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dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Water features in the Italian and French gardening styles</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the piano piece by <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Ravel" title="Maurice Ravel">Ravel</a>, see <a href="/wiki/Jeux_d%27eau_(Ravel)" title="Jeux d'eau (Ravel)">Jeux d'eau (Ravel)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Jeux_d%27eau" title="Special:EditPage/Jeux d'eau">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22">"Jeux d'eau"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Jeux+d%27eau%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2015</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b><span title="French-language text"><i lang="fr">Jeux d'eau</i></span></b> (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style><span class="IPA-label IPA-label-small">French:</span> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="fr-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/French" title="Help:IPA/French">[ʒø<span class="wrap"> </span>d‿o]</a></span>; <a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a> for 'water games'; <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>: <i lang="it">giochi d'acqua</i>), is an umbrella term in the <a href="/wiki/History_of_gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="History of gardens">history of gardens</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Water_feature" title="Water feature">water features</a> that were introduced into mid-16th century <a href="/wiki/Mannerist" class="mw-redirect" title="Mannerist">Mannerist</a> <a href="/wiki/Giardino_all%27italiana" class="mw-redirect" title="Giardino all'italiana">Italian gardens</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeux_d%27eau&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Swimming_pool" title="Swimming pool">Pools</a> and <a href="/wiki/Fountain" title="Fountain">fountains</a> had been a feature from Roman times, but <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineering" title="Hydraulic engineering">hydraulic engineers</a> first took full advantage of characteristic sloping sites of villas in the hills surrounding Lazio, where there was copious available water. <a href="/wiki/Giacomo_Barozzi_da_Vignola" title="Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola">Giacomo Barozzi da Vignola</a>'s <i>catene d'aqua</i> (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_chain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water chain (page does not exist)">water chains</a>) and <a href="/w/index.php?title=Water_stair&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Water stair (page does not exist)">water stairs</a>, fountains, <a href="/wiki/Waterfall" title="Waterfall">cascades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jet_(fluid)" title="Jet (fluid)">jets</a>, pools and canals at <a href="/wiki/Villa_Farnese" title="Villa Farnese">Villa Farnese</a> at <a href="/wiki/Caprarola" title="Caprarola">Caprarola</a> and <a href="/wiki/Villa_Lante" title="Villa Lante">Villa Lante</a> at <a href="/wiki/Bagnaia,_Viterbo" title="Bagnaia, Viterbo">Bagnaia</a> led the way. At Villa Lante a rill of water flows down the center of a stone picnic table. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg/220px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg/330px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/67/Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg/440px-Caserta-reggia-15-4-05_170.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Cascade and fountain at the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Palace_of_Caserta" title="Royal Palace of Caserta">Royal Palace of Caserta</a></figcaption></figure> <p>French <a href="/wiki/16th_century" title="16th century">16th-century</a> gardens in the <a href="/wiki/Ile-de-France" class="mw-redirect" title="Ile-de-France">Ile-de-France</a> were generally in flat terrain that did not lend itself to elaborate <i>jeux d'eau.</i> Fountains, <i>bassins</i> (pools in raised basins) and canals were more typical of French water features. For the <i>jeux d'eau</i> at <a href="/wiki/Gardens_of_Versailles" title="Gardens of Versailles">Versailles</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Watermill" title="Watermill">watermill</a>-driven <a href="/wiki/Pumping_station" title="Pumping station">pumping station</a> (the <i><a href="/wiki/Machine_de_Marly" title="Machine de Marly">machine de Marly</a></i>, at the time being the most powerful machine in Europe) and elaborate <a href="/wiki/Aqueduct_(water_supply)" title="Aqueduct (water supply)">aqueducts</a> had to be constructed to bring water from many kilometers away. </p><p>Sloping sites at the palaces of <a href="/wiki/Caserta_Palace" class="mw-redirect" title="Caserta Palace">Caserta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Peterhof_Palace" title="Peterhof Palace">Peterhof</a> permitted grand cascades. At Caserta, a rill of water even flows down the handrail of a staircase balustrade. </p><p>A favorite <i>jeu d'eau</i> was the practical joke of surprise water jets that could be turned on suddenly by a gardener accomplice turning a hidden wheel, trapping guests or soaking their finery. Joking water jets remained a feature in German gardens well into the 19th century. </p><p>In the 1930s, Otto Przystawik invented the novelty <a href="/wiki/Musical_fountain" title="Musical fountain">musical fountain</a> feature that came to be called "dancing waters". Early systems in displays and nightclubs were manually operated by hand pumps and levers. Harold Steinman, the New York-based promoter of "<a href="/wiki/Holiday_on_Ice" title="Holiday on Ice">Holiday on Ice</a>", spotted the Przystawik display in a Berlin nightclub. He took the machine on tour with his roller-skating review, where its success inspired him to send out duplicates on tours during the 1950s and 60s. In the later 20th century, programmable "dancing waters" became a feature of novelty fountains associated with resort hotels, where they were combined with <a href="/wiki/Laser_light_shows" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser light shows">laser light shows</a>. Elaborate moving water effects and shifting colored lighting were coordinated with recorded music. Such features draw crowds in <a href="/wiki/Las_Vegas_Valley" title="Las Vegas Valley">Las Vegas</a>, where they were initiated as part of <a href="/wiki/Liberace" title="Liberace">Liberace</a>'s stage show and have been satirized in a <i><a href="/wiki/The_Simpsons" title="The Simpsons">Simpsons</a></i> episode. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeux_d%27eau&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Jeux_d%27eau&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style 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bridge">Moon bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moon_gate" title="Moon gate">Moon gate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mound" title="Mound">Mound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nymphaeum" title="Nymphaeum">Nymphaeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orangery" title="Orangery">Orangery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parterre" title="Parterre">Parterre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patio" title="Patio">Patio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavilion" title="Pavilion">Pavilion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pergola" title="Pergola">Pergola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reflecting_pool" title="Reflecting pool">Reflecting pool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shed" title="Shed">Shed</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stepping_stones" title="Stepping stones">Stepping stones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stumpery" title="Stumpery">Stumpery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sylvan_theater" title="Sylvan theater">Sylvan theater</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrace_garden" title="Terrace garden">Terrace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topiary" 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