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" aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox 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Available in 18 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-18" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">18 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney,_1._Earl_Macartney" title="George Macartney, 1. Earl Macartney – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="George Macartney, 1. Earl Macartney" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney_(1er_comte_Macartney)" title="George Macartney (1er comte Macartney) – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="George Macartney (1er comte Macartney)" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%9C1%EB%8C%80_%EB%A7%A4%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%88_%EB%B0%B1%EC%9E%91_%EC%A1%B0%EC%A7%80_%EB%A7%A4%EC%B9%B4%ED%8A%B8%EB%8B%88" title="제1대 매카트니 백작 조지 매카트니 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="제1대 매카트니 백작 조지 매카트니" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%92%27%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%92%27_%D7%9E%D7%A7%D7%A8%D7%98%D7%A0%D7%99" title="ג'ורג' מקרטני – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ג'ורג' מקרטני" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B8%E3%83%A7%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B8%E3%83%BB%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC_(%E5%88%9D%E4%BB%A3%E3%83%9E%E3%82%AB%E3%83%BC%E3%83%88%E3%83%8B%E3%83%BC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5)" title="ジョージ・マカートニー (初代マカートニー伯爵) – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ジョージ・マカートニー (初代マカートニー伯爵)" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney_(1._hrabia_Macartney)" title="George Macartney (1. hrabia Macartney) – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="George Macartney (1. hrabia Macartney)" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%B8,_%D0%94%D0%B6%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%B4%D0%B6" title="Макартни, Джордж – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Макартни, Джордж" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Macartney" title="George Macartney – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="George Macartney" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%88_%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C_%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%A5%E0%B9%81%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%B5%E0%B8%A2%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%97%E0%B8%B5%E0%B9%88_1" title="จอร์จ แม็คคาร์ทนีย์ เอิร์ลแม็คคาร์ทนีย์ที่ 1 – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จอร์จ แม็คคาร์ทนีย์ เอิร์ลแม็คคาร์ทนีย์ที่ 1" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%AC%AC%E4%B8%80%E4%BB%A3%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC%E4%BC%AF%E7%88%B5%E5%96%AC%E6%B2%BB%C2%B7%E9%A6%AC%E6%88%9B%E7%88%BE%E5%B0%BC" title="第一代馬戛爾尼伯爵喬治·馬戛爾尼 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="第一代馬戛爾尼伯爵喬治·馬戛爾尼" 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class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Anglo-Irish statesman and diplomat (1737–1806)</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <dl><dd><i>George Macartney should not be confused with <a href="/wiki/George_Macartney_(British_consul)" title="George Macartney (British consul)">Sir George Macartney</a>, a later British statesman.</i></dd></dl> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="honorific-prefix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/The_Right_Honourable" title="The Right Honourable">The Right Honourable</a></div><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">The Earl Macartney</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_Bath" title="Order of the Bath">KB</a> <a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">PC (Ire)</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg/220px-George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg/330px-George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/64/George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg/440px-George_Macartney%2C_1st_Earl_Macartney_by_Lemuel_Francis_Abbott.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1280" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Portrait by <a href="/wiki/Lemuel_Francis_Abbott" title="Lemuel Francis Abbott">Lemuel Francis Abbott</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Grenada" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1776–1779</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Young,_1st_Baronet,_of_North_Dean" title="Sir William Young, 1st Baronet, of North Dean">Sir William Young</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Durat" title="Jean-François, comte de Durat">Jean-François, comte de Durat</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" title="List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency">Governor of Madras</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />22 June 1781 – 14 June 1785</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Rumbold" title="Thomas Rumbold">Sir Thomas Rumbold</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Archibald_Campbell_(British_Army_officer,_born_1739)" title="Archibald Campbell (British Army officer, born 1739)">Sir Archibald Campbell</a></td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;"><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_British_South_African_colonies#Cape_Colony" title="List of governors of British South African colonies">Governor of the Cape Colony</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />1797–1798</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Monarch</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Abraham_Josias_Sluysken" title="Abraham Josias Sluysken">Abraham Josias Sluysken</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dundas" title="Francis Dundas">Francis Dundas</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none">(<span class="bday">1737-05-14</span>)</span>14 May 1737<br /><a href="/wiki/Loughguile" title="Loughguile">Loughguile</a>, <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">31 May 1806<span style="display:none">(1806-05-31)</span> (aged 69)<br /><a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">Chiswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, England</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Alma_mater" title="Alma mater">Alma mater</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney</b>, <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Knight_of_the_Bath_(1399%E2%80%931725)" class="mw-redirect" title="Knight of the Bath (1399–1725)">KB</a></span>, <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_of_Ireland" title="Privy Council of Ireland">PC (Ire)</a></span></span> (14 May 1737 – 31 May 1806) was an <a href="/wiki/Anglo-Irish_people" title="Anglo-Irish people">Anglo-Irish</a> statesman, colonial administrator and diplomat who served as the governor of <a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Madras_Presidency" title="Madras Presidency">Madras</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Invasion_of_the_Cape_Colony" title="Invasion of the Cape Colony">British-occupied Cape Colony</a>. He is often remembered for his observation following <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain_in_the_Seven_Years_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Britain in the Seven Years War">Britain's victory</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Seven_Years%27_War" title="Seven Years' War">Seven Years' War</a> and subsequent <a href="/wiki/British_Empire" title="British Empire">territorial expansion</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> that Britain now controlled "<a href="/wiki/The_empire_on_which_the_sun_never_sets" title="The empire on which the sun never sets">a vast Empire, on which the sun never sets</a>". </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_years">Early years</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early years"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>He was born in 1737 as the only son of George Macartney, <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Antrim" title="High Sheriff of Antrim">High Sheriff of Antrim</a> and Elizabeth Winder. Macartney descended from a Scottish family with origins in Ireland, who were granted land in Scotland for serving under <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bruce" title="Edward Bruce">Edward Bruce</a>, brother of <a href="/wiki/Robert_the_Bruce" title="Robert the Bruce">Robert the Bruce</a>. The Macartneys of Auchenleck, <a href="/wiki/Kirkcudbrightshire" title="Kirkcudbrightshire">Kirkcudbrightshire</a> settled in Lissanoure <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>, Ireland, where he was born. </p><p>After graduating from <a href="/wiki/Trinity_College_Dublin" title="Trinity College Dublin">Trinity College Dublin</a>, in 1759, he became a student of the <a href="/wiki/Inns_of_Court" title="Inns of Court">Temple, London</a>. Through <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Fox,_2nd_Baron_Holland" title="Stephen Fox, 2nd Baron Holland">Stephen Fox</a>, elder brother of <a href="/wiki/Charles_James_Fox" title="Charles James Fox">Charles James Fox</a>, he was taken up by <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fox,_1st_Baron_Holland" title="Henry Fox, 1st Baron Holland">Lord Holland</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Appointed envoy extraordinary to Russia in 1764,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> he succeeded in negotiating an alliance between Great Britain and Russia with <a href="/wiki/Catherine_II_of_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine II of Russia">Catherine II</a>. In 1768, he returned to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_House_of_Commons" title="Irish House of Commons">Irish House of Commons</a> as a Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Armagh_Borough_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Armagh Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Armagh Borough</a>, in order to discharge the duties of <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a>. On resigning this office, he was knighted.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1775, he became <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_administrators_of_Grenada" title="List of colonial governors and administrators of Grenada">governor</a> of the <a href="/wiki/British_West_Indies" title="British West Indies">British West Indies</a><sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and was created Baron Macartney in the <a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> in 1776.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was elected to a seat in the British parliament (<a href="/wiki/Bere_Alston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)">Bere Alston</a>) from 1780 to 1781. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Grenada">Grenada</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Grenada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" title="Special:EditPage/George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22">"George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">January 2023</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Macartney was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial governors of Grenada">governor of Grenada</a> from 1776<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to 1779. During his governance, <a href="/wiki/Capture_of_Grenada_(1779)" title="Capture of Grenada (1779)">the island was attacked in July 1779</a>, by the French royal fleet of the <a href="/wiki/Charles_Hector,_comte_d%27Estaing" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Hector, comte d'Estaing">Comte d'Estaing</a>. </p><p>After losing control of the fortifications on Hospital Hill — an essential defence position located on a prominence overlooking the island capital <a href="/wiki/St._George%27s,_Grenada" title="St. George's, Grenada">St. George's</a>—Macartney chose to surrender unconditionally and was <a href="/wiki/Prisoner_of_war" title="Prisoner of war">taken prisoner</a> to France. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Madras">Madras</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Madras"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-More_citations_needed plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" title="Special:EditPage/George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22">"George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22George+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Macartney was the <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_governors_and_presidents_of_Madras_Presidency" title="List of colonial governors and presidents of Madras Presidency">governor of Madras</a> (now known as <a href="/wiki/Chennai" title="Chennai">Chennai</a>) from 1781 to 1785. During his tenure as governor, renovation and strengthening of the walls of <a href="/wiki/Fort_St._George,_India" class="mw-redirect" title="Fort St. George, India">Fort St. George</a> was commenced after the siege by <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Arthur,_comte_de_Lally" title="Thomas Arthur, comte de Lally">Thomas Lally</a>, and completed in 1783. It was also during this time that most of the buildings and barracks in the western portion of the Fort were erected. The Palace Street, the Arsenal, the Hanover square and the Western Barracks were constructed during this time. The streets on the eastern side of the Fort were also altered. </p><p>It was also during this time that idea of a police force for Madras was thought of. <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Popham" title="Stephen Popham">Stephen Popham</a>, another British resident and the developer of <a href="/wiki/Broadway,_Chennai" title="Broadway, Chennai">Pophams Broadway</a>, submitted a plan to Macartney for the establishment of a regular police force for Madras and for the building of direct and cross drains in every street. Popham also advocated measures for the naming and lighting of streets, for the regular registration of births and deaths and for the licensing of liquor, <a href="/wiki/Arrack" title="Arrack">arrack</a> and <a href="/wiki/Toddy_shop" title="Toddy shop">toddy shops</a>. A Board of Police assisted by a Kotwal was subsequently formed. The Kotwal was to be the officer of the markets under the Superintendent of Police.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He negotiated the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Mangalore" title="Treaty of Mangalore">Treaty of Mangalore</a> which brought an end to the <a href="/wiki/Second_Anglo-Mysore_War" title="Second Anglo-Mysore War">Second Anglo-Mysore War</a> in 1784.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Macartney declined the governor-generalship of India—then the British territories administered by the <a href="/wiki/British_East_India_Company" class="mw-redirect" title="British East India Company">British East India Company</a>—and returned to Britain in 1786. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ambassador_to_China">Ambassador to China</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ambassador to China"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Earl_Macartney.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/George_Earl_Macartney.jpg/170px-George_Earl_Macartney.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/73/George_Earl_Macartney.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="200" data-file-height="253" /></a><figcaption>Lord Macartney</figcaption></figure> <p>After being created Earl Macartney in the Irish peerage in 1792, he was appointed the first envoy of Britain to <a href="/wiki/Qing_dynasty" title="Qing dynasty">Qing China</a>, after the failure of a number of previous embassies, including Cathcart's. He led the <a href="/wiki/Macartney_Embassy" title="Macartney Embassy">Macartney Embassy</a> to Beijing in 1792, with a large British delegation on board a 64-gun man-of-war, <a href="/wiki/HMS_Lion_(1777)" title="HMS Lion (1777)">HMS <i>Lion</i></a> under the command of Captain Sir <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Gower" title="Erasmus Gower">Erasmus Gower</a>. The embassy was ultimately not successful in its primary aim to open trade with China, although numerous secondary purposes were attained, including a first-hand assessment of the strength of the Chinese empire. </p><p>The failure to obtain trade concessions was not due to Macartney's refusal to <a href="/wiki/Kowtow" title="Kowtow">kowtow</a> in the presence of the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a>, as is commonly believed. It is more likely that the Chinese hegemony of east Asian states meant that China was used to having other states come and offer <a href="/wiki/Vassalage" class="mw-redirect" title="Vassalage">vassalage</a>. In comparison, the European states were used to the order that came out of the <a href="/wiki/Peace_of_Westphalia" title="Peace of Westphalia">Peace of Westphalia</a>. Under that order, all states were formally treated as equals. For this reason, Macartney was negotiating as an equal in the European style, while the <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a> was used to conducting diplomacy under Chinese hegemony.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After the conclusion of the embassy, the Qianlong Emperor sent a letter to <a href="/wiki/King_George_III" class="mw-redirect" title="King George III">King George III</a>, explaining in greater depth the reasons for his refusal to grant the requests of the embassy.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:CITESHORT" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:CITESHORT"><span title="More information is required to link this short citation to its long citation. (December 2019)">incomplete short citation</span></a></i>]</sup> The Macartney Embassy is historically significant because it marked a missed opportunity by the Chinese to move toward some kind of accommodation with the West. This failure would continue to plague China as it encountered increasing foreign pressures and internal unrest during the 19th century. </p><p>The policies of the <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Factories" title="Thirteen Factories">Thirteen Factories</a> remained. The embassy returned to Britain in 1794 without obtaining any concession from China. However, the mission could be construed as a success because it brought back detailed observations. Sir <a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_Staunton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Leonard Staunton">George Staunton</a> was charged with producing the official account of the expedition after their return. This multi-volume work was taken chiefly from the papers of Lord Macartney and from the papers of Sir <a href="/wiki/Erasmus_Gower" title="Erasmus Gower">Erasmus Gower</a>, who was Commander of the expedition. Gower also left a more personal record through his private letters to Admiral <a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)">John Elliot</a> and Captain <a href="/wiki/Sir_Henry_Martin,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Henry Martin, 1st Baronet">Sir Henry Martin, 1st Baronet</a> (Comptroller of the Navy).<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Banks" title="Joseph Banks">Joseph Banks</a>, the <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="President of the Royal Society">President of the Royal Society</a>, was responsible for selecting and arranging engraving of the illustrations in this official record.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Macartney was expected to lead an embassy to Japan after he completed his mission to China, but his hopes of being able to proceed to Japan were ended by the confirmation when he returned to Canton of news of the outbreak of war with France and consequently of the vulnerability of his ships to attack by French cruisers operating from Batavia.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On 23 December, Macartney recorded in his journal: "I have given up my projected visit to Japan, which (though now less alluring in prospect) has always been with me a favourite adventure as a possible opening of a new mine for the exercise of our industry and the purchase of our manufactures".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Later_life">Later life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Later life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>On his return from a confidential mission to Italy in 1795, he was raised to the British peerage as Baron Macartney, of Parkhurst in the County of Surrey and Auchinleck in the Stewartry of Kirkcudbright,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and at the end of 1796 was appointed governor of the newly acquired territory of the <a href="/wiki/British_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="British Cape Colony">Cape Colony</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> where he remained until ill health compelled him to resign in November 1798.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In early 1797, he was requested to assist with the proposed plan to send an attacking force from the Cape under Major-General J. H. Craig to the South West coast of Spanish America by way of the British colony in New South Wales.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He died at <a href="/wiki/Chiswick" title="Chiswick">Chiswick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a>, on 31 May 1806, the title becoming extinct. After the death of his widow (Lady Jane Stuart, daughter of the <a href="/wiki/John_Stuart,_3rd_Earl_of_Bute" title="John Stuart, 3rd Earl of Bute">3rd Earl of Bute</a>; they were married in 1768), his property passed to his niece, whose son took the name.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <i><b><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/George_Macartney" class="extiw" title="q:George Macartney">George Macartney</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Isaac_Titsingh" title="Isaac Titsingh">Isaac Titsingh</a>, the ambassador who represented the Netherlands and <a href="/wiki/Dutch_East_India_Company" title="Dutch East India Company">VOC</a> to greet <a href="/wiki/Qianlong_Emperor" title="Qianlong Emperor">Qianlong Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_Amherst,_1st_Earl_Amherst" class="mw-redirect" title="William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst">William Pitt Amherst, 1st Earl Amherst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andreas_Everardus_van_Braam_Houckgeest" title="Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest">Andreas Everardus van Braam Houckgeest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Halliday_Macartney" class="mw-redirect" title="Halliday Macartney">Halliday Macartney</a> – a descendant of the Macartney family who served in China under <a href="/wiki/Charles_George_Gordon" title="Charles George Gordon">Charles Gordon</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Taiping_Rebellion" title="Taiping Rebellion">Taiping Rebellion</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Footnotes">Footnotes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Footnotes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEChisholm1911_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFChisholm1911">Chisholm 1911</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGazette10478" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10478/page/1">"No. 10478"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 11 December 1764. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+10478&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1764-12-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F10478%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette10492" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/10492/page/1">"No. 10492"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 29 January 1765. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+10492&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1765-01-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F10492%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11255" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11255/page/1">"No. 11255"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 6 June 1772. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11255&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1772-06-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11255%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11262" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11262/page/1">"No. 11262"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 30 June 1772. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11262&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1772-06-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11262%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11622" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11622/page/8">"No. 11622"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 December 1775. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11622&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1775-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11622%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11679" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11679/page/1">"No. 11679"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 29 June 1776. p. 1.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11679&rft.pages=1&rft.date=1776-06-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11679%2Fpage%2F1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette11622" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/11622/page/8">"No. 11622"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 12 December 1776. p. 8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+11622&rft.pages=8&rft.date=1776-12-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F11622%2Fpage%2F8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071008222741/http://www.chennaicorporation.com/aboutcoc/che_history13.htm">"Reforms of George MaCartney"</a>. <i>Corporation of Chennai</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chennaicorporation.com/aboutcoc/che_history13.htm">the original</a> on 8 October 2007<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 January</span> 2010</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Corporation+of+Chennai&rft.atitle=Reforms+of+George+MaCartney&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chennaicorporation.com%2Faboutcoc%2Fche_history13.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Turnbull p. 180.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MIVfczgRuYY&t=997s&t=15:10"><span class="plainlinks">"#36 – David C. Kang on international relations in historic East Asia"</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.history.ucsb.edu/faculty/marcuse/classes/2c/texts/1792QianlongLetterGeorgeIII.htm">Ch'ien Lung, (Qianlong) Letter to George III</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBates2017" class="citation book cs1">Bates, I. M. (2017). <i>Champion of the Quarterdeck: Admiral Sir Erasmus Gower (1742–1814)</i>. Sage Old Books. pp. 171–206. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780958702126" title="Special:BookSources/9780958702126"><bdi>9780958702126</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Champion+of+the+Quarterdeck%3A+Admiral+Sir+Erasmus+Gower+%281742%E2%80%931814%29&rft.pages=171-206&rft.pub=Sage+Old+Books&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=9780958702126&rft.aulast=Bates&rft.aufirst=I.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Banks, Joseph. State Library of New South Wales, Papers of Sir Joseph Banks; Section 12: Lord Macartney's embassy to China; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_62/62_view.cfm">Series 62: Papers concerning publication of the account of Lord Macartney's Embassy to China, ca 1797.</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090619104055/https://www2.sl.nsw.gov.au/banks/series_62/62_view.cfm">Archived</a> 19 June 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Robert J. King, "'A regular and reciprocal System of Commerce' — Botany Bay, Nootka Sound, and the isles of Japan", <i>The Great Circle</i>, vol.19, no.1, 1997, pp.1–29; and "'The long wish'd for object' – Opening the trade to Japan, 1785–1795", <i>The Northern Mariner,</i> vol.XX, no.1, January 2010, pp. 1–35, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.cnrs-scrn.org/northern_mariner/vol20/tnm_20_1-34.pdf">[1]</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Cranmer-Byng, "Russian and British Interests in the Far East, 1791–1793", <i>Canadian Slavonic Papers</i>, vol. X, 1968, pp. 206, 357–375.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGazette13897" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/13897/page/527">"No. 13897"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a></i>. 31 May 1796. p. 527.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+13897&rft.pages=527&rft.date=1796-05-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F13897%2Fpage%2F527&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/Edinburgh/issue/368/page/221">"At the Court at St. James's, Dec 28. 1796"</a>. <i>Edinburgh Gazette</i>. No. 368. 3 January 1797. p. 221<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Edinburgh+Gazette&rft.atitle=At+the+Court+at+St.+James%27s%2C+Dec+28.+1796&rft.issue=368&rft.pages=221&rft.date=1797-01-03&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FEdinburgh%2Fissue%2F368%2Fpage%2F221&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Dundas to Macartney, 21 January 1797, "Correspondence of George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney, whilst Governor of the Cape of Good Hope", Bodleian Library, GB 0162 MSS.Afr.t.2–4*. See also Robert J. King, "An Australian Perspective on the English Invasions of the Rio de la Plata in 1806 and 1807", <i>International Journal of Naval History,</i> vol. 8 no.1, April 2009, <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.ijnhonline.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/Article-King.pdf">[2]</a></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References_and_further_reading">References and further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References and further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Barrow_(English_statesman)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Barrow (English statesman)">Barrow</a>, John. (1807). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=hc00JEmKC10C&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China"><i>Some Account of the Public Life, and a Selection from the Unpublished Writings, of the Earl of Macartney,</i></a> 2 vols. London: T. Cadell and W. Davies.</li> <li>Cranmer-Byng, J. L. "Lord Macartney’s Embassy to Peking in 1793." <i>Journal of Oriental Studies.</i> Vol. 4, Nos. 1,2 (1957–58): 117–187.</li> <li>Esherick, Joseph W. "Cherishing Sources from Afar." <i>Modern China</i> Vol. 24, No. 2 (1998): 135–61.</li> <li>Hevia, James Louis. (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Uj6d9_4F0EIC&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China"><i>Cherishing Men from Afar: Qing Guest Ritual and the Macartney Embassy of 1793.</i></a> Durham: <a href="/wiki/Duke_University_Press" title="Duke University Press">Duke University Press</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1637-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8223-1637-4">978-0-8223-1637-4</a></li> <li>Hibbert, Christopher. <i>The Dragon Wakes. China and the West, 1793–1911</i> (1970) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/dragonwakeschina0000hibb/page/n1">online free to borrow</a></li> <li>Jacques, Martin. (2009). <i>When China Rules the World: the End of the Western World and the Birth of a New Global Order.</i> New York: Penguin Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781594201851" title="Special:BookSources/9781594201851">9781594201851</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/423217571">OCLC 423217571</a></li> <li>Peyrefitte, Alain. (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/immobileempire00peyr"><i>The Immobile Empire</i></a> (Jon Rotschild, translator). New York: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_A._Knopf" title="Alfred A. Knopf">Alfred A. Knopf</a>/<a href="/wiki/Random_House" title="Random House">Random House</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58654-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-394-58654-0">978-0-394-58654-0</a> <ul><li>Peyrefitte, Alain. (1990). <i>Images de l'Empire immobile ou le choc des mondes. Récit historique.</i> Paris: <a href="/wiki/Fayard" title="Fayard">Fayard</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02383-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-2-213-02383-0">978-2-213-02383-0</a></li></ul></li> <li>Reddaway, W. F. "Macartney in Russia, 1765–67." <i>Cambridge Historical Journal</i> 3#3 (1931), pp. 260–294. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3020743">online</a></li> <li>Robbins, Helen Henrietta Macartney (1908). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599578/"><i>Our First Ambassador to China: An Account of the Life of George, Earl of Macartney with Extracts from His Letters, and the Narrative of His Experiences in China, as Told by Himself, 1737–1806, from Hitherto Unpublished Correspondence and Documents.</i></a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181006125004/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/CTWE/B36599578/">Archived</a> 6 October 2018 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> London : John Murray. Digitized by <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong" title="University of Hong Kong">University of Hong Kong</a> <a href="/wiki/University_of_Hong_Kong#Libraries_and_museums" title="University of Hong Kong">Libraries</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lib.hku.hk/database/">Digital Initiatives</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070425165629/http://www.spurgeons.ac.uk/site/pages/ui_college_history.aspx">"China Through Western Eyes."</a>; <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XSI5AQAAIAAJ&pg=PA375">review in <i>The Athenaeum</i></a></li> <li>Rockhill, William Woodville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980">"Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question I,"</a> <i>The American Historical Review,</i> Vol. 2, No. 3 (Apr. 1897), pp. 427–442.</li> <li>Rockhill, William Woodville. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/pss/1833980">"Diplomatic Missions to the Court of China: The Kotow Question II,"</a> <i>The American Historical Review,</i> Vol. 2, No. 4 (Jul. 1897), pp. 627–643.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Leonard_Staunton" class="mw-redirect" title="George Leonard Staunton">Staunton</a>, George Leonard. (1797). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=8qdIAAAAMAAJ&q=An+account+of+Macartney's+embassy+to+China"><i>An Authentic Account of and Embassy from the King of Great Britain to the Emperor of China,</i></a> 3 vols. London: G. Nichol.</li> <li>Turnbull, Patrick. <i>Warren Hastings</i>. New English Library, 1975.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:George_Macartney,_1st_Earl_Macartney" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney">George Macartney, 1st Earl Macartney</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hdl.library.upenn.edu/1017/d/ead/upenn_rbml_MsColl624">George Macartney papers</a>, Kislak Center for Special Collections, Rare Books and Manuscripts, University of Pennsylvania</li> <li><span class="noprint"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/12px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/18px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg/24px-Wikisource-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="410" data-file-height="430" /></span></span> </span>This article incorporates text from a publication now in the <a href="/wiki/Public_domain" title="Public domain">public domain</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChisholm1911" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Chisholm" title="Hugh Chisholm">Chisholm, Hugh</a>, ed. (1911). "<a href="https://en.wikisource.org/wiki/1911_Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica/Macartney,_George_Macartney,_Earl" class="extiw" title="s:1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Macartney, George Macartney, Earl">Macartney, George Macartney, Earl</a>". <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica_Eleventh_Edition" title="Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i>. Vol. 17 (11th ed.). Cambridge University Press. p. 193.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Macartney%2C+George+Macartney%2C+Earl&rft.btitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.pages=193&rft.edition=11th&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1911&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AGeorge+Macartney%2C+1st+Earl+Macartney" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Lord_Frederick_Campbell" title="Lord Frederick Campbell">The Lord Frederick Campbell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Secretary_for_Ireland" title="Chief Secretary for Ireland">Chief Secretary for Ireland</a> </b><br />1769–1772 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Blaquiere,_1st_Baron_de_Blaquiere" title="John Blaquiere, 1st Baron de Blaquiere">Sir John Blaquiere</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #bebebe;">Government offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_William_Young,_1st_Baronet" class="mw-redirect" title="Sir William Young, 1st Baronet">William Young</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of Grenada">Governor of Grenada</a> </b><br />1776–1779 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Jean-Fran%C3%A7ois,_comte_de_Durat" title="Jean-François, comte de Durat">Jean-François, comte de Durat</a></div><i><b>as <a href="/wiki/List_of_colonial_heads_of_Grenada" class="mw-redirect" title="List of colonial heads of Grenada">Governor-General of Grenada</a> </b></i> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Governor_of_the_Cape_Colony" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor of the Cape Colony">Governor of the Cape Colony</a> </b><br />1797–1798 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Francis_Dundas" title="Francis Dundas">Francis Dundas</a>, <i>acting</i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Parliament of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cuninghame,_1st_Baron_Rossmore" title="Robert Cuninghame, 1st Baron Rossmore">Robert Cuninghame</a> <br /> <a href="/wiki/Barry_Maxwell,_1st_Earl_of_Farnham" title="Barry Maxwell, 1st Earl of Farnham">Hon. Barry Maxwell</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Armagh_Borough_(Parliament_of_Ireland_constituency)" title="Armagh Borough (Parliament of Ireland constituency)">Armagh Borough</a> </b><br />1768–1776 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Philip_Tisdall" title="Philip Tisdall">Philip Tisdall</a> 1768–1769<br /><a href="/w/index.php?title=Charles_O%27Hara_(1715%E2%80%931776)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Charles O'Hara (1715–1776) (page does not exist)">Charles O'Hara</a> 1769–1776 </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Philip_Tisdall" title="Philip Tisdall">Philip Tisdall</a> <br /> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Henry_Meredyth_(died_1789)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Henry Meredyth (died 1789) (page does not exist)">Henry Meredyth</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cccccc"><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Mordaunt_(British_Army_officer)" title="John Mordaunt (British Army officer)">Sir John Mordaunt</a><br /><a href="/wiki/John_Elliot_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="John Elliot (Royal Navy officer)">John Elliot</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Cockermouth_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Cockermouth (UK Parliament constituency)">Cockermouth</a> </b><br />1768–1769 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Charles_Jenkinson,_1st_Earl_of_Liverpool" title="Charles Jenkinson, 1st Earl of Liverpool">Charles Jenkinson</a> (1768)<br /><a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)">George Johnstone</a> (1768–1769) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Johnstone_(Royal_Navy_officer)" title="George Johnstone (Royal Navy officer)">George Johnstone</a><br /><a href="/wiki/James_Lowther,_1st_Earl_of_Lonsdale" title="James Lowther, 1st Earl of Lonsdale">Sir James Lowther</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/James_Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie" title="James Stuart-Wortley-Mackenzie">James Archibald Stuart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Ayr_Burghs_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Ayr Burghs (UK Parliament constituency)">Ayr Burghs</a> </b><br />1774–1776 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Frederick_Stuart_(British_politician)" title="Frederick Stuart (British politician)">Frederick Stuart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Sir_Francis_Henry_Drake,_5th_Baronet" title="Sir Francis Henry Drake, 5th Baronet">Sir Francis Henry Drake</a><br /><a href="/wiki/George_Hobart,_3rd_Earl_of_Buckinghamshire" title="George Hobart, 3rd Earl of Buckinghamshire">Hon. George Hobart</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> Member of Parliament for <a href="/wiki/Bere_Alston_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Bere Alston (UK Parliament constituency)">Bere Alston</a> </b><br />1780–1781 <br />With: <b> <a href="/wiki/Algernon_Percy,_1st_Earl_of_Beverley" title="Algernon Percy, 1st Earl of Beverley">Lord Algernon Percy</a> (1780)<br /><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Feilding,_Viscount_Feilding" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robert Feilding, Viscount Feilding">Viscount Feilding</a> (1781) </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/William_Robert_Feilding,_Viscount_Feilding" class="mw-redirect" title="William Robert Feilding, Viscount Feilding">Viscount Feilding</a> <br /><a href="/wiki/Laurence_Cox" title="Laurence Cox">Laurence Cox</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #FACEFF;">Diplomatic posts </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/John_Hobart,_2nd_Earl_of_Buckinghamshire" title="John Hobart, 2nd Earl of Buckinghamshire">The Earl of Buckinghamshire</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Russia">Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia</a> </b><br />1764–1766 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Stanley" title="Hans Stanley">Hans Stanley</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Hans_Stanley" title="Hans Stanley">Hans Stanley</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Ambassador_from_the_United_Kingdom_to_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Ambassador from the United Kingdom to Russia">Ambassador from Great Britain to Russia</a> </b><br />1767–1768 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Charles_Schaw_Cathcart,_9th_Lord_Cathcart" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles Schaw Cathcart, 9th Lord Cathcart">The Lord Cathcart</a></div> </td></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Ambassadors_of_the_United_Kingdom_to_China" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Ambassadors of the United Kingdom to China">Ambassador from Great Britain to China</a> </b><br />1792–1794 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/George_Elliot_(1784%E2%80%931863)" class="mw-redirect" title="George Elliot (1784–1863)">George Elliot (1784–1863)</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Ireland" title="Peerage of Ireland">Peerage of Ireland</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Earl_Macartney" class="mw-redirect" title="Earl Macartney">Earl Macartney</a> </b><br />1792–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="2"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Macartney" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Macartney">Baron Macartney</a> </b><br />1776–1806 </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ACE777;"><a href="/wiki/Peerage_of_Great_Britain" title="Peerage of Great Britain">Peerage of Great Britain</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b>New creation</b> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/Baron_Macartney" class="mw-redirect" title="Baron Macartney">Baron Macartney</a> </b><br />1795–1806 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;"><b>Extinct </b> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol 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