re-elected as the General Secretary instead of <a href="/wiki/Sergey_Kirov" class="mw-redirect" title="Sergey Kirov">Sergey Kirov</a>. By the rules, the candidate receiving fewer opposing votes should become the General Secretary. Before Kaganovich's falsification, Stalin received 292 opposing votes and Kirov only three. However, the "official" result (due to the interference of Kaganovich) saw Stalin with just two opposing votes.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1930–35, he was also First Secretary of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a> <a href="/wiki/Obkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Obkom">Obkom</a> of the Communist Party (1930–1935). He later headed the Moscow <a href="/wiki/Gorkom" class="mw-redirect" title="Gorkom">Gorkom</a> of the Communist Party (1931–1934). During this period, he also supervised destruction of many of the city's oldest monuments, including the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-REES001_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-REES001-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, he led the suppression of the workers' strike in <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo-Voznesensk" class="mw-redirect" title="Ivanovo-Voznesensk">Ivanovo-Voznesensk</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Moscow_Metro">Moscow Metro</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Moscow Metro"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the 1930s, Kaganovich – along with project managers Ivan Kuznetsov and, later Isaac Segal – organized and led the building of the first Soviet underground rapid-transport system, the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_Metro" title="Moscow Metro">Moscow Metro</a>, known as <i>Metropoliten imeni L.M. Kaganovicha</i> after him until 1955. The decision to construct the metro was made at a plenum of the Central Committee on June 15, 1931, after a report by Kaganovich. </p><p>On October 15, 1941, L. M. Kaganovich received an order to close the Moscow Metro, and within three hours to prepare proposals for its destruction, as a strategically important object. The metro was supposed to be destroyed, and the remaining cars and equipment removed. On the morning of October 16, 1941, on the day of the panic in Moscow, the metro was not opened for the first time. It was the only day in the history of the Moscow metro when it did not work. By evening, the order to destroy the metro was canceled. </p><p>In 1955, after the death of Stalin, the Moscow Metro was renamed to no longer include Kaganovich's name. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Responsibility_for_the_1932–1933_famine"><span id="Responsibility_for_the_1932.E2.80.931933_famine"></span>Responsibility for the 1932–1933 famine</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Responsibility for the 1932–1933 famine"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg/220px-19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg/330px-19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ca/19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg/440px-19300701-Blukher-Kaganovich-Stalin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="498" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Blyukher" title="Vasily Blyukher">Vasily Blyukher</a>, Lazar Kaganovich and Stalin on the <a href="/wiki/16th_Congress_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">16th Congress of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a>. July 1930</figcaption></figure> <p>In July 1932, Molotov and Kaganovich travelled to <a href="/wiki/Kharkov" class="mw-redirect" title="Kharkov">Kharkov</a>, then the capital of Ukraine, to order the Politburo of the Ukrainian Communist party to set a quote of grain procurement of 356 million <a href="/wiki/Pood" title="Pood">pood</a> a year. Every member of the Ukrainian Poliburo pleaded for a reduction in the quantity of grain peasants were required to hand over to the state, but Kaganovich and Molotov "categorically refused".<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Later the same month, they sent the Ukrainian party leaders a secret telegram ordering them to intensify grain production and impose harsh penalties on peasants who failed to comply. In August, Stalin and Kaganovich pushed through a decree that made theft or sabotage of state property, including the property of collective farms, punishable by death, and Kaganovich sent a telegram to the Ukrainian leaders on "the unsatisfactory pace of grain procurement." On 13 January 2010, Years later, when the Kyiv Court of Appeal had investigated the causes of the 1932–33 famine, known as the <a href="/wiki/Holodomor" title="Holodomor">Holodomor</a>, the court cited these four incidents as proof that Kaganovich was complicit in an act of genocide against the Ukrainian nation.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Though he and others were pronounced guilty as criminals, the case was ended immediately according to paragraph 8 of Article 6 of the Criminal Procedural Code of Ukraine.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The court's ruling also referred to Kaganovich's return visit to Kharkiv in December 1932, when, during a Politburo session that lasted until 4.00 am, Ukrainians present begged that peasants should be allowed to retain more grain for their own consumption and seeds for the next year's crop, but Kaganovich overruled them and messaged Stalin accusing them of "seriously hampering and undermining the entire grain procurement."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaganovich also travelled to the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasus_Krai" title="North Caucasus Krai">Northern Caucasus</a> in October 1932 to "struggle with the class enemy who sabotaged the grain collection and sowing." Meeting resistance from Cossacks, he had the entire population of 16 Cossack villages, of more than 1,000 people each, deported, and brought in peasants from less fertile land to replace them.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He also traveled to the central regions of the USSR, and <a href="/wiki/Siberia" title="Siberia">Siberia</a> demanding the acceleration of collectivization and repressions against the Kulaks, who were generally blamed for the slow progress of collectivization. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Repression_of_Poltavskaya">Repression of Poltavskaya</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Repression of Poltavskaya"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Poltavskaya_(rural_locality)" class="mw-redirect" title="Poltavskaya (rural locality)">Poltavskaya</a> sabotaged and resisted collectivization period of the Soviet Union more than any other area in the Kuban which was perceived by Lazar Kaganovich to be connected to Ukrainian nationalist and <a href="/wiki/Cossack" class="mw-redirect" title="Cossack">Cossack</a> conspiracy.<sup id="cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaganovich relentlessly pursued the policy of requisition of grain in Poltavskaya and the rest of the Kuban and personally oversaw the purging of local leaders and Cossacks. Kaganovich viewed the resistance of Poltavskaya through Ukrainian lens delivering oration in a mixed Ukrainian language. To justify this Kaganovich cited a letter allegedly written by a <a href="/wiki/Stanitsa" title="Stanitsa">stanitsa</a> <a href="/wiki/Ataman" title="Ataman">ataman</a> (local Cossack leader) named Grigorii Omel'chenko advocating Cossack separatism and local reports of resistance to collectivization in association with this figure to substantiate this suspicion of the area.<sup id="cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However Kaganocvich did not reveal in speeches throughout the region that many of those targeted by persecution in Poltavskaya had their family members and friends deported or shot including in years before the supposed Omel'chenko crisis even started. Ultimately due to being perceived as the most rebellious area almost all (or 12,000) members of the Poltavskaya stantisa were deported to the north.<sup id="cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-boeckbrian-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This coincided with and was a part of a wider deportation of 46,000 Cossacks from Kuban.<sup id="cite_ref-cossackspunished_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-cossackspunished-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> At the same time, Poltavskaya was renamed Krasnoarmeyskaya (<span title="Russian-language text"><span lang="ru">Красноарме́йская</span></span>).<sup id="cite_ref-ehu_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ehu-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id=""Iron_Lazar""><span id=".22Iron_Lazar.22"></span>"Iron Lazar"</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: "Iron Lazar""><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg/220px-Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg/330px-Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg/440px-Kaganovich_Lazar_1936.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2087" data-file-height="1484" /></a><figcaption>Lazar Kaganovich as People's Commissar for Transport in 1936</figcaption></figure> <p>In spring 1935, Kaganovich was replaced as the secretary in charge of party organisation, and as chairman of the purge commission, by <a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a>, the future head of the <a href="/wiki/NKVD" title="NKVD">NKVD</a>, whose rise was a harbinger of the <a href="/wiki/Great_Purge" title="Great Purge">Great Purge</a>. Kaganovich had handpicked Yezhov in 1933 to be deputy head of the purge commission, significantly boosting his career.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In March 1935, Kaganovich was replaced as first secretary of the Moscow party organisation, by <a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a>. </p><p>From February 1935 to 1937, Kaganovich was <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Commissar" class="mw-redirect" title="People's Commissar">Narkom</a> (Minister) for the <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Railways_(Soviet_Union)" title="Ministry of Railways (Soviet Union)">railways</a>. This was the first step in his eventual switch from party to economic work, but in 1935, he played a significant role in preparations for the Great Purge. Even before it started, he organized the arrests of thousands of railway administrators and managers accused of sabotage.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup>. Before the opening of the first of the <a href="/wiki/Moscow_trials" title="Moscow trials">Moscow show trials</a> in August 1936, Kaganovich and Yezhov jointly reported to Stalin, who was on vacation, about progress in forcing the defendants to confess. He was also in Moscow to facilitate Yezhov's appointment as head of the NKVD, after Stalin had demanded the sacking of the incumbent, <a href="/wiki/Genrikh_Yagoda" title="Genrikh Yagoda">Genrikh Yagoda</a>, which Kaganovich praised as a "remarkable and wise decision of our father."<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>During the Great Purge, Kaganovich was sent from Moscow to <a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Kuban" title="Kuban">Kuban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a> and elsewhere, to instigate sackings and arrests. In Ivanovo, he ordered the arrests of the provincial party secretary, and the head of the propaganda department, and accused a majority of the executive of being "enemies of the people". His visit became known as the "black tornado".<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In all Party conferences of the later 1930s, he made speeches demanding increased efforts in the search for and prosecution of "foreign spies" and "saboteurs." For his ruthlessness in the execution of Stalin's orders, he was nicknamed "Iron Lazar." During his time serving as Railways Commissar, Kaganovich participated in the murder of 36,000 people by signing death lists. Kaganovich had exterminated so many railwaymen that one official called to warn that one line was entirely unmanned.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1936–39, Kaganovich's signature appears on 188 out of 357 documented execution lists.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-style: italic">Examples of Kaganovich's speeches</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VTjk8gaU6iE">1</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></span></span> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xXNyidjrf4M">2</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Kaganovich was appointed People's Commissar for Heavy Industry after his predecessor, <a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a> committed suicide, in February 1937. In August 1938, he was named as a Deputy Chairman of the Council of People's Commissars. In 1939, he was appointed People's Commissar for the Oil Industry. During World War II (known as the <a href="/wiki/Great_Patriotic_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Patriotic War">Great Patriotic War</a> in the USSR), Kaganovich was Commissar (Member of the Military Council) of the <a href="/wiki/North_Caucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="North Caucasian Front">North Caucasian</a> and <a href="/wiki/Transcaucasian_Front" class="mw-redirect" title="Transcaucasian Front">Transcaucasian Fronts</a>. During 1943–1944, he was again the Narkom for the railways. In 1943, he was presented with the title of <a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a>. From 1944 to 1947, Kaganovich was the <a href="/wiki/Minister_for_Building_Materials" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister for Building Materials">Minister for Building Materials</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_decline">Political decline</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Political decline"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Politically, Kaganovich was a much diminished figure after the war. An early sign of his weakened position was that in 1941, his brother, <a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kaganovich" title="Mikhail Kaganovich">Mikhail</a>, committed suicide when facing arrest, just after the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Barbarossa" title="Operation Barbarossa">German invasion</a>. Lazar Kaganovich reputedly made no attempt to help him. When the <a href="/wiki/State_Defense_Committee" title="State Defense Committee">State Defence Committee</a> was formed to direct the war, Kaganovich was initially excluded, though he was co-opted in February 1942. In 1946, he was officially ranked ninth in seniority in the Kremlin pecking order.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1947, after Ukraine had failed to deliver its grain quota in the wake of a drought, Kaganovich was sent to replace Khrushchev as First Secretary of the Ukrainian CP, while Khrushchev was downgraded to the post of head of government. However, Kaganovich was recalled and Khrushchev reinstated in December 1947. </p><p>From 1949, until Stalin's death in March 1953, Kaganovich was in a precarious situation because of the state-sponsored anti-semitism, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Sl%C3%A1nsk%C3%BD_trial" title="Slánský trial">Slánský trial</a> in Prague, and the <a href="/wiki/Doctors%27_plot" title="Doctors' plot">Doctors' plot</a>, during which hundreds of Jews, including Molotov's wife, <a href="/wiki/Polina_Zhemchuzhina" title="Polina Zhemchuzhina">Polina Zhemchuzhina</a>, were arrested, and many were tortured and shot. Kaganovich remained in office throughout, as the most prominent Jew in the Soviet leadership, but was no longer invited to meet Stalin socially, and "was lying low, watching the course of events in fear and trembling".<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>From 1948 to 1952, he was the Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Gossnab" title="Gossnab">Gossnab</a> (State Committee for Material-Technical Supply, charged with the primary responsibility for the allocation of producer goods to enterprises, a critical state function in the absence of markets). </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj,_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_(titel_op_object),_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg/220px-Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg/330px-Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/15/Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg/440px-Joseph_Stalin_en_Lazar_Kaganovitsj%2C_lopend_I.V._Stalin_en_L.M._Kaganovich_%28titel_op_object%29%2C_RP-F-F00935-A.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2552" data-file-height="1938" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a> and Lazar Kaganovich 1930s</figcaption></figure> <p>After Stalin's death, Kaganovich appeared to regain some of the influence he had lost. In March 1953, he was appointed one of four <a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Vice-Premiers</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Council_of_Ministers_(Soviet_Union)" class="mw-redirect" title="Council of Ministers (Soviet Union)">Council of Ministers</a>, and confirmed as a full member of the ten-man Praesidium (the new name given to the Politburo), and on 24 May 1955, he was appointed the first Chairman of <a href="/wiki/State_Committee_for_Labour_and_Wages" class="mw-redirect" title="State Committee for Labour and Wages">Goskomtrud</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>But his position rapidly deteriorated with the rise of Nikita Khrushchev. In the 1930s, he had been Khrushchev's mentor, but Khrushchev had not forgiven the interlude when Kaganovich supplanted him as the Ukrainian party leader in 1947, and had come to despise him. In his memoirs, Khrushchev wrote: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>His behaviour disgusted me, and it disgusted others. He was nothing but a lackey ... Stalin used to hold him up as an example of a man "resolute in his class consciousness" and "implacable towards his class enemies." Later we found out all too well how resolute and implacable Kaganovich really was. He was the kind of man who wouldn't say a single word on behalf of his own brother, Mikhail Kaganovich.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>In 1956–57, Kaganovich joined Molotov, <a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a> in an attempt to remove Khrushchev from office, partly in reaction against Khrushchev's <a href="/wiki/On_the_Cult_of_Personality_and_Its_Consequences" title="On the Cult of Personality and Its Consequences">Secret Speech</a> in February 1956, denouncing Stalin and the persecution of innocent party officials. On 6 June 1956, Kaganovich was removed from the chairmanship of the State Committee on Labour and Wages. When the Central Committee convened to resolve this dispute, in June 1957, Kaganovich was accused of "inactivity and crude violations of revolutionary legality" in his management of the state committees he chaired,<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was expelled from the Praesidium, with the other three members of what was now officially called the Anti-Party Group'. He was reportedly terrified that he would be arrested and shot, and phoned Khrushchev to beg for clemency.<sup id="cite_ref-Med_5-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Med-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was given the job of director of a small <a href="/wiki/Potash" title="Potash">potash</a> works in the Urals.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1961, Kaganovich was expelled from the Party and became a pensioner living in Moscow. His grandchildren reported that after his dismissal from the Central Committee, Kaganovich (who had a reputation for his temperamental and allegedly violent nature) never shouted again and became a devoted grandfather.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1984, his re-admission to the Party was considered by the Politburo, alongside that of Molotov.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> During the last years of life he played dominoes with fellow pensioners<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and criticized Soviet media attacks on Stalin: "First, Stalin is disowned, now, little by little, it gets to prosecute socialism, the October Revolution, and in no time they will also want to prosecute Lenin and Marx."<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Shortly before death he suffered a heart attack.<sup id="cite_ref-nytimes.com_32-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nytimes.com-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1991 Kaganovich was interviewed about the alleged murder of Lenin's widow, in which he suggested <a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a> may have been involved with Krupskaya's poisoning and was quoted in 1991 saying "I can't dismiss that possibility. He might have." Russian writer <a href="/wiki/Arkady_Vaksberg" title="Arkady Vaksberg">Arkady Vaksberg</a> further commented that the fact Kaganovich had confirmed the poisoning "did actually take place is more important than specifying who ordered it."<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Kaganovich died on July 25, 1991, at the age of 97, just before the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_coup_attempt_of_1991" class="mw-redirect" title="Soviet coup attempt of 1991">events</a> that resulted in the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">end of the USSR</a>. He is buried at the <a href="/wiki/Novodevichy_Cemetery" title="Novodevichy Cemetery">Novodevichy Cemetery</a> in Moscow.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="'Rosa_Kaganovich'"><span id=".27Rosa_Kaganovich.27"></span>'Rosa Kaganovich'</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 'Rosa Kaganovich'"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987, American <a href="/wiki/Journalist" title="Journalist">journalist</a> Stuart Kahan published a book entitled <i>The Wolf of the Kremlin: The First Biography of L.M. Kaganovich, the Soviet Union's Architect of Fear</i> (<a href="/wiki/HarperCollins" title="HarperCollins">William Morrow & Co</a>). In the book, Kahan claimed to be Kaganovich's long-lost nephew, and claimed to have interviewed Kaganovich personally and stated that Kaganovich admitted to being partially responsible for the death of Stalin in 1953 (supposedly by poisoning). A number of other unusual claims were made as well, including that Stalin was married to a sister of Kaganovich (supposedly named "Rosa") during the last year of his life and that Kaganovich (who was raised Jewish) was the architect of anti-Jewish <a href="/wiki/Pogrom" title="Pogrom">pogroms</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-kah_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-kah-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The rumor that Stalin married a sister of Kaganovich after the death of Nadezhda Alliluyeva in 1932 seems to have originated in the 1930s. Elizabeth Lermolo, who emigrated to the US in 1950 and published a memoir, <i>Face of a Victim</i> reported hearing the story while she was a prisoner in the <a href="/wiki/Gulag" title="Gulag">gulag</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lermolo_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lermolo-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story has been repeated in sources including <i>The Rise and Fall of Stalin</i>, (1965) by Robert Payne,<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>The Private Life of Josif Stalin</i> (1962) by Jack Fishman and Bernard Hutton,<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and in <i>Stalin: the History of a Dictator</i> (1982) by Harford Montgomery Hyde.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There were also frequent mentions of 'Rosa Kaganovich' in western media including <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Time_(magazine)" title="Time (magazine)">Time</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Life_(magazine)" title="Life (magazine)">Life</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The story of Rosa Kaganovich was mentioned by <a href="/wiki/Trotsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Trotsky">Trotsky</a>, who alleged that "Stalin married the sister of Kaganovich, thereby presenting the latter with hopes for a promising future."<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After <i>The Wolf of the Kremlin</i> was translated into Russian by Progress Publishers, and a chapter from it printed in the <i>Nedelya</i> (<i>Week</i>) newspaper in 1991, remaining members of Kaganovich's family composed the <i>Statement of the Kaganovich Family</i> in response. The statement disputed all of Kahan's claims.<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The family denied that Kaganovich ever had a sister called Rosa, though he had a niece of that name, who was 13 years old in the year when Stalin's second wife committed suicide. Stalin's daughter, <a href="/wiki/Svetlana_Alliluyeva" title="Svetlana Alliluyeva">Svetlana Alliluyeva</a> was equally emphatic, writing in a memoir published in 1969: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Nothing could be more unlikely than the story spread in the West about 'Stalin's third wife' – the mythical Rosa Kaganovich. Apart from the fact that I never saw any 'Rosa' in the Kaganovich family, the idea that this legendary Rosa, an intellectual woman ... and above all a Jewess, could have captured my father's fancy shows how totally ignorant people were of his true nature.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>After the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Dissolution of the Soviet Union">fall of communism</a> in 1991, it became possible for historians to search for evidence in the archives. There is no mention of 'Rosa Kaganovich' in the hundreds of published letters and telegrams found in the archives that Stalin and Kaganovich exchanged in the period when, supposedly, they were brothers-in-law. Simon Sebag Montefiore mentioned her in his detailed study of life in the Kremlin under Stalin, but only to say that "it seems this particular story is a myth." He added: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712"><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>The significance of the story was that Stalin had a Jewish wife, useful propaganda for the Nazis who had an interest in merging the Jewish and Bolshevik devils into Mr and Mrs Stalin.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Kaganovich entered the workforce at the age of 13, an event which would shape his aesthetics and preferences through adulthood. Stalin himself confided to Kaganovich that the latter had a much greater fondness and appreciation for the proletariat.<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As his favorability with Stalin rose, Kaganovich felt compelled to rapidly fill the noticeable gaps in his education and upbringing. Stalin, upon noticing that Kaganovich could not use <a href="/wiki/Commas" class="mw-redirect" title="Commas">commas</a> properly, gave Kaganovich three months' leave to undertake a rapid course in grammar. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kagan_and_Privorotskaya.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Kagan_and_Privorotskaya.jpg/220px-Kagan_and_Privorotskaya.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d4/Kagan_and_Privorotskaya.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="383" /></a><figcaption>Kaganovich and his wife M. Privorotskaya during WW1</figcaption></figure> <p>Kaganovich was married to Maria Markovna Kaganovich (née Privorotskaya) (1894–1961), a fellow assimilated <a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Kyiv" title="History of the Jews in Kyiv">Kievan Jew</a> who was part of the revolutionary effort since 1909. Mrs Kaganovich spent many years as a powerful municipal official, directly ordering the demolition of the <a href="/wiki/Iberian_Gate_and_Chapel" title="Iberian Gate and Chapel">Iberian Gate and Chapel</a> and <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_of_Christ_the_Saviour" title="Cathedral of Christ the Saviour">Cathedral of Christ the Saviour</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The couple had two children: a daughter, named Maya, and an adopted son, Yuri. Much attention has been devoted by historians to Kaganovich's <a href="/wiki/Jewish_peoplehood" title="Jewish peoplehood">Jewishness</a>, and how it conflicted with Stalin's biases. Kaganovich frequently found it necessary to allow great cruelties to occur to his family to preserve Stalin's trust in him, such as allowing his brother to be coerced into suicide.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Kaganovich family initially lived, as most high-level Soviet functionaries in the 1930s, a conservative lifestyle in modest conditions.<sup id="cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deduhova.ru-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This changed when Stalin entrusted the construction of the Moscow Metro to Kaganovich. The family moved into a luxurious apartment near ground zero (<a href="/wiki/Sokolniki_(Sokolnicheskaya_line)" title="Sokolniki (Sokolnicheskaya line)">Sokolniki station</a>), located at 3 Pesochniy Pereulok (Sandy Lane).<sup id="cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deduhova.ru-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Kaganovich's apartment consisted of two floors (an extreme rarity in the USSR), a private access garage, and a designated space for butlers, security, and drivers.<sup id="cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-deduhova.ru-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Decorations_and_awards">Decorations and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Decorations and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_Lenin" title="Order of Lenin">Order of Lenin</a>, four times</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Red_Banner_of_Labour" title="Order of the Red Banner of Labour">Order of the Red Banner of Labour</a> (27 October 1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hero_of_Socialist_Labour" title="Hero of Socialist Labour">Hero of Socialist Labour</a> (5 November 1943)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Also rendered as <b>Kahanovich</b></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGarthoff1994" class="citation book cs1">Garthoff, Raymond L. (1994). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattransitiona00gart"><i>The Great Transition: American-Soviet Relations and the End of the Cold War</i></a></span>. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution. p. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/greattransitiona00gart/page/461">461</a>, n30. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8157-3060-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-8157-3060-8"><bdi>0-8157-3060-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Great+Transition%3A+American-Soviet+Relations+and+the+End+of+the+Cold+War&rft.place=Washington%2C+DC&rft.pages=461%2C+n30&rft.pub=Brookings+Institution&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=0-8157-3060-8&rft.aulast=Garthoff&rft.aufirst=Raymond+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgreattransitiona00gart&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"> Compare: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/judaica/ejud_0002_0011_0_10554.html">"Kaganovich, Lazar Moiseyevich"</a>. <i>Jewish Virtual Library</i>. The American-Israeli Cooperative Enterprise. 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2016-05-23</span></span>. <q>Born in Kiev province, Kaganovich joined the Communist Party in 1911 [...]. [...] For a number of years he was the only Jew to occupy a top position in the Soviet leadership.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Jewish+Virtual+Library&rft.atitle=Kaganovich%2C+Lazar+Moiseyevich&rft.date=2013&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jewishvirtuallibrary.org%2Fjsource%2Fjudaica%2Fejud_0002_0011_0_10554.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRiga2012" class="citation book cs1">Riga, Liliana (2012). <i>The Bolsheviks and the Russian Empire</i>. Cambridge University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Bolsheviks+and+the+Russian+Empire&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Riga&rft.aufirst=Liliana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Med-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Med_5-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMedvedev1983" class="citation book cs1">Medvedev, Roy (1983). <i>All Stalin's Men</i>. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. pp. 114, <span class="nowrap">117–</span>19, 131, 134, 135. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-631-13348-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-631-13348-8"><bdi>0-631-13348-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=All+Stalin%27s+Men&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pages=114%2C+%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E117-%3C%2Fspan%3E19%2C+131%2C+134%2C+135&rft.pub=Basil+Blackwell&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-631-13348-8&rft.aulast=Medvedev&rft.aufirst=Roy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rees-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Rees_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRees2013" class="citation book cs1">Rees, E. A. (2013-10-15). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DeWPAQAAQBAJ&q=Lazar+Kaganovich+arrested+1915&pg=PA8"><i>Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich</i></a>. Anthem Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781783080571" title="Special:BookSources/9781783080571"><bdi>9781783080571</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Iron+Lazar%3A+A+Political+Biography+of+Lazar+Kaganovich&rft.pub=Anthem+Press&rft.date=2013-10-15&rft.isbn=9781783080571&rft.aulast=Rees&rft.aufirst=E.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDeWPAQAAQBAJ%26q%3DLazar%2BKaganovich%2Barrested%2B1915%26pg%3DPA8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapiro1970" class="citation book cs1">Schapiro, Leonard (1970). <i>The Communist Party of the Soviet Union</i>. London: Methuen. pp. <span class="nowrap">252–</span>53, 452. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-416-18380-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-416-18380-8"><bdi>0-416-18380-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E252-%3C%2Fspan%3E53%2C+452&rft.pub=Methuen&rft.date=1970&rft.isbn=0-416-18380-8&rft.aulast=Schapiro&rft.aufirst=Leonard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchapiro" class="citation book cs1">Schapiro. <i>The Communist Party of the Soviet Union</i>. p. 288.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Communist+Party+of+the+Soviet+Union&rft.pages=288&rft.au=Schapiro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum2018" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum, Anne (2018). <i>Red Famine, Stalin's War on Ukraine</i>. London: Penguin. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-141-97828-4"><bdi>978-0-141-97828-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Famine%2C+Stalin%27s+War+on+Ukraine&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-0-141-97828-4&rft.aulast=Applebaum&rft.aufirst=Anne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.W.Davies2003" class="citation book cs1">R.W.Davies, Oleg V. Khlevniuk, and E.A.Rees (editors) (2003). <i>The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36</i>. New Haven: Yale U.P. pp. <span class="nowrap">ix–</span>xi. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-300-09367-5" title="Special:BookSources/0-300-09367-5"><bdi>0-300-09367-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin-Kaganovich+Correspondence%2C+1931%E2%80%9336&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3Eix-%3C%2Fspan%3Exi&rft.pub=Yale+U.P.&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-300-09367-5&rft.aulast=R.W.Davies&rft.aufirst=Oleg+V.+Khlevniuk%2C+and+E.A.Rees+%28editors%29&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">|first1=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment">CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Radzinsky (1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-REES001-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-REES001_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Rees, Edward Afron. 1994. Stalinism and Soviet Rail Transport, 1928–41. Birmingham: Palgrave Macmillan <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k-PJkNFhCOcC&dq=Kiev+1920+destruction&pg=PA111">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFR.W.Davies" class="citation book cs1">R.W.Davies. <i>The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">155–</span>56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin-Kaganovich+Correspondence&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E155-%3C%2Fspan%3E56&rft.au=R.W.Davies&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://holodomormuseum.org.ua/en/resolution-of-the-court/">"Kyiv Court of Appeal 2-A Solomyanska Street, Kyiv ruling in the name of Ukraine"</a>. <i>Holodomar museum</i>. 16 October 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Holodomar+museum&rft.atitle=Kyiv+Court+of+Appeal+2-A+Solomyanska+Street%2C+Kyiv+ruling+in+the+name+of+Ukraine&rft.date=2019-10-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fholodomormuseum.org.ua%2Fen%2Fresolution-of-the-court%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.rferl.org/content/Yushchenko_Praises_Guilty_Verdict_Against_Soviet_Leaders_For_Famine/1929566.html">Yushchenko Praises Guilty Verdict Against Soviet Leaders For Famine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Radio_Free_Europe/Radio_Liberty" title="Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty">Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty</a> (14 January 2010)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://umoloda.kiev.ua/number/1574/222/55413/">The Kyiv Court of Appeals named the organizers of Holodomor. by Ya.Muzychenko</a> <span class="languageicon">(in Ukrainian)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFApplebaum" class="citation book cs1">Applebaum. <i>Red Famine</i>. pp. <span class="nowrap">194–</span>95.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Red+Famine&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E194-%3C%2Fspan%3E95&rft.au=Applebaum&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-boeckbrian-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-boeckbrian_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBoeck2008" class="citation journal cs1">Boeck, Brian J. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">22 October</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Russia%3A+Cossacks+Punished&rft.date=1933-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcontent.time.com%2Ftime%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2F0%2C33009%2C745027%2C00.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ehu-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ehu_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://resource.history.org.ua/cgi-bin/eiu/history.exe?&I21DBN=EIU&P21DBN=EIU&S21STN=1&S21REF=10&S21FMT=eiu_all&C21COM=S&S21CNR=20&S21P01=0&S21P02=0&S21P03=TRN=&S21COLORTERMS=0&S21STR=Poltavska_stanytsia">ПОЛТАВСЬКА СТАНИЦЯ</a>. Encyclopedia of History of Ukraine</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMarc_Jansen2002" class="citation book cs1">Marc Jansen, and Nikita Petrov (2002). <i>Stalin's Loyal Executioner: People's Commissar Nikolai Ezhov, 1895–1940</i>. Stanford CA: Hoover Institution Press. p. 22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2902-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8179-2902-2"><bdi>978-0-8179-2902-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin%27s+Loyal+Executioner%3A+People%27s+Commissar+Nikolai+Ezhov%2C+1895%E2%80%931940&rft.place=Stanford+CA&rft.pages=22&rft.pub=Hoover+Institution+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-8179-2902-2&rft.aulast=Marc+Jansen&rft.aufirst=and+Nikita+Petrov&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJ.Arch_Getty1999" class="citation book cs1">J.Arch Getty, and Oleg V.Naumov (1999). <i>The Road to Terror, Stalin and the Self-Destruction of the Bolsheviks, 1932–1939</i>. 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London: MacMillan. pp. <span class="nowrap">196–</span>97, 263.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+the+U.S.S.R.%2C+a+Study+of+Soviet+Dynastics&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E196-%3C%2Fspan%3E97%2C+263&rft.pub=MacMillan&rft.date=1961&rft.aulast=Conquest&rft.aufirst=Robert&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKhrushchev1971" class="citation book cs1">Khrushchev, Nikita (1971). <i>Khrushchev Remembers</i>. London: Sphere. pp. <span class="nowrap">41–</span>42.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Khrushchev+Remembers&rft.place=London&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E41-%3C%2Fspan%3E42&rft.pub=Sphere&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Khrushchev&rft.aufirst=Nikita&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConquest" class="citation book cs1">Conquest. <i>Power and Policy in the U.S.S.R</i>. p. 322.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Power+and+Policy+in+the+U.S.S.R&rft.pages=322&rft.au=Conquest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004). <i>The Court of the Red Tsar.</i> Phoenix. "Postscript"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Sebag Montefiore, Simon (2004). <i>The Court of the Red Tsar.</i> Phoenix. p. 668</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170731204753/https://bukovskyarchive.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/12-july-1984-pb/">"12 July 1984"</a>. 1 July 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bukovskyarchive.wordpress.com/2016/07/01/12-july-1984-pb/">the original</a> on 31 July 2017<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">6 July</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=12+July+1984&rft.date=2016-07-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbukovskyarchive.wordpress.com%2F2016%2F07%2F01%2F12-july-1984-pb%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nytimes.com-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_32-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-nytimes.com_32-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/27/obituaries/l-m-kaganovich-stalwart-of-stalin-dies-at-97.html">L. M. Kaganovich, Stalwart of Stalin, Dies at 97</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ricerca.repubblica.it/repubblica/archivio/repubblica/1990/10/05/parla-kaganovich-non-siamo-dei-mostri.html">Parla Kaganovich 'Non siamo dei mostri'</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaksberg2011" class="citation book cs1">Vaksberg, Arkadiĭ (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=BQdl1h-ubnAC"><i>Toxic Politics: The Secret History of the Kremlin's Poison Laboratory – from the Special Cabinet to the Death of Litvinenko</i></a>. ABC-CLIO. p. 80. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38746-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-38746-3"><bdi>978-0-313-38746-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Toxic+Politics%3A+The+Secret+History+of+the+Kremlin%27s+Poison+Laboratory+%E2%80%93+from+the+Special+Cabinet+to+the+Death+of+Litvinenko&rft.pages=80&rft.pub=ABC-CLIO&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-313-38746-3&rft.aulast=Vaksberg&rft.aufirst=Arkadi%C4%AD&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DBQdl1h-ubnAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThomas_Ginsberg1991" class="citation cs2">Thomas Ginsberg (July 26, 1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221010191644/https://apnews.com/article/c5738543ebef453b0a6a0fafaa5975d4"><i>Stalin Henchman Lazar Kaganovich Dead at 97</i></a>, Associated Press, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://apnews.com/article/c5738543ebef453b0a6a0fafaa5975d4">the original</a> on October 10, 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin+Henchman+Lazar+Kaganovich+Dead+at+97&rft.pub=Associated+Press&rft.date=1991-07-26&rft.au=Thomas+Ginsberg&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapnews.com%2Farticle%2Fc5738543ebef453b0a6a0fafaa5975d4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClines,_F._X.1991" class="citation cs2">Clines, F. X. (July 27, 1991), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/1991/07/27/obituaries/l-m-kaganovich-stalwart-of-stalin-dies-at-97.html">"L. M. Kaganovich, Stalwart of Stalin, Dies at 97"</a>, <i>New York Times</i><span class="reference-accessdate">, retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2022</span></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=New+York+Times&rft.atitle=L.+M.+Kaganovich%2C+Stalwart+of+Stalin%2C+Dies+at+97&rft.date=1991-07-27&rft.au=Clines%2C+F.+X.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F1991%2F07%2F27%2Fobituaries%2Fl-m-kaganovich-stalwart-of-stalin-dies-at-97.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-kah-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-kah_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Kahan, Stuart. <i>The Wolf of the Kremlin: The First Biography of L.M. Kaganovich, the Soviet Union's Architect of Fear</i> (William Morrow & Co, 1987)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lermolo-38"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Lermolo_38-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lermolo, Elizabeth . <i>Face of a Victim</i> (Harper & Brothers, 1955)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-39">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=NNBkxwEACAAJ">Payne, Robert. The Rise and Fall of Stalin. United Kingdom: Simon and Schuster, 1965.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-40">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=PvHTAAAAMAAJ">Fishman, Jack., Hutton, Joseph Bernard., Hutton, J. Bernard. The Private Life of Josif Stalin. United Kingdom: W. H. Allen, 1962.</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHyde1982" class="citation book cs1">Hyde, H. Montgomery (1982-03-21). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=KGnvAAAAMAAJ"><i>Stalin</i></a>. Da Capo Press, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80167-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-306-80167-9"><bdi>978-0-306-80167-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin&rft.pub=Da+Capo+Press%2C+Incorporated&rft.date=1982-03-21&rft.isbn=978-0-306-80167-9&rft.aulast=Hyde&rft.aufirst=H.+Montgomery&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DKGnvAAAAMAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-42">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">See: <ul><li><i>Life</i> – July 14, 1941. p. 19: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=gEwEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22rosa%22&pg=PA19">"A sister Rosa first lived with Stalin, then after the suicide of his second wife is supposed to have married Stalin"</a></li> <li><i>Life</i> – March 29, 1943. p. 40: "His sister Rosa is supposedly married to Stalin"<a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=A1AEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22his+sister+Rosa+is+supposedly+married+to+Stalin.%22&pg=PA40">[2]</a></li> <li><i>Time</i> – April 18, 1949: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110131034151/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,856142,00.html">"Lazar Kaganovich, who is Stalin's brother-in-law"</a></li> <li><i>Time</i> – July 23, 1951: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070903092733/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,890159,00.html">"Lazar Kaganovich, long time politburo member and Stalin's brother-in-law"</a></li> <li><i>Life</i> – March 16, 1953. p. 22: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=F0IEAAAAMBAJ&q=%22Kaga-novich%2C+the+brilliant+and+energetic+Jew.+Stalin%27s+brother-in-law%22&pg=PA22">"Kaganovich, the brilliant and energetic Jew, Stalin's brother-in-law"</a></li> <li><i>Life</i> – April 13, 1953. p. 168: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=4kgEAAAAMBAJ&dq=%22Kaganovich+%5Ba+member+of+the+Politburo+and+brother+of+Stalin%27s+third&pg=PA168">"Kaganovich (a member of the Politburo and brother of Stalin's third wife)"</a></li> <li><i>Time</i> – September 7, 1953: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071114121918/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,818816,00.html">"Lazar Kaganovich (Stalin's brother-in-law)"</a></li> <li><i>The New York Times</i> – November 22, 1953 <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F00916FE3C58117A93C0AB178AD95F478585F9&scp=1&sq=kaganovich+stalin%27s+brother+in+law&st=p">Kaganovich Decorated: Malenkov's Regime Gives High Honor to Stalin's Brother-in-Law</a></li> <li><i>Time</i> – February 7, 1955 – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081215071221/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,823718,00.html">"Lazar M. Kaganovich, wartime commissar for transport, reputedly Stalin's brother-in-law"</a></li> <li><i>Youngstown Vindicator</i> – March 7, 1953: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=wsI_AAAAIBAJ&sjid=mlcMAAAAIBAJ&dq=rosa%20kaganovich&pg=4091%2C2308784">"Rosa Kaganovich"</a></li> <li><i>Milwaukee Sentinel</i> – June 11, 1960: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=J8MVAAAAIBAJ&sjid=HBAEAAAAIBAJ&dq=rosa%20kaganovich&pg=4243%2C70988">"Rosa Kaganovich"</a></li> <li><i>The New York Times</i> – July 27, 1991: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://select.nytimes.com/gst/abstract.html?res=F10614FA355A0C748EDDAE0894D9494D81">"Kaganovich's sister, Rosa"</a></li></ul> </span></li> <li id="cite_note-43"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Trotsky, Leon (1940), <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_An_Appraisal_of_the_Man_and_His_Influence" title="Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence">Stalin: An Appraisal of the Man and His Influence</a></i>, eds. Alan Woods and Robert Sewell (Chicago: Haymarket Books, 2019) p. 788</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-44">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.revolutionarydemocracy.org/rdv1n2/kaganfam.htm">"Statement of the Kaganovich Family"</a>. <i>revolutionarydemocracy.org</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=revolutionarydemocracy.org&rft.atitle=Statement+of+the+Kaganovich+Family&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.revolutionarydemocracy.org%2Frdv1n2%2Fkaganfam.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAlliluyeva1971" class="citation book cs1">Alliluyeva, Svetlana (1971). <i>Only One Year</i>. Penguin. p. 330.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Only+One+Year&rft.pages=330&rft.pub=Penguin&rft.date=1971&rft.aulast=Alliluyeva&rft.aufirst=Svetlana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-46"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-46">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMontefiore2004" class="citation book cs1">Montefiore, Simon Sebag (2004). <i>Stalin. The Court of the Red Tsar</i>. London: Phoenix. p. 273. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-75381-766-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-75381-766-7"><bdi>0-75381-766-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stalin.+The+Court+of+the+Red+Tsar&rft.place=London&rft.pages=273&rft.pub=Phoenix&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-75381-766-7&rft.aulast=Montefiore&rft.aufirst=Simon+Sebag&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-47"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-47">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://zen.yandex.ru/media/agprospat/kak-jil-i-umer-jeleznyi-apostol-stalina-lazar-kaganovich-5a8600f58309056fe7acfb86">"Как жил и умер железный апостол Сталина Лазарь Каганович?"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BA+%D0%B6%D0%B8%D0%BB+%D0%B8+%D1%83%D0%BC%D0%B5%D1%80+%D0%B6%D0%B5%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%BD%D1%8B%D0%B9+%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BB+%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B8%D0%BD%D0%B0+%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fzen.yandex.ru%2Fmedia%2Fagprospat%2Fkak-jil-i-umer-jeleznyi-apostol-stalina-lazar-kaganovich-5a8600f58309056fe7acfb86&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-48">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210423111259/https://ak-group.ru/forum/threads/privorotskaja-marija-markovna.2252/">"ПРИВОРОТСКАЯ Мария Марковна"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ak-group.ru/forum/threads/privorotskaja-marija-markovna.2252/">the original</a> on 2021-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2021-04-18</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9F%D0%A0%D0%98%D0%92%D0%9E%D0%A0%D0%9E%D0%A2%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%90%D0%AF+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%8F+%D0%9C%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fak-group.ru%2Fforum%2Fthreads%2Fprivorotskaja-marija-markovna.2252%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://stepanov01.narod.ru/library/bazan/content.htm">"ОНБЕЯРЭ02"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9E%D0%9D%D0%91%D0%95%D0%AF%D0%A0%D0%AD02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstepanov01.narod.ru%2Flibrary%2Fbazan%2Fcontent.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-deduhova.ru-50"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-deduhova.ru_50-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://deduhova.ru/statesman/lazar-moiseevich-kaganovich/">"Лазарь Моисеевич Каганович | Государственное управление в России в портретах"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=%D0%9B%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%8C+%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%B8%D1%81%D0%B5%D0%B5%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%B3%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87+%26%23124%3B+%D0%93%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%83%D0%B4%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B5+%D1%83%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%B5+%D0%B2+%D0%A0%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%81%D0%B8%D0%B8+%D0%B2+%D0%BF%D0%BE%D1%80%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B5%D1%82%D0%B0%D1%85&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdeduhova.ru%2Fstatesman%2Flazar-moiseevich-kaganovich%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Russian_Revolution_and_Civil_War" title="Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War">Bibliography of the Russian Revolution and Civil War</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Stalinism_and_the_Soviet_Union" title="Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union">Bibliography of Stalinism and the Soviet Union</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_the_Post_Stalinist_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union">Bibliography of the Post Stalinist Soviet Union</a></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavies,_R._W.2003" class="citation book cs1">Davies, R. W. (2003). Khlevniuk, O., Rees, E. A., Kosheleva, L. P., Rogovaya, L. A. (eds.). <i>The Stalin-Kaganovich Correspondence, 1931–36</i>. Yale University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Stalin-Kaganovich+Correspondence%2C+1931%E2%80%9336&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Davies%2C+R.+W.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALazar+Kaganovich" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheila_Fitzpatrick" title="Sheila Fitzpatrick">Fitzpatrick, S.</a> (1996). <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin%27s_Peasants:_Resistance_and_Survival_in_the_Russian_Village_after_Collectivization" class="mw-redirect" title="Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization">Stalin's Peasants: Resistance and Survival in the Russian Village after Collectivization</a>.</i> New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>——. (1999). <i><a href="/wiki/Everyday_Stalinism:_Ordinary_Life_in_Extraordinary_Times:_Soviet_Russia_in_the_1930s" class="mw-redirect" title="Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s">Everyday Stalinism: Ordinary Life in Extraordinary Times: Soviet Russia in the 1930s</a>.</i> New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_Kotkin" title="Stephen Kotkin">Kotkin, S.</a> (2017). <i><a href="/wiki/Stalin:_Waiting_for_Hitler,_1929%E2%80%931941" title="Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941">Stalin: Waiting for Hitler, 1929–1941</a></i>. New York: Random House.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edvard_Radzinsky" title="Edvard Radzinsky">Radzinsky, Edvard</a>, (1996) <i>Stalin</i>, Doubleday (English translation edition), 1996. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-385-47954-9">0-385-47954-9</a></li> <li>Rees, E.A. <i>Iron Lazar: A Political Biography of Lazar Kaganovich</i> (Anthem Press; 2012) 373 pages; scholarly biography</li> <li>Rubenstein, Joshua, <i>The Last Days of Stalin</i>, (Yale University Press: 2016)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span 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<li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://purl.org/pressemappe20/folder/pe/009023">Newspaper clippings about Lazar Kaganovich</a> in the <a href="/wiki/20th_Century_Press_Archives" title="20th Century Press Archives">20th Century Press Archives</a> of the <a href="/wiki/German_National_Library_of_Economics" title="German National Library of Economics">ZBW</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/44980876">Lazar Kaganovich</a> at <a href="/wiki/Find_a_Grave" title="Find a Grave">Find a Grave</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Pavel Yudin<br /><i>position created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Minister of Building Materials Industry </b><br />1956–1957<br />1946–1947 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ivan Grishmanov<br />Semyon Ginzburg</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of State Committee on Labor and Salary </b><br />1955–1956 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Aleksandr Volkov</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">?</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> First Deputy Chairman of the Council of Ministers </b><br />1953–1957 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">?</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of State Committee on Materiel-Technical Supply for National Economy </b><br />1948–1952 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ivan Kabanov</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Andrei Khrulyov<br />Aleksei Bakulin<br /><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrei Andreyev</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> People's Commissar of Commuting Routes </b><br />1943–1944<br />1938–1942<br />1935–1937 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ivan Kovalyov<br />Andrei Khrulyov<br />Aleksei Bakulin</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">?</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Chairman of Council on Evacuation </b><br />1941–1941 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">?</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> People's Commissar of Oil Industry </b><br />1939–1940 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold">Ivan Sedin</div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position created</i></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> People's Commissar of Fuel Industry </b><br />1939–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position liquidated</i></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Valeriy_Mezhlauk" class="mw-redirect" title="Valeriy Mezhlauk">Valeriy Mezhlauk</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> People's Commissar of Heavy Industry </b><br />1937–1939 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><i>position liquidated</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FFBF00;">Party political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Emanuil_Kviring" class="mw-redirect" title="Emanuil Kviring">Emanuil Kviring</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine </b><br />1947–1947<br />1925–1928 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a><br /><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold">?</div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Moscow City </b><br />1931–1934 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bauman" title="Karl Bauman">Karl Bauman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> 1st Secretary of the Communist Party of Moscow Oblast </b><br />1930–1935 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></div> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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Rykov">Rykov</a> (1924–1930)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1930–1941)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Stalin</a> (1941–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Malenkov</a> (1953–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1955–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Khrushchev</a> (1958–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1964–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1980–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ryzhkov" title="Nikolai Ryzhkov">Ryzhkov</a> (1985–1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valentin_Pavlov" title="Valentin Pavlov">Pavlov</a> (Jan.–Aug. 1991)</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a></i> (Aug. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Silayev" title="Ivan Silayev">Silayev</a> (Aug.–Dec. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Kuybyshev</a> (1934–1935)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Voznesensky</a> (1941–1946)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Molotov</a> (1942–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Bulganin</a> (1950–1955)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Beria</a> (Mar.–June 1953)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kaganovich</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Mikoyan</a> (1955–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Pervukhin</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Saburov</a> (1955–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Kuzmin" title="Joseph Kuzmin">Kuzmin</a> (1957–1958)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Kozlov</a> (1958–1960)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Kosygin</a> (1960–1964)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Ustinov" title="Dmitry Ustinov">Ustinov</a> (1963–1965)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Mazurov</a> (1965–1978)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Polyansky</a> (1965–1973)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Tikhonov" title="Nikolai Tikhonov">Tikhonov</a> (1976–1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Arkhipov" title="Ivan Arkhipov">Arkhipov</a> (1980–1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Heydar_Aliyev" title="Heydar Aliyev">Aliyev</a> (1982–1987)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Gromyko" title="Andrei Gromyko">Gromyko</a> (1983–1985)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Talyzin" title="Nikolai Talyzin">Talyzin</a> (1985–1988)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vsevolod_Murakhovsky" title="Vsevolod Murakhovsky">Murakhovsky</a> (1985–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yuri_Maslyukov" title="Yuri Maslyukov">Maslyukov</a> (1988–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Voronin" title="Lev Voronin">Voronin</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li>Vladilen Niktin (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Velichko" title="Vladimir Velichko">Velichko</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Doguzhiyev" title="Vitaly Doguzhiyev">Doguzhiyev</a> (Jan.–Nov. 1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="First Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">First Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deputy_Premier_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Deputy Premier of the Soviet Union">Deputy Premiers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Prime_Ministers_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Template:Prime Ministers of Russia">Prime Ministers of Russia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="20th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1956–1959)104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li 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the Soviet Union">20th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1956–1959)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Belyaev_(politician)" title="Nikolai Belyaev (politician)">Nikolai Belyaev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frol_Kozlov" title="Frol Kozlov">Frol Kozlov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Zhukov" title="Georgy Zhukov">Georgy Zhukov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuritdin_Mukhitdinov" title="Nuritdin Mukhitdinov">Nuritdin Mukhitdinov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yekaterina_Furtseva" title="Yekaterina Furtseva">Yekaterina Furtseva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitri_Shepilov" title="Dmitri Shepilov">Dmitri Shepilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Kalnb%C4%93rzi%C5%86%C5%A1" title="Jānis Kalnbērziņš">Jānis Kalnbērziņš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Kirilenko_(politician)" title="Andrei Kirilenko (politician)">Andrei Kirilenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirill_Mazurov" title="Kirill Mazurov">Kirill Mazurov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasil_Mzhavanadze" title="Vasil Mzhavanadze">Vasil Mzhavanadze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Pospelov" title="Pyotr Pospelov">Pyotr Pospelov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Polyansky" title="Dmitry Polyansky">Dmitry Polyansky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)104" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Template talk:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" title="Special:EditPage/Template:19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union_(1952–1956)104" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/19th_Presidium_of_the_Communist_Party_of_the_Soviet_Union" class="mw-redirect" title="19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union">19th Presidium of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union</a> (1952–1956)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Vasily_Andrianov_(politician)" title="Vasily Andrianov (politician)">Vasily Andrianov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Averky_Aristov" title="Averky Aristov">Averky Aristov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Semyon_Ignatyev" class="mw-redirect" title="Semyon Ignatyev">Semyon Ignatyev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demyan_Korotchenko" title="Demyan Korotchenko">Demyan Korotchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vasili_Kuznetsov_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Vasili Kuznetsov (politician)">Vasili Kuznetsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Wille_Kuusinen" title="Otto Wille Kuusinen">Otto Kuusinen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Malyshev" title="Vyacheslav Malyshev">Vyacheslav Malyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Mikhailov_(politician)" title="Nikolai Mikhailov (politician)">Nikolai Mikhailov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Pervukhin" title="Mikhail Pervukhin">Mikhail Pervukhin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maksim_Saburov" title="Maksim Saburov">Maksim Saburov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Suslov" title="Mikhail Suslov">Mikhail Suslov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Chesnokov_(politician)" title="Dmitry Chesnokov (politician)">Dmitry Chesnokov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matvei_Shkiryatov" title="Matvei Shkiryatov">Matvei Shkiryatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Brezhnev" title="Leonid Brezhnev">Leonid Brezhnev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Vyshinsky" title="Andrey Vyshinsky">Andrey Vyshinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arseny_Zverev" title="Arseny Zverev">Arseny Zverev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Ignatov" title="Nikolai Ignatov">Nikolai Ignatov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kabanov" title="Ivan Kabanov">Ivan Kabanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Patolichev" title="Nikolai Patolichev">Nikolai Patolichev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Pegov" title="Nikolai Pegov">Nikolai Pegov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Puzanov" title="Alexander Puzanov">Alexander Puzanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Tevosian" title="Ivan Tevosian">Ivan Tevosian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Yudin" title="Pavel Yudin">Pavel Yudin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mir_Jafar_Baghirov" title="Mir Jafar Baghirov">Mir Jafar Baghirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panteleimon_Ponomarenko" title="Panteleimon Ponomarenko">Panteleimon Ponomarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1939–1952)107" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/18th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">18th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1939–1952)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lavrentiy_Beria" title="Lavrentiy Beria">Lavrentiy Beria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Shvernik" title="Nikolai Shvernik">Nikolai Shvernik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Voznesensky" title="Nikolai Voznesensky">Nikolai Voznesensky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Malenkov" title="Georgy Malenkov">Georgy Malenkov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandr_Shcherbakov_(20th-century_politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Aleksandr Shcherbakov (20th-century politician)">Alexander Shcherbakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bulganin" title="Nikolai Bulganin">Nikolai Bulganin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kosygin" title="Alexei Kosygin">Alexei Kosygin</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="17th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1934–1939)225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:17th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template:17th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:17th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" title="Template talk:17th Politburo of 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navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Grigory Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavel_Postyshev" title="Pavel Postyshev">Pavel Postyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrei_Zhdanov" title="Andrei Zhdanov">Andrei Zhdanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Eikhe" title="Robert Eikhe">Robert Eikhe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Yezhov" title="Nikolai Yezhov">Nikolai Yezhov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="16th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1930–1934)225" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a 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title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Syrtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Syrtsov (politician)">Sergei Syrtsov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="15th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1927–1930)107" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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title="15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">15th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1927–1930)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valerian_Kuybyshev" title="Valerian Kuybyshev">Valerian Kuybyshev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Uglanov" title="Nikolai Uglanov">Nikolai Uglanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karl_Bauman" title="Karl Bauman">Karl Bauman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergey_Syrtsov_(politician)" title="Sergey Syrtsov (politician)">Sergei Syrtsov</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="14th_Politburo_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_(1926–1927)193" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" 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href="/wiki/14th_Politburo_and_the_14th_Secretariat_of_the_All-Union_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)" class="mw-redirect" title="14th Politburo and the 14th Secretariat of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)">14th Politburo of the All-Union Communist Party (Bolsheviks)</a> (1926–1927)</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Full members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Bukharin" title="Nikolai Bukharin">Nikolai Bukharin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kliment_Voroshilov" title="Kliment Voroshilov">Kliment Voroshilov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Zinoviev" title="Grigory Zinoviev">Grigory Zinoviev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Kalinin" title="Mikhail Kalinin">Mikhail Kalinin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Rykov" title="Alexei Rykov">Alexei Rykov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Stalin" title="Joseph Stalin">Joseph Stalin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Tomsky" title="Mikhail Tomsky">Mikhail Tomsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leon_Trotsky" title="Leon Trotsky">Leon Trotsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Candidate members</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Felix_Dzerzhinsky" title="Felix Dzerzhinsky">Felix Dzerzhinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lev_Kamenev" title="Lev Kamenev">Lev Kamenev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/J%C4%81nis_Rudzutaks" title="Jānis Rudzutaks">Jānis Rudzutaks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Uglanov" title="Nikolai Uglanov">Nikolai Uglanov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrey_Andreyevich_Andreyev" title="Andrey Andreyevich Andreyev">Andrey Andreyev</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergei_Kirov" title="Sergei Kirov">Sergei Kirov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anastas_Mikoyan" title="Anastas Mikoyan">Anastas Mikoyan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sergo_Ordzhonikidze" title="Sergo Ordzhonikidze">Sergo Ordzhonikidze</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Government_of_Ukrainian_SSR_before_1938387" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Template:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Template talk:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet_Ukraine_Government_(before_1938)" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Soviet Ukraine Government (before 1938)"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Government_of_Ukrainian_SSR_before_1938387" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Government of <a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_SSR" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian SSR">Ukrainian SSR</a> before 1938</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Executive_Committee_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Central Executive Committee of Ukraine">Chairman of VUTsVK</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yefim_Medvedev" class="mw-redirect" title="Yefim Medvedev">Yefim Medvedev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Zatonsky" title="Volodymyr Zatonsky">Vladimir Zatonskiy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grigory_Petrovsky" title="Grigory Petrovsky">Grigory Petrovsky</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">First Secretary of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">Communist Party</a> of the<br /><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic" title="Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic">Ukrainian SSR (1918–1938)</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafima_Hopner" class="mw-redirect" title="Serafima Hopner">Serafima Hopner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emmanuil Kviring</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rafail_Farbman" title="Rafail Farbman">Rafail Farbman</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Nikolai_Nikolayev&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nikolai Nikolayev (page does not exist)">Nikolai Nikolayev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feliks_Kon" title="Feliks Kon">Feliks Kon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/People%27s_Secretariat" title="People's Secretariat">People's Secretariat</a> / <a href="/wiki/Council_of_People%27s_Commissars" title="Council of People's Commissars">Sovnarkom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Evgenia_Bosh" class="mw-redirect" title="Evgenia Bosh">Evgenia Bosh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykola_Skrypnyk" title="Mykola Skrypnyk">Nikolai Skripnik</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fyodor_Sergeyev" title="Fyodor Sergeyev">Fyodor Sergeyev</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Christian_Rakovsky" title="Christian Rakovsky">Christian Rakovsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vlas_Chubar" title="Vlas Chubar">Vlas Chubar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Panas_Lyubchenko" title="Panas Lyubchenko">Panas Lyubchenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mykhailo_Bondarenko" title="Mykhailo Bondarenko">Mikhail Bondarenko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demian_Korotchenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Demian Korotchenko">Demian Korotchenko</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International Representatives <br /> (until 1923)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuriy_Kotsiubynsky" title="Yuriy Kotsiubynsky">Yuriy Kotsiubynsky</a> (Austria)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voldemar_Aussem" title="Voldemar Aussem">Waldemar Aussem</a> (Germany)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mikhail_Levitskiy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mikhail Levitskiy (page does not exist)">Mikhail Levitskiy</a> (Czechoslovakia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mikhail_Frunze" title="Mikhail Frunze">Mikhail Frunze</a> (Turkey)</li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Mieczislaw_Loganowski&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mieczislaw Loganowski (page does not exist)">Mieczislaw Loganowski</a>/<a href="/wiki/Oleksandr_Shumsky" class="mw-redirect" title="Oleksandr Shumsky">Oleksandr Shumsky</a> (Poland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yevgeniy_Terletskiy" title="Yevgeniy Terletskiy">Yevgeniy Terletskiy</a> (Baltics)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine_and_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine363" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Template:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Template talk:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Communist Party of Ukraine"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine_and_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine363" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Communist Party of Ukraine</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/General_Secretary_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" class="mw-redirect" title="General Secretary of the Communist Party of Ukraine">First (General) Secretaries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serafima_Hopner" class="mw-redirect" title="Serafima Hopner">Serafima Hopner</a> (1918)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emanuel Kviring</a> (1918–1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Georgy_Pyatakov" title="Georgy Pyatakov">Georgy Pyatakov</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a> (1919)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Bestchetvertnoi" title="Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi">Nikolay Bestchetvertnoi</a> (1920)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vyacheslav_Molotov" title="Vyacheslav Molotov">Vyacheslav Molotov</a> (1920–1921)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dmitry_Manuilsky" title="Dmitry Manuilsky">Dmitry Manuilsky</a> (1921–1923)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emanuel_Kviring" title="Emanuel Kviring">Emanuel Kviring</a> (1923–1925)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (1925–1928)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Kosior" class="mw-redirect" title="Stanislav Kosior">Stanislav Kosior</a> (1928–1938)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1938–1947)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Lazar Kaganovich</a> (1947)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikita_Khrushchev" title="Nikita Khrushchev">Nikita Khrushchev</a> (1947–1949)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonid_Melnikov" class="mw-redirect" title="Leonid Melnikov">Leonid Melnikov</a> (1949–1953)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexei_Kirichenko" class="mw-redirect" title="Alexei Kirichenko">Alexei Kirichenko</a> (1953–1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nikolai_Podgorny" title="Nikolai Podgorny">Nikolai Podgorny</a> (1957–1963)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petro_Shelest" title="Petro Shelest">Petr Shelest</a> (1963–1972)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volodymyr_Shcherbytsky" title="Volodymyr Shcherbytsky">Vladimir Scherbitsky</a> (1972–1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Ivashko" title="Vladimir Ivashko">Vladimir Ivashko</a> (1989–1990)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanislav_Hurenko" title="Stanislav Hurenko">Stanislav Gurenko</a> (1990–1991)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Decision-making bodies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Politburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Politburo of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Politburo / Presidium</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Secretariat_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Secretariat of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Secretariat</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Orgburo_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Orgburo of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Orgburo</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Central_Control_Commission_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Central Control Commission of the Communist Party of Ukraine (page does not exist)">Control Commission</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Visti_VUCVK&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Visti VUCVK (page does not exist)">Visti VUCVK</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Radianska_Ukraina&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radianska Ukraina (page does not exist)">Kommunist / Radyanska Ukraina</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Pravda_Ukrainy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Pravda Ukrainy (page does not exist)">Pravda Ukrainy</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Party assemblies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Congresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/1st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">1st (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="2nd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">2nd (1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/3rd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="3rd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">3rd (1919)</a></li> <li>4th (1920)</li> <li>5th (1920)</li> <li>6th (1921)</li> <li>7th (1923)</li> <li>8th (1924)</li> <li>9th (1925)</li> <li>10th (1927)</li> <li>11th (1930)</li> <li>12th (1934)</li> <li>13th (1937)</li> <li>14th (1938)</li> <li>15th (1940)</li> <li>16th (1949)</li> <li>17th (1952)</li> <li>18th (1954)</li> <li>19th (1956)</li> <li>20th (1959)</li> <li>21st (1960)</li> <li>22nd (1961)</li> <li>23rd (1966)</li> <li>24th (1971)</li> <li>25th (1976)</li> <li>26th (1981)</li> <li>27th (1986)</li> <li>28th (1990)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Conferences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>1st (1926)</li> <li>2nd (1929)</li> <li>3rd (1932)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Elected by Congress</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(Soviet_Union)" title="Central Committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine (Soviet Union)">Central Committee</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_1st_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="Central Committee of the 1st Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">1st (Jul.–Oct. 1918)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Committee_of_the_2nd_Congress_of_the_Communist_Party_(Bolsheviks)_of_Ukraine" title="Central Committee of the 2nd Congress of the Communist Party (Bolsheviks) of Ukraine">2nd (1918–1919)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Successors</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Socialist Party of Ukraine">Socialist Party of Ukraine</a> (1991–2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peasant_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Peasant Party of Ukraine">Peasant Party of Ukraine</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine" title="Communist Party of Ukraine">Communist Party of Ukraine</a> (1993–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ukraine_(renewed)" title="Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)">Communist Party of Ukraine (renewed)</a> (2000–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Workers_and_Peasants" title="Communist Party of Workers and Peasants">Communist Party of Workers and Peasants</a> (2001–2015)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Workers_Party_of_Ukraine_(Marxist%E2%80%93Leninist)" title="Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist)">Workers Party of Ukraine (Marxist–Leninist)</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_by_country" class="mw-redirect" title="List of political parties by country">List of political parties by country</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Ukraine" title="Politics of Ukraine">Politics of Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2966" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q215705#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata2966" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000108849349">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/32053663">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/127349/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJxWXcpx73yyhvdx4qhvHC">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/118990306">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n84087111">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122521415">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb122521415">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.ndl.go.jp/auth/ndlna/00551402">Japan</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://nla.gov.au/anbd.aut-an35229772">Australia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=jn19990210313&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX984876">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://data.bibliotheken.nl/id/thes/p071270345">Netherlands</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://authority.bibsys.no/authority/rest/authorities/html/90630016">Norway</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://kopkatalogs.lv/F?func=direct&local_base=lnc10&doc_number=000100727&P_CON_LNG=ENG">Latvia</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://libris.kb.se/0xbdggcj1fr4mjw">Sweden</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810575476805606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nli.org.il/en/authorities/987007263450105171">Israel</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://urn.fi/URN:NBN:fi:au:finaf:000134744">Finland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cantic.bnc.cat/registre/981058515382706706">Catalonia</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ci.nii.ac.jp/author/DA04739531?l=en">CiNii</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.getty.edu/vow/ULANFullDisplay?find=&role=&nation=&subjectid=500283331">ULAN</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://trove.nla.gov.au/people/873963">Trove</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-biographie.de/118990306.html?language=en">Deutsche Biographie</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/118990306">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/031274625">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10569161">NARA</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=desktop&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&oldid=1273060501">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lazar_Kaganovich&oldid=1273060501</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1893_births" title="Category:1893 births">1893 births</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:1991_deaths" title="Category:1991 deaths">1991 deaths</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Stalinism" 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