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</ul> </div><label class="main-menu-mask" for="main-menu-input"></label> </nav> <div class="branding-box"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Wikipedia:Etusivu?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB"> <span><img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <form action="/w/index.php" method="get" class="minerva-search-form"> <div class="search-box"><input type="hidden" name="title" value="Toiminnot:Haku"> <input class="search skin-minerva-search-trigger" id="searchInput" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Hae Wikipediasta" aria-label="Hae Wikipediasta" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Hae Wikipediasta [f]" accesskey="f"> <span class="search-box-icon-overlay"><span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> </span> </div><button id="searchIcon" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet skin-minerva-search-trigger"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--search"></span> <span>Hae</span> </button> </form> <nav class="minerva-user-navigation" aria-label="Käyttäjänavigaatio"> </nav> </div> </header> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <div class="banner-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="pre-content heading-holder"> <div class="page-heading"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Vitsakimppu</span></h1> <div class="tagline"> roomalaisperäinen esine </div> </div> <nav class="page-actions-menu"> <ul id="p-views" class="page-actions-menu__list"> <li id="language-selector" class="page-actions-menu__list-item"><a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#p-lang" data-mw="interface" data-event-name="menu.languages" title="Kieli" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled 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cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet edit-page menu__item--page-actions-edit"> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>Muokkaa</span> </a></li> </ul> </nav> <div id="mw-content-subtitle"> <span class="mw-redirectedfrom">(Ohjattu sivulta <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Fascis&redirect=no&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-redirect" title="Fascis">Fascis</a>)</span> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="content"> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"> <script>function mfTempOpenSection(id){var block=document.getElementById("mf-section-"+id);block.className+=" open-block";block.previousSibling.className+=" open-block";}</script> <div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="fi" dir="ltr"> <section class="mf-section-0" id="mf-section-0"> <p><b>Vitsakimppu</b> eli <b>fasces</b> (<a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Latina?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Latina">lat.</a>), joskus myös <b>raippakimppu</b>, on vanha <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskit">etruskeilta</a> peräisin oleva symbolinen esine, jossa yhteen sidottujen vitsojen lisäksi on usein kirveenterä.</p> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Fasces_lictoriae.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/75px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png" decoding="async" width="75" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/113px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png 1.5x,https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/Fasces_lictoriae.svg/150px-Fasces_lictoriae.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="354" data-file-height="946"></a> <figcaption> Roomalainen <i>fasces</i>. </figcaption> </figure> <div id="toc" class="toc" role="navigation" aria-labelledby="mw-toc-heading"> <input type="checkbox" role="button" id="toctogglecheckbox" class="toctogglecheckbox" style="display:none"> <div class="toctitle" lang="fi" dir="ltr"> <h2 id="mw-toc-heading">Sisällys</h2><span class="toctogglespan"><label class="toctogglelabel" for="toctogglecheckbox"></label></span> </div> <ul> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-1"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Rooman_valtakunnassa"><span class="tocnumber">1</span> <span class="toctext">Rooman valtakunnassa</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-2"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Uudempi_k%C3%A4ytt%C3%B6"><span class="tocnumber">2</span> <span class="toctext">Uudempi käyttö</span></a></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-3"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#L%C3%A4hteet"><span class="tocnumber">3</span> <span class="toctext">Lähteet</span></a> <ul> <li class="toclevel-2 tocsection-4"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Viitteet"><span class="tocnumber">3.1</span> <span class="toctext">Viitteet</span></a></li> </ul></li> <li class="toclevel-1 tocsection-5"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#Aiheesta_muualla"><span class="tocnumber">4</span> <span class="toctext">Aiheesta muualla</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(1)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Rooman_valtakunnassa">Rooman valtakunnassa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vitsakimppu&action=edit&section=1&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muokkaa osiota Rooman valtakunnassa" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muokkaa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-1 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-1"> <p><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooman_valtakunta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooman valtakunta">Rooman valtakunnassa</a> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Liktori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Liktori">liktorit</a> kantoivat vitsakimppua hallitsijan tai korkean virkamiehen edellä.<sup id="cite_ref-WG_1-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-WG-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lempiäinen1993_2-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-Lempi%C3%A4inen1993-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Se oli virallisen auktoriteetin ja rangaistusvallan vertauskuva. Roomassa <i>fascesin</i> tunnusmerkkinä oli <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kirves?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kirves">kirveenterä</a>, joka ulkoni noin 1,5 metrin pituisesta nipusta yhteen sidottuja <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jalavat?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jalavat">jalavan</a>- tai <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Koivut?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Koivut">koivunvitsoja</a>. Rooman kaupungin sisällä kirves oli yleensä poistettu, ellei tunnusta kannettu <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Triumfi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Triumfi">triumfia</a> juhlivan <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Rooman_diktaattori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Rooman diktaattori">diktaattorin</a> tai <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kenraali?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kenraali">kenraalin</a> edellä.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_3-0" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p><i>Fascesien</i> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Muinaisj%C3%A4%C3%A4nn%C3%B6s?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muinaisjäännös">jäännöksiä</a> on löydetty <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/700-luku_eaa.?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="700-luku eaa.">700-luvulle eaa.</a> ajoitetuista <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Etruskit?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Etruskit">etruskien</a> haudoista <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Vetulonia?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Vetulonia">Vetuloniasta</a>, mikä on vahvistanut tunnuksen olevan etruskilaista alkuperää. Rooman keisareilla <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Augustus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Augustus">Augustuksesta</a> alkaen (19 eaa.) oli 12 <i>fascesia</i>. Vuosina 81–96 hallinneen <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Domitianus?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Domitianus">Domitianuksen</a> jälkeen niitä oli 24. Diktaattoreilla oli 24, <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Konsuli_(Rooma)?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Konsuli (Rooma)">konsuleilla</a> 12, <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Preettori?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Preettori">preettoreilla</a> kuusi, <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Legaatti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Legaatti">legaateilla</a> viisi ja papeilla yksi. Korkeampaa virkamiestä tervehdittiin laskemalla <i>fascesit</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_3-1" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(2)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Uudempi_käyttö"><span id="Uudempi_k.C3.A4ytt.C3.B6"></span>Uudempi käyttö</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vitsakimppu&action=edit&section=2&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muokkaa osiota Uudempi käyttö" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muokkaa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-2 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-2"> <p><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Renessanssi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Renessanssi">Renessanssin</a> aikana 1500-luvulla vitsakimppu alettiin tulkita Euroopassa yhtenäisyyden voiman symbolina. Tähän tulkintaan vaikutti kreikkalaisen <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Aisopos?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Aisopos">Aisopoksen</a> tunnettu kertomus, jossa isä opettaa riiteleville pojilleen, että vitsakimppu on lujempi kuin erilliset vitsat.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <p>Vitsakimppu on esiinytynyt <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Heraldiikka?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Heraldiikka">heraldiikassa</a> ja julkisen vallan symbolina uudella ajalla monessa yhteydessä.<sup id="cite_ref-eb_3-2" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-eb-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Italiassa <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fasismi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Fasismi">fasistit</a> ottivat 1900-luvulla symbolista nimensäkin. <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toinen_maailmansota?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toinen maailmansota">Toisen maailmansodan</a> ja fasistien tappion jälkeen vitsakimppu on nähty fasismin symbolina, ja sitä ei ole enää juurikaan käytetty. Italiassa vitsakimppu kuitenkin löytyy vielä monesta vanhasta fasismin ajan monumentista ja arkisemmasta esineestä.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional"> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian kansallisen fasistipuolueen tunnus."> <noscript> <img alt="Italian kansallisen fasistipuolueen tunnus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg/85px-National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="292"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 85px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg/85px-National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg.png" data-alt="Italian kansallisen fasistipuolueen tunnus." data-width="85" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg/127px-National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/74/National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg/169px-National_Fascist_Party_logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Italian <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Kansallinen_fasistipuolue?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Kansallinen fasistipuolue">kansallisen fasistipuolueen</a> tunnus. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Italian sosiaalisen tasavallan sotalippu."> <noscript> <img alt="Italian sosiaalisen tasavallan sotalippu." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg/120px-War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="80" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1000"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 80px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg/120px-War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg.png" data-alt="Italian sosiaalisen tasavallan sotalippu." data-width="120" data-height="80" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg/180px-War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg/240px-War_flag_of_the_Italian_Social_Republic.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Italian_sosiaalinen_tasavalta?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Italian sosiaalinen tasavalta">Italian sosiaalisen tasavallan</a> sotalippu. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranskan epävirallinen vaakuna."> <noscript> <img alt="Ranskan epävirallinen vaakuna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/105px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" decoding="async" width="105" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="175" data-file-height="199"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 105px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/105px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png" data-alt="Ranskan epävirallinen vaakuna." data-width="105" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/158px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b7/Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg/211px-Armoiries_r%C3%A9publique_fran%C3%A7aise.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ranskan_vaakuna?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ranskan vaakuna">Ranskan epävirallinen vaakuna</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Great_Seal_of_France.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ranskan suuri sinetti."> <noscript> <img alt="Ranskan suuri sinetti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/120px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="650" data-file-height="650"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/120px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png" data-alt="Ranskan suuri sinetti." data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/180px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/Great_Seal_of_France.svg/240px-Great_Seal_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Ranskan suuri sinetti. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Yhdysvaltain senaatin sinetti."> <noscript> <img alt="Yhdysvaltain senaatin sinetti." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1030" data-file-height="1030"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/120px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png" data-alt="Yhdysvaltain senaatin sinetti." data-width="120" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/180px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f0/Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg/240px-Seal_of_the_United_States_Senate.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Yhdysvaltain_senaatti?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Yhdysvaltain senaatti">Yhdysvaltain senaatin</a> sinetti. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Yhdysvaltain presidentin George Washingtonin patsas, Jean-Antoine Houdon."> <noscript> <img alt="Yhdysvaltain presidentin George Washingtonin patsas, Jean-Antoine Houdon." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG/90px-George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG" decoding="async" width="90" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="3240" data-file-height="4320"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 90px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG/90px-George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG" data-alt="Yhdysvaltain presidentin George Washingtonin patsas, Jean-Antoine Houdon." data-width="90" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG/135px-George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG/180px-George_Washington_by_Jean-Antoine_Houdon_-_DSC05829.JPG 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Yhdysvaltain presidentin <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/George_Washington?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="George Washington">George Washingtonin</a> patsas, <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Jean-Antoine_Houdon?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Jean-Antoine Houdon">Jean-Antoine Houdon</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Lincoln_Memorial_(Lincoln_contrasty).jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Lincolnin muistomerkki."> <noscript> <img alt="Lincolnin muistomerkki." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg/120px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="100" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="4072" data-file-height="3390"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 100px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg/120px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg" data-alt="Lincolnin muistomerkki." data-width="120" data-height="100" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg/180px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5c/Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg/240px-Lincoln_Memorial_%28Lincoln_contrasty%29.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Lincolnin_muistomerkki?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Lincolnin muistomerkki">Lincolnin muistomerkki</a>. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Yhdysvaltalainen Winged Liberty Dime -kolikko vuosilta 1916–1945."> <noscript> <img alt="Yhdysvaltalainen Winged Liberty Dime -kolikko vuosilta 1916–1945." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg/120px-Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="117" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="271" data-file-height="264"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 120px;height: 117px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg/120px-Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg" data-alt="Yhdysvaltalainen Winged Liberty Dime -kolikko vuosilta 1916–1945." data-width="120" data-height="117" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg/180px-Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg/240px-Mercury_dime_reverse.jpg 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> Yhdysvaltalainen Winged Liberty Dime -kolikko vuosilta 1916–1945. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Sankt Gallenin vaakuna."> <noscript> <img alt="Sankt Gallenin vaakuna." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/96px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png" decoding="async" width="96" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="541" data-file-height="679"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 96px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/96px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png" data-alt="Sankt Gallenin vaakuna." data-width="96" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/143px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg/191px-Coat_of_arms_of_canton_of_St._Gallen.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Sankt_Gallen?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Sankt Gallen">Sankt Gallenin</a> vaakuna. </div></li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 155px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 150px; height: 150px;"> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Tiedosto:Polisen_vapen_bra.svg?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" class="mw-file-description" title="Ruotsin poliisin tunnus."> <noscript> <img alt="Ruotsin poliisin tunnus." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Polisen_vapen_bra.svg/86px-Polisen_vapen_bra.svg.png" decoding="async" width="86" height="120" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="561" data-file-height="783"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 86px;height: 120px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Polisen_vapen_bra.svg/86px-Polisen_vapen_bra.svg.png" data-alt="Ruotsin poliisin tunnus." data-width="86" data-height="120" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Polisen_vapen_bra.svg/129px-Polisen_vapen_bra.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/31/Polisen_vapen_bra.svg/172px-Polisen_vapen_bra.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></a></span> </div> <div class="gallerytext"> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Ruotsin_poliisi?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Ruotsin poliisi">Ruotsin poliisin</a> tunnus. </div></li> </ul> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(3)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Lähteet"><span id="L.C3.A4hteet"></span>Lähteet</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vitsakimppu&action=edit&section=3&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muokkaa osiota Lähteet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muokkaa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-3 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-3"> <ul> <li><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Brennan, T. Corey: <i>The Fasces: A History of Ancient Rome’s Most Dangerous Political Symbol</i>. Oxford University Press, 2023. <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/9780197644881?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/9780197644881">ISBN 9780197644881</a> </span></li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"> <h3 id="Viitteet">Viitteet</h3><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vitsakimppu&action=edit&section=4&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muokkaa osiota Viitteet" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muokkaa</span> </a> </span> </div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r23002391">.mw-parser-output div.viitteet-malline ol.references{list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .viitteet-sarakkeet li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output ol.references>li:target{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#DEF)}.mw-parser-output sup.reference:target{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#DEF)}.mw-parser-output span[rel="mw:referencedBy"]{counter-reset:mw-ref-linkback 0}.mw-parser-output span[rel="mw:referencedBy"]>a::before{font-style:italic;content:counter(mw-ref-linkback,lower-alpha)}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=lower-roman]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,lower-roman)"]"}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=lower-greek]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,lower-greek)"]"}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=upper-roman]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,upper-roman)"]"}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=decimal]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,decimal)"]"}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=lower-alpha]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,lower-alpha)"]"}.mw-parser-output .mw-ref>a[data-mw-group=upper-alpha]::after{content:"["counter(mw-Ref,upper-alpha)"]"}body.action-info .mw-parser-output :target{background-color:var(--background-color-interactive,#DEF)}</style> <div id="viitteet-malline" class="viitteet-malline" style="list-style-type:decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-WG-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-WG_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite"><i>Weilin + Göösin Tietosanakirja 1</i>, s. 444. Gütersloh: Weilin + Göös, 1992. </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-Lempiäinen1993-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-Lempi%C3%A4inen1993_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="kirjaviite" title="Kirjaviite">Pentti Lempiäinen: <i>Suuri symbolikirja</i>, s. 194. WSOY, 1993. <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Toiminnot:Kirjal%C3%A4hteet/978-951-0-18537-7?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Toiminnot:Kirjalähteet/978-951-0-18537-7">ISBN 978-951-0-18537-7</a> </span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-eb-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eb_3-0"><sup><i>a</i></sup></a> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eb_3-1"><sup><i>b</i></sup></a> <a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-eb_3-2"><sup><i>c</i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="verkkoviite" title="Verkkoviite"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/202174/fasces">fasces</a> <i>Encyclopædia Britannica. Encyclopædia Britannica Online</i>. 2012. Viitattu 6.1.2012. <span style="font-size: 0.95em; position: relative;">(englanniksi)</span></span></span></li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brennan 2023, s. 3–5.</span></li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/wiki/Fascis?_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Brennan 2023, s. 212–216.</span></li> </ol> </div> </section> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2 section-heading" onclick="mfTempOpenSection(4)"> <span class="indicator mf-icon mf-icon-expand mf-icon--small"></span> <h2 id="Aiheesta_muualla">Aiheesta muualla</h2><span class="mw-editsection"> <a role="button" href="https://fi-m-wikipedia-org.translate.goog/w/index.php?title=Vitsakimppu&action=edit&section=5&_x_tr_sl=auto&_x_tr_tl=en&_x_tr_hl=en-GB" title="Muokkaa osiota Aiheesta muualla" class="cdx-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--icon-only cdx-button--weight-quiet "> <span class="minerva-icon minerva-icon--edit"></span> <span>muokkaa</span> </a> </span> </div> <section class="mf-section-4 collapsible-block" id="mf-section-4"> <ul> <li><span typeof="mw:File"><span> <noscript> <img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="13" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376"> </noscript><span class="lazy-image-placeholder" style="width: 10px;height: 13px;" data-mw-src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/10px-Commons-logo.svg.png" data-width="10" data-height="13" data-srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-class="mw-file-element"> </span></span></span> Kuvia tai muita tiedostoja aiheesta <b><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Fasces" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Fasces">Vitsakimppu</a></b> <a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Etusivu" class="extiw" title="commons:Etusivu">Wikimedia Commonsissa</a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <noscript> <img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?useformat=mobile&type=1x1&usesul3=0" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"> </noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet=""> Noudettu kohteesta ”<a dir="ltr" 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class="post-content footer-content"> <div id="mw-data-after-content"> <div class="read-more-container"></div> </div> <div id="p-lang"> <h4>Kielet</h4> <section> <ul id="p-variants" class="minerva-languages"></ul> <ul class="minerva-languages"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AD%25D8%25B2%25D9%258A%25D9%2585%25D8%25A9_(%25D8%25B4%25D8%25B9%25D8%25A7%25D8%25B1)" title="حزيمة (شعار) — arabia" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حزيمة (شعار)" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arabia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — asturia" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — azeri" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azeri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fases" title="Fases — indonesia" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Fases" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D1%258B%25D1%2596" title="Фасцыі — valkovenäjä" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Фасцыі" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="valkovenäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feskenn_(arouez)" title="Feskenn (arouez) — bretoni" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Feskenn (arouez)" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Фасции — bulgaria" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Фасции" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgaria" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Feix_rom%25C3%25A0" title="Feix romà — katalaani" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Feix romà" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalaani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — tšekki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="tšekki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — tanska" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="tanska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — saksa" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="saksa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25CE%25A6%25CE%25AC%25CF%2583%25CE%25BA%25CE%25B5%25CF%2582" title="Φάσκες — kreikka" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Φάσκες" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="kreikka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — englanti" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="englanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — espanja" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanja" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faskoj" title="Faskoj — esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Faskoj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — baski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="baski" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D8%25AA%25D8%25A8%25D8%25B1%25D9%25BE%25D9%2588%25D8%25B4" title="تبرپوش — persia" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="تبرپوش" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faisceau_de_licteur" title="Faisceau de licteur — ranska" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Faisceau de licteur" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="ranska" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — galicia" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galicia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25EC%2586%258D%25EA%25B0%2584" title="속간 — korea" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="속간" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascio" title="Fascio — kroatia" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Fascio" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="kroatia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascio_littorio" title="Fascio littorio — italia" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Fascio littorio" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D7%25A4%25D7%25A1%25D7%25A7%25D7%25A1" title="פסקס — heprea" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פסקס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="heprea" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E1%2583%25A4%25E1%2583%2590%25E1%2583%25A1%25E1%2583%25AA%25E1%2583%2594%25E1%2583%2591%25E1%2583%2598" title="ფასცები — georgia" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ფასცები" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — latina" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — unkari" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="unkari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — hollanti" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="hollanti" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E3%2583%2595%25E3%2582%25A1%25E3%2582%25B9%25E3%2582%25B1%25E3%2582%25B9" title="ファスケス — japani" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ファスケス" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — norjan bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norjan bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — norjan nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="norjan nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — puola" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="puola" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — portugali" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugali" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fascie_(lictor)" title="Fascie (lictor) — romania" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Fascie (lictor)" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romania" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D0%25B8%25D0%25B8" title="Фасции — venäjä" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Фасции" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="venäjä" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces_cum_securibus" title="Fasces cum securibus — slovakki" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Fasces cum securibus" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovakki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Liktorski_snop" title="Liktorski snop — sloveeni" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Liktorski snop" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="sloveeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D0%25B5%25D1%2581" title="Фасцес — serbia" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Фасцес" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — ruotsi" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="ruotsi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fastsi%25C3%25A4l%25C3%25A4r" title="Fastsiälär — tataari" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Fastsiälär" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tataari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — vietnam" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fasces" title="Fasces — turkki" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Fasces" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turkki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2581%25D0%25B8%25D1%258F%25D0%25BB%25D0%25B0%25D1%2580" title="Фассиялар — tuva" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Фассиялар" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25D0%25A4%25D0%25B0%25D1%2581%25D1%2586%25D1%2596%25D1%2597" title="Фасції — ukraina" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Фасції" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%259F%25E6%25A3%2592" title="束棒 — kantoninkiina" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="束棒" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoninkiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://translate.google.com/website?sl=auto&tl=en&hl=en-GB&u=https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%25E6%259D%259F%25E6%25A3%2592" title="束棒 — kiina" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="束棒" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="kiina" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> </section> </div> <div class="minerva-footer-logo"> <img src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" alt="Wikipedia" width="120" height="18" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> </div> <ul id="footer-info" class="footer-info hlist hlist-separated"> <li 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