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<?xml version="1.0"?> <feed xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" xml:lang="en"> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BXC7</id> <title>Wikipedia - User contributions [en]</title> <link rel="self" type="application/atom+xml" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=feedcontributions&feedformat=atom&user=BXC7"/> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:Contributions/BXC7"/> <updated>2025-01-09T06:28:23Z</updated> <subtitle>User contributions</subtitle> <generator>MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.8</generator> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saylor_Academy&diff=1267259650</id> <title>Saylor Academy</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Saylor_Academy&diff=1267259650"/> <updated>2025-01-04T08:21:23Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Removed personal advice <hr /> <div>{{short description|Non-profit initiative offering free and open online education}} {{third-party|date=March 2018}} {{Infobox organization |name=Saylor Academy | logo =[[File:Saylor Foundation Logo.jpg|250px|The Saylor Foundation logo]] |type=[[Foundation (United States law)#Private foundation|Operating private foundation]]&lt;br&gt;([[Internal Revenue Service|IRS]] [[Tax exemption|exemption status]]): [[501(c)(3)]] |founded_date=1999 |founder=[[Michael J. Saylor]] |location=[[Washington, D.C.]] |focus=[[Free education]] |homepage={{URL|www.saylor.org}} }} The '''Saylor Academy''', formerly known as the '''Saylor Foundation''', is a [[non-profit organization]] headquartered in [[Washington, DC]]. It was established in 1999 by its sole trustee, [[Michael J. Saylor]]. Since 2008, the focus of the foundation has been its Free Education Initiative which has led to the creation of 241 courses representing 10 of the highest enrollment majors{{What?|date=October 2019}} in the US.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moodle241&quot; /&gt; The Saylor Academy assembles courses from openly available texts and resources. The foundation also funds the creation of new materials when needed, which are then openly licensed for use by other organizations and individuals. In March 2018 Edovo partnered with Saylor Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://news.elearninginside.com/edovo-brings-elearning-to-u-s-prison-system/|title=Edovo, a tablet-based solution, brings eLearning to prisons.|date=2018-03-01|work=eLearningInside News|access-date=2018-05-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Courses== On its website, the foundation offers 317 free, college-level courses, which are selected as typical courses in high enrollment majors at traditional U.S. colleges.&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPost&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/local/education/online-course-startups-offer-virtually-free-college/2012/01/09/gIQAEJ6VGQ_story.html|title=Online course start-ups offer virtually free college|newspaper=The Washington Post|date=2012-12-21|accessdate=2012-12-25}}&lt;/ref&gt; Content is accessible without needing to register or log into the website; however an account is required to gain access to final exams and a free certificate of completion.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moodle241&quot; /&gt; The foundation works with consultants to design the courses, typically university and college faculty members or subject experts.{{cn|date=March 2018}} The consultants develop a blueprint for the course, then research [[open educational resources]] (OER) to supply the course with lectures, texts, and other resources. If suitable texts and documents are not found, the foundation works with faculty to compile new materials which it releases to the OER community under a [[Creative Commons]] license.&lt;ref name=&quot;Saylor Foundation to Launch Multi-Million Dollar Open Textbook Challenge&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://collegeopentextbooks.org/blog/2011/08/09/saylor-foundation-to-launch-multi-million-dollar-open-textbook-challenge/ |title=Saylor Foundation to Launch Multi-Million Dollar Open Textbook Challenge! &amp;#124; College Open Textbooks Blog |publisher=Collegeopentextbooks.org |date=2011-08-09 |accessdate=2011-10-21 |url-status=dead |archiveurl=https://web.archive.org/web/20111104235827/http://collegeopentextbooks.org/blog/2011/08/09/saylor-foundation-to-launch-multi-million-dollar-open-textbook-challenge/ |archivedate=2011-11-04 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Each course is accompanied by an assessment.&lt;ref name=Moodle241&gt;{{cite web|last=Thibault|first=Joseph|title=241 OER Courses with Assessments in Moodle: How Saylor.org has created one of the largest Free and Open Course Initiatives on the web|url=http://www.moodlenews.com/2012/250-oer-courses-and-assessments-in-moodle-how-saylor-org-has-created-one-of-the-largest-open-course-initiatives-on-the-web/|publisher=Moodlenews.com|accessdate=30 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Credentialing== The Saylor Academy offers some courses with college credit recommendations from the National College Credit Recommendation Service, a program of the [[University of the State of New York]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saylor Academy {{!}} NCCRS |url=https://www.nationalccrs.org/organizations/saylor-academy |website=www.nationalccrs.org |access-date=28 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; and through the ACE National Guide, a program of the [[American Council on Education]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Saylor Academy |url=https://www.acenet.edu/National-Guide/Pages/Organization.aspx?oid=68099b28-9016-e811-810f-5065f38bf0e1 |website=www.acenet.edu |access-date=28 July 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to the Saylor Academy, they have experimented with [[digital badge]]s through the [[Open Badge Infrastructure]].&lt;ref name=&quot;WAPost&quot; /&gt; Through cooperation with other organizations, Saylor Academy can offer degrees.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://metro.catholic.edu/admission/opportunities/saylor/index.html|title=Saylor Academy|last=University|first=Catholic|website=The Catholic University of America|language=en|access-date=2019-07-23}}&lt;/ref&gt; However, Saylor Academy is not accredited to award degrees itself and not all accredited higher educational institutions accept credit earned for courses at Saylor Academy.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Saylor Direct Credit |url=https://www.saylor.org/credit/ |access-date=2024-07-20 |website=Saylor Academy |language=en-US}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== * {{Official website|www.saylor.org}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Saylor Academy}} [[Category:Educational organizations based in the United States]] [[Category:Foundations based in Washington, D.C.]] [[Category:Educational publishing companies of the United States]] [[Category:Creative Commons-licensed books]] [[Category:American educational websites]] [[Category:Online nonprofit organizations]] [[Category:Open educational resources]] [[Category:Education companies established in 1999]] [[Category:Organizations established in 1999]] [[Category:1999 establishments in the United States]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supportersvereniging_Ajax&diff=1267054705</id> <title>Supportersvereniging Ajax</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Supportersvereniging_Ajax&diff=1267054705"/> <updated>2025-01-03T11:34:08Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Fixed grammar issues: Decapitalized Supporters and Stadium <hr /> <div>{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}} [[File:Supportersvereniging Ajax logo.png|thumb|200px|Supportersvereniging Ajax logo]] The '''Supportersvereniging Ajax''' (SVA) ([[English Language|English]]: &quot;Supporters Club Ajax&quot;) also known as '''Ajax Life,''' is an independent supporters' organization associated with [[AFC Ajax]], the renowned [[association football|football club]] based in [[Amsterdam]], [[Netherlands]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Over de Supportersvereniging Ajax |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/de-sva |work=ajaxlife.nl |publisher=Supportersvereniging Ajax |accessdate=20 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Supportersvereniging Ajax heeft begrip voor huldiging op 5 mei|url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1441/Ajax/article/detail/3435317/2013/05/02/Supportersvereniging-Ajax-heeft-begrip-voor-huldiging-op-5-mei.dhtml|publisher=AD.nl|accessdate=22 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; The SVA unites a diverse community of fans, each considered an ''Ajacied'', though their engagement with the club varies. The organization caters to the needs of all its members, whether they hold season tickets, including away card holders, occasionally attend matches, or follow the club through media platforms.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=De Supportersvereniging Ajax (SVA) |url=http://www.ajax.nl/web/show/id=68787|work=ajaxlife.nl |publisher=Ajax.nl |accessdate=20 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; SVA members are spread throughout the '''Netherlands''', with an active branch in [[Belgium]] as well. With a membership base ranging between '''110,000 and 135,000 members''', it is the '''largest [[Supporters club]] in the Netherlands'''. The average age of its members is '''35 years''', and approximately '''9%''' are season ticket holders.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Supportersvereniging Ajax |url=http://www.ajaxcafe.nl/Supporters/|publisher=AjaxCafé.nl |accessdate=20 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Supportersvereniging Ajax reageert op spandoek|url=http://www.rtvnh.nl/nieuws/133713/Supportersvereniging+Ajax+reageert+op+spandoek|publisher=RTV Noord Holland |accessdate=20 March 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt; In addition to its national activities, the Supportersvereniging Ajax is a member of [[Football Supporters Europe]] (FSE), a key platform that represents the interests of football supporters and communicates them to [[UEFA]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Football Supporters Europe |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/fangroeperingen |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140410070023/http://www.ajaxlife.nl/fangroeperingen |archive-date=2014-04-10 |accessdate=13 April 2014 |publisher=Ajaxlife.nl}}&lt;/ref&gt; == Events == The SVA are widely responsible for the events surrounding the annual Ajax Open Training's Day, an event which takes place at the start of every season where the new Ajax squad members are introduced to the public in the [[Amsterdam Arena]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.rtvnh.nl/sport/112511/Zonnige+open+dag+bij+Ajax|title=Zonnige open dag bij Ajax |publisher=RTV Noord Holland|accessdate=2013-09-03}}&lt;/ref&gt; The event takes place in and around the team's home stadium and the neighboring training ground [[Sportpark De Toekomst]]. The event attracts thousands of spectators each year, and is one of the largest pre-season events surrounding the club from Amsterdam.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Supportersgroepen laten Open Dag Ajax links liggen |url=http://www.ad.nl/ad/nl/1441/Ajax/article/detail/3480403/2013/07/23/Supportersgroepen-laten-Open-Dag-Ajax-links-liggen.dhtml|work=ajaxlife.nl |publisher=AD.nl |accessdate=21 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Seizoenskaarthouders minder belangrijk dan SVA leden? |url=http://f-side.nl/seizoenskaarthouders-minder-belangrijk-dan-sva-leden/|publisher=F-side|accessdate=21 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; The Supporters club has frequently appeared in Dutch media to address issues such as stadium bans, which prevent supporters from attending away matches due to past incidents.{{verify spelling}}&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Geen supporters van Ajax bij uitwedstrijd tegen PSV |url=http://www.nu.nl/binnenland/3579445/geen-supporters-van-ajax-bij-uitwedstrijd-psv.html|publisher=NU.nl|accessdate=21 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; == Ajax Life == {{Main|Ajax Life}} The SVA are also responsible for the Ajax Life website, as well as the Ajax Life newspaper, a bi-weekly publication with 20 issues appearing per year. The publication is delivered by mail to all members of the club with a reported total circulation of 94,000.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Ontvang eenmalig de krant Ajax Life! |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/gratiskrant|publisher=Ajaxlife.nl |accessdate=21 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Ajax Kids Club== Along with the Ajax Life membership, the SVA also offers membership for children ages 0–12 to the Ajax Kids Club. A combined effort with the actual football club Ajax, the Kids Club offers several events geared towards children centered on the team mascot [[Lucky Lynx]] and the football club, including the ''Ajax Kids Clubblad'' (kids magazine) with 8 issues appearing per year.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=In de ban van het voetbal |url=http://www.zaansesportkrant.nl/nieuws/voetbal/2012-05-08/in-de-ban-van-het-voetbal|publisher=Zaanse Sportkrant|accessdate=21 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; == Board and Staff== The board consists of the following members:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Het bestuur van Ajax Life |url=http://www.ajaxlife.nl/het-bestuur|publisher=Ajaxlife.nl |accessdate=20 March 2014 }}&lt;/ref&gt; *President: [[Daniël Dekker]] *Secretary: Tijn van Hooven *Treasurer: Patrick van Amelsvoort *Board member Supporters Policy: Ine van Brenk *Board member General Affairs: Martine Eikelhof ==See also== * [[AFCA Supportersclub]] * [[Ajax Business Associates]] ==References== {{reflist|2}} ==External links== *[http://www.ajaxlife.nl De SVA official website] in the Netherlands {{in lang|nl}} *[http://www.ajax-sv.be De SVA official website] in Belgium {{in lang|nl}} {{AFC Ajax}} [[Category:AFC Ajax]] [[Category:Dutch football supporters' associations]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed_object_middleware&diff=1267054060</id> <title>Distributed object middleware</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Distributed_object_middleware&diff=1267054060"/> <updated>2025-01-03T11:30:11Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Added a citation <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Software infrastructure}} {{Unreferenced|date=June 2019|bot=noref (GreenC bot)}} '''Distributed Object Middleware''' ('''DOM''') is a type of infrastructure that allows remote access to remote objects transparently. It is based on the [[Remote procedure call|'''Remote Procedure Call''' ('''RPC''')]] mechanism. Some DOM systems also enable objects on different platforms to interact, for example, '''[[Common Object Request Broker Architecture|CORBA]]'''. Other examples of DOM systems include Microsoft's [[Distributed Component Object Model|'''Distributed Component Object Model''' ('''DCOM''')]], and [[Enterprise JavaBeans|'''Enterprise JavaBeans''' ('''EJB''')]] by '''[[Sun Microsystems]]''' (now '''[[Oracle Corporation]]'''). &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Distributed object middleware {{!}} Semantic Scholar |url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/topic/Distributed-object-middleware/458671 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.semanticscholar.org |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Category:Middleware]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989%E2%80%9390_Scottish_Cup&diff=1267053766</id> <title>1989–90 Scottish Cup</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=1989%E2%80%9390_Scottish_Cup&diff=1267053766"/> <updated>2025-01-03T11:28:26Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Added names and links for the players who shot penalties in the finals, added links. <hr /> <div>{{Unreferenced|date=June 2019|bot=noref (GreenC bot)}} {{ infobox football tournament season | title = 1989–90 Scottish Cup | image = | image_size = | caption = | country = [[Scotland]] | num_teams = | defending_champions = | winners = [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] | second = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] | matches = | goals = | scoring_leader = | prev_season = [[1988–89 Scottish Cup|1988–89]] | next_season = [[1990–91 Scottish Cup|1990–91]] }} The '''1989–90 [[Scottish Cup]]''' was the 105th staging of Scotland's most prestigious [[Association football|football]] knockout competition. The Cup was won by [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] who defeated [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] in the final. It was the first final to have been decided by a [[Penalty shootout (football)|penalty shootout]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Reserved |first=Copyright (c) Graeme Watson All Rights |title=Team Page 1989-90 {{!}} Aberdeen F.C. - Family/DNA |url=https://aberdeen-fc.com/aberdeen-fc-1989-90-team/team-page-1989-90-scottish-cup-final.html#breadcrumb |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=aberdeen-fc.com |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==First round== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Berwick Rangers F.C.|Berwick Rangers]](3) |1 – 1 |[[Stenhousemuir F.C.|Stenhousemuir]] (3) |- |[[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]](3) |3 – 1 |[[Montrose F.C.|Montrose]](3) |- |[[Elgin City F.C.|Elgin City]](HL) |2 – 1 |[[Arbroath F.C.|Arbroath]](3) |- |[[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]](3) |2 – 1 |[[Cove Rangers F.C.|Cove Rangers]](HL) |- |[[Queen's Park F.C.|Queen's Park]] (3) |1 – 2 |[[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]](3) |- |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |4 – 0 |[[Coldstream F.C.|Coldstream]] (ESL) |} ===Replay=== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Stenhousemuir F.C.|Stenhousemuir]] (3) |1 – 0 |[[Berwick Rangers F.C.|Berwick Rangers]] (3) |} ==Second round== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Ross County F.C.|Ross County]] (HL) |1 – 4 |[[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] (3) |- |[[Dumbarton F.C.|Dumbarton]] (3) |0 – 2 |[[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]] (3) |- |[[Elgin City F.C.|Elgin City]] (HL) |2 – 2 |[[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]] (3) |- |[[Gala Fairydean F.C.|Gala Fairydean]] (ESL) |2 – 2 |[[Inverness Caledonian F.C.|Inverness Caledonian]] (HL) |- |[[Stenhousemuir F.C.|Stenhousemuir]] (3) |0 – 1 |[[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]] (3) |- |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |3 – 0 |[[Whitehill Welfare F.C.|Whitehill Welfare]] (ESL) |- |[[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]] (3) |1 – 1 |[[Kilmarnock F.C.|Kilmarnock]] (3) |- |[[Vale of Leithen F.C.|Vale of Leithen]] (ESL) |1 – 3 |[[East Stirlingshire F.C.|East Stirlingshire]] (3) |} ===Replays=== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]] (3) |8 – 0 |[[Elgin City F.C.|Elgin City]] (HL) |- |[[Inverness Caledonian F.C.|Inverness Caledonian]] (HL) |4 – 1 |[[Gala Fairydean F.C.|Gala Fairydean]] (ESL) |- |[[Kilmarnock F.C.|Kilmarnock]] (3) |0 – 0&lt;br /&gt; (2 – 4 [[Penalty shootout (football)|pen.]]) |[[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]] (3) |} ==Third round== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[East Stirlingshire F.C.|East Stirlingshire]] (3) |0 – 1 |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |- |[[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]] (2) |2 – 2 |[[Inverness Caledonian F.C.|Inverness Caledonian]] (HL) |- |[[Albion Rovers F.C. (Scotland)|Albion Rovers]] (2) |0 – 2 |[[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |- |[[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr United]] (2) |0 – 0 |[[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]] (1) |- |[[Brechin City F.C.|Brechin City]] (3) |0 – 2 |[[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] (1) |- |[[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]] (3) |3 – 1 |[[Stranraer F.C.|Stranraer]] (3) |- |[[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]](1) |0 – 0 |[[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] (1) |- |[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]] (1) |0 – 0 |[[Hamilton Academical F.C.|Hamilton Academical]] (2) |- |[[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] (3) |3 – 1 |[[Meadowbank Thistle F.C.|Meadowbank Thistle]] (2) |- |[[Forfar Athletic F.C.|Forfar Athletic]] (2) |1 – 2 |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) |- |[[Heart of Midlothian F.C.|Hearts]] (1) |2 – 0 |[[Falkirk F.C.|Falkirk]](2) |- |[[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]] (2) |2 – 2 |[[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] (2) |- |[[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] (1) |7 – 0 |[[Clyde F.C.|Clyde]] (2) |- |[[Partick Thistle F.C.|Partick Thistle]] (2) |2 – 6 |[[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] (1) |- |[[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]] (3) |0 – 0 |[[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]] (2) |- |[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] (1) |3 – 0 |[[St Johnstone F.C.|St Johnstone]] (2) |} ===Replays=== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Hamilton Academical F.C.|Hamilton Academical]] (2) |0 – 1 |[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]] (1) |- |[[Alloa Athletic F.C.|Alloa Athletic]] (2) |2 – 3 |[[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]] (3) |- |[[Raith Rovers F.C.|Raith Rovers]] (2) |1 – 3 |[[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]] (2) |- |[[Inverness Caledonian F.C.|Inverness Caledonian]] (HL) |1 – 1&lt;br /&gt; (5 – 4 [[Penalty shootout (football)|pen.]]) |[[Airdrieonians F.C. (1878)|Airdrieonians]] (2) |- |[[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]] (1) |2 – 1 |[[Ayr United F.C.|Ayr United]] (2) |- |[[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] (1) |1 – 0 |[[Dundee F.C.|Dundee]] (1) |} ==Fourth round== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]] (1) |1 – 1 |[[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |- |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |6 – 2 |[[Inverness Caledonian F.C.|Inverness Caledonian]] (HL) |- |[[Cowdenbeath F.C.|Cowdenbeath]] (3) |1 – 2 |[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]] (1) |- |[[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] (1) |2 – 1 |[[Queen of the South F.C.|Queen of the South]] (3) |- |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) |1 – 0 |[[Rangers F.C.|Rangers]] (1) |- |[[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] (1) |2 – 1 |[[Greenock Morton F.C.|Greenock Morton]] (2) |- |[[Heart of Midlothian F.C.|Hearts]] (1) |4 – 0 |[[Motherwell F.C.|Motherwell]] (2) |- |[[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] (1) |5 – 1 |[[East Fife F.C.|East Fife]] (3) |} ===Replays=== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |3 – 2 |[[St Mirren F.C.|St Mirren]](1) |} ==Quarter-finals== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] (1) |4 – 1 |[[Heart of Midlothian F.C.|Hearts]] (1) |- |[[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |1 – 1 |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |- |[[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] (1) |1 – 0 |[[Hibernian F.C.|Hibernian]] (1) |- |[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]] (1) |0 – 0 |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) |} ===Replays=== {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; style=&quot;text-align: center&quot; |- !width=140|Home team !width=70|Score !width=140|Away team |- |[[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) |3 – 0 |[[Dunfermline Athletic F.C.|Dunfermline Athletic]] (1) |- |[[Stirling Albion F.C.|Stirling Albion]] (3) |0 – 1 |[[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |} ==Semi-finals== {{football box | |date = 14 April 1990 |team1 = [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] (1) |score = 4 – 0 |team2 = [[Dundee United F.C.|Dundee United]] (1) |goals1 = [[Hans Gillhaus|Gillhaus]] {{goal|}} &lt;br /&gt;[[Brian Irvine (footballer)|Irvine]] {{goal|}} &lt;br /&gt; 2 Own Goals {{goal|}} {{goal|}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Tynecastle Stadium]], [[Edinburgh]] |referee = |attendance = 16,581}} ---- {{football box | |date = 14 April 1990 |team1 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) |score = 2 – 0 |team2 = [[Clydebank F.C. (1965)|Clydebank]] (2) |goals1 = [[Andy Walker (footballer born 1965)|Andy Walker]] {{goal}} {{goal}} |goals2 = |stadium = [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]] |referee = |attendance = 34,768}} ==Final== {{main|1990 Scottish Cup Final}} {{football box | date = 12 May 1990 | team1 = [[Aberdeen F.C.|Aberdeen]] (1) | score = 0 – 0 ([[Extra time|a.e.t.]])&lt;br /&gt;(9 – 8 [[Penalty shootout (football)|pen.]]) | team2 = [[Celtic F.C.|Celtic]] (1) | goals1 = | goals2 = | stadium = [[Hampden Park]], [[Glasgow]] | referee = George Smith | attendance = 60,493 | event = | time = | round = | score1 = 0 | score2 = 0 | report = | penalties1 = * [[Jim Bett|Bett]] {{pengoal}} * [[Bobby Connor|Connor]] {{pengoal}} * [[Hans Gillhaus|Gillhaus]] {{pengoal}} * [[Brian Grant (footballer)|Grant]] {{penmiss}} * [[Charlie Nicholas|Nicholas]] {{pengoal}} * [[Alex McLeish|McLeish]] {{pengoal}} * [[Stewart McKimmie|McKimmie]] {{pengoal}} * [[David Robertson (footballer, born 1968)|Robertson]] {{pengoal}} * [[Gregg Watson|Watson]] {{pengoal}} * [[Brian Irvine (footballer)|Irvine]] {{pengoal}} | penalties2 = * {{penmiss}} [[Dariusz Wdowczyk|Wdowczyk]] * {{pengoal}} [[Peter Grant (footballer, born 1965)|Grant]] * {{pengoal}} [[Paul McStay|McStay]] * {{pengoal}} [[Tommy Coyne|Coyne]] * {{pengoal}} [[Mike Galloway (footballer)|Galloway]] * {{pengoal}} [[Calvin Miller|Miller]] * {{pengoal}} [[Derek Whyte|Whyte]] * {{pengoal}} [[Dariusz Dziekanowski|Dziekanowski]] * {{penmiss}} [[Anton Rogan|Rogan]] | penaltyscore = 9-8 }} == Largest Wins == A list of the largest wins from the competition. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Scottish Cup Results for 1989-90 |url=https://londonhearts.com/scores/sc/1989-90.html |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=londonhearts.com}}&lt;/ref&gt; {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |+ !Score !Home Team !Away Team !Stage |- |8-0 |Brechin City |Elgin City |Second Round (Replay) |- |7-0 |Motherwell |Clyde |Third Round |- |2-6 |Partick Thistle |Aberdeen |Third Round |- |6-2 |Stirling Albion |Caledonian |Fourth Round |- |5-1 |Hibernian |East Fife |Fourth Round |} ==See also== *[[1989–90 in Scottish football]] *[[1989–90 Scottish League Cup]] {{Scottish Cup seasons}} {{1989–90 in Scottish football}} {{1989–90 in European Football (UEFA)}} {{Portal bar|Association football|Scotland}} {{DEFAULTSORT:1989-90 Scottish Cup}} [[Category:Scottish Cup seasons]] [[Category:1989–90 in Scottish football|Scottish Cup, 1989-90]] [[Category:1989–90 domestic association football cups|Scot]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pace_race&diff=1267049629</id> <title>Pace race</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pace_race&diff=1267049629"/> <updated>2025-01-03T10:55:26Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Added a single citation (the only one I could find) <hr /> <div>{{Unreferenced|date=August 2024}} A competitive '''pace race''' is a timed race in which the objective is not to finish in the least time, but to finish within the prescribed time and in the best physical condition. In some races, the prescribed time is very narrowly defined and the winner is the competitor who finishes closest to the prescribed time. In other races, the prescribed time is a &quot;window&quot; and competitors who finish outside the window (too early or too late) are penalized or disqualified. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=What are pace races? from Physical Education Planning in Sports |url=https://www.zigya.com/study/book?class=12&amp;board=cbse&amp;subject=Physical+Education&amp;book=Physical+Education&amp;chapter=Planning+in+Sports&amp;q_type=&amp;q_topic=Specific+Sports+Programme+(Sports+Day,+Health+Run,+Run+For+Fun,+Run+For+Specific+Cause+And+RunFor+Unity)+&amp;q_category=E&amp;question_id=PEEN12155410&amp;page=3 |access-date=2025-01-03 |website=www.zigya.com |language=en-gb}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a rule, pace races use staggered starts. ==Example precision pace races== *The [[Great Race (classic rally)]] ==Example window pace races== *[[Competitive trail riding]]: NATRC and SEDRA ==See also== * [[Classic rally]] * [[Racing]]&lt;br /&gt; {{sports-stub}} [[Category:Racing]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford&diff=1266172594</id> <title>Colleges of the University of Oxford</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Colleges_of_the_University_of_Oxford&diff=1266172594"/> <updated>2024-12-30T12:02:27Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Capitalized the word None in the table <hr /> <div>{{Short description|none}} {{Use dmy dates|date=October 2016}} {{Use British English|date=October 2016}} [[File:1_oxford_aerial_panorama_2016.jpg|thumb|upright=2|Aerial view of many of the colleges of the University of Oxford]] The [[University of Oxford]] has 36 [[colleges within universities in the United Kingdom#Traditional collegiate universities|college]]s, three societies, and four [[permanent private hall]]s (PPHs) of religious foundation.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Organisation {{!}} University of Oxford |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation |access-date=2024-06-14 |website=www.ox.ac.uk |language=en |archive-date=28 January 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160128011517/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The colleges and PPHs are autonomous self-governing [[corporation]]s within the university. These colleges are not only houses of residence, but have substantial responsibility for teaching undergraduate students. Generally [[tutorial]]s (one of the main methods of teaching in Oxford) and classes are the responsibility of colleges, while lectures, examinations, laboratories, and the central library are run by the university. Students normally have most of their tutorials in their own college, but often have a couple of modules taught at other colleges or even at faculties and departments. Most colleges take both graduates and undergraduates, but several are for graduates only. Undergraduate and graduate students may name preferred colleges in their applications. For undergraduate students, an increasing number of departments practise reallocation to ensure that the ratios between potential students and subject places available at each college are as uniform as possible. For the Department of Physics, reallocation is done on a random basis after a shortlist of candidates is drawn upon and before candidates are invited for interviews at the university.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Admissions procedures for Physics courses |url=http://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/applications/admissions-procedures-for-physics |publisher=The [[University of Oxford]] Department of Physics |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=10 May 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210510053109/https://www2.physics.ox.ac.uk/study-here/undergraduates/applications/admissions-procedures-for-physics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; For graduate students, many colleges express a preference for candidates who plan to undertake research in an area of interest of one of its fellows. [[St Hugh's College]], for example, states that it accepts graduate students in most subjects, principally those in the fields of interest of the fellows of the college.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/prospectivestudents/graduate/graduate-courses/ |title=Graduate study at St Hugh's |publisher=[[St Hugh's College]], [[University of Oxford]] |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160602122524/http://www.st-hughs.ox.ac.uk/prospectivestudents/graduate/graduate-courses/ |archive-date=2 June 2016 |url-status=dead |df=dmy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; A typical college consists of a [[Formal Hall|hall]] for dining, a chapel, a library, a college bar, [[senior common room|senior]], [[middle common room|middle]] (postgraduate), and [[junior common room]]s, rooms for 200–400 undergraduates, and lodgings for the head of the college and other [[university dons|dons]]. College buildings range from medieval to modern, but most are made up of interlinked [[Quadrangle (architecture)|quadrangles]] or courtyards, with a porter's lodge controlling entry from the outside. The first modern merger of colleges was in 2008, with Green College and Templeton College merging to form [[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton College]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.gtc.ox.ac.uk/about-gtc/history-and-architecture/the-merger.html |title=The merger |publisher=Green Templeton College, University of Oxford |access-date=11 June 2016 |archive-date=24 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160724082406/http://www.gtc.ox.ac.uk/about-gtc/history-and-architecture/the-merger.html |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; The number of PPHs also reduced when [[Greyfriars, Oxford|Greyfriars]] closed in 2008&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite press release |title=Closure of Greyfriars: University Statement |date=25 October 2007 |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/251007.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131029210602/http://www.ox.ac.uk/media/news_stories/2007/251007.html |archive-date=29 October 2013 |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=11 June 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; and when St Benet's Hall closed in 2022.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |last1=Kenny |first1=Samuel |title=St Hilda's buys St Benet's Hall's buildings |url=https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2022/09/28/st-hildas-buys-st-benets-halls-buildings/ |website=Oxford Student |date=28 September 2022 |access-date=7 November 2022 |archive-date=7 November 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221107220128/https://www.oxfordstudent.com/2022/09/28/st-hildas-buys-st-benets-halls-buildings/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]], established in 2019,&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|last=University of Oxford|date=11 June 2020|title=Reuben Foundation donates £80 million for first new Oxford college in 30 years|url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-06-11-reuben-foundation-donates-80-million-first-new-oxford-college-30-years|access-date=1 July 2020|archive-date=1 July 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200701212454/http://www.ox.ac.uk/news/2020-06-11-reuben-foundation-donates-80-million-first-new-oxford-college-30-years|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/782-121.shtml |title=Oxford University Statutes &amp; Regulations, Statute V: Colleges, Societies, and Permanent Private Halls |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |access-date=7 May 2019 |archive-date=15 June 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190615065633/https://www.admin.ox.ac.uk/statutes/782-121.shtml |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; is the first new [[Oxbridge]] college since 1990, when [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]] was established.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-45246899|title=New college planned for Oxford University|date=2018-08-20|access-date=2019-11-28|language=en-GB|archive-date=29 April 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190429033521/https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-england-oxfordshire-45246899|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Brasenose College from Loggan's Oxonia Illustrata.jpg|right|thumb|[[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]] in the 1670s]] ==History== [[File:Oxford University colleges timeline.svg|right|alt=Timeline of Oxford Colleges]] The collegiate system arose because Oxford University came into existence through the gradual agglomeration of numerous independent institutions. Over the centuries several different types of college have emerged and disappeared. ===Monastic halls=== The first academic houses were monastic halls. Of the dozens established during the 12th–15th centuries, none survived the [[English Reformation|Reformation]]. The modern [[Dominican Order|Dominican]] permanent private hall of [[Blackfriars, Oxford|Blackfriars]] (1921) is a descendant of the original (1221), and is sometimes described as heir to the oldest tradition of teaching in Oxford. ===Academic halls=== {{main|Academic halls of the University of Oxford}} As the university took shape, friction between the hundreds of students living where and how they pleased led to a decree that all undergraduates would have to reside in approved halls. What eventually put an end to the medieval halls was the emergence of colleges. Often generously endowed and with permanent teaching staff, the colleges were originally the preserve of graduate students. However, once they began accepting fee-paying undergraduates in the 14th century, the halls' days were numbered. Of the hundreds of [[Aularian]] houses (from the Latin for &quot;hall&quot;) that sprang up, only [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]] (c. 1225) remains. ===Colleges=== The oldest colleges are [[University College, Oxford|University College]], [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol]], and [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton]], established between 1249 and 1264, although there is some dispute over the exact order and precisely when each began teaching. The fourth oldest college is [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter]], founded in 1314, and the fifth is [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel]], founded in 1326. ===Women's colleges=== {{main|Association for the Education of Women}} Women entered the university in 1879, with the opening of [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] and [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]], becoming members of the University (and thus eligible to receive degrees) in 1920. Other women's colleges before integration were [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's]], [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's]] and [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's]]. In 1974 the first men's colleges to admit women were [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford]], [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus]], [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's]] and [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Women_at_Oxford&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford |title=Women at Oxford |publisher=[[University of Oxford]] |access-date=12 June 2016 |archive-date=7 May 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180507034832/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/oxford-people/women-at-oxford |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; By 2008 all colleges had become co-residential, although one of the Permanent Private Halls, [[St Benet's Hall, Oxford|St Benet's Hall]], did not start to admit postgraduate women until [[Michaelmas term]] 2014 and women undergraduates until Michaelmas 2016. ===Postgraduate and mature colleges=== Some colleges, such as [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg]], [[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre]], [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield]], [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's]], [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross]] and [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson]] only admit postgraduate students. [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]] admits only fellows. [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester]] is intended for &quot;mature students&quot; with a minimum age of 21.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=1&amp;sID=12|title=A College for students 21 and over|publisher=[[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]]|access-date=2016-06-12|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160408055753/http://www.hmc.ox.ac.uk/pages/default.asp?id=1&amp;sID=12|archive-date=8 April 2016|df=dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; The newest college of the University, [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]], was established in 2019 as graduate-only, enrolling its first students in 2021 using the premises of the [[Radcliffe Science Library]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/future-projects-parks-college|title=Parks College|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=1 December 2019|archive-date=21 July 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190721205254/http://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/future-projects-parks-college|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Societies=== [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg]], [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben]] and [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross]] are the only Oxford colleges without a [[royal charter]]. They are officially societies of the university rather than independent colleges&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Statute V: Colleges, Societies, and Permanent Private Halls|url=https://governance.admin.ox.ac.uk/legislation/statute-v-colleges-societies-and-permanent-private-halls|publisher=University of Oxford|access-date=2024-05-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200416181134/https://governance.admin.ox.ac.uk/legislation/statute-v-colleges-societies-and-permanent-private-halls|archive-date=16 April 2020|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; and are considered departments of the university for accounting purposes.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Financial Statements of the Oxford Colleges (2016–17) |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding/financial-statements-oxford-colleges-2016-17?wssl=1 |publisher=University of Oxford |access-date=18 August 2018 |archive-date=12 June 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612112852/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding/financial-statements-oxford-colleges-2016-17?wssl=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Private halls=== {{main|Private halls of the University of Oxford}} The [[Oxford University Act 1854]] and the university statute ''De aulis privatis'' (On private Halls) of 1855, allowed any [[Master of Arts (Oxford, Cambridge and Dublin)|Master of Arts]] aged at least 28 years to open a private hall after obtaining a licence to do so.&lt;ref name=&quot;De Aulis Privatis&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=Statuta Universitatis Oxoniensis|language=la|trans-title=Oxford University Statutes|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=O_kHAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PR1|access-date=6 September 2018|year=1876|publisher=University of Oxford|pages=275–279|archive-date=14 June 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614144304/https://books.google.com/books?id=O_kHAAAAQAAJ&amp;pg=PR1#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; One such was [[Charsley's Hall]].&lt;ref&gt;William Geddie, ''[[Chambers's Encyclopaedia]]'', Volume 7 (1874), p. 174: &quot;To these may be added Charsley's Hall, being a private hall under the mastership of WH Charsley, in virtue of a statute passed in 1854...&quot;&lt;/ref&gt; ===Permanent private halls=== The [[Universities Tests Act 1871]] opened all university degrees and positions to men who were not members of the [[Church of England]] (subject to safeguards for religious instruction and worship), which made it possible for Catholics and Non-conformists to open private halls. The first Catholic private halls were Clarke's Hall (now [[Campion Hall]]), opened by the [[Society of Jesus|Jesuit Order]] in 1896 and Hunter Blair's Hall (later [[St Benet's Hall]]) opened by the [[Order of Saint Benedict|Benedictine Order]] in 1899.&lt;ref name=&quot;VCH Campion&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp339-340|title=Victoria County History|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=10 August 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810110448/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp339-340|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;VCH St Benet's&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp340-341|title=Victoria County History|publisher=british-history.ac.uk|access-date=7 September 2018|archive-date=7 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180907144810/https://www.british-history.ac.uk/vch/oxon/vol3/pp340-341|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1918 the university passed a statute to allow private halls which were not run for profit to become permanent private halls and the two halls took their current names.&lt;ref name=&quot;VCH Campion&quot;/&gt; ==Map== {{University of Oxford Map|colleges=yes|halls=yes|departments=no}} ==List of colleges== {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; |- !Name !Latin name !Year of&lt;br&gt;Foundation ![[List of Oxbridge sister colleges|Sister college&lt;br&gt;at Cambridge]] !Total assets&lt;ref name=&quot;Assets&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding/financial-statements-oxford-colleges-2019-20?wssl=1 |title=Financial Statements of the Oxford Colleges (2019–20) &amp;#124; University of Oxford |website=Ox.ac.uk |date=31 July 2020 |access-date=26 March 2021 |archive-date=6 October 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006114938/https://www.ox.ac.uk/about/organisation/finance-and-funding/financial-statements-oxford-colleges-2019-20?wssl=1 |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; !Financial&lt;br&gt;endowment&lt;ref name=&quot;Assets&quot;/&gt; !{{vert header|stp=1|Undergraduates&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://academic.admin.ox.ac.uk/student-statistics |title=Student Statistics &amp;#124; University of Oxford |website=Ox.ac.uk |date=2018 |access-date=28 November 2019 |archive-date=13 March 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240313142346/https://academic.admin.ox.ac.uk/student-statistics |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;}} !{{vert header|stp=1|Postgraduates&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt;}} !{{vert header|stp=1|Visiting students&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt;}} !{{vert header|stp=1|Male students %&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt;}} !{{vert header|stp=1|Female students %&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt;}} !{{vert header|stp=1|Total students&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt;}} !Assets per&lt;br&gt;student |- |[[File:All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]]||Collegium Omnium Animarum,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Omnium Animarum Fidelium Defunctorum de Oxonia ||1438||[[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]]||£546,604,000&lt;ref name=&quot;allsouls&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Allsouls.pdf|title=All Souls College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=50|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=23 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231223172515/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Allsouls.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£501,226,000&lt;ref name=&quot;allsouls&quot;/&gt;||0||9||0||56||44||'''9'''||£51,711,000 |- |[[File:Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]]||Collegium de Balliolo,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Balliolensis||1263||[[St John's College, Cambridge|St John's College]]||£147,546,000&lt;ref name=&quot;balliol&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Balliol.pdf|title=Balliol College : Annual Report and Financial Statements for the year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=22|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113228/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Balliol.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£123,435,000&lt;ref name=&quot;balliol&quot;/&gt;||385||343||1||60||40||'''729'''||£202,000 |- |[[File:Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]]||Collegium Aenei Nasi,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Aula regia et collegium aenei nasi||1509||[[Gonville and Caius College, Cambridge|Gonville and Caius College]]||£179,827,000&lt;ref name=&quot;brasenose&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Brasenose.pdf|title=Brasenose College : Trustee Report and Accounts : For the year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=25|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Brasenose.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£151,293,000&lt;ref name=&quot;brasenose&quot;/&gt;||360||234||3||52||48||'''597'''||£301,000 |- |[[File:Christ Church Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]]||Aedes Christi,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Ecclesia Christi Cathedralis Oxon: ex fundatione Regis Henrici Octavi||1546||[[Trinity College, Cambridge|Trinity College]]||£772,200,000&lt;ref name=&quot;christchurch&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Christ_Church.pdf|title=Christ Church Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=21|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231213150249/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Christ_Church.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£769,800,000&lt;ref name=&quot;christchurch&quot;/&gt;||442||203||0||58||42||'''645'''||£1,197,000 |- |[[File:Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]]||Collegium Corporis Christi&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1517||[[Corpus Christi College, Cambridge|Corpus Christi College]]||£191,539,000&lt;ref name=&quot;corpus&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Corpus_Christi.pdf|title=Corpus Christi College, Oxford : Annual Report &amp; Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=43|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113234/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Corpus_Christi.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£166,841,000&lt;!-- NB: This figure includes the Pate Charity fund --&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;corpus&quot;/&gt;||258||98||2||59||41||'''358'''||£535,000 |- |[[File:Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]]||Collegium Exoniense&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1314||[[Emmanuel College, Cambridge|Emmanuel College]]||£130,995,000&lt;ref name=&quot;exeter&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Exeter.pdf|title=Exeter College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=25|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113234/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Exeter.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£74,876,000&lt;ref name=&quot;exeter&quot;/&gt;||343||233||26||50||50||'''602'''||£218,000 |- |[[File:Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton College]]||Collegium Green Templeton&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||2008||[[St Edmund's College, Cambridge|St Edmund's College]]||£102,808,000&lt;ref name=&quot;greentempleton&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Green_Templeton.pdf|title=Green Templeton College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214101901/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Green_Templeton.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£1,143,000&lt;ref name=&quot;greentempleton&quot;/&gt;||90||439||0||57||43||'''529'''||£194,000 |- |[[File:Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]]||Collegium de Harris et Manchester&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1786&lt;br /&gt;College: 1996||[[Homerton College]]||£40,301,000&lt;ref name=&quot;harrismanchester&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Harris_Manchester.pdf|title=Harris Manchester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Harris_Manchester.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£14,371,000&lt;ref name=&quot;harrismanchester&quot;/&gt;||115||150||0||49||51||'''265'''||£152,000 |- |[[File:Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]]||Collegium Hertfordense,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Hertfordiense||1282&lt;br /&gt;College: 1740||None||£79,183,000&lt;ref name=&quot;hertford&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Hertford.pdf|title=Hertford College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=23|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Hertford.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£60,552,000&lt;ref name=&quot;hertford&quot;/&gt;||410||236||31||49||51||'''677'''||£117,000 |- |[[File:Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]]||Collegium Jesu,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Ihesus||1571||[[Jesus College, Cambridge|Jesus College]]||£308,251,000&lt;ref name=&quot;jesus&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Jesus.pdf|title=Jesus College Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=26 December 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231226065146/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Jesus.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£259,938,000&lt;ref name=&quot;jesus&quot;/&gt;||358||189||1||53||47||'''548'''||£562,501 |- |[[File:Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]]||Collegium de Keble,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Keblense||1870||[[Selwyn College, Cambridge|Selwyn College]]||£128,578,000&lt;ref name=&quot;keble&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Keble.pdf|title=Keble College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=22|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Keble.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£50,313,000&lt;ref name=&quot;keble&quot;/&gt;||422||369||4||60||40||'''795'''||£162,000 |- |[[File:Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]]||Collegium de Kellogg&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1990&lt;br /&gt;Renamed: 1994||None||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;&gt;The financial statements of Kellogg College, Reuben College and St Cross College, due to their not having [[Royal Charter]]s, are incorporated into the university's own accounts.&lt;/ref&gt;||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;/&gt;||0||1155||0||62||38||'''1155'''||N/A |- |[[File:Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]]||Aula Dominae Margaretae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1878||[[Newnham College, Cambridge|Newnham College]]||£64,477,000&lt;ref name=&quot;lmh&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/LMH.pdf|title=Lady Margaret Hall : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=27|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/LMH.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£36,279,000&lt;ref name=&quot;lmh&quot;/&gt;||405||212||24||47||53||'''641'''||£101,000 |- |[[File:Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre College]]||Collegium de Linacre&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; ||1962||[[Hughes Hall, Cambridge|Hughes Hall]]||£43,288,000&lt;ref name=&quot;linacre&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report_and_accounts_of_linacre_college_2021.22_final_28.11.pdf|title=Linacre College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=27|access-date=28 July 2023|archive-date=4 April 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230404040325/https://www.linacre.ox.ac.uk/sites/default/files/report_and_accounts_of_linacre_college_2021.22_final_28.11.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£27,854,000&lt;ref name=&quot;linacre&quot;/&gt;||0||587||0||52||48||'''587'''||£74,000 |- |[[File:Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]]||Collegio Lincolnensi,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Lincolniense||1427||[[Downing College, Cambridge|Downing College]]||£161,414,000&lt;ref name=&quot;lincoln&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Lincoln.pdf|title=Lincoln College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=38|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224035202/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Lincoln.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£124,437,000&lt;ref name=&quot;lincoln&quot;/&gt;||312||302||3||51||49||'''617'''||£262,000 |- |[[File:Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]]||Collegium Beatae Mariae Magdalenae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1458||[[Magdalene College, Cambridge|Magdalene College]]||£952,877,000&lt;ref name=&quot;magdalen&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2223/Magdalen.pdf|title=Magdalen College : Report and Financial Statements for the Year Ended 31 July 2023|website=ox.ac.uk|page=30|access-date=9 November 2024|archive-date=9 November 2024|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20241109132208/https://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2223/Magdalen.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£736,481,000&lt;ref name=&quot;magdalen&quot;/&gt;||390||178||7||59||41||'''575'''||£1,657,000 |- |[[File:Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Mansfield College, Oxford|Mansfield College]]||Collegium de Mansfield&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1886&lt;br /&gt;College: 1995|| [[Homerton College]]||£30,307,000&lt;ref name=&quot;mansfield&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Mansfield.pdf|title=Mansfield College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=19|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224035202/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Mansfield.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£14,627,000&lt;ref name=&quot;mansfield&quot;/&gt;||239||173||40||55||45||'''452'''||£67,000 |- |[[File:Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]]||Collegium de Merton,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Domus sive collegium scholarium de Merton in universitate Oxon.||1264||[[Peterhouse, Cambridge|Peterhouse]]||£298,875,000&lt;ref name=&quot;merton&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Merton.pdf|title=Merton College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=40|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224035202/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Merton.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£274,412,000&lt;ref name=&quot;merton&quot;/&gt;||302||232||2||58||42||'''536'''||£558,000 |- |[[File:New College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[New College, Oxford|New College]]||Collegium Novum,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Beatae Mariae Wynton in Oxon.||1379||[[King's College, Cambridge|King's College]]||£363,303,000&lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/New.pdf|title=New College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=22|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120111041/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/New.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£303,324,000&lt;ref name=&quot;new&quot;/&gt;||418||295||10||55||45||'''723'''||£502,000 |- |[[File:Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]]||Collegium de Nuffield,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Nuffield||1937||None||£263,017,000&lt;ref name=&quot;nuffield&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Nuffield.pdf|title=Nuffield College University of Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=21|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113231/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Nuffield.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£239,159,000&lt;ref name=&quot;nuffield&quot;/&gt;||0||95||0||54||46||'''95'''||£2,769,000 |- |[[File:Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]]||Collegium Orielense&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1326||[[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]]||£105,618,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oriel&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Oriel.pdf|title=Oriel College : Trustees' Annual Report &amp; Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=33|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=20 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210520193618/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Oriel.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£86,524,000&lt;ref name=&quot;oriel&quot;/&gt;||323||200||5||54||46||'''528'''||£200,000 |- |[[File:Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]]||Collegium Pembrochiae,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Pembrochianum||1624||[[Queens' College, Cambridge|Queens' College]]||£87,094,000&lt;ref name=&quot;pembroke&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Pembroke.pdf|title=Pembroke College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=23|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Pembroke.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£58,870,000&lt;ref name=&quot;pembroke&quot;/&gt;||378||220||29||51||49||'''627'''||£139,000 |- |[[File:Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]]||Collegium Reginae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1341||[[Pembroke College, Cambridge|Pembroke College]]||£426,250,000&lt;ref name=&quot;queens&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Queens_College.pdf|title=The Queen's College Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=20 November 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231120114419/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/Queens_College.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£327,789,000&lt;ref name=&quot;queens&quot;/&gt;||336||177||1||51||49||'''514'''||£829,000 |- |[[File:Reuben College Coat of Arms.png|12px|link=]] [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]]||Collegium de Reuben&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||2019&lt;br /&gt;Renamed: 2020||None||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;/&gt;||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;/&gt;||0||330||0|| || ||'''330'''||N/A |- |[[File:St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]]||Collegium Sanctae Annae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1879&lt;br /&gt;College: 1952||[[Murray Edwards College, Cambridge|Murray Edwards College]]||£66,634,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stannes&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Annes.pdf|title=St Anne's College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=29|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=6 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231006114939/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Annes.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£40,574,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stannes&quot; /&gt;||439||352||37||50||50||'''828'''||£80,000 |- |[[File:St-Antony's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's College]]||Collegium Sancti Antonii&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1950&lt;br /&gt;College: 1963||[[Wolfson College, Cambridge|Wolfson College]]||£72,393,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stantonys&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Antonys.pdf|title=St Antony's College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113240/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Antonys.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£44,741,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stantonys&quot; /&gt;||0||443||0||49||51||'''443'''||£163,000 |- |[[File:St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]]||Collegium Sanctae Catherinae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url=https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/the_latin_names_for_the_colleges/response/2675933/attach/3/College%20and%20PPH%20Names%20in%20Latin.pdf|title=College and PPH Names in Latin|author= University of Oxford|website=[[WhatDoTheyKnow]] |publisher= |date=June 2024|archive-url= |archive-date=}}&lt;/ref&gt;||1868&lt;br /&gt;College: 1962 |[[Robinson College, Cambridge|Robinson College]]||£142,129,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stcatz&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=St Catherine's College : Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022 |url=https://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/St_Catherines.pdf |access-date=1 May 2023 |website=ox.ac.uk |page=26 |archive-date=24 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231224080932/https://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/St_Catherines.pdf |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;||£104,305,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stcatz&quot; /&gt;||505||428||50||55||45||'''983'''||£125,000 |- |[[File:St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]]||Collegium Sanctae Crucis&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1965||[[Clare Hall, Cambridge|Clare Hall]]||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;/&gt;||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;mainaccounts&quot;/&gt;||0||545||0||55||45||'''545'''||N/A |- |[[File:St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]]||Aula Sancti Edmundi&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1278 &lt;br /&gt;College: 1957||[[Fitzwilliam College, Cambridge|Fitzwilliam College]]||£87,027,000&lt;ref name=&quot;teddyhall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Edmund_Hall.pdf|title=St Edmund Hall : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=19|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113229/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Edmund_Hall.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£68,248,000&lt;ref name=&quot;teddyhall&quot; /&gt;||396||296||40||57||43||'''732'''||£119,000 |- |[[File:St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's College]]||Collegium Sanctae Hildae&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1893||None||£119,647,000&lt;ref name=&quot;sthildas&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Hildas.pdf|title=St Hilda's College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=25|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Hildas.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£56,592,000&lt;ref name=&quot;sthildas&quot; /&gt;||399||183||0||49||51||'''582'''||£206,000 |- |[[File:St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's College]]||Collegium Sancti Hugonis&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1886||[[Clare College, Cambridge|Clare College]]||£69,374,000&lt;ref name=&quot;sthughs&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Hughs.pdf|title=St Hugh's College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=25|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=24 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221224035158/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Hughs.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£34,934,000&lt;ref name=&quot;sthughs&quot; /&gt;||425||366||1||56||44||'''792'''||£88,000 |- |[[File:St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]]||Collegium Divi Joannis Baptistae,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Sancti Johannis Baptistae||1555||[[Sidney Sussex College, Cambridge|Sidney Sussex College]]||£790,693,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stjohns&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/St_Johns.pdf|title=Saint John Baptist College in the University of Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2022|website=ox.ac.uk|page=18|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=18 October 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231018032546/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2122/St_Johns.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£712,228,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stjohns&quot; /&gt;||395||236||3||50||50||'''634'''||£1,247,000 |- |[[File:St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]]||Collegium Sancti Petri,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Sancti Petri Juxta Ballium||1929&lt;br /&gt;College: 1961||None||£78,172,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stpeters&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Peters.pdf|title=St Peter's College University of Oxford : Annual Report &amp; Financial Statements : For the year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=13|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113257/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/St_Peters.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£47,030,000&lt;ref name=&quot;stpeters&quot; /&gt;||356||215||21||54||46||'''592'''||£132,000 |- |[[File:Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]]||Collegium de Somerville,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1879||[[Girton College, Cambridge|Girton College]]||£223,804,000&lt;ref name=&quot;somerville&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Somerville.pdf|title=Somerville College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=21|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=7 May 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210507054414/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Somerville.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£83,663,000&lt;ref name=&quot;somerville&quot;/&gt;||425||209||0||50||50||'''634'''||£353,000 |- |[[File:Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]]||Collegium Sacrosanctae Trinitatis,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Sanctae et Individuae Trinitatis in Universitate Oxon. ex Fundatione Thomae Pope Militis||1555||[[Churchill College, Cambridge|Churchill College]]||£193,684,000&lt;ref name=&quot;trinity&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Trinity.pdf|title=Trinity College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113225/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Trinity.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£164,267,000&lt;ref name=&quot;trinity&quot; /&gt;||299||135||0||54||46||'''434'''||£446,000 |- |[[File:University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[University College, Oxford|University College]]||Collegium Magnae Aulae Universitatis&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1249||[[Trinity Hall, Cambridge|Trinity Hall]]||£209,052,000&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/University.pdf|title=University College Oxford : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=29|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=21 April 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220421113223/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/University.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£125,489,000&lt;ref name=&quot;univ&quot; /&gt;||394||224||0||59||41||'''618'''||£338,000 |- |[[File:Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham College]]||Collegiun de Wadham,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium Wadhami||1610||[[Christ's College, Cambridge|Christ's College]]||£142,812,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wadham&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Wadham.pdf|title=Wadham College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=20|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Wadham.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£105,237,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wadham&quot; /&gt;||466||208||30||51||49||'''704'''||£203,000 |- |[[File:Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]]||Collegium de Wolfson&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1966&lt;br /&gt;College: 1981||[[Darwin College, Cambridge|Darwin College]]||£95,187,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wolfson&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2021/Wolfson.pdf|title=Wolfson College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2021|website=ox.ac.uk|page=23|access-date=7 November 2022|archive-date=22 December 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222050607/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts2021/Wolfson.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£60,395,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wolfson&quot;/&gt;||0||581||0||52||48||'''581'''||£141,000 |- |[[File:Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]]||Collegium Vigorniense&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1714||[[St Catharine's College, Cambridge|St Catharine's College]]||£87,218,000&lt;ref name=&quot;worcester&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Worcester.pdf|title=Worcester College : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=23|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=14 February 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230214101901/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/Worcester.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£48,324,000&lt;ref name=&quot;worcester&quot; /&gt;||438||179||30||50||50||'''647'''||£135,000 |- !Total!! !! !! !!£6,558,565,000&lt;ref name=&quot;aggregated&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/aggregated.pdf|title=AGGREGATED COLLEGE ACCOUNTS For the year ended 31 July 2020|website=ox.ac.uk|page=2|access-date=26 March 2021|archive-date=13 November 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221113140823/http://d307gmaoxpdmsg.cloudfront.net/collegeaccounts1920/aggregated.pdf|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt;!!£5,063,168,000&lt;ref name=&quot;aggregated&quot; /&gt;!!11,223!!10,839!!401!!54!!46!!22,984!!£285,000 |} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==List of permanent private halls== {{main|Permanent private hall}} {|class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; |- !colspan=13|U=Undergraduates • P=Postgraduates • V=Visiting students • M=Male students • F=Female students • T=Total students |- !Name !Latin name ! style=&quot;width:120px;&quot;| Foundation !Sister&lt;br&gt;hall at&lt;br&gt; Cambridge !Religious&lt;br&gt;affiliation !Total&lt;br&gt;assets !Financial&lt;br&gt;endowment !U&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !P&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !V&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !M%&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !F%&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !T&lt;br&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Students&quot;/&gt; !Assets per&lt;br&gt;student |- |[[File:Blackfriars Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Blackfriars Hall]]||Domus Fratrum Praedicatorum&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1221&lt;br /&gt;Refounded: 1921&lt;br /&gt;PPH 1994||None|| [[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Catholic]]&lt;br&gt;([[Dominican Order|Dominican]])||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;blackfriars&quot;&gt;Blackfriars Hall is operated by the English Province of the Order of Preachers, part of the [[Dominican Order]], who also run several priories and other charitable operations. The hall does not have assets or endowments specific to it that shown in the order's accounts.&lt;/ref&gt;||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;blackfriars&quot;/&gt;||3||21||11||57||43||'''44'''||{{N/A}} |- |[[File:Campion Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Campion Hall, Oxford|Campion Hall]]||Aula Privata de Campion&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt;||1896||None||[[Catholic Church in England and Wales|Catholic]]&lt;br&gt;([[Society of Jesus|Jesuit]])||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;campionhall&quot;&gt;Campion Hall is one of several institutions operated by the [[Society of Jesus|Society Of Jesus Trust Of 1929 For Roman Catholic Purposes]]. The hall does not have assets or endowments specific to it that are shown in the society's accounts.&lt;/ref&gt;||{{N/A}}&lt;ref group=&quot;note&quot; name=&quot;campionhall&quot;/&gt;||0||12||0||100||0||'''12'''||{{N/A}} |- |[[File:Regent's Park College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park College]]||Collegium de Principis Regentis Paradiso,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Collegium de Principis Cum Regentis Paradiso ||1752&lt;br /&gt;Move to Oxford: 1927&lt;br /&gt;PPH: 1957||[[Lucy Cavendish College, Cambridge|Lucy Cavendish College]]||[[Baptist Union of Great Britain|Baptist]]||£29,024,000&lt;ref name=&quot;regentspark&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Charity |first=Commission |date=30 January 2024 |title=Regent's Park College - Assets and Liabilities |url=https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/5126765/assets-and-liabilities |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614144249/https://register-of-charities.charitycommission.gov.uk/charity-search/-/charity-details/5126765/assets-and-liabilities |archive-date=14 June 2024 |access-date=2024-01-30 |website=charitycommission.gov.uk |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt;||£7,820,000&lt;ref name=&quot;regentspark&quot;/&gt;||155||118||17||48||52||290||£100,083 |- |[[File:Wycliffe Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|12px]] [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]]||Aula de Wycliffe,&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI Latin&quot; /&gt; Aula Wiclefi ||1877||[[Ridley Hall, Cambridge|Ridley Hall]]||[[Anglican]]||£9,364,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wycliffehall&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends92/0001156892_AC_20150630_E_C.pdf|title=Wycliffe Hall : Annual Report and Financial Statements : Year ended 30 June 2015|page=13|website=charitycommission.gov.uk|access-date=2016-09-25|archive-date=10 May 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170510074301/http://apps.charitycommission.gov.uk/Accounts/Ends92/0001156892_AC_20150630_E_C.pdf|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;||£560,000&lt;ref name=&quot;wycliffehall&quot;/&gt;||65||40||53||51||49||'''158'''||£59,000 |- !Total!! !! !! !! !!£25,860,000!!£4,080,000!!270!!247!!78!!53!!47!!517!!£50,000 |} {{Reflist|group=note}} ==College and permanent private hall arms and colours== Each college and permanent private hall has its own [[heraldry|arms]], although in some cases these were assumed rather than granted by the [[College of Arms]]. Under [[Henry VIII of England|King Henry VIII]] Oxford colleges were granted exemption from having their arms granted by the College of Arms; and some, like [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]], have chosen to take advantage of this exemption, whilst others, such as [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel]], despite having used the arms for many centuries, have recently elected to have the arms granted officially. The [[blazon]]s below are taken from the Oxford University Calendar&lt;ref name=&quot;OUCalendar1011&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=University of Oxford Calendar 2010–2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2010|isbn=978-0-19-958663-9}}&lt;/ref&gt; unless otherwise indicated. Shields are emblazoned as commonly drawn, and notable inconsistencies between blazons and emblazons (the shields as drawn) are indicated. Each college also has its own colours used on items such as [[academic scarf|scarves]] and [[Oar (sport rowing)|rowing blades]]. {| class=&quot;wikitable&quot; |- ! College ! Arms ! width=&quot;300pt&quot;|[[Blazon]] ! Scarf ! Blades |- | [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls College]] | [[File:All-Souls College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Or, a chevron between three cinquefoils gules. | | |- | [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] | [[File:Balliol College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Azure a lion rampant argent, crowned or, impaling gules, an orle argent. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#202336}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell2|#9C2770}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|#202336}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell2|#9C2770}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|#202336}}{{Scarf|end}} |[[File:Balliol College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]] | [[File:Brasenose College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Tierced in pale: (1) Argent, a chevron sable between three roses gules seeded or, barbed vert (for Smyth); (2) or, an escutcheon of the arms of the See of Lincoln (gules, two lions of England in pale or, on a chief azure Our Lady crowned seated on a tombstone issuant from the chief, in her dexter arm the Infant Jesus, in her sinister arm a sceptre, all or), ensigned with a mitre proper; (3) quarterly, first and fourth argent, a chevron between three bugle-horns stringed sable; second and third argent, a chevron between three crosses crosslet sable (for Sutton).&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Brasenose''': the blazon of the arms of the [[See of Lincoln]] given here differs from that at Lincoln College; the two forms are simply interpretations of the simpler blazon ''gules, two lions passant gardant or, in a chief azure Our Lady sitting with her Babe, crown and sceptre of the second''.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|yellow}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|yellow}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Rowing Blade Black.svg|100px]] |- | [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] | [[File:Christ Church Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Sable, on a cross engrailed argent, a lion passant gules between four leopards' faces azure, on a chief or a rose of the third, seeded or, barbed vert, between two Cornish choughs proper. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#101B31}}{{Cell|#FF0C00}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#65342F}}{{Cell3|#101B31}}{{Cell|#FF0C00}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#65342F}}{{Cell3|#101B31}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Christ Church Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]] | [[File:Corpus-Christi College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Tierced per pale: (1) Azure, a pelican with wings endorsed vulning herself or; (2) Argent, thereon an escutcheon charged with the arms of the See of Winchester (i.e. gules, two keys addorsed in bend, the uppermost or, the other argent, a sword interposed between them in bend sinister of the third, pommel and hilt gold; the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre of the last); (3) Sable, a chevron or between three owls argent, on a chief of the second as many roses gules, seeded of the second, barbed vert. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell|#000040}}{{Cell|#800020}}{{Cell|#000040}}{{Cell|#800020}}{{Cell|#000040}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Corpus Christi College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]] | [[File:Exeter College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Argent, two bends nebuly within a bordure sable charged with eight pairs of keys, addorsed and interlaced in the rings, the wards upwards, or. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell2|#9C2770}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell2|#9C2770}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Lady Margaret Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton College]] | [[File:Green-Templeton College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Or between two flaunches vert on each a nautilus shell the aperture outwards or a rod of Aesculapius sable the serpent azure. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#0e2b58}}{{cell|#b09246}}{{cell2|#0e2b58}}{{cell3|#098137}}{{cell2|#0e2b58}}{{cell|#b09246}}{{cell2|#0e2b58}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Green Templeton Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]] | [[File:Harris-Manchester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, two Torches inflamed in saltire proper; on a Chief Argent, between Two Roses of a field barbed and seeded an open Book also proper. | {{scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#000A29}}{{Cell|#FF8C00}}{{Cell2|#000A29}}{{Cell3|#FF1000}}{{Cell2|#000A29}}{{Cell|#FF8C00}}{{Cell3|#000A29}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]] | [[File:Hertford College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Gules, a stag's head caboshed argent, attired, and between the attires a cross patty fitchy at the foot, or. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#801213}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#EC1517}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|#801213}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#EC1517}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|#801213}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Hertford College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]] | [[File:Jesus College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Vert, three stags trippant argent attired or. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell2|#006600}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|#006600}}{{Cell2|white}}{{Cell3|#006600}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell2|#006600}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Jesus College Oxford Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]] | [[File:Keble College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Argent, a chevron engrailed gules, on a chief azure three mullets pierced or. | {{Scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#2D2942}}{{Cell|#FF0A00}}{{Cell2|white}}{{Cell|#FF0A00}}{{Cell3|#2D2942}}{{Cell|#FF0A00}}{{Cell2|white}}{{Cell|#FF0A00}}{{Cell3|#2D2942}}{{Scarf|end}} | [[File:Keble College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]] | [[File:Kellogg College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Per pale indented argent and azure on the argent a chevron enhanced gules in base a book azure leaved argent on the azure an ear of wheat palewise or the whole within a bordure gules. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#23238E}}{{cell|#C0C0C0}}{{cell2|#3333FF}}{{cell|#C0C0C0}}{{cell3|#23238E}}{{cell|#C0C0C0}}{{cell2|#3333FF}}{{cell|#C0C0C0}}{{cell3|#23238E}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Christ Church Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]]&lt;br /&gt;&lt;small&gt;Christ Church Boat Club&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url = http://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/current-students/boat-club | title = Boat Club | publisher = [[Christ Church, Oxford]] | access-date = 2016-06-08 | archive-date = 14 June 2024 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20240614144235/https://www.chch.ox.ac.uk/college/boat-club | url-status = live }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/small&gt; |- | [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] | [[File:Lady-Margaret-Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Or, on a chevron between in chief two talbots passant and in base a bell all azure, a portcullis of the field. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#FFFF00}}{{cell3|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#FFFF00}}{{cell|#000033}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Lady Margaret Hall Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre College]] | [[File:Linacre College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Sable an open Book proper edged or bound gules the dexter page charged with the Greek letter alpha the sinister page charged with the Greek letter omega both sable the whole between three escallops argent. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|black}}{{cell|yellow}}{{cell3|#808080}}{{cell|yellow}}{{cell|black}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Linacre College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]] | [[File:Lincoln College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Tierced per pale: (1) Barry of six argent and azure, in chief three lozenges gules, on the second bar of an argent a mullet pierced sable; (2) Argent, thereon an escutcheon of the arms of the See of Lincoln (i.e., Gules, two lions passant guardant or, on a chief azure the Blessed Virgin Mary ducally crowned seated on a throne issuant from the chief, on her dexter arm the infant Jesus and holding in her sinister hand a sceptre, all gold; the escutcheon ensigned with a mitre azure garnished and stringed or); (3) Vert, three stags trippant argent attired or.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Lincoln''': although the three stags are blazoned as ''trippant argent attired or'' they are universally drawn as ''statant or''. See also note on Brasenose above.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000066}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#000066}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#000066}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#000066}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Lincoln Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] | [[File:Magdalen College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Lozengy ermine and sable, on a chief of the second three lilies argent slipped and seeded or. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000000}}{{cell3|#CCCCCC}}{{cell3|#000000}}{{cell3|#CCCCCC}}{{cell|#000000}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Magdalen College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Mansfield College, Oxford|Mansfield College]] | [[File:Mansfield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules an open book proper inscribed DEUS LOCUTUS EST NOBIS IN FILIO in letters sable bound argent edged and clasped or between three cross crosslets or. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell|#000000}}{{cell|#EC1517}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell|#000000}}{{cell|#EC1517}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Mansfield Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] | [[File:Merton College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Or, three chevronels party per pale, the first and third azure and gules, the second gules and azure. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#990066}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cells|5|#990066}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#990066}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Merton College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[New College, Oxford|New College]] | [[File:New College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Argent, two chevronels sable between three roses gules, seeded or, barbed vert. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#603311}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cells|5|#603311}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#603311}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:New College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]] | [[File:Nuffield College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Ermine on a fesse or between in chief two roses gules barbed and seeded proper and in base a balance of the second three pears sable, and for crest on a wreath or and gules a demi bull gules armed and unguled or resting the sinister hoof on a winged wheel or.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Nuffield''': uniquely among the Oxford colleges the blazon of Nuffield recorded in the University Calendar also describes its crest.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|black}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell2|#FF1000}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell3|black}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell2|#FF1000}}{{cell|#FF8C00}}{{cell|black}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]] | [[File:Oriel College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, three lions passant guardant in pale or within a bordure engrailed argent. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell2|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell|#000033}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell|#000033}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Oriel College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]] | [[File:Pembroke College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Per pale azure and gules, three lions rampant, two and one, argent, on a chief per pale argent and or, in the first a rose gules, seeded or, barbed vert in the second a thistle of Scotland proper. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000066}}{{cell|#FF1493}}{{cell|#B0C4DE}}{{cell|#FF1493}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#FF1493}}{{cell|#B0C4DE}}{{cell|#FF1493}}{{cell|#000066}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Pembroke College Oxford Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]] | [[File:Queens College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Argent, three eagles displayed two and one gules, legged and beaked or, on the breast of the first eagle, a pierced mullet of the third as cadency mark.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Queens''': the depiction of the [[Star (heraldry)|pierced mullet]] is quite variable; a mullet of six points is common and the piercing is sometimes indicated schematically.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000326}}{{cell|white}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cells|4|white}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cell|white}}{{cell|#000326}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Queens College (Oxford) Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] | [[File:Somerville College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Argent, three mullets in chevron reversed gules, between six crosses crosslet fitched sable. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|red}}{{cell|black}}{{cell2|red}}{{cell|black}}{{cell3|red}}{{cell|black}}{{cell2|red}}{{cell|black}}{{cell3|red}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Somerville College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]] | [[File:St-Anne's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, on a chevron between in chief two lions' heads erased argent, and in base a sword of the second pummelled and kilt or and enfiled with a wreath of laurel proper, three ravens. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000326}}{{cell|#515151}}{{cell2|#FF0A00}}{{cell|#515151}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cell|#515151}}{{cell2|#FF0A00}}{{cell|#515151}}{{cell|#000326}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Annes College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's College]] | [[File:St-Antony's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Or on a chevron between three tau crosses gules as many pierced mullets of the field. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#000033}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cell|#FF0000}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cells|5|#000033}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cell|#FF0000}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cell3|#000033}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Antony's Rowing Blade.png|100px]] |- | [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]] | [[File:St-Catherines College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Sable a saltire ermine between four Catherine wheels or. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#660033}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#86003E}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell3|#660033}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#86003E}}{{cell|#66CCFF}}{{cell3|#660033}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Catherines College Oxford Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]] | [[File:St-Cross College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Argent a cross potent purpure a quarter counterchanged. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#202336}}{{cell|#9C2770}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cells|5|#202336}}{{cell|#9C2770}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell3|#202336}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]] | [[File:St-Edmund-Hall College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Or, a cross patonce gules cantoned by four Cornish choughs proper. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#801213}}{{cell|#F0DC82}}{{cell3|#801213}}{{cell|#F0DC82}}{{cell3|#801213}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Edmund Hall Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's College]] | [[File:St-Hilda's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Azure on a fess or between in chief two unicorns' heads couped and in base a coiled serpent argent three estoiles gules. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|navy}}{{cell|white}}{{cell2|navy}}{{cell|white}}{{cell2|navy}}{{cell|white}}{{cell|navy}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Hilda's Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's College]] | [[File:St-Hughs College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Azure a saltire ermine between four fleurs-de-lis or. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#010963}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell|#FF9900}}{{cell2|black}}{{cell2|#010963}}{{cell|#FFFFFF}}{{cell|#FF9900}}{{cell2|black}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Hughs Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] | [[File:St-John's College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, on a bordure sable eight estoiles or; on a canton ermine a lion rampant of the second; on the fess point an annulet of the third. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|#FFFF33}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|#CC0033}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|#FFFF33}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]] | [[File:St-Peters College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Per pale vert and argent, to the dexter two keys in saltire or surmounted by a triple towered castle argent masoned sable (representing Oxford bailey) and on the sinister a cross gules surmounted by a mitre or between four martlets sable (for Chavasse), the whole within a bordure or. | {{scarf|start}}{{cells|4|#006600}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cells|4|#006600}}{{cell2|#FFCC00}}{{cells|4|#006600}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:St Peters College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]] | [[File:Trinity College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Party per pale or and azure, on a chevron between three griffins heads erased four fleurs-de-lys, all counter-changed of the field. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#ffffff}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#ffffff}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Trinity College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[University College, Oxford|University College]] | [[File:University College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Azure, a cross patonce between five martlets or. | {{scarf|start}}{{Cell3|#010963}}{{Cell|#FFCC00}}{{Cell3|#010963}}{{Cell|#FFCC00}}{{Cell3|#010963}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:University College Oxford Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham College]] | [[File:Wadham College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, a chevron between 3 roses argent, seeded or, barbed vert, impaling gules, a bend or between two escallops argent. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cell2|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#FFCC00}}{{cell|#000326}}{{cell2|#66CCFF}}{{cell|#FFCC00}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Wadham College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]] | [[File:Wolfson College Oxford Coat Of Arms (Motto).svg|100px]] | Per pale gules and or on a chevron between three roses two pears all countercharged the roses barbed and seeded proper. | {{scarf|start}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#FFFF00}}{{cell2|#FF0000}}{{cell|#FFFF00}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{cell|#FFFF00}}{{cell2|#FF0000}}{{cell|#FFFF00}}{{cell3|#000066}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Wolfson College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]] | [[File:Worcester College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Argent, two chevronels between six martlets, three, two and one gules.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Worcester''': although the six [[martlets]] are blazoned as ''gules'' (red) they are usually (but not always) drawn as ''sable'' (black).&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{cell|pink}}{{cells|5|#000000}}{{cell|pink}}{{cell2|#000000}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Worcester College Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Blackfriars, Oxford|Blackfriars]] | [[File:Blackfriars Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gyronny of sable and argent, a cross flory counterchanged.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Blackfriars''': the blazon used here is that of the [[Dominican Order]]. Blackfriars also uses their simpler shield, blazoned as ''sable, a pile inverted argent''.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|black}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[Campion Hall, Oxford|Campion Hall]] | [[File:Campion Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Argent on a cross sable a plate charged with a wolf's head erased of the second between in pale two billets of the field that in chief charged with a cinquefoil and that in base with a saltire gules and in fesse as many plates each charged with a campion flower leaved and slipped proper on a chief also of the second two branches of palm in saltire enfiled with a celestial crown or.&lt;ref name=&quot;CampionBlazonEO&quot;&gt;{{cite encyclopedia |editor-last=Hibbert |editor-first=Christopher |encyclopedia=The Encyclopaedia of Oxford |page=172 |title=Heraldry |year=1988 |publisher=Macmillan |location=London }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Campion''': the phrase ''billets of the Weld'' used in the Calendar appears to be a misprint for ''billets of the field''.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#FF9999}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|black}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell|#FF9999}}{{Cell|white}}{{Cell3|black}}{{scarf|end}} | |- | [[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park College]] | [[File:Regent's Park College Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Argent on a cross gules an open Bible proper irradiated or the pages inscribed with the words DOMINUS JESUS in letters sable on a chief wavy azure fish or. | {{scarf|start}}{{Cell2|#900020}}{{Cell2|#FFFDD0}}{{Cell3|#900020}}{{Cell2|#FFFDD0}}{{Cell2|#900020}}{{scarf|end}} | [[File:Regents Park College Boat Club Rowing Blade.svg|100px]] |- | [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]] | [[File:Wycliffe Hall Oxford Coat Of Arms.svg|100px]] | Gules, an open book proper the pages inscribed with the words VIA VERITAS VITA in letters sable on a chief azure three crosses crosslet argent and in base an estoile or.&lt;ref group=lower-alpha&gt;'''Wycliffe''': the blazon used here is simply a description of the shield as usually drawn.&lt;/ref&gt; | {{scarf|start}}{{cell|#000326}}{{cell|white}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cells|4|white}}{{cell2|#000326}}{{cell|white}}{{cell|#000326}}{{scarf|end}} | |} ===Notes=== {{Reflist|group=lower-alpha}} ==Heads of Houses== The senior member of each college is an officer known generically as the [[Master (college)|Head of House]]. Their specific title varies from college to college as indicated in the list below. While the Head of House will usually be an academic, it is not uncommon for a person to be appointed who has had a distinguished career outside academic circles. For a list of current Heads of Houses, see [[Heads of Houses]]. *'''Principal''': [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]], [[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton]], [[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester]], [[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford]], [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]], [[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]], [[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre]], [[Mansfield College, Oxford|Mansfield]], [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's]], [[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]], [[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's]], [[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's]], [[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville]], [[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park]], and [[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]] *'''Master''': [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol]], [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke]], [[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's]], [[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross]], [[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's]], [[University College, Oxford|University College]], and [[Campion Hall, Oxford|Campion Hall]] *'''Warden''': [[All Souls College, Oxford|All Souls]], [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble]], [[Merton College, Oxford|Merton]], [[New College, Oxford|New College]], [[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield]], [[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's]], and [[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham]]. *'''President''': [[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi]], [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg]], [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen]], [[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben]], [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's]], [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity]], and [[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson]] *'''Provost''': [[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel]], [[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]], and [[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester]] *'''Rector''': [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter]] and [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln]] *'''Dean''': [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] *'''Regent''': [[Blackfriars, Oxford|Blackfriars]] The dean of [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] is head of both the college and the cathedral. The president of [[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]] is also the director of the Department for Continuing Education. ==Finances== As of 2019 the accounts of the Oxford colleges included total assets of £6.6 billion.&lt;ref name=&quot;aggregated&quot;/&gt; This figure does not reflect all the assets held by the colleges as their accounts do not include the cost or value of many of their main sites or heritage assets such as works of art or libraries.&lt;ref name=&quot;Guardian May 2018&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Oxford and Cambridge university colleges hold £21bn in riches|url=https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|work=The Guardian|date=28 May 2018|access-date=7 March 2019|archive-date=3 June 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190603202132/https://www.theguardian.com/education/2018/may/28/oxford-and-cambridge-university-colleges-hold-21bn-in-riches|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; The total endowments of the colleges were £5.1 billion as of 2019.&lt;ref name=&quot;aggregated&quot;/&gt; Individual college endowments ranged from £1.2m (Green Templeton) to £577.6 million (Christ Church).&lt;ref name=&quot;greentempleton&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;christchurch&quot;/&gt; == Selectivity == {{Primary sources|section|date=September 2024}} ===Postgraduate=== In contrast to undergraduate programmes where the constituent college or hall handles both admissions and teaching, postgraduate students are admitted through a department, which is responsible for postgraduate education and supervision. As the university operates on a collegiate system, all matriculated students are required to maintain an affiliation with a college or hall which is tasked with offering student support, welfare, and accommodation. Although the University of Oxford is already selective, an additional level of selectivity exists depending on different colleges and halls. Colleges and halls differ in their levels of selectivity, as evidenced by their varying offer rates. Except All Souls College which consists principally of research fellows, Nuffield College consistently possesses the lowest offer rate and is thus considered the most selective college. On the other hand, Kellogg College and St Antony College are among the least selective colleges, typically characterised by higher offer rates. The table below exhibits the offer rates for postgraduate applications across each college over multiple academic years.&lt;ref name = &quot;FOI1&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.whatdotheyknow.com/request/full_graduate_admissions_statist/response/2487230/attach/2/202311%201069%20PG%20Admissions.xlsx|title=Full Graduate Admissions Statistics, by College, for All Available Years |author=University of Oxford |website=[[WhatDoTheyKnow]] |publisher= |date=2023-12-06 |quote=}}&lt;/ref&gt; {| class=&quot;wikitable sortable&quot; !College/&lt;br /&gt;Hall !2023 Rate&lt;br /&gt;% !2022 Rate&lt;br /&gt;% !2021 Rate&lt;br /&gt;% |- |[[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol College]] |43.3% |41.9% |42.7% |- |[[Blackfriars Hall]] |85.2 |81.3% |80.7 |- |[[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose College]] |61.7% |61.7% |70.0% |- |[[Campion Hall, Oxford|Campion Hall]] |100% |62.5% |69.2% |- |[[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] |32.2% |30.6% |36.3% |- |[[Corpus Christi College, Oxford|Corpus Christi College]] |62.2% |52.8% |67.9% |- |[[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter College]] |69.7% |72.5% |77.9% |- |[[Green Templeton College, Oxford|Green Templeton College]] |84.0% |89.7% |86.5% |- |[[Harris Manchester College, Oxford|Harris Manchester College]] |56.4% |51.4% |58.2% |- |[[Hertford College, Oxford|Hertford College]] |74.4% |73.5% |91.4% |- |[[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus College]] |49.8% |52.8% |52.5% |- |[[Keble College, Oxford|Keble College]] |65.5% |64.3% |60.1% |- |[[Kellogg College, Oxford|Kellogg College]] |94.8% |94.3% |92.3% |- |[[Lady Margaret Hall, Oxford|Lady Margaret Hall]] |89.9% |76.7% |77.6% |- |[[Linacre College, Oxford|Linacre College]] |89.7% |83.3 |88.2% |- |[[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln College]] |48.4 |68.7 |60.2 |- |[[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen College]] |19.4% |17.8% |22.8% |- |[[Mansfield College, Oxford|Mansfield College]] |85.0% |90.0% |75.0% |- |[[Merton College, Oxford|Merton College]] |52.3% |52.2% |45.5% |- |[[New College, Oxford|New College]] |47.5% |59.7% |49.8% |- |[[Nuffield College, Oxford|Nuffield College]] |10.4% |14.6% |9.4% |- |[[Oriel College, Oxford|Oriel College]] |59.2% |62.2% |59.7% |- |[[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke College]] |69.6% |81.1% |79.0% |- |[[Regent's Park College, Oxford|Regent's Park College]] |94.7% |78.6% |88.9% |- |[[Reuben College, Oxford|Reuben College]] |83.3% |68.8% |75.5% |- |[[Somerville College, Oxford|Somerville College]] |71.0% |71.4% |76.4% |- |[[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's College]] |77.3% |79.2% |90.0% |- |[[St Antony's College, Oxford|St Antony's College]] |95.2% |86.8% |92.2% |- |[[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's College]] |56.7% |65.3% |58.3% |- |[[St Cross College, Oxford|St Cross College]] |82.1% |84.2% |93.7% |- |[[St Edmund Hall, Oxford|St Edmund Hall]] |70.6% |62.7% |78.6% |- |[[St Hilda's College, Oxford|St Hilda's College]] |84.8% |69.6% |71.4% |- |[[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's College]] |82.6% |67.5% |86.7% |- |[[St John's College, Oxford|St John's College]] |26.3% |22.3% |24.4% |- |[[St Peter's College, Oxford|St Peter's College]] |88.5% |72.0% |81.3% |- |[[The Queen's College, Oxford|The Queen's College]] |37.2% |43.0% |39.5% |- |[[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity College]] |34.3% |40.3% |45.8% |- |[[University College, Oxford|University College]] |53.5% |53.5% |40.7% |- |[[Wadham College, Oxford|Wadham College]] |65.2% |65.3% |57.1% |- |[[Wolfson College, Oxford|Wolfson College]] |86.6% |81.3% |85.5% |- |[[Worcester College, Oxford|Worcester College]] |52.6% |48.3% |48.6% |- |[[Wycliffe Hall, Oxford|Wycliffe Hall]] |86.4% |95.0% |95.5% |- |} ==Academic rankings== For some years, an unofficial ranking of undergraduate colleges by performance in Final Honour Schools examinations, known as the [[Norrington Table]], was published annually.&lt;!-- http://www.fantasyfacup.com/matthew/fun/norrington/ --&gt; As the table only took into account the examination results for the year of publication, college rankings could fluctuate considerably. Beginning in 2005, the University of Oxford started publishing a list of colleges classified by a &quot;Norrington Score&quot;, effectively replicating the Norrington Table.&lt;!-- http://www.ox.ac.uk/aboutoxford/facts/collegefigs.shtml --&gt; The university claims to have published the results &quot;in the interests of openness&quot;. Although the university says that the college listings are &quot;not very significant&quot;, the 2005 table was the first Norrington Table with official data and also probably the first to be accurate. Dame [[Fiona Caldicott]], the Chairman of the Conference of Colleges, said that in previous years some students had used the [[Data Protection Act 1998]] to ensure their results were not published, rendering the unofficial tables inaccurate.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4220284.stm|work=BBC News|title=Oxford publishes college rankings|date=2005-09-06|access-date=2010-04-30|archive-date=22 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071222072732/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/education/4220284.stm|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==College rivalries== A tradition of the university is a [[College rivalry|friendly rivalry between colleges]]. Often, two neighbouring colleges will be rivals, and each college will pride itself in its athletic victories over the other one. Examples include: * [[Jesus College, Oxford|Jesus]] and [[Exeter College, Oxford|Exeter]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news | title=Oxford at War? | work=[[The Oxford Student]] | year=1999 | publisher=Oxford Student Services Limited | url=http://www.oxfordstudent.com/tt1999wk0/Features/oxford_at_war_%3F | df=dmy-all }}{{dead link|date=August 2017|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Brasenose College, Oxford|Brasenose]] and [[Lincoln College, Oxford|Lincoln]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/brasenose-traditions-and-legends-215/ivy-beer-on-ascension-day-418.html|title= 'Ivy Beer on Ascension Day', Brasenose College|url-status= dead|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090801051854/http://www.bnc.ox.ac.uk/345/brasenose-college-archives-and-history-38/brasenose-traditions-and-legends-215/ivy-beer-on-ascension-day-418.html|archive-date= 1 August 2009|df= dmy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Balliol College, Oxford|Balliol]] and [[Trinity College, Oxford|Trinity]]&lt;ref&gt;Clare Hopkins and Bryan Ward-Perkins, &quot;The Trinity/Balliol Feud&quot;, ''Trinity College Oxford Report'' (1989–90), pp. 45–66.&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Christ Church, Oxford|Christ Church]] and [[Pembroke College, Oxford|Pembroke]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Horan |first=David |date=1999 |title=Oxford: A Cultural and Literary Companion |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wR8nb-LYHBMC&amp;pg=PA151 |publisher=Interlink Books |pages=151–152 |isbn=1566563488 |access-date=23 September 2020 |archive-date=14 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240614144306/https://books.google.com/books?id=wR8nb-LYHBMC&amp;pg=PA151#v=onepage&amp;q&amp;f=false |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Keble College, Oxford|Keble]] and [[St John's College, Oxford|St John's]]&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://oxfordstudent.com/2013/02/22/keble-into-semi-finals/|title= Keble into semi-finals|date= 22 February 2013|publisher= The Oxford Student|format= Official Student Newspaper|access-date= 13 June 2016|archive-date= 10 May 2017|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170510085634/http://oxfordstudent.com/2013/02/22/keble-into-semi-finals/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.cherwell.org/2008/02/21/st-johns-says-keble-is-not-rivalworthy-enough/|title= St. John's Says Keble Is Not Rival-Worthy Enough|date= 21 February 2008|publisher= The Cherwell|format= Official Student Newspaper|access-date= 13 June 2016|archive-date= 14 June 2024|archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20240614144325/https://www.cherwell.org/2008/02/21/st-johns-says-keble-is-not-rivalworthy-enough/|url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; *[[St Catherine's College, Oxford|St Catherine's]] and [[Magdalen College, Oxford|Magdalen]]&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|last=Hilton|first=Nick|date=2013-02-12|title=St Catz declares war on Magdalen|url=https://cherwell.org/2013/02/12/st-catz-declares-war-on-magdalen/|access-date=2020-06-12|website=Cherwell|language=en-GB|archive-date=12 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200612220426/https://cherwell.org/2013/02/12/st-catz-declares-war-on-magdalen/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; *[[St Hugh's College, Oxford|St Hugh's]] and [[St Anne's College, Oxford|St Anne's]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Jakati |first=Rahul |date=2023-02-20 |title=World War OX2: St Hugh's college steals St Anne's beaver amidst declarations of war |url=https://cherwell.org/2023/02/20/world-war-ox2-st-hughs-college-steals-st-annes-beaver-amidst-declarations-of-war/ |access-date=2023-07-21 |website=Cherwell |language=en-GB |archive-date=21 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230721174018/https://cherwell.org/2023/02/20/world-war-ox2-st-hughs-college-steals-st-annes-beaver-amidst-declarations-of-war/ |url-status=live }}&lt;/ref&gt; == Architectural influence == {{main|Collegiate Gothic}} The Oxford and Cambridge colleges have served as an architectural inspiration for [[Collegiate Gothic]] Architecture, used by a number of American universities including [[Princeton University]] and [[Washington University in St. Louis]] since the late nineteenth century.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/setting.html|title=Princeton Architectural History|website=etcweb.princeton.edu|access-date=2019-08-19|archive-date=17 September 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180917015219/http://etcweb.princeton.edu/CampusWWW/Otherdocs/setting.html|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://wustl.edu/about/campuses/danforth-campus/|title=Danforth Campus|website=Washington University in St. Louis|language=en-US|access-date=2019-08-19|archive-date=16 February 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160216082207/https://wustl.edu/about/campuses/danforth-campus/|url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==See also== * [[List of fictional Oxford colleges]] * [[Academic scarf#University of Oxford|Oxford scarf colours]] * [[List of Oxbridge sister colleges]] * [[Colleges of the University of Cambridge]] * [[Colleges of Durham University]] * [[Colleges of the University of York]] ==Notes and references== {{Reflist|30em}} {{Heads of Houses}} {{University of Oxford}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:Colleges of the University of Oxford| ]] [[Category:Colleges of universities in the United Kingdom]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumgoon_GFC&diff=1265343289</id> <title>Drumgoon GFC</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Drumgoon_GFC&diff=1265343289"/> <updated>2024-12-26T12:21:49Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Added the Drumgoon GFC official history <hr /> <div>{{unreferenced|date=November 2022}} {{Short description|Cavan-based Gaelic games club}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}} {{Use Hiberno-English|date=February 2021}} {{Infobox GAA club | club gaa = Drumgoon Éire Óg | irish = Droim Dhúin Éire Óg | crest = DrumgoonGFCCrest.png | founded = 1904 | province = Ulster | county = Cavan | nickname = | colours = Blue and Yellow | grounds = Boyle Park, Bough, [[Cootehill]] | coordinates = | pattern_la = _goldborder | pattern_b = _goldhorizontal | pattern_ra = _goldborder | pattern_sh = _gold_stripes_adidas | pattern_so = _3_stripes_gold | leftarm = 0000FF | body = 0000FF | rightarm = 0000FF | shorts = 0000FF | socks = 0000FF |}} '''Drumgoon''' are a [[Gaelic football]] club from [[County Cavan]] in [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]. They are affiliated to [[Cavan GAA]]. ==History== Originated as Bough Shamrocks in 1904, Drumgoon evolved as the parish team, then as the rural parish team, taking the name of Drumgoon in the 1920s. &lt;ref&gt;http://www.drumgoon.com/news/club-history/&lt;/ref&gt; They contested their first [[Cavan Senior Football Championship]] Final in 1927, and were defeated by Cavan Slashers. They adopted the title of Drumgoon Éire Óg in 1984. In 2000 Drumgoon lost the [[Cavan Junior Football Championship]] to [[Cornafean GAA|Cornafean]] but a year later in 2001 Drumgoon won their first Championship winning the [[Cavan Junior Football Championship]], beating [[Kildallon GFC|Kildallon]] 1–10 to 0–07. They went on to win the [[Ulster Junior Club Football Championship]] beating [[Doohmalet]] of [[Monaghan GAA|Monaghan]] and then the [[All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship]] beating Belmullet of [[Mayo GAA|Mayo]] 1–14 to 0–12. In 2002 they beat [[Denn GFC|Denn]] 0–08 to 0–06 to win the [[Cavan Intermediate Football Championship]]. They also went on to [[Ulster Intermediate Club Football Championship]] final, losing to Sean MacDiarmada of [[Monaghan GAA|Monaghan]] on a scoreline of 0–14 to 0–07. ==Kit== Traditionally Drumgoon have always worn a blue jersey, shorts and socks with a yellow trim. ==Honours== * '''[[Cavan Intermediate Football Championship]]:''' 2 ** 2002, 2011 * [[All-Ireland Junior Club Football Championship|'''All Ireland Junior Club Football Championship:''']] 1 ** 2002 * '''[[Ulster Junior Club Football Championship]]:''' 1 ** 2002 * '''[[Cavan Junior Football Championship]]:''' 1 ** 2001 * Ladies Junior Championship ** 2015 ==See also== *[[Cavan Senior Football Championship]] ==References== {{reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.drumgoon.com/ Drumgoon Official Website] *[http://www.cavangaa.ie/ Official Cavan GAA Website] *[https://web.archive.org/web/20150204230832/http://clubgaa.ie/cavan/index.htm Cavan Club GAA] {{Cavan GAA clubs}} {{Cavan Senior Football Championship}} [[Category:Gaelic games clubs in County Cavan]] [[Category:Gaelic football clubs in County Cavan]] {{Ulster-GAA-club-stub}}</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Porges&diff=1265341998</id> <title>Stephen Porges</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stephen_Porges&diff=1265341998"/> <updated>2024-12-26T12:10:23Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Removed bias from the POlyvagal theory <hr /> <div>{{short description|Scientist and professor (born 1945)}} {{peacock|date=December 2020}} {{Infobox scientist |image = Steve_Porges.jpg |image_size = 150px | | name = Stephen Porges | birth_date = 1945 | birth_place = [[New Brunswick, New Jersey]], United States | death_date = | death_place = | residence = | nationality = [[United States|American]] | field = [[Psychology]] | work_institution = [[Indiana University]], [[University of North Carolina]] | alma_mater = [[Michigan State University]], [[East Lansing]], [[Michigan]]; US | doctoral_advisor = | doctoral_students = | known_for = [[Polyvagal theory]] | prizes = | religion = | footnotes = }} '''Stephen W. Porges''' (born 1945) is an American [[psychologist]]. He is the Professor of [[Psychiatry]] at the [[University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill]].&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.med.unc.edu/psych/directory/stephen-porges/ University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine], accessed March 1, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; Porges is also currently Director of the Kinsey Institute Traumatic Stress Research Consortium at [[Indiana University Bloomington]],&lt;ref&gt;[https://kinseyinstitute.org/about/profiles/sporges.php Indiana University Bloomington], accessed March 1, 2022&lt;/ref&gt; which studies [[Psychological trauma|trauma]]. He was previously a professor at the [[University of Illinois Chicago|University of Illinois]], [[Chicago]], where he was the director of the Brain-Body Center at the College of Medicine, and at the [[University of Maryland, College Park|University of Maryland]]. He proposed the still-unproven [[polyvagal theory]] in 1994, which is not endorsed by current [[social neuroscience]].&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book |last1=Todorov |first1=Alexander |title=Social Neuroscience: Toward Understanding the Underpinnings of the Social Mind |last2=Fiske |first2=Susan |last3=Prentice |first3=Deborah |year=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-972406-2}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last=Ward|first=Jamie|title=The Student's Guide to Social Neuroscience|year=2016|publisher=Psychology Press|isbn=978-1-317-43918-9}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Schutt|first1=Russell K.|title=Social Neuroscience: Brain, Mind, and Society|last2=Seidman|first2=Larry J.|last3=Keshavan|first3=Matcheri S.|date=2015|publisher=Harvard University Press|isbn=978-0-674-72897-4}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}} {{Cite book|last1=Litfin|first1=Karen T.|title=Social Neuroscience: People Thinking about Thinking People|last2=Berntson|first2=Gary G.|date=2006|publisher=MIT Press|isbn=978-0-262-03335-0}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Baron-Cohen|first1=Simon|title=Understanding Other Minds: Perspectives from Developmental Social Neuroscience|last2=Tager-Flusberg|first2=Helen|last3=Lombardo|first3=Michael|year=2013|publisher=OUP Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-969297-2}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Cacioppo|first1=Stephanie|title=Introduction to Social Neuroscience|last2=Cacioppo|first2=John T.|year=2020|publisher=Princeton University Press|isbn=978-0-691-16727-5}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite book|last1=Decety|first1=Jean|title=The Oxford Handbook of Social Neuroscience|last2=Cacioppo|first2=John T.|date=2011|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-534216-1}}{{page needed|date=January 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; Porges is currently a [[psychologist]] with interests in [[Polyvagal Theory|cranial nerve responses]], particularly as they relate to both humans and animals. ==Research focus== {{main article|Polyvagal Theory}} Porges proposed the polyvagal theory in 1994, which explores the role of the [[vagus]] nerve in emotion regulation, social connection, and fear responses. The theory suggests that the autonomic nervous system's evolution has shaped behavioral responses, emphasizing the importance of two vagal systems: one linked to defensive immobilization strategies (e.g., freezing, fainting) and another associated with social engagement and regulation. While the theory has been influential in areas such as trauma therapy, it remains unproven and is not widely accepted in the field of social neuroscience. Critics have questioned its scientific foundation and application, though it continues to generate interest and discussion in certain psychological and therapeutic contexts. He is a former president of the Society for [[Psychophysiological]] Research and has been president of the Federation of Behavioral, Psychological and Cognitive Sciences (now called the [[Federation of Associations in Behavioral &amp; Brain Sciences]]), a consortium of societies representing approximately twenty-thousand [[Biobehavioral health|biobehavioral]] scientists. He was a recipient of a [[National Institute of Mental Health]] Research Scientist Development award. He has chaired the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, the maternal and child health research committee, and was a visiting scientist in the National Institute of Child Health and Human Development Laboratory of Comparative Ethology. ==Personal life== He is married to scientist [[C. Sue Carter]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web | url=https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/blog/food-body-love/202202/unlocking-the-love-code | title=Unlocking the Love Code &amp;#124; Psychology Today }}&lt;/ref&gt; and has two children: Eric Carter Porges (currently a graduate student at the [[University of Chicago]] in Integrative Neuroscience) in [[Jean Decety]]'s Social Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, and [[Seth Porges]] (currently an editor at [[Maxim (magazine)|''Maxim'' magazine]] in New York City, and previously an editor at [[Popular Mechanics|''Popular Mechanics'' magazine]]). ==Professional societies== * Academy of Behavioral Medicine Research * American Psychological Association * Association for Psychological Science * International Society for Infant Studies * Society for Psychophysiological Research * Society for Research in Child Development * International Behavioral Neuroscience Society ==Editorial duties== * [[Psychophysiology (journal)|''Psychophysiology'']] (1983–1987) * ''[[Infant Behavior and Development]]'' (1977–1992) * [[Child Development (journal)|''Child Development'']] * ''[[Developmental Psychobiology (journal)|Developmental Psychobiology]]'' (1985–1991, 1995–1999) * ''[[Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology]]'' (1993–1998) * ''[[Developmental Review]]'' (2000–2006) ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== * [http://stephenporges.com Stephen Porges web page] {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Porges, Stephen}} [[Category:21st-century American psychologists]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:1945 births]] [[Category:University of Illinois Chicago faculty]] [[Category:Michigan State University alumni]] [[Category:20th-century American psychologists]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_Emissions_Research_and_Initiatives&diff=1265341307</id> <title>Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_Emissions_Research_and_Initiatives&diff=1265341307"/> <updated>2024-12-26T12:04:16Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: <hr /> <div>{{peacock|date=October 2011}} '''Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives''' ('''ZERI''') is a decentralized global network. It was founded by [[Gunter Pauli]] in 1994 at the [[United Nations University]] (UNU) with support from the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-26 |title=The ZERI Genesis |url=http://www.unam.na/centres/zeri/genesis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826144146/http://www.unam.na:80/centres/zeri/genesis.html |archive-date=2009-08-26 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=University of Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GLOBAL ZERI Looks at Present and Future |url=http://www.scizerinm.org/zeri10thpart2.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.scizerinm.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally headquartered at [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] in [[Geneva]], and later at [[IUCN]] in Gland, ZERI now is decentralized in a global network of 34 project offices around the world. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zeri |url=http://www.geographiesofchange.net/1257-zeri.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.geographiesofchange.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==History== ZERI participated in the World Expo in 2000 in [[Hanover]], [[Germany]]. For the event they built a bamboo pavilion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Vélez |first1=Simón |title=ZERI Pavilion, EXPO 2000, Hanover, Germany |date=2016-05-10 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783035608656-035/html |work=Building with Bamboo |pages=134–135 |access-date=2023-07-04 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783035608656-035 |isbn=978-3-0356-0865-6 |last2=Villegas |first2=Marcelo}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were recognized by the [[Specialty Coffee Association of America]] in 2009 for their 15 year project using waste from coffee farms in [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] to grow Shitake mushrooms. It was estimated to have produced 10,000 jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-04-20 |title=ZERI Foundation Awarded For Turning Coffee Waste Into Mushrooms |url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/04/20/zeri-foundation-awarded-turning-coffee-waste-mushrooms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813073254/http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/04/20/zeri-foundation-awarded-turning-coffee-waste-mushrooms |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Greener Design}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=MÉTODO ZERI EN LOS CAFETALES DE COLOMBIA. APLICACIÓN DE TECNOLOGÍAS LOCALES |url=http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?GUID=329e43fd-707d-4eeb-b2ba-60b44569072b&amp;ID=182736 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060623/http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?GUID=329e43fd-707d-4eeb-b2ba-60b44569072b&amp;ID=182736 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=educarchile.cl}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is a concept in climate science that explores how Earth's system processes may evolve after achieving net-zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and the potential effects on global surface temperatures. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Palazzo Corner |first1=Sofia |last2=Siegert |first2=Martin |last3=Ceppi |first3=Paulo |last4=Fox-Kemper |first4=Baylor |last5=Frölicher |first5=Thomas L. |last6=Gallego-Sala |first6=Angela |last7=Haigh |first7=Joanna |last8=Hegerl |first8=Gabriele C. |last9=Jones |first9=Chris D. |last10=Knutti |first10=Reto |last11=Koven |first11=Charles D. |last12=MacDougall |first12=Andrew H. |last13=Meinshausen |first13=Malte |last14=Nicholls |first14=Zebedee |last15=Sallée |first15=Jean Baptiste |date=2023-11-14 |title=The Zero Emissions Commitment and climate stabilization |journal=Frontiers in Science |language=English |volume=1 |doi=10.3389/fsci.2023.1170744 |doi-access=free |issn=2813-6330}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gunter Pauli]] initiated [[The Blue Economy]] concept in 2009. The book was accepted on November 2, 2009 as a Report to the [[Club of Rome]] and was published in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Sustainability |date=2021-12-15 |title=The 'blue economy' can help transform our use of the oceans |url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/environmental-protection/the-blue-economy-can-help-transform-our-use-of-the-oceans/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Sustainability Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wenhai |first1=Lu |last2=Cusack |first2=Caroline |last3=Baker |first3=Maria |last4=Tao |first4=Wang |last5=Mingbao |first5=Chen |last6=Paige |first6=Kelli |last7=Xiaofan |first7=Zhang |last8=Levin |first8=Lisa |last9=Escobar |first9=Elva |last10=Amon |first10=Diva |last11=Yue |first11=Yin |last12=Reitz |first12=Anja |last13=Neves |first13=Antonio Augusto Sepp |last14=O’Rourke |first14=Eleanor |last15=Mannarini |first15=Gianandrea |date=2019 |title=Successful Blue Economy Examples With an Emphasis on International Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00261 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |hdl=10141/622826 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the 20th anniversary of the creation of ZERI on November 12, 2014 at the UNU in [[Tokyo]], it was reported that 34 organizations from around the world associated and inspired by this initiative of Gunter Pauli, have implemented 188 projects, mobilized €4 billion in capital and generated approximately 3 million jobs. {{citation needed|date=May 2023}} ==ZERI International board== The board consist(ed) of the following people: {{citation needed|date=May 2023}} *The Rt Hon [[Anders Wijkman]] (Sweden) ::Co-President of the [[Club of Rome]] ::Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences ::Former Member of the European Parliament and President of Globe Europe (2000–2009) *Prof. Dr. Ashok Khosla (India) ::Chairman of [[Development Alternatives Group]] ::Former Chairman of [[IUCN]] *Prof. Dr. [[:pt: Heitor Gurgulino de Souza|Heitor Gurgulino de Souza]] (Brazil) ::President of the [[World Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ::Former Rector of the [[United Nations University|UNU]] (1988–1997) *Prof. Dr. [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]] (Colombia) ::Scientist and Inventor *Prof. Yasuhiro Sakakibara (Japan) ::Entrepreneur and Philanthropist == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.zeri.org Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives] *[http://www.zerilearning.org ZERI projects translated into fables for children] *[http://www.TheBlueEconomy.org The ZERI Philosophy in Action] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1af08PSlaIs A cartoon presenting ZERI in action] [[Category:Conservation and environmental foundations]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_Emissions_Research_and_Initiatives&diff=1265341057</id> <title>Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Zero_Emissions_Research_and_Initiatives&diff=1265341057"/> <updated>2024-12-26T12:02:09Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: <hr /> <div>{{peacock|date=October 2011}} '''Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives''' ('''ZERI''') is a decentralized global network. It was founded by [[Gunter Pauli]] in 1994 at the [[United Nations University]] (UNU) with support from the [[Government of Japan|Japanese government]]. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-26 |title=The ZERI Genesis |url=http://www.unam.na/centres/zeri/genesis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826144146/http://www.unam.na:80/centres/zeri/genesis.html |archive-date=2009-08-26 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=University of Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=GLOBAL ZERI Looks at Present and Future |url=http://www.scizerinm.org/zeri10thpart2.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.scizerinm.org}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally headquartered at [[United Nations Development Programme|UNDP]] in [[Geneva]], and later at [[IUCN]] in Gland, ZERI now is decentralized in a global network of 34 project offices around the world. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=Zeri |url=http://www.geographiesofchange.net/1257-zeri.html |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=www.geographiesofchange.net}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==History== ZERI participated in the World Expo in 2000 in [[Hanover]], [[Germany]]. For the event they built a bamboo pavilion.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation |last1=Vélez |first1=Simón |title=ZERI Pavilion, EXPO 2000, Hanover, Germany |date=2016-05-10 |url=https://www.degruyter.com/document/doi/10.1515/9783035608656-035/html |work=Building with Bamboo |pages=134–135 |access-date=2023-07-04 |publisher=De Gruyter |doi=10.1515/9783035608656-035 |isbn=978-3-0356-0865-6 |last2=Villegas |first2=Marcelo}}&lt;/ref&gt; They were recognized by the [[Specialty Coffee Association of America]] in 2009 for their 15 year project using waste from coffee farms in [[Columbia, South Carolina|Columbia]] to grow Shitake mushrooms. It was estimated to have produced 10,000 jobs.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-04-20 |title=ZERI Foundation Awarded For Turning Coffee Waste Into Mushrooms |url=http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/04/20/zeri-foundation-awarded-turning-coffee-waste-mushrooms |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110813073254/http://www.greenbiz.com/news/2009/04/20/zeri-foundation-awarded-turning-coffee-waste-mushrooms |archive-date=2011-08-13 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=Greener Design}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2011-07-19 |title=MÉTODO ZERI EN LOS CAFETALES DE COLOMBIA. APLICACIÓN DE TECNOLOGÍAS LOCALES |url=http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?GUID=329e43fd-707d-4eeb-b2ba-60b44569072b&amp;ID=182736 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110719060623/http://www.educarchile.cl/Portal.Base/Web/VerContenido.aspx?GUID=329e43fd-707d-4eeb-b2ba-60b44569072b&amp;ID=182736 |archive-date=2011-07-19 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=educarchile.cl}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Zero Emissions Commitment (ZEC) is a concept in climate science that explores how Earth's system processes may evolve after achieving net-zero carbon dioxide (CO₂) emissions and the potential effects on global surface temperatures. &lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |date=2009-08-26 |title=The ZERI Genesis |url=http://www.unam.na/centres/zeri/genesis.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090826144146/http://www.unam.na:80/centres/zeri/genesis.html |archive-date=2009-08-26 |access-date=2023-07-04 |website=University of Namibia}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Gunter Pauli]] initiated [[The Blue Economy]] concept in 2009. The book was accepted on November 2, 2009 as a Report to the [[Club of Rome]] and was published in 2010.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |last=Times |first=Sustainability |date=2021-12-15 |title=The 'blue economy' can help transform our use of the oceans |url=https://www.sustainability-times.com/environmental-protection/the-blue-economy-can-help-transform-our-use-of-the-oceans/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |website=Sustainability Times |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite journal |last1=Wenhai |first1=Lu |last2=Cusack |first2=Caroline |last3=Baker |first3=Maria |last4=Tao |first4=Wang |last5=Mingbao |first5=Chen |last6=Paige |first6=Kelli |last7=Xiaofan |first7=Zhang |last8=Levin |first8=Lisa |last9=Escobar |first9=Elva |last10=Amon |first10=Diva |last11=Yue |first11=Yin |last12=Reitz |first12=Anja |last13=Neves |first13=Antonio Augusto Sepp |last14=O’Rourke |first14=Eleanor |last15=Mannarini |first15=Gianandrea |date=2019 |title=Successful Blue Economy Examples With an Emphasis on International Perspectives |journal=Frontiers in Marine Science |volume=6 |doi=10.3389/fmars.2019.00261 |issn=2296-7745 |doi-access=free |hdl=10141/622826 |hdl-access=free }}&lt;/ref&gt; At the 20th anniversary of the creation of ZERI on November 12, 2014 at the UNU in [[Tokyo]], it was reported that 34 organizations from around the world associated and inspired by this initiative of Gunter Pauli, have implemented 188 projects, mobilized €4 billion in capital and generated approximately 3 million jobs. {{citation needed|date=May 2023}} ==ZERI International board== The board consist(ed) of the following people: {{citation needed|date=May 2023}} *The Rt Hon [[Anders Wijkman]] (Sweden) ::Co-President of the [[Club of Rome]] ::Member of the Swedish Royal Academy of Sciences ::Former Member of the European Parliament and President of Globe Europe (2000–2009) *Prof. Dr. Ashok Khosla (India) ::Chairman of [[Development Alternatives Group]] ::Former Chairman of [[IUCN]] *Prof. Dr. [[:pt: Heitor Gurgulino de Souza|Heitor Gurgulino de Souza]] (Brazil) ::President of the [[World Academy of Arts and Sciences]] ::Former Rector of the [[United Nations University|UNU]] (1988–1997) *Prof. Dr. [[Jorge Reynolds Pombo]] (Colombia) ::Scientist and Inventor *Prof. Yasuhiro Sakakibara (Japan) ::Entrepreneur and Philanthropist == References == {{Reflist}} ==External links== *[http://www.zeri.org Zero Emissions Research and Initiatives] *[http://www.zerilearning.org ZERI projects translated into fables for children] *[http://www.TheBlueEconomy.org The ZERI Philosophy in Action] *[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1af08PSlaIs A cartoon presenting ZERI in action] [[Category:Conservation and environmental foundations]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Klapper&diff=1265339977</id> <title>Billy Klapper</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Billy_Klapper&diff=1265339977"/> <updated>2024-12-26T11:54:42Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Added a a link to Shannon Hall (horse trainer), which currently does not exist. <hr /> <div>{{Multiple issues|{{orphan|date=December 2024}} {{underlinked|date=December 2024}}}} {{Short description|Texan craftsman}} {{Infobox person | name = Billy Ray Klapper | image = | birth_date = April 19, 1937&lt;ref name=&quot;Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Billy Klapper - 2025 Legendary Bit &amp; Spur Maker |url=https://www.tchof.com/post/billy-klapper-2025 |website=Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame |date=15 November 2024 |access-date=1 December 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; | birth_place = Lazare, [[Texas]], [[United States of America]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; | death_date = September 10, 2024&lt;ref name=&quot;Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; | death_place = [[Pampa, Texas]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Obituary&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Obituary |url=https://www.carmichael-whatley.com/obituaries/billy-klapper |website=Carmichael-Whatley.com |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; | occupation = [[Bit (horse)|Bit maker]], [[Spur|Spur maker]] | television = [[Yellowstone (American TV series)]] }} '''Billy Ray Klapper''' was a [[spur]] and [[Bit (horse)|bit]] maker known for creating and producing many unique spurs and bits for the [[Ranch|ranching]] community.&lt;ref name=&quot;Dexerto&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Cullen |first1=Jessica |title=Who is Billy Klapper? Yellowstone's dedication explained |url=https://www.dexerto.com/tv-movies/yellowstone-billy-klapper-dedication-explained-2976490/ |website=Dexerto.com |date=11 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MovieWeb&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Grove |first1=David |title=Yellowstone's Tribute to Billy Klapper, Explained |url=https://movieweb.com/yellowstone-billy-klapper-tribute-explained/ |website=MovieWeb.com |date=14 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Early life and Career== Klapper began his career as a [[Cowboy|ranch hand]] at the Buckle L Ranch in [[Childress, Texas|Childress,]] [[Texas]] and later at the Y Ranch in [[Paducah, Texas]] and transitioned to spur and bit making in 1966 under the mentorship of Adolph Bayers, where he observed and learned the craft.&lt;ref name=&quot;Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Dexerto&quot; /&gt;By 1968, the demand for his work had grown significantly, leading him to pursue making [[cowboy]] equipment full-time. During his career, Klapper developed 682 spur patterns and 816 bit patterns.&lt;ref name=&quot;Texas Cowboy Hall of Fame&quot; /&gt; ==Craftsmanship and technique== At age 25, Klapper built his first bit while working on the Y Ranch. The long wait times for custom-made equipment from established craftsmen such as his future mentor, Adolph Bayers, inspired Klapper to start making bits.&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot;&gt;{{Cite magazine |last=Hecox |first=Ross |date=2018-05-01 |title=West Texas Treasure |url=https://westernhorseman.com/culture/craftsmen/west-texas-treasure/ |access-date=2024-12-01 |magazine=Western Horseman}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1968, Klapper became a full-time bit and spur maker due to the high demand for his work. He started his business near Childress, Texas, before eventually relocating to [[Pampa, Texas|Pampa]], [[Texas]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; Klapper was known for one-piece spurs built using a technique that set him apart in the industry. He was one of the few craftsmen who made spurs from a single piece of [[steel]] rather than [[welding]] pieces together.&lt;ref name=&quot;MovieWeb&quot; /&gt; His dedication to traditional methods limited his production to approximately 200 spurs annually.&lt;ref name=&quot;MovieWeb&quot; /&gt; His crafts were known for durability and suitability for working cowboys while having high collectible value, his spurs or bits costing as much as $2,100.&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; While apprenticing, Klapper adopted Bayers’ [[Blacksmith|blacksmithing]] techniques, including hammering out one piece of steel without welding, using pre-1949 Ford axles as raw material for spurs (though this became harder to source over time), and employing a trip hammer to shape the steel.&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; ==Notable designs== * The “27” bit: One of Klapper’s most popular designs, featuring snake-like curved shanks and a solid, high-ported mouthpiece * The “299” bit: A lighter version of the “27” created for horseman Don Dodge&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; ==Notable clientele== * [[Matlock Rose]] ([[National_Cutting_Horse_Association|NCHA]] World Champion)&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; * [[Shannon Hall (horse trainer)|Shannon Hall]] (cutting horse trainer)&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; * [[Carol Rose (horse breeder)| Carol Rose]] ([[American_Quarter_Horse_Association|AQHA]] Hall of Fame breeder)&lt;ref name=&quot;Western Horseman&quot; /&gt; ==Yellowstone appearance== In his [[Cameo appearance|cameo]] on [[Yellowstone (American TV series)|Yellowstone]], Klapper played himself, appearing in a scene with the character Rip Wheeler ([[Cole Hauser]]). The scene takes place in Klapper's workshop in Pampa, Texas, where Rip goes to pick up a bit ordered by Lloyd years ago.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beebom&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Ukil |first1=Aparna |title=Who Is Billy Klapper in Yellowstone and the Actor Playing Him? |url=https://beebom.com/who-billy-klapper-yellowstone/ |website=Beebom.com |date=11 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;MensHealth&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Romano |first1=Evan |title=How Yellowstone Honored Cowboy Legend Billy Klapper |url=https://www.menshealth.com/entertainment/a62872274/yellowstone-billy-klapper/ |website=MensHealth.com |date=11 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; Klapper's craftsmanship is highlighted during this interaction, and he gifts Rip a pair of his handmade spurs. This moment serves as the passing of the torch from the old generation of cowboys to the new.&lt;ref name=&quot;Esquire&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Rosenberg |first1=Josh |title=Yellowstone Pays Tribute to a Real-Life Cowboy Billy Klapper |url=https://www.esquire.com/entertainment/tv/a62895383/yellowstone-billy-klapper/ |website=Esquire.com |date=13 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; The [[List of Yellowstone episodes|episode]] ends with a tribute to Klapper, reading &quot;In Loving Memory of Billy Klapper,&quot; honoring his contribution to Western heritage and his brief but impactful appearance on the show.&lt;ref name=&quot;Decider.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last1=Galluci |first1=Nicole |title=Who Was Billy Klapper On 'Yellowstone'? Season 5 Episode 9's Cameo And Tribute Card Explained |url=https://decider.com/2024/11/11/billy-klapper-yellowstone-season-5-episode-9-tribute-card-guest-role/ |website=Decider.com |date=11 November 2024 |access-date=30 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; == References == {{reflist}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Klapper, Billy}} [[Category:1937 births]] [[Category:2024 deaths]] {{improve categories|date=December 2024}}</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Neilson&diff=1265338916</id> <title>Donald Neilson</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Donald_Neilson&diff=1265338916"/> <updated>2024-12-26T11:47:15Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Changed &quot;Katheryn&quot; to &quot;Kathryn&quot; <hr /> <div>{{Short description|British criminal (1936–2011)}} {{for|the American executive and public servant|Donald Nelson}} {{More citations needed|date=December 2014}} {{Use dmy dates|date=July 2021}} {{Infobox serial killer | name = Donald Neilson | image = Donald Neilson mugshot.jpg | caption = Mugshot of Neilson | alias = The Black Panther | birth_name = Donald Nappey | birth_date = {{birth date|1936|8|1|df=yes}} | birth_place = [[Bradford]], [[West Riding of Yorkshire]], England&lt;ref name=&quot;BioNeilson&quot;&gt;[http://www.biography.com/people/donald-neilson-17169702 Bio website Donald Neilson]&lt;/ref&gt; | death_date = {{death date and age|2011|12|18|1936|8|1|df=y}}&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc death&quot;&gt;{{cite news |title=Murderer Donald Neilson, the 'Black Panther', dies |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/world-16242235 |publisher=[[BBC News]] | date=19 December 2011 |access-date=19 December 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; | death_place = [[Norwich]], Norfolk, England&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc death&quot;/&gt; | fatalities = 4 | country = England | beginyear = 1971 | endyear = 1975 | apprehended = 11 December 1975 | penalty = [[Life imprisonment]] }} '''Donald Neilson''' (born Donald Nappey; 1 August 1936 – 18 December 2011), also known as &quot;'''The Black Panther'''&quot;, was an [[English people|English]] [[armed robber]], [[Kidnapping|kidnapper]], and [[Murder|murderer]].&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc death&quot; /&gt; Neilson committed a string of sub-post office robberies from 1971 to 1974, killing three people.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |date=2011-12-19 |title='The Black Panther': Profile of killer Donald Neilson |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-16243850 |access-date=2024-12-20 |work=BBC News |language=en-GB}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 1975, he kidnapped Lesley Whittle, an heiress from [[Shropshire]], who died during captivity. Neilson was arrested later that year, convicted of four murders, and sentenced to life in prison in July 1976. He remained incarcerated until his death in 2011.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc death&quot;/&gt; ==Early life== Neilson was ten years old when his mother died of [[breast cancer]] in January 1947. She was 33 years old at the time. He reportedly had an unhappy childhood, and was caught [[shoplifting]] in 1948. Due to his age and circumstances, Neilson was given a [[police caution]]. In April 1955, the 18 year old Neilson married 20 year old Irene Tate. In 1958, Irene persuaded him to leave the army, after serving as a national serviceman in [[Kenya]], [[Aden]] and [[Cyprus]] as part of the [[King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=Black Panther Neilson died from pneumonia, inquest told |url=https://www.yorkshirepost.co.uk/news/black-panther-neilson-died-pneumonia-inquest-told-1913031 |work=Yorkshire Post |date=22 December 2011 |access-date=22 December 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; They had one daughter, Kathryn, born in 1960. Four years after Kathryn's birth, Nappey changed his family name to &quot;Neilson&quot;. This was so Kathryn would not suffer the bullying and abuse he had endured in the army and at school due to his surname's similarity to the word &quot;[[Diaper|nappy]]&quot;.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book |last=Cyriax |first=Oliver |title=Crime: An Encyclopaedia |url=https://archive.org/details/crimeencyclopedi0000cyri |url-access=registration |publisher=André Deutsch |location=London |year=1993 |page=[https://archive.org/details/crimeencyclopedi0000cyri/page/227 227] |isbn=978-0-233-98821-4}}&lt;/ref&gt; According to David Bell and Harry Hawkes, Donald Nappey bought a taxi business from a man named Neilson, and decided to use that as his surname instead of the former.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Bell|first=David|title=Staffordshire Tales of Murder &amp; Mystery|publisher=Countryside Books|year=2005|page=16|chapter=2|isbn=978-1-85306-922-2}}&lt;/ref&gt; An alternative theory, proposed by a [[Lodging|lodger]], Lena Fearnley, who stayed with the Neilson family in the early 1960s, is that Neilson took the name from an ice cream van (carrying the brand name &quot;Lord Neilson&quot;), from which he and Irene often bought ice cream for their daughter. In an interview with the [[BBC]], Fearnley said Neilson told her, &quot;I like that name.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCa&quot;/&gt; ==Burglary and robbery== Neilson committed over 400 house [[Burglary|burglaries]], which had gone undetected during the early stages of his criminal career. Before he became notorious as &quot;the Black Panther&quot;, he was sought by the authorities under a variety of nicknames, such as &quot;The Phantom&quot; and &quot;Handy Andy&quot;. To confuse the police, he adopted a different [[modus operandi]] every few weeks. For example, he would steal a radio from each house, and abandon it nearby, then, when that pattern of behaviour was established, he would drop it and do something else. Proceeds from simple house [[Burglary|burglaries]] were low, however, and after stealing guns and ammunition from a house in [[Cheshire]], he escalated his criminal activity, turning to robbing small post offices. Neilson committed eighteen such crimes between 1971 and 1974.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|title=The capture of the Black Panther|first=Harry|last=Hawkes|location=London, UK|publisher=Harrap|year=1978|isbn=978-0-245-53257-3}}&lt;/ref&gt; His crimes became progressively more violent as he sought to protect himself from occupants prepared to resist and defend their property. In February 1972, Neilson broke into a sub-post office in [[Heywood, Lancashire|Heywood]], Lancashire. The [[postmaster]], Leslie Richardson, and his wife awoke to find Neilson in their bedroom. During the ensuing struggle, Neilson brandished a [[sawed-off shotgun]] and issued a threat. Richardson, realising the gun was not aimed at them, pulled the trigger, discharging the weapon into the ceiling. The confrontation continued until Neilson escaped, leaving Richardson injured. Richardson gave police a description of the masked intruder, which turned out to be inaccurate in many respects.&lt;ref name=&quot;Summers&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7450928.stm|title=Profile: Donald Neilson|publisher=BBC News|date=12 June 2008|last=Summers|first=Chris}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several other photofits of Neilson were similarly unhelpful to the police, but one, made by sub-postmistress Margaret Grayland, was found to be extremely accurate. ==First murders== Neilson committed his first three murders in 1974. During post office robberies, he fatally shot two sub-postmasters and the husband of a sub-postmistress, as well as brutally beating sub-postmistress Margaret Grayland. He killed Donald Skepper in [[Harrogate]], [[North Yorkshire]], England in February 1974;&lt;ref name=&quot;NYP&quot;&gt;[http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=5984 North Yorkshire Police website] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928063623/http://www.northyorkshire.police.uk/index.aspx?articleid=5984 |date=28 September 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Derek Astin of [[Baxenden]], [[Lancashire]] in September 1974; and Sidney Grayland in [[Langley Green, West Midlands|Langley, West Midlands]] during November 1974.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCa&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/shropshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8365000/8365884.stm|title=Legacy of Black Panther murders|publisher=BBC News|date=27 January 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Baxenden murder resulted in Neilson being dubbed &quot;The Black Panther&quot;, as during an interview with a local television reporter, Astin's wife, Marion, described her husband's killer as being &quot;so quick, he was like a panther&quot;. Alluding to the killer's dark clothing, the enterprising reporter ended his piece by asking, &quot;Where is this Black Panther?&quot; and the nickname stuck. Neilson was linked to the post office shootings after he shot security guard Gerald Smith six times while checking a [[ransom]] trail.&lt;ref&gt;Smith died a year and a day after being shot&lt;/ref&gt; [[Forensic science|Forensic examination]] showed the bullets were fired from the same [[.22 LR]] pistol used to murder both Astin and Grayland.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Murder in Mind |issue=18 |issn=1364-5803 |page=22}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Kidnap and murder of Lesley Whittle== {{main|Murder of Lesley Whittle}} Lesley Whittle (3 May 1957 – 14 January 1975) was a 17-year-old girl who would become Neilson's youngest victim. Whittle was the daughter of George Whittle, a noted coach transport business owner, and his mistress. Whittle had left his entire fortune to his mistress and their children, Lesley and her brother Ronald. After reading about a family dispute over Whittle's will, Neilson planned for three years to obtain some of his estate. On 14 January 1975, Neilson entered the Whittle family home in [[Highley]], [[Shropshire]], and kidnapped Lesley from her bedroom. Neilson calculated that the family would not materially miss £50,000 of their fortune, and so made a subsequent demand for that sum in a note left at the family home. A series of police errors and other circumstances resulted in Whittle’s brother, Ronald, being unable to deliver the ransom money at the designated time and place demanded by the kidnapper.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite journal |title=Murder in Mind |issue=18 |issn=1364-5803 |pages=20–21}}&lt;/ref&gt; Lesley Whittle's body was found on 7 March 1975, hanging from a wire at the bottom of the drainage shaft where he had tethered her in [[Bathpool Park]] in [[Kidsgrove]], [[Staffordshire]]. The subsequent post-mortem examination showed that Whittle had died from [[vagal inhibition]], not from strangulation. The shock of the fall had caused her heart to stop.&lt;ref&gt;''Crime: An Encyclopedia'' {{ISBN|978-1-570-76064-8}} p. 276&lt;/ref&gt; Some analysts thought it was possible Neilson pushed Whittle off the ledge where he had kept her. An alternative scenario is that Neilson was not present when Whittle died, and that he had panicked and fled on the night of the failed ransom collection without returning to the shaft, believing the police were closing in on him. Whittle may have been alive for a considerable period of time before she fell to her death. The pathologist noted that Whittle weighed only {{convert|98|lbs}} when found, her stomach and intestines were completely empty, she had lost a considerable amount of weight, and was [[emaciated]]. He concluded that she had not eaten for a minimum of three days, the length of time it takes for food to pass through the body, but said the actual duration may have been much longer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|url=http://www.birminghammail.co.uk/news/midlands-news/black-panther-donald-neilsons-trail-8464470|title=Black Panther Donald Neilson's trail of Terror and Murder of Lesley Whittle 40 Years ago Remembered by Top Cop|access-date=14 December 2017|newspaper=The Birmingham Mail|date=17 January 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Capture and arrest== {{Peacock section|date=May 2024}} In December 1975, police officers Tony White and Stuart Mackenzie, stationed in a side road off the main A60 in Mansfield, spotted a suspicious man with a hold all. As they approached to question him, the man revealed a [[sawed-off shotgun]], forcing White into the back of the car. Impatient, he ordered White to climb over the seat, then took the front passenger seat, jamming the gun under Mackenzie’s arm. The gunman directed them to drive to Blidworth, threatening them if they pulled any tricks. While pretending to search for rope as requested by the gunman, White seized an opportunity when Mackenzie swerved at an intersection. White pushed the gun down as Mackenzie slammed on the brakes, bringing the car to a halt outside the Junction Chip Shop in Rainworth. The gun discharged, grazing White’s hand, while Mackenzie stumbled out, yelling for help. Locals Roy Morris and Keith Wood quickly intervened, overpowering the gunman, later identified as Neilson. He was handcuffed, but locals attacked him so severely that officers had to shield him. Neilson was eventually secured to railings until backup arrived. Later, his fingerprints linked him to other crimes, and he confessed to a kidnap in a lengthy police statement. ==Trial and conviction== {{More citations needed|section|date=May 2019}} During Neilson's trial at [[Oxford]] [[Crown Court]], his defense lawyer, [[Gilbert Gray (barrister)|Gilbert Gray]], contended that Whittle had accidentally fallen from the ledge, and died as a result. He noted that Neilson had fed her chicken soup, spaghetti and meatballs, and bought her [[fish and chips]], chicken legs, and [[Polo (confectionery)|Polo mints]]. The prosecution contested these claims. Evidence showed that Neilson had provided his victim with a sleeping bag designed to prevent hypothermia, mattresses, survival blankets, survival bags, a bottle of brandy, six paperback books, a copy of ''[[The Times]]'' and two magazines for reading, a small [[puzzle]], and two brightly-coloured napkins. These items were found by the police, either in the shaft, or in the subterranean canal running below it. In his closing speech for the defense, Gray described the conditions that Neilson provided for Whittle, noting ways that he tried to provide for her comfort. For instance, he asked the jury whether they believed any hangman's noose would be padded and lagged with 77½ inches of [[Elastoplast]] to avoid chafing, or that any scaffold would be cushioned for with a rubber mattress and sleeping bags. He noted that Whittle would not have died if the wire had not snagged on a [[stanchion]], because her feet were only six inches from the bottom of the shaft. Gray clarified: &quot;This is not something the defense has made up. Her height from the neck was four feet, and there was a five feet length of ligature, giving an overall length of nine feet. The drop from the landing to the floor of the tunnel was six feet eleven inches, so that if it had not been for the unforeseen snagging which shortened the tether, there would have been two feet to spare, and she would have landed on her feet at the bottom of the shaft.&quot; He asked the jury why Neilson bothered to keep her alive once he had recorded the ransom messages, arguing he could have simply clubbed her to death, and hidden the body in woodland. Gray finished his speech by opining, &quot;I submit that when Lesley Whittle went over the platform, it was an unlooked for [[Accident#Common causes|misadventure]], unplanned and undesired. Neilson started something that went hideously wrong.&quot;&lt;ref&gt;''A History of Policing in England and Wales from 1974: A Turbulent Journey'' {{ISBN|978-0-199-21865-3}} p. 45&lt;/ref&gt; On 1 July 1976 Neilson was convicted of the kidnapping and murder of Lesley Whittle, for which he was given a [[life sentence]]. &lt;ref&gt;[https://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/crime-files/donald-neilson-the-black-panther &quot;Donald Neilson, the Black Panther&quot;], Crime and Investigation website&lt;/ref&gt; Three weeks later, he was convicted of the murders of two postmasters and the husband of a postmistress.&lt;ref name=&quot;BBCa&quot;/&gt; In total, Neilson received five life sentences.&lt;ref name=&quot;NYP&quot;/&gt; He was assessed by expert witness [[Lionel Haward]], a forensic psychologist, and was found to be &quot;suffering from a [[Psychopathology|psycho-pathological condition]] of some severity&quot; but not to the extent that it resulted in [[diminished responsibility]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last1=Pithers |first1=Malcolm |title='Black Panther' killer gets life sentence |url=https://www.theguardian.com/theguardian/2014/jul/22/black-panther-donald-neilson-killer-archive |access-date=21 July 2024 |work=The Guardian |date=22 July 1976}}&lt;/ref&gt; The judge, [[William Mars-Jones|Mr Justice Mars-Jones]], also gave Neilson a further 61 years: 21 years for kidnapping Lesley Whittle, and 10 years for blackmailing her mother. Three further sentences of 10 years each were imposed for the two burglary charges, when he stole guns and ammunition, and for possessing the sawn-off shotgun with intent to endanger life. All the sentences were to run concurrently. The judge told Neilson that the enormity of his crimes put him in a class apart from almost all other convicted murderers in recent years. Neilson's defense team, solicitor, [[Barrington Black]], junior counsel, Norman Jones, and leading counsel, Gilbert Gray, all claimed that his conviction was a reflection of public opinion, a backlash of the publicity given to the hunt for the kidnapper and killer, and that he should have been convicted only of the lesser charge of manslaughter.&lt;ref&gt;Harry Hawkes, ''The Capture of the Black Panther'', Chapter 7, page 241.&lt;!-- publishing info and ISBN needed --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; Neilson was acquitted of the attempted murders of sub-postmistress Margaret Grayland and PC Tony White, but found guilty of the lesser alternative charges of inflicting grievous bodily harm on Grayland, and of possessing a shotgun with the intent of endangering life at Mansfield. A charge of attempting to murder security guard Gerald Smith, whom Neilson shot six times while checking the Whittle ransom trail, was [[Lie on file|not pursued]] due to legal complications: Smith died more than [[Year and a day rule|a year and a day]] after being shot. The trial judge recommended that Neilson receive a [[whole life tariff]]. After the verdicts, Gray visited his client in a cell below the courthouse, and found Neilson in the corner of his cell, curled up in a [[fetal position]], purportedly dejected, and allegedly filled with remorse for Whittle and her family.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Audio slideshow: Lesley Whittle remembered |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/shropshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8516000/8516944.stm |publisher=BBC News |date=15 February 2010}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Trial and conviction of Irene Neilson== Following the arrest of Donald Neilson in Mansfield, his wife, Irene, became concerned when he failed to return home. In response, she burned approximately fifty postal orders in their coal fire. During a subsequent search of their house, police discovered charred remains in the chimney. Irene Neilson was later convicted of cashing over eighty stolen postal orders obtained during her husband's post office raids. Irene claimed to have been forced into cashing these items in various post offices over a large area. Her solicitor, Barrington Black, placed the blame squarely on Donald Neilson’s complete domination of his wife, describing him as a &quot;[[Svengali]], who had exercised a hypnotic influence&quot;. Black added, &quot;He was a quasi-military figure who barked orders at his wife and daughter, and woe betide anyone who disobeyed him.&quot;{{Citation needed|date=November 2019}} The solicitor said he felt this portrayal was confirmed by Donald Neilson when he had visited him in his top security cell. It seemed a formality that Irene, then aged 42 with no prior convictions, would be placed on probation, but a court report said that probation would not be suitable. Black pressed hard for Irene Neilson to be fined, asking the magistrates if she really deserved to be harshly treated for a situation that was forced upon her, and insisted her last three years with Neilson before his arrest had been &quot;hell.&quot; The magistrates responded that while they had every sympathy with a lady before the courts for the first time, they regarded her activities as a deliberate course of conduct. She received twelve months in prison per official court records. An appeal was immediately lodged. Gilbert Gray QC was briefed to represent her, and he produced Donald Neilson as a surprise witness. The QC told the judge, sitting with two magistrates, that he was anxious that the court should be aware of the pressure and constraints placed upon Irene Neilson as a result of her husband. Gray described how Neilson &quot;was the man who struck fear and dread into pretty much the whole community, and this woman lived with him.&quot; However, the judges found Donald Neilson's testimony vague and upheld his wife's conviction and sentence. While Irene was in prison, a major newspaper paid a large amount for the Neilsons' story. Six years later, in an interview with ''[[The Sunday People]]'', Irene Neilson said that she doubted she would have been jailed had she not been Neilson's wife. She said everyone had wanted blood after her husband's trial. Ultimately, she served eight months before being released with full remission for good behavior.{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}} ===2008 appeal for Neilson=== Following subsequent legal judgements in various other cases, and the implications of European Union Human Rights laws, Neilson was repeatedly confirmed to be on the [[Home Office]]'s list of prisoners with whole-life tariffs. A succession of [[Home Secretaries]] ruled that life should mean life for Neilson. In 2008, Neilson applied to the [[High Court of Justice|High Court]] to have his minimum term reverted to 30 years. On 12 June 2008, Mr. Justice Teare upheld the whole-life tariff and imparted:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=Black Panther 'to die in prison'|url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/england/7450402.stm|date=12 June 2008|access-date=12 June 2008|publisher=BBC News}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{cquote|This is a case where the gravity of the applicant's offences justifies a whole life order. The manner in which the young girl was killed demonstrates that it too involved a substantial degree of premeditation or planning. It also involved the abduction of the young girl. The location and manner of Lesley Whittle's death indicates that she must have been subjected by the applicant to a dreadful and horrific ordeal.}} ==Death== In the early hours of 17 December 2011, Neilson was taken from [[Norwich (HM Prison)|Norwich Prison]] to [[Norfolk and Norwich University Hospital]] with breathing difficulties. He died the next day, aged 75.&lt;ref name=&quot;bbc death&quot;/&gt; ==In popular culture== Neilson’s life and crimes were portrayed in the 1977 film ''[[The Black Panther (1977 film)|The Black Panther]]'', starring [[Donald Sumpter]] as Neilson. The BFI Flipside released the film as a combined DVD and Blu-ray package in 2012. A fictionalized account of the Whittle kidnapping and Neilson's trial forms the basis of [[Adam Mars-Jones]]'s short-story &quot;Bathpool Park&quot;, which attempted to show how the court and judge had &quot;missed the point&quot;.&lt;!-- In what way? --&gt; Mars-Jones's father, Sir [[William Mars-Jones]], presided over the trial, and Adam Mars-Jones served as his father's marshal.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Wroe |first=Nicholas |title=Adam Mars-Jones: 'When you're writing about the dead, you have the last word' |url=https://www.theguardian.com/books/2015/aug/22/adam-mars-jones-books-interview |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=22 August 2015 |access-date=19 January 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; A television documentary titled ''The Abduction of Lesley Whittle'' explores her abduction and murder by Neilson, and was aired on UK television by Channel 5 on 11 October 2021.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |last=Finnis |first=Alex |title=What happened to Lesley Whittle? Channel 5 documentary explores her abduction and murder by Donald Neilson |url=https://inews.co.uk/culture/television/lesley-whittle-what-happened-donald-neilson-abduction-murder-channel-5-documentary-tonight-1243298 |newspaper=[[Inews.co.uk]] |date=11 October 2021 |access-date=12 October 2021}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==References== {{reflist}} ==Further reading== *{{cite news |title=Heiress Lesley Whittle kidnapped |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/onthisday/hi/dates/stories/january/14/newsid_2530000/2530669.stm |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=14 January 2008}} *{{cite web |title=REMEMBER... The night they caught the Black Panther |url=https://www.chad.co.uk/news/remember-the-night-they-caught-the-black-panther-1216404 |publisher=Chad |date=25 August 2016| access-date=6 May 2024}} *{{cite book |last=Boda |first=Shari-Jayne |title=Real crime: Four crimes that shocked a nation |publisher=[[Granada plc|Granada]] |location=London |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-233-00002-2}} *{{cite book |last=Mars-Jones |first=Adam |author-link=Adam Mars-Jones |chapter=Bathpool Park |title=Lantern Lecture |publisher=[[Faber and Faber]] |location=London |year=1981 |isbn=978-0-571-11813-7}} * Valentine, Steven (1976). ''The Black Panther story''. London: New English Library 450 03099 7 ==External links== *[https://web.archive.org/web/20070824200814/http://www.crimeandinvestigation.co.uk/famous_criminal/15/home/1/Donald_Neilson_The_Black_Panther.htm Crime &amp; Investigation Network feature] *[http://news.bbc.co.uk/local/shropshire/hi/people_and_places/history/newsid_8516000/8516944.stm &quot;Audio slideshow: Lesley Whittle remembered &quot;], BBC Shropshire website {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Neilson, Donald}} [[Category:1936 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:Military personnel from Bradford]] [[Category:20th-century British Army personnel]] [[Category:20th-century English criminals]] [[Category:British people convicted of burglary]] [[Category:British people convicted of kidnapping]] [[Category:British people who died in prison custody]] [[Category:British robbers]] [[Category:Criminals from Yorkshire]] [[Category:Deaths from motor neuron disease in England]] [[Category:English male criminals]] [[Category:English murderers of children]] [[Category:English people convicted of murder]] [[Category:English prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment]] [[Category:King's Own Yorkshire Light Infantry soldiers]] [[Category:People convicted of murder by England and Wales]] [[Category:Prisoners sentenced to life imprisonment by England and Wales]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_School_of_Creative_Leadership&diff=1265338708</id> <title>Berlin School of Creative Leadership</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Berlin_School_of_Creative_Leadership&diff=1265338708"/> <updated>2024-12-26T11:45:50Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Removed promotional content <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Business school in Charlottenburg, Berlin}} {{Multiple issues| {{more citations needed|date=September 2011}} {{peacock|date=September 2011}} {{one source|date=September 2011}} {{advert|date=September 2011}} }} {{Infobox university | name = Berlin School of Creative Leadership | native_name = | native_name_lang = | image = BerlinSchoolOfCreativeLeadership2018.png | image_size = | image_alt = | caption = | latin_name = | motto = Inspire. Implement. Excel. | motto_lang = | mottoeng = To turn great creative minds into great creative leaders. | established = 2006 | closed = &lt;!-- {{end date|YYYY}} --&gt; | type = Business school | parent = [[Steinbeis-Hochschule Berlin]] | affiliation = | academic_affiliation = | endowment = | budget = | rector = | officer_in_charge = | chairman = | chairperson = | chancellor = | president = Prof. Dr. Jürgen Abendschein | vice-president = | superintendent = | provost = | vice_chancellor = | principal = | dean = | director = | head_label = | head = | academic_staff = | administrative_staff = | students = | undergrad = | postgrad = | doctoral = | other = | address = &lt;!-- Please discuss before using --&gt; | city = [[Berlin]] | state = | province = | country = | coordinates = &lt;!-- {{Coord}} --&gt; | campus = | language = English | free_label = | free = | athletics = | colors = &lt;!--or, colours= --&gt; | sports = | mascot = &lt;!--or, mascots= --&gt; | sporting_affiliations = | website = https://www.berlin-school.com | logo = | footnotes = | other_name = &lt;!--or, other_names--&gt; | former_name = &lt;!--or, former_names--&gt; | founder = | religious_affiliation = | postcode = &lt;!--or, postalcode or zipcode--&gt; | athletics_nickname = &lt;!--or, sports_nickname= --&gt; | logo_size = }} '''The Berlin School of Creative Leadership''' is an international business school headquartered in [[Charlottenburg]], [[Berlin]]. The school was founded in 2006, and offers two primary streams of learning: * Global Executive MBA in Creative Leadership Program and * Catalogue of non-degree executive education programs == History == The Berlin School of Creative Leadership, founded in 2009, is an institution focused on providing leadership education for creative professionals. It offers programs aimed at leadership development in advertising, media, and the arts. The school offers executive education programs, including a Global Executive MBA in Creative Leadership, which integrates business skills with creative thinking. Located in Berlin, a hub for creativity and entrepreneurship, The school’s programs combine theoretical and practical approaches and are attended by professionals from various countries. It focuses on fostering collaboration, encouraging innovation, and developing leadership skills. Executives and academics from the creative industries established the Berlin School of Creative Leadership in 2006. The Art Directors Club Germany (ADC) and the Steinbeis School of Management and Innovation (SMI) collaborated to establish the school. SMI is a branch of Germany's oldest and largest private business school, [[Steinbeis-Hochschule Berlin|Steinbeis-Hochschule]] (Steinbeis University, Berlin), which functions as a global academic network of 1,000 affiliated institutes in the fields of consultancy, research, development, and education. The Berlin School's Executive MBA in Creative Leadership is internationally recognized and accredited by the [[Foundation for International Business Administration Accreditation]] (FIBAA). Since its founding, the Berlin School of Creative Leadership has offered a part-time global Executive MBA and Executive Education programs designed for professionals in the creative industries. Programs are taught in the English language,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=A NON-TRADITIONAL MBA FOR CREATIVE MINDS |url=https://berlin-school.com/executive-mba/ |website=Berlin School of Creative Leadership |access-date=21 November 2024}}&lt;/ref&gt; with participants and alumni coming from over 60 countries. Initially, the school's focus was on the advertising industry.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite news |title=Taktgeber und Visionäre: 35 Top-Entscheider aus Werbung, Marketing und Medien |url=https://www.horizont.net/marketing/nachrichten/taktgeber-und-visionaere-35-top-entscheider-aus-werbung-marketing-und-medien-169928 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181101015337/https://www.horizont.net/marketing/nachrichten/taktgeber-und-visionaere-35-top-entscheider-aus-werbung-marketing-und-medien-169928 |archive-date=2018-11-01 |access-date=2018-10-31 |work=www.horizont.net |language=de}}&lt;/ref&gt; This has since diversified to include all areas of the creative industries, including design, architecture, media and music, as well as executives working outside of this realm, for example in finance, transport, and hospitality. In 2010, the Berlin School launched the first annual Cannes Creative Leadership Programme (CCLP) — a two-week non-degree leadership workshop, held in conjunction with [[Cannes Lions International Festival of Creativity|Cannes Lions]]. In 2014, the school expanded its non-degree catalogue by launching the Executive Education learning stream, featuring workshops, custom programs, and partner programs catering to individuals, organizations and events. ==References== {{Reflist}} {{authority control}} {{coord missing|Berlin}} [[Category:Business schools in Germany]] [[Category:Steinbeis-Hochschule Berlin]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Berlin]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herb_Kawainui_K%C4%81ne&diff=1265337727</id> <title>Herb Kawainui Kāne</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Herb_Kawainui_K%C4%81ne&diff=1265337727"/> <updated>2024-12-26T11:39:26Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Removed some bias <hr /> <div>{{Short description|American Hawaiian artist, historian, and author}} {{Use mdy dates|date=August 2011}} {{peacock|date=February 2024}} {{Infobox person | name = Herb Kawainui Kāne | image = HerbertKane.jpg | alt = | caption = | birth_date = {{birth date |1928|06|21|}} | birth_place = Marshfield, [[Minnesota]], US | death_date = {{death date and age |2011|03|08|1928|06|21|}} | death_place = [[Kona District, Hawaii|South Kona]], Hawai{{okina}}i&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; | alma_mater = [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]] (BA), (MA) | other_names = Herbert Kawainui Kane | known_for = Hawaiian historical and cultural paintings and writings,&lt;br /&gt;[[Polynesian Voyaging Society]] (co-founder),&lt;br /&gt; [[Hōkūleʻa]] (designer) | occupation = Artist, historian, author, architect | television = ''The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey'' (advisor) | boards = Native Hawaiian Culture &amp; Arts Program, Bishop Museum (founding trustee) | awards = [[Charles Reed Bishop Medal]] (1998), [[Living Treasures of Hawai'i]] (1984)&lt;br /&gt; }} '''Herbert Kawainui Kāne''' (June 21, 1928 – March 8, 2011) was an American Hawaiian historian and artist. He is considered one of the principal figures in the [[Hawaiian Renaissance|renaissance of Hawaiian culture]] in the 1970s. His work focused on the seafaring traditions of the ancestral peoples of [[Hawaii|Hawai{{okina}}i]]. Kāne played a key role in demonstrating that Hawaiian culture arose not by accidental seeding of [[Polynesia]], but that Hawai{{okina}}i was reachable by voyaging canoes from [[Tahiti]] that were able to make the journey and return. This offered a far more complex notion of the cultures of the [[Pacific Islands]] than had previously been accepted.&lt;ref name=&quot;Emory&quot;&gt;{{cite journal |last=Emory |first=Kenneth P. |date=December 1974 |title=The Coming of the Polynesians |journal=National Geographic |location=Washington, DC |publisher=National Geographic Society |volume=146 |issue=6 |pages=732–745}}&lt;/ref&gt; He created vivid imagery of Hawaiian culture prior to contact with Europeans, and especially the period of early European influence, that sparked appreciation of a nearly forgotten traditional life. He painted dramatic views of war, exemplified by [[Battle of Nuʻuanu|The Battle of Nuʻuanu]], the potential of conflicts between cultures such as in ''Cook Entering [[Kealakekua Bay]]'', where British ships were dwarfed and surrounded by Hawaiian canoes, as well as bucolic quotidian scenes and lush images of a robust ceremonial and spiritual life, that helped arouse a latent pride among Hawaiians during a time of general cultural awakening.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot;&gt;{{cite news |last1=Kakesako |first1=Gregg K. |last2=Kubota |first2=Gary |date=March 9, 2011 |title=Artist Herb Kane dies at age 82 |url=http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/Artist_Herb_Kane_dies.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110803094825/http://www.staradvertiser.com/news/breaking/Artist_Herb_Kane_dies.html |archive-date=August 3, 2011 |access-date=October 12, 2013 |work=[[Honolulu Star-Advertiser]] |publisher=Honolulu Star-Advertiser |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |df=mdy-all}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Early life and education as an artist== Kāne (kɑh-nay) was born in the community of Marshfield, Minnesota, in the United States. His father (also named Herbert) worked in the family poi business, became a [[paniolo]] (Hawaiian cowboy), and later traveled across the United States with a Hawaiian band. He also served in the Army and Navy and eventually established a practice as a Doctor of Optometry. Kāne’s grandfather immigrated to Waipio Valley from China and, being industrious, built the first poi factory in the Hawaiian Islands, where he cultivated taro and produced poi for the market. Kāne’s mother’s family were farmers of [https://www.wisconsinhistory.org/Records/Article/CS2002#:~:text=Danes%20founded%20one%20of%20the,central%20portions%20of%20the%20state. Danish ancestry in Wisconsin]. Kāne's childhood was divided between Wisconsin and Hawaiʻi. In his book, V''oyagers'', Kāne describes his early awakening to art. In 1935, as a child in Hilo, Hawaii''',''' his mother took him to an art gallery, which was exhibiting of the work of [[D. Howard Hitchcock]]. Kāne writes that he was; ''&quot;stunned, confronted with miracles&quot;'' upon seeing Hitchcock's work and had a brief conversation with him.[3]: 11 Hitchcock, the first Hawaiian-born artist to achieve international recognition, focused on Hawaiian subject matter, especially the volcanic eruptions near Hilo. According to Kāne, in addition to this early exposure to art and his parents' encouragement of his interest in drawing, his most formative experiences in childhood were in Hawaiʻi, where his father and family passed down the traditional folk tales of the islands. Kāne later served in the United States Navy, qualifying for veterans educational benefits under the G.I. Bill. After his discharge, he used these benefits to attend the [[School of the Art Institute of Chicago]], where he earned a [[Bachelor's degree|Bachelor's Degree]] and, in 1953, a Master's degree. Under an arrangement between the two schools at that time, his master’s degree was awarded by the [[University of Chicago]]. ==Early career== [[File:Herb's Chicago Studio.jpg|thumb|Herb at work in his Chicago studio]] Herb had his own advertising studio on Chicago's Michigan Avenue, which is known as &quot;The Magnificent Mile.&quot; He was a very successful designer/illustrator/author. His talents were expansive, working with everything from books and magazines, architectural designs, to commercial television work for Kellogg's and various companies, and more. Kāne said he found advertising work unsatisfying. &quot;The end came when I won a [[Jolly Green Giant]] campaign, and for a year, did drawings and paintings of that big green fairy until I could no longer suffer it.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Kane |first1=Herb Kawainui |title=Voyagers |publisher=Whalesong, Inc. |others=Managing Editors Robert B. Goodman and Lorie Rapkin |year=1991 |isbn=0-9627095-1-4 |editor1-last=Berry |editor1-first=Paul |edition=First |location=Bellevue, Washington |oclc=24562482 |quote=A [[Beyond Words Publishing]] Company Special Edition}}&lt;/ref&gt;{{rp|17}} Kāne had been sailing a racing [[catamaran]] on [[Lake Michigan]], and had begun researching Hawaiian canoes in the library of the University of Chicago and in the [[Field Museum of Natural History]],&lt;ref name=&quot;heckathorn&quot;&gt;{{cite web |last=Heckathorn |first=John |date=June 2011 |title=Herb Kane: The Last Interview |url=http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/June-2011/Herb-Kane-The-Last-Interview/ |access-date=July 8, 2011 |publisher=Honolulu Magazine |location=Honolulu, Hawaii}}&lt;/ref&gt; where in 1961 the museum had installed one of the most extensive collections of artifacts from Pacific Ocean cultures put on view to date.&lt;ref name=&quot;Field&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fieldmuseum.org/explore/our-collections/w-f-fuller-collection|title=A. W. F. Fuller Collection|date=March 2, 2011 |publisher=Field Museum of Natural History|access-date=July 8, 2011|location=Chicago Illinois USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kāne produced a series of fourteen paintings of [[Polynesia]]n canoes in the 1960s, which were purchased in 1969 by the Hawai{{okina}} I State Foundation of Culture and the Arts, then headed by its first director, [[Alfred Preis]], architect of the [[USS Arizona Memorial]] in [[Pearl Harbor]], [[Oahu]], Hawai{{okina}}i.&lt;ref name=&quot;heckathorn&quot; /&gt; Kāne has stated that this purchase made it possible for him to move to Hawai{{okina}} I, where he lived in [[Honolulu]] and continued his study of Polynesian voyaging canoes.&lt;ref name=&quot;icon&quot; /&gt; == The ''Hōkūleʻa'' and its cultural impact == [[File:Herb Working On Hokule'a.jpg|thumb|Kane working on Hōkūleʻa]] In Honolulu, Kāne attracted a group of sailing enthusiasts, including [[University of Hawaii|University of Hawai{{okina}}i]] anthropologist [[Ben Finney]] and Tommy Holmes, author of ''The Hawaiian Canoe''. Together they founded the [[Polynesian Voyaging Society]] and began work on the ''[[Hōkūleʻa]]'', a voyaging canoe based on historical Polynesian design, capable of sailing between Hawai{{okina}}i and [[Tahiti]].&lt;ref name=&quot;icon&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/May-June-2011/Portrait-of-an-Icon |title=Portrait of an Icon |last=von Buol |first=Peter |date=May–June 2011 |publisher=Maui Magazine |access-date=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110707122230/http://www.mauimagazine.net/Maui-Magazine/May-June-2011/Portrait-of-an-Icon/ |archive-date=July 7, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Their purpose was to prove that ancestral Polynesian voyagers could have purposely navigated in vessels of similar type to settle Hawai{{okina}}i.&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www2.hawaii.edu/~adamson/vol43a1.html|title=The Polynesian Voyaging Society and Voyages of the Hōkūleʻa Collection in the Kanehameha School/Bishop Estate Archives|last=Zisk|first=Janet M.|publisher=University of Hawaii|access-date=July 8, 2011|location=Honolulu, Hawaii}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kāne has said his goal was also to spur a revival of cultural identity among Hawaiians and peoples of the Pacific islands. He wrote that in 1973 he, with a number of others at the time, realized that &quot;if a voyaging canoe were built and sailed today, it would function as a cultural catalyst and inspire the revival of almost-forgotten aspects of Hawaiian life.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui|date=April 1976|title=A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past|journal=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, DC|volume=149|issue=4|page=476}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[File:Hokulea at Kailua cropped.jpg|thumb|right|''Hōkūleʻa'' at [[Kailua, Honolulu County, Hawaii#Beach|Kailua Beach]], May 1&amp;nbsp;2005]] &lt;blockquote&gt; &quot;What intrigued me was to see, if by building this canoe and putting it to active use and taking it out on a cruise throughout the Hawaiian islands, introducing it to the Hawaiian people, training Hawaiians to sail it, if this would not stimulate shock waves or ripple effect throughout the culture- in music and dance and the crafts. And we know it did.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;coffee&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.coffeetimes.com/herbkane.html|title=Herb Kane Artist And Historian|last=Harden|first=M.V.|publisher=LBD Coffee LLC dba Coffee Times|access-date=July 8, 2011|location=Kapaa, Hawaii}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;/blockquote&gt; Kāne designed and named the ''Hōkūleʻa'', which was launched on March 8, 1975.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; Technically, the craft was a performance-accurate full-scale replica of a ''wa{{okina}}a kaulua,''&lt;ref name=&quot;Chun&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Chun |first1=Naomi N.Y. |others=illustrated by Robin Y. Burningham |title=Hawaiian Canoe-Building Traditions |edition=Revised |year=1995 |orig-year=1988 |publisher=[[Kamehameha Schools Press]] |location=Honolulu, HI |language=en-US, haw |isbn=0-87336-043-5 |oclc=35262569 |pages=57–62 |chapter=Types of Canoes |chapter-url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/collect/hcbt/index/assoc/D0.dir/doc75.pdf |access-date=2013-10-12 |via=The Hawaiian Electronic Library}}&lt;/ref&gt; a Polynesian double-hulled voyaging canoe. The name ''Hōkūleʻa'' came to Kāne in a dream, he has said.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt;{{rp|155 note 4}}&lt;ref name=&quot;archive&quot;/&gt; It is the Hawaiian term for the star [[Arcturus]], which is of critical importance to celestial navigation in the Pacific, and the [[zenith]] star of the Hawaiian Islands.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt;{{rp|32}} He served as the skipper for two years as the canoe sailed trial cruises among the Hawaiian Islands to attract crew and support for its maiden international voyage.&lt;ref name=&quot;heckathorn&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot;/&gt; Kāne's role in the creation and promotion of the ''Hōkūleʻa'' helped restore pride to the peoples of the Pacific, and his paintings of traditional Hawaiian scenes and historical events have helped restore lost identity and, in the words of the President of School of the Art Institute of Chicago, Tony Jones, &quot;rewritten the history of the Pacific.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/hawaii_today/2008/5/20/Chicago_honors_Hawaii_artist_Herb_Kane|title=Chicago honors Hawaii artist Herb Kane|last=von Buol|first=Peter|date=May 20, 2008|work=Hawaii Magazine|access-date=July 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kāne's colleague, [[Nainoa Thompson]], navigator of the ''Hōkūleʻa'', says Kāne was &quot;the visionary, the dreamer, and he was the architect and the engineer. He's the one that carried the burden of building, and constructing, and sailing Hōkūleʻa.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;khon2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.khon2.com/news/local/story/Herb-Kane-remembered-as-more-than-just-an-artist/H8oIboMJxkegt8j9gKTYbw.cspx?rss=1803 |title=Herb Kane remembered as more than just an artist |last=Cunningham |first=Jai |date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=KHON-TV |access-date=July 8, 2011 |location=Honolulu, Hawaii |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120403005919/http://www.khon2.com/news/local/story/Herb-Kane-remembered-as-more-than-just-an-artist/H8oIboMJxkegt8j9gKTYbw.cspx?rss=1803 |archive-date=April 3, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Elsewhere, Thompson told an interviewer, &quot;When you look at Herb's legacy, it is transforming Hawai{{okina}}i's society because he brought pride and culture and inspiration back, through the canoe....He is the father of the Hawaiian Renaissance.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;reflects&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/14227289/remembering-herb-kane-nainoa-thompson|title=Nainoa Thompson reflects on Herb Kane's legacy|date=Mar 10, 2011|publisher=WorldNow and KHNL/KGMB|access-date=July 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kāne died on March 8, 2011, the 36th anniversary of the launch of the ''Hōkūleʻa''.&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; ==Art works== [[File:Herb Kawainui Kane - 'Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, January 1779'.JPG|thumb|left|400px|''Cook Entering Kealakekua Bay, January 1779'', oil on canvas painting by Herb Kawainui Kane, 1994, [[Isaacs Art Center]]]] [[Daniel Inouye]], United States Senator from Hawai{{okina}}i, has been quoted as saying, &quot;When you saw a Herb Kāne painting, you were energized and motivated to learn about the past. ...His artwork captured both ancient and modern-day Hawai{{okina}}i and helped preserve Hawai{{okina}}i's unique culture for future generations.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; Kāne became one of the most respected figurative painters in Hawai{{okina}}i, with major works on view at the [[Bishop Museum]], the largest museum in the state and the premier natural and cultural history institution in the Pacific.&lt;ref name=&quot;Bishop&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bishopmuseum.org/aboutus/aboutus.html |title=About Us |publisher=The Bishop Museum |access-date=July 8, 2011 |location=Hololulu HI |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629000806/http://www.bishopmuseum.org/aboutus/aboutus.html |archive-date=June 29, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; His work has been exhibited at [[Hawai{{okina}}i Volcanoes National Park]],&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; [[Pu{{okina}}ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site]], and in the [[Hawaii State Capitol|Hawai{{okina}}i State Capitol]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt;{{rp|20}} His paintings of Polynesian sailing have been widely reproduced, appearing as illustrations in books and articles. Among the first of these was a series of seven paintings commissioned by ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic Magazine]]'' and published in the December 1974 issue.&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo74&quot;&gt;{{cite journal|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui|date=December 1974|title=The Pathfinders|journal=National Geographic Magazine|publisher=National Geographic Society|location=Washington, DC|volume=146|issue=6|pages=756–769}}&lt;/ref&gt; His art is characterized by an emphasis on realistic and precise draftsmanship when depicting historical scenes, such as his series of voyaging canoe paintings and many other paintings of battles, everyday domestic life, and ceremonial occasions, which are extensively researched.&lt;ref name=&quot;Mendoza&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/14218899/artist-author-herb-kane-dies-at-82?redirected=true|title=Artist, author Herb Kane dies at 82|last=Mendoza|first=Jim|date=Mar 9, 2011|publisher=Hawaii News Now|access-date=July 8, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; When Kāne turned his imagination to the legends of old Hawai{{okina}} I and the spiritual and mythological side of the Hawaiian culture, his work was more expressionistic, with bold brushwork and vivid colors. His expressionistic style is seen in his painting ''Pele, Goddess of the Volcano'' for the [[Thomas A. Jaggar Museum|Jaggar Museum]] at [[Kīlauea]], which depicts the supernatural figure with literal fire in her eyes and flowing lava as her hair.&lt;ref name=&quot;pele&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui |title=Pele: Goddess of Hawaii's Volcanoes|year=1996|orig-year=1987|edition=Revised|publisher=Kawainui Press|isbn=0-943357-01-2|oclc=40653214|location=Captain Cook, HI}}&lt;/ref&gt; Herb is well known on so many different levels. Most of Herb's art was heavily researched, making sure that everything was historically accurate, even when it came to the weather and cloud coverage at that time in history. He had contacts in Washington, DC, and all around the globe who helped him achieve accuracy in his research. His art was not made by someone simply reaching into the imagination. It was created by an achievement of tireless research and this all adds to the value of his paintings. Herb was the first person to accurately paint European ships and more. After heavy research in the Maritime Museum in London, Herb uncovered ship plans that they never even knew they had! He used these for some of his paintings. Herb also designed some large, magnificently woven tapestries that had the breathtaking beauty of his paintings.{{By whom|date=October 2013}} ===Site-specific works=== Kāne's paintings include several very large canvasses or murals for hotel lobbies and similar public and commercial spaces.&lt;ref name=&quot;Beloved&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bigislandnewscenter.com/beloved-icon-herb-kane-dies |title=Beloved Icon Herb Kane Dies |last=Bracken |first=Sherry |date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=Big Island News Center |access-date=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328044931/http://www.bigislandnewscenter.com/beloved-icon-herb-kane-dies/ |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; His 1973 mural, made of wool, titled ''Opening of the Pacific to Man'', was designed for a space above the entrance to the Pacific Trade Center, on Alakea and King Streets in central Honolulu. It measures {{convert|11|ft|m|adj=mid|}} high and {{convert|43|ft|m|adj=mid|}} wide, and offers views of several voyaging canoes and a central monumental male figure holding a paddle. In the corner of the mural is a representation of the wayfarer's chart, traditionally made of shells and sticks, in which islands and ocean swell patterns are encoded to assist the training of a navigator.&lt;ref name=&quot;Radford&quot;&gt;{{cite book|first1=Georgia |last1=Radford |first2=Warren |last2=Radford|others=photographs by Rick Golt|title=Sculpture in the Sun: Hawaii's Art for Open Spaces|year=1978|publisher=[[University Press of Hawaii]]|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn= 0-8248-0526-7|oclc=4005107|page=211}}&lt;/ref&gt; As a design consultant, Kāne worked on resorts and visitor centers in Hawai{{okina}}i and the South Pacific, as well as a cultural center in [[Fiji]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; Kāne was commissioned by the National Park Service in 1976 to paint &quot;Keoua's Arrival&quot;, which is on permanent display in the Visitor Center at [[Pu{{okina}}ukoholā Heiau National Historic Site]].&lt;ref name=&quot;keoua&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://pacificislandparks.com/2011/03/09/a-treasure-of-hawaii-passes-on/|title=A Treasure of Hawaii Passes Away|last=Cunningham|first=Gregory|date=March 9, 2011|publisher=National Parks of the Pacific|access-date=July 23, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Several of his large canvasses are on permanent view at the Outrigger Hotel in [[Waikiki]] in Honolulu, where the management dedicated the area as a permanent tribute to Kāne.&lt;ref name=hotel&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/hawaii_today/2011/6/27/Hawaii_Big+Island_Waikiki_Herb+Kane |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110701225744/http://www.hawaiimagazine.com/blogs/hawaii_today/2011/6/27/Hawaii_Big+Island_Waikiki_Herb+Kane |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 1, 2011 |title=Hotel dedicates tribute area to memory of renowned Hawaii artist-historian Herb Kane |last=O'Connell |first=Maureen |date=Jun 27, 2011 |work=Hawaii Magazine |access-date=July 8, 2011 }}&lt;/ref&gt; One 1973 site-specific mural, painted on a custom-designed wall as part of a history center under construction (and never completed) at [[Punaluu Beach|Punalu{{okina}}u Beach]], twice gained notoriety. The historical mural, titled ''Ancient Punaluu, Hawai{{okina}}i Island'' measured {{convert|24|ft|m|adj=mid|}} wide by {{convert|10|ft|m|adj=mid| }} high. According to a news report, &quot;The mural shows ali{{okina}}i, warriors and commoners on the black sandbar, which separates Punalu{{okina}}u Bay from a pond where springs provide fresh water immediately behind the beach.....A ceiling of thatch gave the feeling of being inside an old Hawaiian shelter and the thatch hid lighting, which gave a natural, daylight look to the mural. Pebbles and sand at the base of the painting met real pebbles and sand on the floor of the history center.&quot;&lt;ref name=stolenart&gt;{{cite news |url= http://archives.starbulletin.com/2005/07/20/news/story5.html |title= Isle masterpiece stolen: Thieves carve up and haul away a Herb Kane mural depicting life in early Hawaii |newspaper=[[Honolulu Star-Bulletin]] |author=Rod Thompson |date= July 20, 2005 |access-date=November 14, 2010 }}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Image:Ancient Punaluu, Hawai{{okina}}i Island by Herb Kane.jpg|thumb|right|Installation photo of ''Ancient Punaluu, Hawai{{okina}}i Island'' by Herb Kāne]] In 1975 the mural survived a tsunami that destroyed the interior of the building. According to Kāne's account on his personal blog, quoting eyewitnesses, the wave pushed all the displays out the far side of the room and left a mud line three or four feet high on the wall—except on the mural, which was dry and undamaged.&lt;ref name=&quot;blog1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://herbkane.wordpress.com |title=Painting in Public |last=Kane |first=Herb Kauainui |access-date=July 8, 2011 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628080019/http://herbkane.wordpress.com/ |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Then in 2005 the mural was stolen from the site, which was vacant and unfinished. Thieves are believed to have cut out the wall in five sections using a circular saw powered by a portable generator, and in this way stole the painting, which has never been recovered.&lt;ref name=stolenart /&gt; Kāne responded by recreating a version of the mural in oil paint on canvas, saying, &quot;Now all the thieves have is a preliminary sketch. Vengeance is mine.&quot;&lt;ref name=&quot;heckathorn&quot; /&gt; ===Stamps=== Kāne has designed seven postage stamps for the [[U.S. Postal Service]] including stamps commemorating each of the 25th and the 50th anniversaries of Hawaiian statehood. His 1984 stamp for the 25th anniversary of Hawaiian statehood depicts a double-hulled voyaging canoe, a [[Pacific golden plover]] (a migratory bird which winters in Hawai{{okina}}i), and a volcano erupting on the flank of [[Mauna Loa]], on the Big Island of Hawai{{okina}}i.&lt;ref name=&quot;arago493&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://arago.si.edu/index.asp?con=1&amp;cmd=1&amp;tid=2038696|title=Hawaii: the 50th State|publisher=[[National Postal Museum|Smithsonian Institution National Postal Museum]]|location=Washington, DC|access-date=October 12, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; On the day of its release, sales of this stamp set a new record for the U.S. Postal Service.{{Citation needed|reason=reliable source needed for this sentence|date=October 2013}} His 2009 stamp for the State's 50th anniversary depicts a person surfing and people paddling a traditional [[outrigger canoe]], all riding the same wave.&lt;ref name=&quot;usps2008&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://about.usps.com/postal-bulletin/2009/pb22263/pdf/pb22263.pdf|title=Stamp Announcement 09-40: Hawai'i Statehood, postal bulletin 22263 (7-16-09)|date=July 16, 2009|publisher=United States Postal Service|access-date=August 1, 2011|location=Washington, DC}}&lt;/ref&gt; This stamp engendered some controversy, as Kāne was highly critical of the typography in the final design, which he felt mistakenly substituted an [[apostrophe]] for the symbol that signals a glottal stop in the word Hawai{{okina}}i and is known by the term ''[[{{okina}}okina]].''&lt;ref name=&quot;sickens&quot;&gt;{{cite news|url=http://archives.starbulletin.com/content/20090721_Typo_on_stamp_sickens_designer|title=Typo on stamp sickens designer|last=Burlingame|first=Burl|date=July 21, 2009|work=Star Bulletin|access-date=July 10, 2011|location=Honolulu HI}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;critical&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uspsstamps.com/stories/critical-diacritical|title=The Critical Diacritical|publisher=[[United States Postal Service]]|access-date=2013-10-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also designed postage stamps for several Pacific island nations, including [[French Polynesia]], the [[Federated States of Micronesia]], as well as the [[Republic of the Marshall Islands]].&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistStar&quot; /&gt; ===Three-dimensional art=== Although best known for his paintings, Kāne also produced a limited-edition bronze sculpture and other three-dimensional works&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt;{{rp|14, 43}} besides the Hōkūleʻa, which has been called his moving sculpture.&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot; /&gt; His monumental bronze figure, ''The Young Kamehameha'' stands in Wailea, Maui.&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt;{{rp|122}} ===Last commission=== Kāne's last commissioned work was for the [[Royal Hawaiian Hotel]], a wall-sized painting of Kamehameha I's landing in Oahu. His health declined and he passed before the work could be completed; however, he had left instructions that, should he die before the work was finished, he wished [[Brook Kapūkuniahi Parker]] to complete the work. Eventually, the hotel decided to display the work unfinished.&lt;ref name=&quot;urlFaces of the Ancestors&quot;&gt;{{cite web| url = https://hanahou.com/20.3/faces-of-the-ancestors| title = Faces of the Ancestors| author = Catharine Lo Griffin| authorlink = | date = 2021| format = | publisher = ana Hou! Magazine| accessdate = 2021-04-04}}{{Dead link|date=August 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Publications== Kāne communicated his message of the importance of Hawaiian culture and its origins, in print (as author, publisher, and illustrator) and television. Kāne is the author of several books, including: : ''Canoes of Polynesia'' (1974) (portfolio of 12 lithographs with accompanying booklet)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui|title=Canoes of Polynesia|year=1974|publisher=Island Heritage House|location=Honolulu}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''Voyage, the Discovery of Hawai{{okina}}i'' (1976)&lt;ref name=&quot;Discovery book&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui|title=Voyage, The Discovery of Hawai{{okina}}i|year=1976|editor1-first=William|editor1-last=Knowlton|location=Honolulu, HI|publisher=Island Heritage Limited|isbn=978-0-89610-031-2|oclc=779104754}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''A Canoe Helps Hawaii Recapture Her Past'' in ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic Magazine]]'', April, 1976&lt;ref name=&quot;NatGeo&quot; /&gt; : ''[[Pele (mythology)|Pele]]'', ''Goddess of Volcanoes'' (1987)&lt;ref name=&quot;pele&quot;/&gt; : ''Voyagers'' (1991, 2nd edition 2006)&lt;ref name=&quot;Voyagers&quot;/&gt; : ''Ancient Hawai{{okina}}i'' (1997)&lt;ref name=&quot;Ancient Hawaii&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Kane|first=Herb Kawainui|title=Ancient Hawai{{okina}}i |year=1997|location=Captain Cook, HI|publisher=Kawainui Press|isbn=978-0-943357-02-7|oclc=40050123}}&lt;/ref&gt; Kāne is illustrator of: : ''The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to [[Kamehameha the Great]]''&lt;ref name=&quot;Life and Times of John Young&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Cahill|first=Emmett |editor1-first=Virginia|editor1-last=Wageman|title=The Life and Times of John Young: Confidant and Advisor to Kamehameha the Great|year=1999|location=Honolulu, HI|publisher=Island Heritage|isbn=978-0-89610-449-5|oclc=42656570|others=Herb Kawainui Kāne, illustrator}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story''&lt;ref name=&quot;Power of the Stone&quot;&gt;{{cite book|last=Nunes |first= Shiho S. |title=The Power of the Stone: A Hawaiian Ghost Story|edition=Paperback|series=Adventures in Hawaii|year=2001|location=Honolulu, HI|publisher=Island Heritage|isbn=978-0-89610-283-5|others=Herb Kawainui Kāne, illustrator|oclc=50471390}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''Christmas Time with [[Eddie Kamae]] and the [[Sons of Hawaii|Sons of Hawai{{okina}}i]]'' (1977 album cover: Hawaii Sons HS-4004)&lt;ref name=&quot;album&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.dancingcat.com/notes/08022-38037-2.php|title=Liner Notes, Various Artists|last=Kamakahi|first=Rev. Dennis|work=KI HO'ALU CHRISTMAS Set one, song 7|publisher=Dancing Cat|access-date=July 19, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''Voyagers, The First Hawaiians'' (film directed and scored by Paul Csige, based on the 1976 book ''Voyage, The Discovery of Hawaii'' by Herb Kāne)&lt;ref name=&quot;DVD&quot;&gt;{{cite AV media|url=http://www.voyagersthemovie.com/|title=Voyagers, the first Hawaiians|people=Csige, Paul, Director; Mecca, Lorraine, Producer; in association with Herb Kawainui Kane|publisher=Guiding Star Pictures|year=2009|location=Kamuela, HI|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110908021714/http://www.voyagersthemovie.com/|archive-date=September 8, 2011|url-status=dead|format=DVD|asin=B002O8X08U|isbn=9781603650052|oclc=459797447|df=mdy-all}} Available as {{closed access}} {{cite AV media|url=https://www.amazon.com/dp/B003JR4CFA|title=instant video at Amazon}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Csigne&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://paulcsige.com/films/voyagers.html |title=Voyagers: The First Hawaiians a feature film by Paul Csige |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328110758/http://paulcsige.com/films/voyagers.html |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;premiere&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.voyagersthemovie.com/about.php |title=Voyagers The Movie, World Premier May 30, 2009 |access-date=August 2, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120328110810/http://www.voyagersthemovie.com/about.php |archive-date=March 28, 2012 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; Online interviews include: : ''Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation (The Offering)''&lt;ref name=&quot;neverlost&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.exploratorium.edu/neverlost/#/voyage/stories|title=Never Lost: Polynesian Navigation:Talking Story: The Offering|publisher=Exploratorium the museum of science, art and human perception|access-date=July 11, 2011|location=San Francisco, California USA}}&lt;/ref&gt; : ''Ask the Experts: Herb Kawainui Kāne (The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey)''&lt;ref name=&quot;WayfindersExpertsPBS&quot; /&gt; Kāne served as a member of the advisory panel for the 1998 independent film, ''The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey'', which was broadcast widely on television stations including those of the U.S. Public Broadcasting System.&lt;ref name=&quot;WayfindersExpertsPBS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/ask.html |title=The Wayfinders: A Pacific Odyssey: Ask the Experts: Herb Kawainui Kane |others=David Neiman, Producer; Gail Evenari, Producer; Jennifer Belcher |publisher=[[PBS]] |location=Arlington, VA |access-date=October 12, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110628230701/http://www.pbs.org/wayfinders/ask.html |archive-date=June 28, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Honors== :* 1984—Named a ''Living Treasure of Hawai{{okina}}i'' by the Honpa Hongwanji Mission of Honolulu&lt;ref name=&quot;Native American lists&quot;&gt;{{cite book |last1=Hirschfelder |first1=Arlene B |last2=Molin |first2=Paulette Fairbanks |title=The extraordinary book of Native American lists |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NKvZNzrK1ksC&amp;pg=PA493 |access-date=2013-10-16 |year=2012 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |location=Lanham, MD |isbn=9780810877108 |oclc=794706782 |page=493}}&lt;/ref&gt; :* 1987 —One of 16 chosen as ''Po{{okina}}okela'' (Champion) for the Year of the Hawaiian Celebration&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistHist&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/03/09/artist-historian-and-author-herb-kane-1928-2011 |title=Artist, historian and author Herb Kane dies (1928–2011) |last=Stanton |first=Karin |date=March 9, 2011 |publisher=Hawaii 24/7 |access-date=July 8, 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110811062908/http://www.hawaii247.com/2011/03/09/artist-historian-and-author-herb-kane-1928-2011/ |archive-date=August 11, 2011 |url-status=dead |df=mdy-all }}&lt;/ref&gt; :* 1988–1992 – A founding trustee of the Native Hawaiian Culture &amp; Arts Program, Bishop Museum&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistHist&quot; /&gt; :* 1998 – Awarded Bishop Museum's Charles Reed Bishop Medal&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistHist&quot; /&gt; :* 2002 – Received an award for excellence from The Hawai{{okina}}i Book Publishers Association&lt;ref name=&quot;ArtistHist&quot; /&gt; :* 2008 – Awarded an honorary Doctorate of Fine Arts by the School of the Art Institute of Chicago&lt;ref name=&quot;Chicago&quot; /&gt; ==References== {{reflist|colwidth=30em}} ==External links== *[http://www.hawaiinewsnow.com/story/14227289/remembering-herb-kane-nainoa-thompson Television interview with Nainoa Thompson] *{{cite web |url=http://www.herbkanestudio.com |title=Herb Kāne Studio website |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110722184952/http://www.herbkanestudio.com/ |archive-date=2011-07-22 |url-status=dead}} *[http://www.herbkanehawaii.com/ Herbert K. Kane Family Trust] {{Hawaiian Art}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Kane, Herb Kawainui}} [[Category:1928 births]] [[Category:2011 deaths]] [[Category:People from the Territory of Hawaii]] [[Category:Hawaii (island)]] [[Category:Artists from Hawaii]] [[Category:Historians of Hawaii]] [[Category:Hōkūle{{okina}}a]] [[Category:Native Hawaiian writers]] [[Category:Polynesian navigation]] [[Category:School of the Art Institute of Chicago alumni]] [[Category:University of Chicago alumni]] [[Category:Writers from Hawaii]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suplex&diff=1214141271</id> <title>Suplex</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Suplex&diff=1214141271"/> <updated>2024-03-17T05:24:45Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: I changed WWE to WWF, as it was known as WWF then. (In slingshot suplex) <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Wrestling maneuver}} {{More citations needed|date=January 2007}} A '''suplex''' is an [[Offense (sports)|offensive]] move used in [[Wrestling|sport wrestling]] as well as amateur wrestling and [[professional wrestling]]. It is a throw that involves lifting the opponents and [[Bridge (grappling)|bridging]] or rolling to slam them on their backs. Professional wrestling features many different varieties of suplexes. These are among the most common, but many more exist, particularly as the signature techniques of individual wrestlers. ==Front facelock variants== In these suplexes, the wrestlers begin by facing each other, the attacking wrestler then applies a [[Professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]] to the opponent before executing a throw. In most cases, the opponent is suspended upside-down during part of the move. The most common front facelock suplex is the [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]]. ===Fallaway suplex=== Also known as a reverse suplex or an alley-oop. The wrestler lifts their opponent so that they are seated on the wrestler's shoulders, facing away from them, as in a [[powerbomb]]. The wrestler then falls backwards while throwing the opponent the same way, dropping them down to the mat on their chest. Another version sees the wrestler pick the opponent up on to their shoulders in a powerbomb position and dropping backwards while throwing the opponent so that the opponent flips forward and lands on their neck and upper back. A bridging variant is also available. ====Package fallaway suplex==== This variation of the fallaway suplex sees the wrestler lifting the opponent so that they are seated on the attacking wrestler's shoulders as in a [[powerbomb]]. The wrestler then grabs the opponent's head and forces them into a &quot;package&quot; position. From there the wrestler falls backwards, throwing the opponent over their head, forcing them to land on their upper back and neck. A bridging variation is also possible. This move is used by [[Dragon Lee (wrestler)|Dragon Lee]], [[Kota Ibushi]] (both are calling it the ''Phoenix-Plex'') and it was formerly used by [[Kevin Owens|Kevin Steen]]. ===Fisherman suplex{{anchor|Fisherman's suplex}}=== Also known as a fisherman's suplex or the leg hook suplex, this move has the opponent in a [[professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]] with the near arm draped over the attacker's shoulder; the wrestler hooks the opponent's near leg behind the opponent's knee with their free arm and falls backwards, flipping the opponent onto their back. In most cases, the attacking wrestler will keep the leg hooked and bridge to pin the opponent in a cradle-like position, as in the case of [[Curt Hennig|Mr. Perfect]] and [[Curtis Axel]]'s ''Perfect-plex''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.wwe.com/classics/classic-lists/the-50-coolest-maneuvers-of-all-time/page-45|title=the 50 coolest maneuvers of all time - Perfect-plex|date=2014-02-21|access-date=2014-05-04|publisher=WWE}}&lt;/ref&gt; Other times the wrestler will apply a [[Professional wrestling holds#Leglocks|leglock submission hold]] to the hooked leg. It is used by [[Peyton Royce]] as the ''Venus Flytrap'', as well as [[Penelope Ford]]. ====Swinging fisherman suplex==== More commonly referred to as swinging fisherman neckbreaker, it is a swinging variation of the standard fisherman suplex; this move has a wrestler, with the opponent in a front facelock with the near arm draped over their shoulder, hook the opponent's near leg with their free arm and roll over to the same side of the arm being used to hook the opponent's leg, flipping the opponent over onto their back. This was used by WWE superstar [[Tyson Kidd]] right before his career ended. This move is currently used by [[Tony D'Angelo]] called ''Forget About It''. ===Hammerlock suplex=== In this variation of the suplex, the attacker applies a [[Professional wrestling holds#Hammerlock|hammerlock]] on the opponent before applying a front facelock and positioning the opponent's free arm over the attacker's head. The attacker then lifts up the opponent and falls backwards, dropping the opponent down back first, landing with their trapped arm bent behind their back. [[Junji Hirata]] has innovated this move. ===Slingshot suplex=== The attacker faces a standing opponent with one side of the ring immediately behind the opponent. The attacker applies a front facelock to the opponent, takes hold of the opponent with their free hand, then lifts the opponent until they are nearly vertical. The attacker then falls forward so that the torso of the opponent bounces off the top ring rope, and uses this momentum to quickly lift the opponent overhead once more and fall backwards, driving the back and shoulders of the opponent into the ground. [[Tully Blanchard]] used this maneuver as his finishing hold during his runs in [[Jim Crockett Promotions]] and the [[WWE|WWF]]. ===Suplex slam=== This move is similar to most suplexes and starts with the attacker applying a front face lock to the opponent and draping the opponent's near arm over their shoulder, then lifting the opponent up and holding them in the vertical position. This is where the move differs from most of its counterparts, with the attacker not falling with the opponent, but rather shifting themselves slightly and throwing the opponent to the mat on their back. Sometimes this involves the wrestler turning the opponent in midair and slamming the opponent down to the mat ''in front'' of them onto their back, similar to a high-angled [[Professional wrestling throws#Body slam|body slam]]. The suplex slam can also be used for other suplexes such as the [[#Fisherman suplex|fisherman suplex]] or [[#Gutwrench suplex|gutwrench suplex]]. There is also a sitout version. Also called a suplex [[Professional wrestling throws#Driver|driver]] or a ''Falcon Arrow'', this sees an attacker apply a [[professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]] to the opponent and drape the opponent's near arm over their shoulder. The attacker then takes hold of the opponent's torso with their free arm and lifts the opponent to a vertical position. The facelock is loosened so the opponent can be twisted slightly, then the attacker falls to a sitting position and the victim's back and shoulders are driven into the mat. The opponent lands between the attacker's legs with their head toward them. This variation was innovated by [[Hayabusa (wrestler)|Hayabusa]], and used by [[Damian Priest]] and [[Seth Rollins]] among others, with the former calling the move the ''Broken Arrow''. Another variation sees the wrestler perform a [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]], but instead of twisting the upside down opponent to face them, the wrestler turns 180° to face the opponent before sitting down and driving them back-first between their legs. ====Reverse suplex slam{{anchor|Inverted suplex slam|Front suplex|Gourdbuster}}==== Also called a front drop suplex or a gourdbuster, this move sees the attacker apply a front face lock to the opponent and drape the opponent's near arm over their shoulder. The attacker then lifts the opponent into a vertical position, then falls or kneels forward, driving the opponent's face into the ground. A standing version also exists. It was invented by [[Arn Anderson]] and its kneeling variant was popularized by [[Sgt. Slaughter]]. In the sitout version, the attacker applies a front face lock to the opponent and drapes the opponent's near arm over their shoulder. The attacker then lifts the opponent into a vertical position, and falls into a sit-out position, driving the face of the opponent into the ground. In another variation, the wrestler releases the hold just prior to the sitout position, letting the opponent's own momentum force them down head-first. Used by [[Jeff Hardy]] and [[Jay Briscoe]]. ===Superplex=== &lt;!--&quot;superplex&quot; and &quot;superplexed&quot; redirect here--&gt; [[File:Cesaro superplex.jpg|thumb|[[Cesaro (wrestler)|Cesaro]] performing a superplex on [[Jack Swagger]]]] A superplex (a portmanteau of &quot;[[Professional wrestling aerial techniques#Super|super]]&quot; and &quot;suplex&quot;) refers to any suplex performed by an attacker standing on the second or third rope against an opponent sitting on the top rope or top turnbuckle. The most common suplex used for this top rope move is the standard [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]] variation (known as the suicide-plex), in which the attackers apply a front face lock to the opponent, draping the opponent's near arm over their respective shoulders, at this point the wrestler falls backwards and flips the opponent over them so they both land on their backs. This was invented by the [[Dynamite Kid]] as his finisher. [[Brian Cage]] and [[Cesaro (wrestler)|Cesaro]] version was for them to hoist their opponent from the ring apron. Larger wrestlers that have performed this, such as [[Brock Lesnar]] in 2003 on The [[Big Show]], have broken the ring. ===Tornado suplex=== In a set-up similar to a [[DDT (professional wrestling)#Tornado DDT|tornado DDT]], a wrestler goes to the top rope and applies a front facelock on their opponent from an elevated position, draping the opponent's near arm over their shoulder. The wrestler then jumps forward and swings around, but lands on their feet and performs a suplex on their opponent. ===Vertical suplex=== [[File:Ryze suplex on Hooker.jpg|thumb|right|300px|A wrestler performing a vertical suplex on an opponent]]In a set-up similar to a snap suplex, the attacking wrestler applies a front face lock to the opponent, draping the opponent's near arm over their shoulder, when the opponent is in position they are lifted to an upside-down position before the attacking wrestler falls backwards slamming the opponent's back into the mat. This is also known as a front suplex or simply as a suplex. The delayed variation of a vertical suplex, also known as the hanging suplex, standing suplex or stalling suplex, sees the attacking wrestler holds an opponent in the upside-down position at the peak of the arc for several seconds before completing the maneuver, thereby (in [[kayfabe]]) causing blood to pool into the head of the opponent. This move is a staple of larger and powerful wrestlers as it gives an aura of dominance over their opponents who can do nothing but wait to drop in the suplex. In the WWF, this variant was commonly used first by [[Davey Boy Smith|The British Bulldog]], and then by [[Bobby Lashley]]. The rotating variation of a vertical suplex, also sometimes known as the rotation suplex, rotary suplex, or twisting suplex, sees the attacking wrestler lift the opponent as in a normal vertical suplex, but turn around as they fall back to twist the opponent into the mat. ====Drop suplex==== This variation of a [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]] sees the attacking wrestler lift the opponent as in a normal vertical suplex, but then simply drop them flat to the mat instead of falling backwards with them. The move was first popularized in [[World Championship Wrestling|WCW]] by [[Kevin Nash]], who began to use it instead of a standard suplex to avoid aggravating a back injury. ====Rolling release suplex==== This variation of a [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]], also known as the X-plex as well as the ''[[E. Z. Money#Professional wrestling style and persona|Crash Landing]]'', sees the attacker lift the opponent up with the standard suplex lift, but instead of falling backwards and having the opponent drop down onto their shoulders and back, the attacker turns the opponent and releases them from the [[Professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]] at the apex of the lift. Both the attacker and the opponent fall forward, with the opponent landing on their neck, shoulders, and back. Used by [[Pete Dunne]]. ====Rolling non-release suplex==== Also known as triple rolling verticals, or triple rolling vertical suplexes, this variation of a [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]] sees the attacking wrestler perform a single vertical or [[#Snap suplex|snap]] suplex to the opponent, but the attacking wrestler does not release the hold, instead rolling their legs and body into a standing position to execute a second suplex, then repeats the process for a third suplex. This was popularized by [[WWE]] Hall of Famer [[Eddie Guerrero]], who used this move, calling it the ''Three Amigos''. Many other WWE superstars used this move to pay tribute to him, such as his nephew [[Chavo Guerrero Jr.|Chavo Guerrero]], [[Rey Mysterio]] and [[Seth Rollins]]. ====Running suplex==== This variation is similar to a classic suplex, including the attacking wrestlers beginning with a standard [[Professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]], and then when they starts lifting the opponent, they make a few running steps forward while continuing the suplex rotation, slamming the opponent back-first onto the mat. ====Snap suplex==== [[File:Brie Bella Suplex.jpg|upright|thumb|[[Brie Bella]] setting up a snap suplex on [[Aksana (wrestler)|Aksana]] at [[WrestleMania XXX]]]] This move sees the attacker apply a front face lock to their opponent, draping the opponent's near arm over their shoulder. The attacker stomps down hard and suplexes the opponent stiffly, resulting in a quicker throw. It can also be used to toss them into the turnbuckles. ====Swinging vertical suplex==== This variation of a [[#Vertical suplex|vertical suplex]] sees a wrestler holding their opponent in a front facelock with the near arm draped over their shoulder, lifts the opponent then roll over to one side, flipping the opponent over onto their back. This move is also somewhat similar to a Whiplash Neckbreaker but without the usage of the ring ropes. Used by [[Dustin Rhodes]] as the ''Final Cut'' in [[WWE]] or the ''Final Reckoning'' in [[All Elite Wrestling|AEW]]. === Jumping suplex === Instead of just falling down onto their own back, the attacking wrestler jumps up and uses their momentum to drive the opponent down to the mat back first. ===Underhook suplex{{anchor|Half hatch suplex|Half-hatch suplex}}=== Also known as a half-hatch suplex. It is performed in similar fashion to a [[#Snap suplex|snap suplex]]. The wrestler applies a [[Professional wrestling holds#Front facelock|front facelock]] with one arm, but instead of draping the arm over their shoulders as seen in most suplexes, the attacker [[underhooks]] one of the opponent's arms with their other, placing their hand palm-down on the back of the opponent. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up while bridging backwards, bringing the opponent overhead and onto their back. This can be performed with or without a pinning combination in which the wrestler bridges their back and legs to hold the opponent's shoulders against the mat. It can also be done with a kick for an added snap effect. ==Belly-to-back variants== In these variants, the attacker stands behind their opponent and applies a hold before falling backwards, dropping the opponent on their upper back. The most common belly-to-back variants are the [[#German suplex|German suplex]] and the [[#Belly-to-back suplex|back suplex]]. ===Belly-to-back suplex{{anchor|Belly to back suplex|Back suplex}}=== [[File:Pepper Parks belly-to-back suplex.jpg|thumb|right|upright=1.2|[[Pepper Parks]] (bottom) performing a belly-to-back suplex on RJ City.]] For the belly-to-back suplex, the wrestler stands behind their opponent and puts their head under the arm of the opponent. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up grabbing the waist and thigh of the opponent, so the opponent is on the attacker's shoulder. The attacker finally falls backwards, dropping the opponent flat on their back.&lt;ref name=toa&gt;[http://www.otherarena.com/nCo/finish/finish.html Finishing move list, from TheOtherArena.com]&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=bbowm&gt;[http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/bbbowm/part1.htm Big Book of Wrestling Moves, from DeathValleyDriver.com] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130506000024/http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/bbbowm/part1.htm |date=2013-05-06 }}&lt;/ref&gt; Standing release versions of this move also exist with the attacker dropping the opponent behind them or to the side back first. Another version where the opponent is thrown forwards is called an ''Atomic Throw''. Some wrestlers perform the back suplex into a bridging position, simultaneously arching their own back and legs to elevate themselves, gaining leverage and [[Pinfall (professional wrestling)|pinning]] their opponent. Very popular in [[Mexico]]'s [[Lucha Libre]], where this bridging version is known as a '''Puente Griego''' or Greek Bridge in [[English language|English]]. In 2018, the Colombian referee [[Wilmar Roldan]] announced a campaign to introduce this variant of the suplex to international soccer.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |author=&lt;!--Staff writer(s); no by-line.--&gt; |title=Spostamento di wrestling da introdurre nel calcio internazionale? |trans-title=Wrestling move to be introduced to international soccer? |newspaper=Gazzetta Dello Sport|location=Milan |date=2018-01-22}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since the wrestler taking the move is falling backwards, the potential for injury is significant if it is not performed properly. Japanese wrestler [[Mitsuharu Misawa]] suffered a spinal injury which triggered a fatal cardiac arrest during his last match in 2009 after [[Akitoshi Saito]] gave him the belly-to-back suplex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/content/view/9617/|title=Misawa Passes Away After Backdrop In Hiroshima Match|publisher=Wrestling Observer/Figure Four Online|date=2009-06-13|access-date=2009-08-08}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2009/06/13/9788666.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120716163739/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2009/06/13/9788666.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 16, 2012|title=Japanese legend Mitsuharu Misawa dies in the ring|author=Schramm, Chris|work=Slam! Wrestling|publisher=Canadian Online Explorer|date=2009-06-13|access-date=2009-06-13}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====High-angle belly-to-back suplex==== Also known as a backdrop driver/suplex, the attacking wrestler stands behind their opponent and puts their head under the arm of the opponent. They then lift the opponent up using both of their arms wrapped around the torso of the opponent. The attacker finally falls backwards to drive the opponent to the mat on their neck and shoulders. Used by [[Steve Williams (wrestler)|&quot;Dr. Death&quot; Steve Williams]] and [[Takeshi Morishima]]. ====Leg hook belly-to-back suplex==== Sometimes referred to as a leg lift back suplex or leg lift backdrop, it is applied just as a back suplex would be, except that the wrestler wraps only the near arm or no arm around the torso of their opponent. With the free {{not a typo|arm(s)}}, the wrestler then hoists their opponent's knees or thighs and throws them backwards in that manner. [[William Regal]] uses a bridging version called the ''Regal-plex'' while [[Baron Corbin]] and [[Kevin Owens]] uses a spinning version called the ''Deep Six'' (Corbin) and the ''Sidewinder Suplex'' (Owens). Former indie wrestler [[Human Tornado]] uses a flipping version called the ''DND - Dat Ninja Dead''. A wrist-clutch variation exists used by [[Jushin Liger|Jushin Thunder Liger]] as the Liger-Plex. Another version of this move sees the attacking wrestler, while standing a facing opponent, hooks a near arm under the opponent's near armpit and around their neck with inside of the hand. Then the wrestling uses their far hand to grab the opponent's near leg and lifts if off of the ground. The wrestling then falls backwards throwing the opponent onto their head, neck, and upper back. This move best is used by both [[Drew Gulak]] calling it the ''Southern Lights Suplex'' (sometimes while holding the opponent into a [[Pin (professional wrestling)#Background|bridge]] to attempt to score a [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinfall]]) and [[Joker_(wrestler)|Joker]] as the ''JokerPlex'' respectively. ====Cobra clutch suplex==== The attacker places the opponent in a [[professional wrestling holds#Cobra clutch|cobra clutch hold]]. They then proceed to lift the opponent up and fall backwards, driving the opponent to the mat on their head. ====Crossface chickenwing suplex==== The wrestler stands behind the opponent. They lock one of the opponent's arms in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Chickenwing|chickenwing]], and [[professional wrestling holds#Crossface|wraps their other arm around the opponent's head]]. They then lift the opponent up and falls backwards, driving the opponent on to the top of their head, down to the mat. ====Crotch clutch suplex==== This move involves the attacking wrestler approaching an opponent from behind, reaching down and grasping their crotch with both forearms, with hands together and facing upwards into their groin, and lifting him overhead into a belly-to-back release suplex. The opponent reacts to both the suplex and being grabbed and lifted by their crotch, to humorous effect. ====Dragon suplex{{anchor|Full nelson suplex}}==== Invented by [[Tatsumi Fujinami]], this belly-to-back suplex variation sees the wrestler apply a [[nelson hold#Full nelson|full nelson]] and then bridge their back, lifting the opponent over him and onto their shoulders down to the mat. The wrestler keeps their back arched and the hold applied, [[Pin (professional wrestling)|pinning]] the opponent's shoulders down to the mat. The wrestler may also release the opponent mid-arch, throwing them down to the mat shoulders and neck first, in a variation known as release dragon suplex. ====Electric chair suplex==== Also known as an [[Professional wrestling throws#Electric chair drop|electric chair slam]]. The wrestler lifts the opponent on their shoulders in an [[Professional wrestling holds#Electric chair|electric chair]] sitting position and then bridges their back, slamming the opponent down to the mat shoulder and upper back first. ====German suplex==== [[File:German-suplex-animation.gif|thumb|German suplex animation]] This move sees the wrestler stands behind the opponent, grabs them around their waist, lifts them up, and falls backwards while bridging their back and legs, slamming the opponent down to the mat shoulder and upper back first. The wrestler keeps the waistlock and continues bridging with their back and legs, pinning the opponent's shoulders down against the mat. The regular pinning variation can be referred to as the German suplex pin. The wrestler can also release the opponent in mid arch, which is referred to as a release German suplex. Sometimes, rather than bridging for a pin, the wrestler may roll himself into another position to perform the move again, often referred to as multiple, rolling, or non-release German suplexes, in which the attacking wrestler performs a German suplex, then rolls their legs to get back into a standing position, but does ''not'' let the opponent go to do so. The attacking wrestler then repeats this numerous times, most commonly three, but sometimes up to eight or more. The WWE superstar that uses the maneuver most commonly is [[Brock Lesnar]], although it has also been used by [[Chris Benoit]], [[Kurt Angle]], and others in the past. This move is also called by some color commentators on television as a '''Belly-to-Back Suplex'''. ====Straight jacket suplex{{anchor|X-Plex|X-plex}}==== [[File:Adam Cole straightjacket german suplex.jpg|thumb|[[Adam Cole]] performing straight jacket suplex on [[Kevin Owens|Kevin Steen]]]] The [[Professional wrestling holds#Straight jacket|straight jacket]] suplex or package German suplex has the attacker trapping the opponent's arms while performing a German suplex. Variants such as the cross-arm suplex or X-Plex see the opponent's arms crossed across their chest and held by the attacker. The wrestler then uses the crossed arms as leverage to aid in lifting the opponent up while falling backwards to throw the opponent as in a German suplex. ====Half and half suplex==== This is a suplex variation in which the wrestler, while standing behind the opponent, places one arm in a [[nelson hold#Half nelson|Half nelson]] and the other arm in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Chickenwing|chickenwing]]. The wrestler then proceeds to fall backwards while lifting the opponent overhead in the hold and driving them into the mat behind them. This move is referred to as a half and half suplex as it is a combination of a half nelson suplex and a tiger suplex. The move can be either released or brought into a pin. This variation is often used by [[Sami Zayn]]. ====Half nelson suplex==== This is a version of a [[#German suplex|German suplex]] where the attacker stands behind the opponent, facing the same direction. The attacker uses one hand to apply a [[nelson hold#Half nelson|half nelson]] hold and wraps the other hand around the opponent's waist. The attacker then lifts the opponent up and falls backwards, dropping the opponent on their head, neck, or shoulders. The move can be either released or brought into a pin. ====Pumphandle suplex==== The wrestler stands behind the opponent and bends him forward. One of the opponent's arms is pulled back between their legs and held, while the opponent's other arm is hooked by the attacker maneuvering their arm around in front of the opponent's shoulder (as in a [[professional wrestling holds#Pumphandle|pumphandle]]) and securing it behind the head (a [[nelson hold#Quarter nelson|quarter-nelson]]). The attacker then lifts their opponent up, over their head and falls backwards to slam the opponent against the mat back-first. There are many variations of the pumphandle suplex, including the maintaining of the grip in order to land the opponent on the mat face-first, or inverting the opponent's body position and securing the opponent's free arm using a [[nelson hold#Quarter nelson|half-nelson grip]] instead of the normal quarter-nelson. [[World Wonder Ring Stardom|STARDOM]] wrestler [[Momo Watanabe]] used the pumphandle half-nelson as the ''Peach Sunrise''. AEW commentator and former wrestler [[Excalibur (wrestler)|Excalibur]] also used the move as the ''Galactica Phantom''. ====Sleeper suplex==== The attacker places the opponent in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Sleeper hold|sleeper hold]] and then hooks one of the opponents arms with their free arm. The attacker then lifts the opponent up and falls backwards, driving the opponent on their head. A slight variation sees the attacker apply a [[kata ha jime|half nelson choke]] instead of the sleeper hold before performing the suplex. [[Jay White]] uses this move.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url= http://www.wwe.com/classics/classic-lists/the-50-coolest-maneuvers-of-all-time/page-16 |title=the 50 coolest maneuvers of all time|date=2014-02-21|access-date=2014-03-13|publisher=WWE}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====Katahajime suplex==== The attacker stands behind the opponent, facing the same direction. The wrestler puts one arm in a half nelson and the other hand around the neck in front of the opponent, like in a sleeper. The hand in front of the neck is locked with the other hand at the wrist. With the grip secure, the attacker then lifts the opponent up and falls backwards, dropping the opponent on their head, neck, or shoulders. The move can end in a release or bridging position. This was invented by [[Tazz]] as the ''Tazmission-plex''. ====Three-quarter nelson suplex==== Invented by [[Mitsuharu Misawa]]. The attacker places their opponent in three-quarter nelson before lifting them and falling backwards, dropping them on their head or neck. It is also known as the ''Tiger Suplex '85'', due to its association with an August 1985 match between Mitsuharu Misawa, then working as the second incarnation of [[Tiger Mask (professional wrestling)|Tiger Mask]], and [[Kuniaki Kobayashi]]. ====Tiger suplex {{anchor|Double chickenwing suplex}}==== [[File:Tiger suplex by Tsukushi.JPG|thumb|220px|[[Tsukushi (wrestler)|Tsukushi]] performing a tiger suplex on [[Sendai Sachiko]].]] Innovated by the original [[Tiger Mask (professional wrestling)|Tiger Mask]] ([[Satoru Sayama]]), this move sees the wrestler standing behind their opponent, [[Professional wrestling holds#Double chickenwing|hooks both of the opponent's arms from the sides]], and places their hands palm down flat against the opponent's upper back. The wrestler then lifts the opponent up and falls backwards, arching their back and legs and then slamming the opponent down to the mat shoulder and neck first. Like other suplex variations, this move can either end in a bridging pin or be released upon execution.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://headlockbackdrop.wordpress.com/2010/12/15/12-tiger-suplex/|title=Tiger suplex|date=15 December 2010|access-date=2013-06-06|publisher=Headlocks&amp;Backdrops}}&lt;/ref&gt; A Wrist-Clutch variation was invented by [[Tiger Mask (professional wrestling)|Tiger Mask IV]] ([[Tiger Mask IV|Yoshihiro Yamazaki]]), called ''Tiger Suplex '09,'' because he invented it in 2009. ====Wheelbarrow suplex==== This move is performed when a wrestler wraps a forward-facing opponent's legs around their waist, in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Wheelbarrow|wheelbarrow hold]], from either standing behind an opponent who is laying face-first on the mat or by catching a charging opponent before then applying a waistlock to lift the opponent up off the ground into the air, then the attacking wrestler would continue lifting the opponent over their while falling backwards to hit belly-to-back suplex. ==Belly-to-belly variants== In these suplexes, the wrestlers begin by facing each other. The attacker then applies a bodylock before falling backwards and flipping the opponent onto their back and down on the mat. ===Belly-to-belly suplex{{anchor|Belly to belly suplex}}=== [[File:Bayley performing a Bayley-to-belly suplex on Alexa Bliss.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Bayley (wrestler)|Bayley]] performs a Bayley-to-belly suplex (belly-to-belly suplex) on [[Alexa Bliss]]]] The wrestler wraps their arms around the opponent in a waistlock or a bodylock position and flips them over by violently bridging their own body so the opponent lands on their back. This can be done either overhead or to the side. Used by [[Bayley (wrestler)|Bayley]] as the ''Bayley to Belly''. ====Side belly-to-belly suplex==== For a side belly-to-belly suplex, the attacker usually holds on to the opponent for the duration of the move. ===Overhead belly-to-belly suplex=== For the overhead belly-to-belly suplex, the attacker usually executes an overhead throw and lets go of the opponent. It can also be performed in a &quot;snap&quot; fashion, where the attacker stomps down hard and suplexes the opponent stiffly, resulting in a quicker throw. ====Capture suplex==== The attacker stands facing a standing opponent. The attacker then catches one leg of the opponent and pulls the opponent towards them so that they are face-to-face, with the attacker reaching under the opponent's leg and hooking it. The attacker then uses their free arm to reach behind the neck of the opponent and take hold of them. The attacker then quickly bridges backwards and releases the opponent, throwing them overhead, or turns 180° while slamming the opponent down to the mat. This move can be used to counter a kick. The move is also known as the head and leg suplex, and can be seen as a variation of the head and arm suplex. ====Butterfly suplex{{anchor|Double arm suplex|Butterfly suplex}}==== Also known as double arm suplex, reverse nelson suplex, double axe handle suplex, and double underhook suplex, the wrestler and opponent face each other, the opponent bent forward. The wrestler hooks the opponent's arms back in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Butterfly|Double Underhook]], placing their forearms in the crooks of the opponent's elbows, with their hands on top of the opponent's back in a butcher's grip. The wrestler then lifts the opponent into an upside-down vertical position and falls back, shifting the opponent to one side as the opponent flips over. The wrestler executing the suplex may release the reverse nelson hold during the throw, or can maintain the grip and attempt a bridging pin or submission hold transition upon impact.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wrestling.wonderhowto.com/how-to/do-butterfly-suplex-315172/|title=Double underhook suplex|date=27 March 2010 |access-date=2013-06-06|publisher=WonderHowTo}}&lt;/ref&gt; [[Sara Del Rey]] version was for her to apply a butterfly hold before executing the suplex, dubbed the ''Royal Butterfly''. [[Bryan Danielson]] innovated another variation, where he executed the double underhook suplex, before dropping their opponent's into a [[Professional wrestling holds#Cross armbar|cross armbreaker]], dubbed the ''Danielson Special''. This move was also used by the late wrestlers [[Billy Robinson]] and [[Andre the Giant]]. ====Exploder suplex==== [[File:Shelton Benjamin - T-Bone Suplex.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Shelton Benjamin]] hits a variant of the T-Bone suplex, with a powerslam pin, on [[Carly Colón|Carlito]].]] Also known as T-bone suplex. The attacker stands facing their opponent and positions himself under one of the opponent's arms and wraps their arm around the opponent's neck and back (this position is similar to that of a [[Powerslam|side slam]]) and then grabs the leg of the opponent and tosses him backwards, over the attacker's head. Several other variations exist, such as the wrist-clutch exploder suplex, innovated by [[Jun Akiyama]] who called it the ''Exploder '98'', and the bridging exploder suplex (also called ''Blizzard Suplex'').&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://headlockbackdrop.wordpress.com/2010/12/20/17-exploder-suplex/|title=Exploder suplex|date=20 December 2010|access-date=2013-06-06|publisher=Headlocks&amp;Backdrops}}&lt;/ref&gt; The move is used by [[Taz (wrestler)|Taz]] and [[Becky Lynch]] as the ''Bexploder''. ====Head-and-arm suplex==== Also called a gargoyle suplex, the move is a variation of the traditional overhead belly-to-belly suplex in which the wrestler, standing face-to-face with their opponent, clutches their hands together having firmly encircled the opponent's head and one arm. This grip, as opposed to the waistlock of a normal belly-to-belly, is then used to hoist the opponent in the overhead arching throw. ====Northern Lights suplex{{anchor|Northern lights suplex}}==== [[File:Alicia Fox Northern lights suplex on Dana Brooke.jpg|thumb|[[Alicia Fox]] performs a bridging Northern Lights suplex on [[Dana Brooke]]|alt=]] Invented by [[Hiroshi Hase]]. The attacking wrestler puts their head under the arm of the opponent, wraps their arms around the waist of the opponent and flips them backwards. This suplex can either be released or bridged into a pin. The wrestler can also float over into another Northern Lights suplex.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://wrestling.wonderhowto.com/how-to/do-northern-lights-suplex-pro-wrestling-move-417507/|title=Northern Lights suplex|date=19 January 2011 |access-date=2013-06-06|publisher=WonderHowTo}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====Table top suplex==== {{see also|label 1= Fallaway slam|Professional wrestling throws#Fallaway slam}} Also known as a fallaway slam, the wrestler lifts the opponent up so the opponent is horizontal across the wrestler's body then falls backward, throwing the opponent over their head down to the mat back-first. This slam can be either bridged into a pin, or the wrestler can float over into another fallaway slam. This move is sometimes used as a continuation move from catching the opponent's high-cross body, to emphasize the wrestler's strength. ====Trapping suplex==== Also known as a ''Double arm locksault'' or a ''Front salto'', this is when a wrestler holds both the opponent's arms under their own (known as ''overhooks'' in mixed martial arts and amateur wrestling, as the arms loop under the opponent's arms from above) with the hands connected below the opponent's triceps, from here the opponent is left secure and unable to counter or move away from the attacker while their delivers a belly-to-belly throw flipping the opponent overhead in the normal belly-to-belly motion. In amateur wrestling and other contact-sports, the trapping suplex is called the ''Suicide throw'', a ''Salto'', or a ''Side salto''. It is done slightly differently, usually the opponent is tossed to the side and lands on their back. This move consists of one wrestler picking up their opponent off the ground (or mat) and then using a large portion of their own body weight to drive the opponent down on the mat. They begin face-to-face, then the attacker forces the opponent's head down and locks the opponent's arm around it. ==Side variants== In the side variants the attacker stands to the side of their opponent and applies a hold before falling backwards to slam the opponent to the mat. The most common is the [[#Saito suplex|Saito suplex]]. ===Gutwrench suplex=== This throw involves a wrestler standing on one side of a prone opponent locking both arms around the opponent's waist [[Professional wrestling holds#Gutwrench|near arm in front of the opponent and far arm behind]], and lifting him/her up to slam him/her over back-first down to the mat. An inverted version also exists. ==== Karelin Lift ==== A gutwrench suplex which begins with the opponent laying face down on the mat. The wrestler locks their arms around the opponent's waist and stands up, lifting the opponent. They then throw the opponent to their side, dropping them to the mat up on to their upper shoulders, back, and neck or face down on their chest. Named after the Greco-Roman wrestler [[Alexander Karelin]], who is famous for using the move. AEW wrestler [[Claudio Castagnoli]] has used two separate versions of this move. The first saw him lifting their opponents from the side, stands up, turns the opponent upside down to fall into a sitting position to drop them on their neck or head to either side of him. He called this the ''Lasartesse Lift'' and used this as a finisher in 2007 while on the [[independent circuit]]. Currently, the second version sees him throwing the opponent flat onto their back and uses this as a signature move while sometimes [[Suplex#Rolling non-release suplex|maintaining the hold to roll into a standing position to throw them two more times]]. ===Saito suplex=== Also called Backdrop suplex and Backdrop driver. The attacker stands either facing directly one of their opponent's sides or slightly behind in an angle. They places the opponent's near arm over their shoulder, grabs a waistlock, and then lifts the opponent up while falling backwards, causing the opponent to land on their neck and shoulders. [[File:Allysin Kay Cut-Throat.jpg|thumb|240px|[[Allysin Kay|Sienna]] performing a Leg-hook Saito suplex]] There is also a leg-hook variation where the attacker stands behind and to one side of the opponent. The attacker wraps one arm around the waist of the opponent and grabs the back of the opponent's near leg with their other arm. The attacker then lifts the opponent on to their shoulder and then falls backwards, driving the opponent into the mat at a high angle. This was used by [[Karrion Kross]] as the ''Doomsday Saito''. [[Shawn Michaels]] used a leg-hook version in the early 90's as the ''Teardrop Suplex''. ===Side suplex=== :''See [[Powerslam#Uranage|Ura-nage]].'' This move is also known as a sambo suplex or side suplex. To perform it, the wrestler stands face-to-face with the opponent, slightly to their side. The wrestler either reaches across the opponent's chest and around their neck with their near arm and locks both hands behind the opponent's shoulders or just locks both hands behind the opponent's waist. The wrestler then simultaneously lifts the opponent up, twists 180° and falls backwards, bringing the opponent over them and slamming the opponent back-first on the mat. The name ura-nage (or uranage) comes from a Judo throw which translated directly from Japanese, means &quot;throw to behind/back&quot; and is commonly (albeit incorrectly) used to refer to a regular side slam in pro wrestling. The Judo ura-nage throw more closely resembles a saito suplex in execution. ====Cravate suplex==== This sees a wrestler lock their opponent in a [[Professional wrestling holds#Three-quarter facelock|cravate]] and pull down with their arms so that the opponent is forced to bend over. The wrestler then positions the opponent so that they are facing across the body of the wrestler and with their head in front of the wrestlers chest while still standing. The wrestler then falls backwards, pulling upwards with the cravate and forcing the opponent off their feet into the air and over the wrestler, landing on their neck and shoulders. Invented by [[Chris Hero]]. ==Inverted facelock variants== In these suplexes, an attacker begins by facing the back of an opponent and applying an [[Professional wrestling holds#Inverted facelock|inverted facelock]] before executing a throw. In most, the opponent is suspended upside-down during part of the move. ===Inverted Suplex=== Also known as a reverse suplex, this move sees the attacker stands behind an opponent and applies an inverted facelock with one arm, and uses the other arm to aid in elevating the opponent so that he/she is lifted up and held upside-down before the attacker falls to their back driving the opponent down to the mat face first, behind the attacker. ==In other sports== Suplex tackles in [[gridiron football]] are not allowed and may be subject to penalties or even fines.&lt;ref name=&quot;Moddejonge&quot;&gt;{{cite news|last1=Moddejonge|first1=Gerry|title=Back-to-back interceptions avoid CFL version of Montreal Screwjob|url=http://www.edmontonsun.com/2016/08/12/back-to-back-interceptions-avoid-cfl-version-of-montreal-screwjob|access-date=13 August 2016|work=Edmonton Sun|date=13 August 2016}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==See also== *[[Professional wrestling throws]] ==Notes== {{Reflist}} ==References== {{Commons category}} *[https://web.archive.org/web/20121028142636/http://www.deathvalleydriver.com/bbbowm/part3.htm &quot;Professional Wrestling Moves: Part 3&quot;] Death Valley Driver.com *''The Professional Wrestlers' Workout &amp; Instructional Guide'' - [[Harley Race]], [[Ricky Steamboat]], [[Les Thatcher]], and [[Alex Marvez]] pg. 80-84 {{Wrestling Moves}} [[Category:Wrestling]] [[Category:Professional wrestling moves]] [[de:Liste der Wrestling-Kampftechniken#Suplessen]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smash_(wrestler)&diff=1203079222</id> <title>Smash (wrestler)</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Smash_(wrestler)&diff=1203079222"/> <updated>2024-02-04T04:32:47Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: <hr /> <div>{{for|the wrestler who originally and briefly portrayed the character of Smash|Randy Colley}} {{short description|American professional wrestler (born 1959)}} {{Use mdy dates|date=April 2022}} {{Use American English|date=September 2022}} {{Infobox professional wrestler |name = Smash |image = Barry Darsow.jpg |caption = Darsow as Demolition Smash in 2008. |names=Barry Darsow&lt;br /&gt;The Blacktop Bully&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Crusher Darsow&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Krusher Khruschev&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Mr. Hole-In-One&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;Repo Man&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;'''Smash'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Tsar Mongo&lt;br /&gt; |birth_name = Barry Allen Darsow |height = 6 ft 2 in&lt;ref name=Encyclopedia&gt;{{cite book|title=WWE Encyclopedia|last1=Shields|first1=Brian|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kevin|page=[https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/246 246]|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley|DK]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7566-4190-0|url=https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/246}}&lt;/ref&gt; |weight = 290 lb&lt;ref name=Encyclopedia/&gt; |birth_date = {{Birth date and age|1959|10|6}}&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;/&gt; |death_date = |birth_place = [[Minneapolis|Minneapolis, Minnesota]], U.S.&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;/&gt; |spouse = Theresa Darsow |children = [[Dakota Darsow]] |billed = [[Parts Unknown (wrestling)|Parts Unknown]] (as Smash) &lt;br/&gt; [[Detroit|The Motor City]] (as Repo Man) |trainer = [[Eddie Sharkey]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt;&lt;br /&gt;[[Karl Gotch]] |debut = 1983 |retired = 2017 }} '''Barry Allen Darsow'''&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://slamwrestling.net/index.php/2001/04/05/barry-darsow-happy-to-be-done-wrestling/|title=Barry Darsow: Happy to be done wrestling; Reflecting on a long list of characters|last=Oliver|first=Greg|access-date=January 23, 2009|work=SLAM! Wrestling|date=April 5, 2001}}&lt;/ref&gt; (born October 6, 1959)&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;&gt;{{cite web|title=Barry Darsow Profile|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profile/barry-darsow/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090217054239/http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/profiles/b/barry-darsow.html|archive-date=February 17, 2009|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; is an American retired [[Professional wrestling|professional wrestler]] who performed as '''Smash''', one half of the tag team [[Demolition (professional wrestling)|Demolition]]. He also wrestled as '''Krusher Kruschev''', '''Repo Man''', '''the Blacktop Bully''' and &quot;'''Mr. Hole in One'''&quot; Barry Darsow.&lt;ref name=&quot;where?&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/demolitionsmash|title=Where Are They Now? - Catching up with Smash|date=February 28, 2007|last=Hoffman|first=Brett|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090224140304/http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/demolitionsmash| archive-date=February 24, 2009| url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Throughout his career, he worked for [[Jim Crockett Promotions]], the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]] (WWF), [[World Championship Wrestling]] (WCW), and several regional promotions in the 1980s and 1990s. He is a four-time former world tag team champion, winning three [[WWE World Tag Team Championship|WWF World Tag Team Championships]] as part of Demolition and one [[WCW World Tag Team Championship|NWA World Tag Team Championship]] as part of a three-man team with [[Ivan Koloff|Ivan]] and [[Nikita Koloff]] (although the NWA no longer recognizes any former tag team champions prior to 1992, Darsow's championship is considered part of the WCW World tag team championship lineage), and a one-time [[WCW United States Tag Team Championship|NWA United States Tag Team Champion]]. ==Early life== Darsow attended high school in [[Robbinsdale, Minnesota]], with six other future wrestlers: [[Curt Hennig]], [[Rick Rude|Richard Rood]] (Rick Rude), [[Brady Boone]], [[Tom Zenk]], [[John Nord]] (The Berzerker), and Scott Simpson ([[Nikita Koloff]]).&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam-demolition&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/04/26/4132433.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120720021922/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/04/26/4132433.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=July 20, 2012|title=Fan fests bring Demolition back together|date=April 26, 2007|last=Clevett|first=Jason|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=SLAM! Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[http://www.tomzenk.net/class_76.htm the power plant Robbinsdale High School]&lt;/ref&gt; He also worked as a [[bouncer (doorman)|bouncer]] with [[The Road Warriors]], [[Road Warrior Hawk|Hawk]] and [[Road Warrior Animal|Animal]]. ==Professional wrestling career== ===Early career (1983–1984)=== Darsow made his debut in [[Hawaii]] as Tsar Mongo, before a short stint in [[New Zealand]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; He returned to Hawaii, before he began wrestling in 1983 in Georgia for Georgia Championship Wrestling before moving later that year to Mid-South Wrestling as Crusher Darsow, a turncoat American who was now a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] sympathizer and a tag team partner of [[Nikolai Volkoff]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; He changed his name to Krusher Khruschev and became the first ever Mid-South Television Title champion in a tournament by beating [[Terry Taylor]] in the finals on May 2, 1984, but lost it to Taylor on June 16, 1984. Darsow moved on to [[Championship Wrestling from Florida|Florida Championship Wrestling]] where he teamed with [[Jim Neidhart]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; They won the Florida United States Tag Team Titles on October 11, 1984, from [[Hector Guerrero]] and [[Cocoa Samoa]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida-UStag&quot;/&gt; The team held them until December 1984, when they lost them to [[Mark Youngblood|Mark]] and [[Steven Romero|Jay Youngblood]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida-UStag&quot;/&gt; ===Jim Crockett Promotions (1984–1987)=== Khruschev moved on to the [[National Wrestling Alliance]] to work for [[Jim Crockett Jr.]] in December 1984. He was awarded a third of the [[NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship]] with [[Ivan Koloff|Ivan]] and [[Nikita Koloff]] after they fell out with their former partner [[Don Kernodle]]. The Koloffs had already won the [[NWA World Tag Team Championship]] and Ivan declared that [[Fabulous Freebirds#Freebird Rule|any two of them could defend the titles]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; They feuded with [[The Rock 'n' Roll Express]] ([[Ricky Morton]] and [[Reuben Kane|Robert Gibson]]) and [[The Road Warriors]]. On July 9, 1985, he and Ivan lost the NWA Tag Titles to the Rock 'N Roll Express. The Koloffs subsequently regained and defended the belts without Khruschev's participation. At [[Starrcade (1985)|Starrcade 1985]], on November 28, Khruschev won the vacant [[NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship]] by defeating [[Michael Smith (wrestler)|Sam Houston]]. Later on that night, he was in the Koloffs' corner as they lost their Tag titles back to the Express in a cage match with Kernodle in the Express's corner.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wcwppv/starrcade85b.html|title=NWA Starcade 1985 - &quot;The Gathering&quot;|date=November 28, 1985|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;NWA mid-altantic&quot;/&gt; On January 11, 1986, Khruschev severely injured his knee in a match with Houston on [[TBS (TV network)|TBS]]. He lost the title to Houston and had to take almost six months off to recover. [[File:Barry Windham and Krusher Kruschev, 1986.png|thumb|300x300px|[[Barry Windham]] on top of Kruschev during a 1986 match]] When Khruschev returned, Nikita was feuding with [[Magnum T. A.]] for the [[WWE United States Championship|NWA United States Heavyweight Championship]]. On August 17, 1986, Khruschev helped Nikita win the title in the final match of a Best of 7 series by holding the referee while Nikita used his &quot;Russian&quot; chain on Magnum. After helping Nikita defeat Magnum, Khruschev and Ivan targeted the new [[WCW United States Tag Team Championship|NWA United States Tag Team Championship]], which was to be awarded to the winners of a tournament. They reached the finals, held on September 26, 1986, and defeated the Kansas Jayhawks ([[Dutch Mantel]] and Bobby Jaggers) with Nikita's help to become the first US Tag Team Champions. In October 1986, Magnum T. A. had a car accident that ended his career, and after admitting that he respected his one-time rival, Nikita turned his back on Ivan and Khruschev to team with Magnum's good friend, [[Dusty Rhodes]]. Kruschev and Ivan briefly feuded with Nikita and Rhodes but primarily defended their titles in rematches against Mantel and Jaggers. On December 9, 1986, they lost the US Tag Titles to [[Ron Garvin]] and [[Barry Windham]]. Darsow left the NWA after disputing a pay off with Jimmy Crockett. ===World Wrestling Federation (1987 − 1993)=== ====Demolition (1987&amp;ndash;1991)==== {{Main|Demolition (professional wrestling)|l1=Demolition}} Darsow next went to the [[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]]. He was brought into the company to be part of the tag team [[Demolition (professional wrestling)|Demolition]], which had originally consisted of [[Bill Eadie]] as Ax and [[Randy Colley]], who had been Moondog Rex of [[The Moondogs (professional wrestling)|The Moondogs]], as Smash. Darsow was tabbed as the new Smash after Colley, who wore face paint like Eadie did as part of his character, was deemed too recognizable even in disguise due to fans chanting &quot;Moondog&quot; at him whenever Demolition wrestled.&lt;ref name=&quot;where?&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;Wrestlecrap.com induction of original Demolition, &quot;featuring Bill Eadie and Pizza Face&quot;.&lt;/ref&gt; At first, they were managed by [[John L. Sullivan (wrestler)|Luscious Johnny V]], but he was soon replaced by [[Harry Fujiwara|Mr. Fuji]]. Their initial feuds involved the team of [[Ken Patera]] and [[Billy Jack Haynes]], and [[Strike Force (professional wrestling)|Strike Force]] ([[Tito Santana]] and [[Rick Martel]]). On March 27, 1988, at [[WrestleMania IV]], they defeated Strike Force to win their first [[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF World tag team title]], which they held for a record 16 months.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam-demolition&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf1&quot;/&gt; During this reign, they fell out with Mr. Fuji as he turned on them to manage their arch-rivals, [[The Powers of Pain]] ([[The Barbarian (wrestler)|The Barbarian]] and [[The Warlord (wrestler)|The Warlord]]). This double [[Glossary of professional wrestling terms#T|turn]] at [[Survivor Series (1988)|Survivor Series '88]] was the solution to the massive popularity being enjoyed by Demolition. Originally, they were the heels in their rivalry with the Powers of Pain; however, as a result of the incident at the Survivor Series, Demolition became full-fledged [[Face (professional wrestling)|babyfaces]]. Demolition conclusively won the feud with their ex-manager and his new team when they defeated the Powers and Fuji in a five-man handicap tag match at [[WrestleMania V]]. They lost the WWF Tag Team Title to [[The Brain Busters]] ([[Arn Anderson]] and [[Tully Blanchard]]) on the July 29, 1989'' [[Saturday Night's Main Event XXII]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/july181989|title=Saturday Night's Main Event Results|date=July 18, 1989|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081226192656/http://www.wwe.com/shows/snme/history/1985to1992/july181989| archive-date= December 26, 2008 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; They regained the title on October 2, but lost them to The Colossal Connection ([[Tonga Fifita|Haku]] and [[André the Giant]]) on December 13.&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf2&quot;/&gt; They defeated the Connection at [[WrestleMania VI]] on April 1, 1990, to become the third ever team to win the titles a third time in WWF history.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm6/results/|title= WrestleMania VI|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090222191510/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm6/results/| archive-date= February 22, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf3&quot;/&gt; The duo was joined by [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Crush]] (Brian Adams) later in 1990, making them a 3-man tag team and the second team Darsow had been involved in whose title reign operated under the [[Fabulous Freebirds#Freebird Rule|Freebird Rule]]. Ax began appearing in a managerial role which was to eventually lead to the phasing out of the character.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam-demolition&quot;/&gt; Demolition lost the titles to [[The Hart Foundation]] at [[SummerSlam (1990)|SummerSlam '90]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1990/results/|title=SummerSlam 1990 Results| access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090213005915/http://www.wwe.com/shows/summerslam/history/1990/results/| archive-date= February 13, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After a feud with [[The Road Warriors|Legion of Doom]], the team dropped down the card and would disband in the spring of 1991, with Crush leaving the WWF for a year and Smash wrestling as a singles wrestler,&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam-demolition&quot;/&gt; primarily in house show undercards, where he was used to elevate other stars, such as [[Kerry Von Erich]], [[Greg Valentine]] and [[Ricky Steamboat]]. His only victories during this run came over [[Jim Powers]] and [[Shane Douglas]]. He also appeared under a mask as an unnamed man hired by [[Ted DiBiase]] to wrestle [[Virgil (wrestler)|Virgil]] on the August 18, 1991 ''[[SummerSlam Spectacular]]'' special. His final recorded WWF match as Smash would occur on August 24, 1991, getting pinned by [[Davey Boy Smith|The British Bulldog]]. ====Repo Man (1991&amp;ndash;1993)==== While still wrestling as Demolition Smash, Darsow made his initial appearance as Repo Man on July 30, 1991, in Portland, Maine, wrestling in a dark match at a [[Wrestling Challenge]] taping. Four days before his final match as Smash, he made a second appearance in a dark match at another Challenge Taping in Erie, PA and defeated [[Phil Apollo]] on August 20. Following the August 24 house show defeat to Davey Boy Smith, Darsow retired the Demolition gimmick and was off the road for three months. On the November 9 edition of [[Prime Time Wrestling]] a vignette aired that introduced his new Repo Man character.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |title=WWF - 1991 |url=http://www.thehistoryofwwe.com/91.htm |website=The History of WWE |access-date=April 30, 2022}}&lt;/ref&gt; The repackaging was of a character who was a ubiquitous, sneaky [[Heel (professional wrestling)|heel]] character who delighted in [[Repossession|repossessing]] items such as cars from people when they were late on (or unable to make) their payments. As Repo Man, Darsow wore a black [[domino mask]] (similar to [[The Lone Ranger]] and [[Zorro]]) and an outfit decorated with tire tracks, and had mannerisms similar to [[Frank Gorshin]]'s portrayal of [[Riddler|The Riddler]]. He always carried a tow rope that he would tie up opponents with after defeating them and then assault them after. The character was actually the idea of Darsow himself, who previously had a job repossessing cars.&lt;ref name=heraldnews&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.heraldnews.com/article/20130615/NEWS/306159666|title=Chewin' the Turnbuckle with Smash/Repo Man|publisher=The Herald News}}&lt;/ref&gt; Shortly after his debut, he was hired by [[Ted DiBiase]] to help him defeat [[Mike Jones (wrestler)|Virgil]] for the [[Million Dollar Championship]],&lt;ref name=&quot;Encyclopedia246&quot;&gt;{{cite book|title=WWE Encyclopedia|last1=Shields|first1=Brian|last2=Sullivan|first2=Kevin|page=[https://archive.org/details/wweencyclopediad0000shie/page/246 246]|publisher=[[Dorling Kindersley]]|year=2009|isbn=978-0-7566-4190-0|title-link=WWE Encyclopedia}}&lt;/ref&gt; leading to a series of matches with Virgil. At the [[This Tuesday in Texas]] pay-per-view, Repo Man and DiBiase defeated Virgil and [[Tito Santana]].&lt;ref name=TTITinfo&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/miscppvs1990s.html#tuesday|title=WWF This Tuesday in Texas results/info|publisher=Pro Wrestling History|access-date=December 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Repo Man made a memorable appearance at the [[Royal Rumble (1992)|1992 Royal Rumble]], sneaking to the ring and eliminating Nikolai Volkoff and Greg &quot;The Hammer&quot; Valentine before eventually being eliminated by [[Ray Traylor|The Big Boss Man]].&lt;ref name=Rumble1992info&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/rumble2.html#92|title=WWF Royal Rumble 1992 entrant/elimination info|publisher=Pro Wrestling History|access-date=December 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; He also appeared at [[WrestleMania VIII]], teaming with [[Jacques Rougeau|The Mountie]] and [[The Nasty Boys]] to be defeated by The Big Boss Man, Virgil, [[Jim Duggan|Hacksaw Jim Duggan]] and [[Sgt. Slaughter]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news|title=2008 Wrestling Almanac &amp; Book of Facts|work=Wrestling's Historical Cards: WrestleMania VIII| publisher=Kappa Publishing|year=2008|page=120}}&lt;/ref&gt; Repo Man's most notable feud was with The British Bulldog in mid-1992, sparked by Repo Man hanging the Bulldog over the ring ropes with his tow rope on the May 3, 1992, episode of ''[[WWF Wrestling Challenge|Wrestling Challenge]]''.&lt;ref&gt;{{Citation|title=British Bulldog vs Repo Man Wrestling Challenge May 3rd, 1992|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=JZbYuQ7KGQ8|language=en|access-date=January 5, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; The two had a series of [[house show]] matches as well as a match on ''[[WWF Prime Time Wrestling|Prime Time Wrestling]]'', all of which saw Bulldog come out victorious. Repo Man lost a match to former partner Crush at [[SummerSlam (1992)|SummerSlam]],&lt;ref name=&quot;SSlam1992info&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/summer.html#92|title=WWF SummerSlam 1992 results/info|publisher=Pro Wrestling History|access-date=December 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; though it was never acknowledged on television that Repo Man was actually Smash. He also worked against Jim Duggan on house shows during this period. Repo Man also had a short feud with [[Randy Savage]] in January 1993 when he repossessed Savage's hat on an episode of ''[[WWE Raw|Monday Night Raw]]''. The two had a match the following week, which Savage won.&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot; /&gt; Repo Man made his final PPV appearance at the [[Royal Rumble (1993)|1993 Royal Rumble]], where he was eliminated by Savage.&lt;ref name=&quot;Rumble1993info&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.prowrestlinghistory.com/supercards/usa/wwf/rumble2.html#93|title=WWF Royal Rumble 1993 entrant/elimination info|publisher=Pro Wrestling History|access-date=December 7, 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; Originally, Darsow had planned that after a run as a villain, Repo Man would become a heroic character. However, the turn never happened.&lt;ref name=&quot;heraldnews&quot; /&gt; His final recorded match in the WWF would be on March 28, 1993, a loss to [[Fred Ottman|Typhoon]]. ===Independent Association of Wrestling (1993)=== In 1993, Darsow joined the IAW promotion where he teamed with [[Paul Roma]] to win the IAW Tag Team titles on February 4, 1993 (while he was still on the WWF roster). They held them until July 24, when they lost them to [[The Iron Sheik]] and Brian Costello. ===World Championship Wrestling (1994–1995)=== In 1994, Darsow signed with WCW. He first wrestled under his real name in January. By August, he began appearing in the front of events with a blow horn, making noise and berating the [[Face (professional wrestling)|faces]] while they wrestled, and would sometimes be kicked out of arenas by security. On the November 26 edition of [[WCW Saturday Night]], he was eventually [[kayfabe]] arrested for pushing [[Dustin Rhodes]]. [[Robert Fuller (wrestler)|Col. Rob Parker]] bailed Darsow out from jail, after which point Darsow became known as '''The Blacktop Bully''', with Parker as his manager. He feuded with Rhodes, but both were fired after [[Uncensored (1995)|Uncensored 1995]], when he and Rhodes both [[blading (professional wrestling)|bladed]] (which was against WCW's 'no-blood' policy) during a &quot;King of the Road&quot; match in the back of a moving flatbed truck, which Darsow won.&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.onlineworldofwrestling.com/results/wcwppv/uncensored95.html|title=Uncensored 1995|date=March 19, 1995|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Online World of Wrestling}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Independent circuit (1995–1997)=== From there, he went to [[Pro Wrestling America]] in Minnesota to feud with [[Wahoo McDaniel]] and [[Tom Zenk]]. He next appeared in the [[American Wrestling Federation]], with [[Jimmy Valiant]]'s wife Big Mama as his valet. The AWF folded at the beginning of 1997. ===Return to WCW (1997–1999)=== Darsow returned to WCW under his real name on October 6, 1997, teaming with [[John Nord]] to defeat [[Mike Enos]] and [[Wayne Bloom]] in a dark match prior to ''[[WCW Monday Nitro]]''. For the following year, he appeared in the undercard as a heel, mostly on WCW's tertiary and quaternary shows ''[[WCW Saturday Night]]'' and ''[[WCW Worldwide]]''. He also notably lost to [[Goldberg (wrestler)|Goldberg]] on the March 9, 1998, edition of ''Nitro'' and the April 16, 1998, edition of ''[[WCW Thunder]]''. On the October 17, 1998, edition of ''Saturday Night'', he was repackaged as &quot;Mr. Hole-In-One&quot;, Barry Darsow, a villainous golf player. He often entered the ring in casual wear and a [[flat cap]] as if ready to golf and, prior to matches, would offer his opponents a victory if they could make a [[Golf swing#Putt|putt]] in the ring, often only to sneak attack the opponent.&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;/&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;where?&quot;/&gt; Darsow feuded with &quot;Hacksaw&quot; [[Jim Duggan]] and [[Chris Adams (wrestler)|Chris Adams]] during this time, typically on ''Saturday Night''.&lt;ref name=&quot;OWOW&quot;/&gt; On the April 24, 1999, edition of ''Worldwide'', Darsow dropped the golfer gimmick, returning to his given name and wearing a black singlet. On August 28, 1999, Darsow teamed with [[Bobby Eaton]] in a loss to [[Harlem Heat]] on ''Saturday Night''. After [[Booker T (wrestler)|Booker T]] pinned Darsow, Harlem Heat hit Darsow in the head with their [[WCW World Tag Team Championship]]s. Due to the blow to the head, in the following weeks, Darsow took on an [[amnesia]] [[gimmick (professional wrestling)|gimmick]], wherein he would reprise a different one of his past JCP/WCW gimmicks every week (the Smash and Repo Man gimmicks were WWE trademarks). On the September 18, 1999, edition of ''Worldwide'', Darsow reprised his Krusher Kruschev gimmick, and then returned to &quot;Mr. Hole-In-One&quot; on the September 18, 1999, edition of ''Saturday Night''. On October 2, 1999, he returned to his Blacktop Bully gimmick, which he used for the remainder of his time in WCW. His final match was a loss against [[Steven Regal]] on the December 18, 1999, edition of ''Worldwide''. ===Return to the independent circuit (2000–2001, 2007-2017)=== [[File:Demolition Smash.jpg|thumb|Darsow as Demolition Smash at a [[Jersey All Pro Wrestling]] show in 2009.]] Darsow joined the WXO promotion run by [[Ted DiBiase]]. He feuded with [[Mike Enos]] until it folded shortly after in 2001.&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; That same year, Darsow made a special WWF appearance at [[WrestleMania X-Seven]] for the gimmick [[Battle royal (professional wrestling)|battle royal]] as Repo Man.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm17/results/|title=WrestleMania X-Seven Results|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204094819/http://www.wwe.com/shows/wrestlemania/history/wm17/results/| archive-date= February 4, 2009 |url-status=live}}&lt;/ref&gt; After his Wrestlemania appearance Darsow retired from wrestling. The [[Millennium Wrestling Federation]] (MWF) helped reunite Darsow with his partner [[Bill Eadie|Ax]] as Demolition and the two appeared at the Wrestling Living Legends reunion in Windsor, Ontario, Canada in March 2007. On the March 2008 MWF Ultra television program, Darsow, as Demolition Smash teamed with former WCW wrestler [[Rick Fuller]] to defeat [[Ox Baker]]'s Army in a tag team [[Professional wrestling match types#Container-based variations|casket match]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.BostonWrestling.com/mwfnewsline20050618-may2005ultra.html|title=MWF Ultra &amp; MWF Xtra Television Web-Casts|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=BostonWrestling| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090120135721/http://bostonwrestling.com/mwfnewsline20050618-may2005ultra.html| archive-date= January 20, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; On ''Raw XV'', on the 15th-anniversary ''[[WWE Raw]]'' special on December 10, 2007, Darsow participated in the 15th Anniversary Battle Royal under his Repo Man persona.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/12/10/4717835.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120630171441/http://slam.canoe.ca/Slam/Wrestling/2007/12/10/4717835.html|url-status=usurped|archive-date=June 30, 2012|title=Raw: Nostalgia show quite the (beer) blast|date=December 10, 2007|last=Plummer|first=Dale|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=SLAM! Sports}}&lt;/ref&gt; Alongside Ax and One Man Gang, he competed in the [[Chikara (professional wrestling)|Chikara]] [[King of Trios#2008|King of the Trios Tournament]] in 2008, but were eliminated in the second round by &quot;The Fabulous Three&quot; ([[Larry Sweeney]], Mitch Ryder and Shayne Hawke). On October 28, 2009, Smash appeared, with his partner Ax, at the [[Keystone State Wrestling Alliance]]. Where they defeated Tag Team Champions Shawn Blanchard and Lou Martin for the KSWA Tag Team Championship, which they would hold for that match only before relinquishing them due to not being able to return for further shows. Darsow still competes on the independent circuit to this day with Ax. They are currently the GLCW and USXW Tag Team Champions. On March 12, 2011, Darsow made his Dynamic Wrestling Alliance debut at ''Dynamic Destiny 2011'' teaming with Ax as they took on another former WWF World Tag Team combination, ''The Dream Team'' ([[Greg Valentine|Greg &quot;The Hammer&quot; Valentine]] and [[Brutus Beefcake|Brutus &quot;The Barber&quot; Beefcake]]).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.thedwa.com|title=DWA official site|publisher=Dynamic Wrestling Alliance}}&lt;/ref&gt; On May 21, 2011, Demolition reunited at [[Full Impact Pro]]'s debut [[pay-per-view|iPPV]] ''In Full Force''. Their match against [[Tony DeVito]] and Ralph Mosco went to a no contest when local commentator and manager Larry Dallas came out and said his men wanted revenge. The ring was stormed by [[Afa Anoaʻi Jr.|Manu]], [[Sami Callihan]], Blain Rage and Joey Attel. Demolition, Devito and Mosco managed to clear the ring and beat Dallas to end the show.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://wrestlinghustle.com/top-5-biggest-wwe-superstars-died/?PHPSESSID=1b02d3d0acc1b68eb23747f5372cdb8b&amp;topic=1233.0|title=List of died wrestler|access-date=May 21, 2011|publisher=KB}}&lt;/ref&gt; Demolition returned to Chikara on September 16, 2012, taking part in a tag team [[Professional wrestling match types#Gauntlet match|gauntlet match]], from which they eliminated The Devastation Corporation (Blaster McMassive and Max Smashmaster), before being eliminated themselves by their old WWF rivals, the Powers of Pain.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.chikarapro.com/results.php|title=Past results|work=[[Chikara (professional wrestling)|Chikara]]|access-date=September 16, 2012|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131017033657/http://www.chikarapro.com/results.php|archive-date=October 17, 2013}}&lt;/ref&gt; He retired from wrestling in 2017 after Ax retired. ==Outside wrestling and in popular culture== Darsow balances his time between wrestling, his two businesses, his family, and the golf course. Darsow owns Added Value Printing, a printing company that specializes in hard-hats and medical supplies, and also sells real estate.&lt;ref name=&quot;where?&quot;/&gt; In December 2008, Darsow's son, [[Dakota Darsow|Dakota]], signed a developmental contract with WWE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.f4wonline.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=8048|title=Missy Hyatt on wrestling conventions, women's wrestling, indy scene, more|last=Hyatt|first=Missy|author-link=Missy Hyatt|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Wrestling Observer/Figure Four Online| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090213113239/http://www.f4wonline.com/index2.php?option=com_content&amp;do_pdf=1&amp;id=8048| archive-date= February 13, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; Darsow has worked with the [[Millennium Wrestling Federation]] (MWF)'s efforts with the Special Olympics. Darsow is good friends with [[Arn Anderson]], [[Barry Horowitz]], [[Bill Irwin (wrestler)|Bill Irwin]], and [[Brad Rheingans]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; He was also good friends with [[Curt Hennig]], [[Rick Rude]] (both of whom he attended high school with), [[Brady Boone]], [[Dino Bravo]], and [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Brian Adams]].&lt;ref name=&quot;Slam&quot;/&gt; Japanese band [[Aural Vampire]] produced a song called &quot;The Repoman&quot; and use video footage of Darsow and other wrestlers in live performances. Former [[Ring of Honor]] performer [[Adam Pearce]] is often heckled by fans who call him &quot;Repo Man&quot; because he looks similar to Darsow. At one match in 2007, at the pay-per-view taping for [[ROH Driven|Driven]], against [[Takeshi Morishima]], Pearce pulled a mask similar to the Repo Man's out of his tights and put it on to the delight of the crowd. ==Personal life== In July 2016, Darsow was named part of a [[class action]] lawsuit filed against WWE which alleged that wrestlers incurred traumatic brain injuries during their tenure and that the company concealed the risks of injury. The suit is litigated by attorney Konstantine Kyros, who has been involved in some number of other lawsuits against WWE.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=WWE sued in wrestler class action lawsuit featuring Jimmy 'Superfly' Snuka, Paul 'Mr Wonderful' Orndorff|url=http://www.foxsports.com.au/what-the-fox/wwe-sued-in-wrestler-class-action-lawsuit-featuring-jimmy-superfly-snuka-paul-mr-wonderful-orndorff/news-story/079fbd7db16f9cd71b7b569672baa4a5|work=[[FoxSports.com]]|date=July 18, 2015|access-date=July 20, 2016|publisher=[[Fox Entertainment Group]] ([[21st Century Fox]])}}&lt;/ref&gt; The lawsuit was dismissed by US District Judge [[Vanessa Lynne Bryant]] in September 2018.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Piledriver: WWE uses 'Hell in a Cell' as springboard to future shows|url=https://www.montgomeryadvertiser.com/story/sports/2018/09/22/wwe-uses-hell-cell-springboard-future-shows/1394073002/|work=[[Montgomery Advertiser]]|last=Robinson|first=Byron|date=September 22, 2018|access-date=October 28, 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; In September 2020, an appeal for the lawsuit was dismissed by a federal appeals court.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |title=Former WWE Wrestlers' Lawsuit Over Brain Damage Is Dismissed |url=https://www.usnews.com/news/entertainment/articles/2020-09-09/former-wwe-wrestlers-lawsuit-over-brain-damage-is-dismissed |access-date=January 1, 2021 |work=US News |date=September 9, 2020}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Championships and accomplishments== *All Star Pro Wrestling - *British Empire/Commonwealth Heavyweight Championship(New Zealand Version) (1 time) *50th State Big Time Wrestling - *NWA World Tag Team Championship(Hawaiian Version) (1 time) - with Gor Mongol *'''[[Cauliflower Alley Club]]''' **Tag Team Award (2015) – with [[Bill Eadie|Ax]] *'''[[Championship Wrestling from Florida]]''' **[[NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version)|NWA United States Tag Team Championship ''(Florida version)'']] ([[NWA United States Tag Team Championship (Florida version)#Title history|1 time]]) – with [[Jim Neidhart]]&lt;ref name=&quot;Florida-UStag&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/fl/nwa/fl-us-t.html|title=N.W.A. United States Tag Team Title|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Wrestling-Titles| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090222061339/http://www.wrestling-titles.com/us/fl/nwa/fl-us-t.html| archive-date= February 22, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; *'''Great Lakes Championship Wrestling''' **GLCW Tag Team Championship (1 time, current) – with Ax *'''Independent Association of Wrestling''' **IAW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with [[Paul Roma]] *'''[[Jim Crockett Promotions]]''' **[[NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship]] ([[NWA Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship#Title history|1 time]])&lt;ref name=&quot;NWA mid-altantic&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Almanac/mid_a_history/mid_a_title_history/mid-a_title_history.htm|title=The Definitive History of the Mid-Atlantic Heavyweight Championship|last=Bourne|first=Dick|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=Mid-Atlantic Wrestling| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20081231130132/http://www.midatlanticgateway.com/Almanac/mid_a_history/mid_a_title_history/mid-a_title_history.htm| archive-date= December 31, 2008 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; **[[WCW United States Tag Team Championship|NWA United States Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA United States Tag Team Championship#History|1 time]]) – with [[Ivan Koloff]]&lt;ref name=&quot;prowrestlinghistory.com&quot;&gt;[http://prowrestlinghistory.com/] Prowrestlinghistory.com Retrieved July 19, 2019&lt;/ref&gt; **[[NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship]] ([[NWA World Six-Man Tag Team Championship#Title history|2 time]]) – with Ivan and Nikita Koloff **[[WCW World Tag Team Championship|NWA World Tag Team Championship ''(Mid-Atlantic version)'']] ([[List of WCW World Tag Team Champions|1 time]]) – with Ivan Koloff and [[Nikita Koloff]] *'''[[Keystone State Wrestling Alliance]]''' **KSWA Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ax *'''[[Universal Wrestling Federation (Bill Watts)|Mid-South Wrestling Association]]''' **[[UWF World Television Championship|Mid-South Television Championship]] ([[UWF World Television Championship#Title History|1 time]])&lt;ref name=&quot;prowrestlinghistory.com&quot;/&gt; *'''[[New England Pro Wrestling Hall of Fame]]''' ** Class of 2020 – with Ax *'''United States Xtreme Wrestling''' **USXW Tag Team Championship (1 time) – with Ax *'''[[World Wrestling Entertainment|World Wrestling Federation]]''' **[[World Tag Team Championship (WWE)|WWF Tag Team Championship]] ([[List of World Tag Team Champions (WWE)|3 times]]) – with Ax&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413212311|title=History of the World Tag Team Championship - Demolition (1)|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090118204528/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/30445413212311| archive-date= January 18, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132131111|title=History of the World Tag Team Championship - Demolition (2)|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090119215120/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/304454132131111| archive-date= January 19, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;wwf3&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321241|title=History of the World Tag Team Championship - Demolition (3)|access-date=January 23, 2009|publisher=WWE| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090204110401/http://www.wwe.com/inside/titlehistory/worldtagteam/3044541321241| archive-date= February 4, 2009 | url-status= live}}&lt;/ref&gt; {{smalldiv|1= &lt;sup&gt;1&lt;/sup&gt; The Koloffs won the tag team titles and then brought Darsow (as Krusher Khruschev) in and, using the &quot;Freebird Rule&quot;, defended the titles in various combinations.&lt;br /&gt; &lt;sup&gt;2&lt;/sup&gt; In Demolition's third reign as WWF Tag Team Champions, Ax and Smash were joined by [[Brian Adams (wrestler)|Crush]], forming a three-man team and defending the titles under the Freebird Rule }} ==References== {{Reflist}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Barry Darsow}} *{{Official website|http://www.barrydarsowwrestling.com}} *[http://www.wwe.com/superstars/wherearetheynow/demolitionsmash Where Are They Now? - Darsow] *{{Chikara profile|smash}} *{{Professional wrestling profiles}} *[https://www.cultofwhatever.com/2012/08/barry-darsow-interview/ Barry Darsow Interview] {{WCW United States Tag Team Championship}} {{World Tag Team Championship (WWE)}} {{Authority control}} [[Category:1959 births]] [[Category:American male professional wrestlers]] [[Category:Masked wrestlers]] [[Category:Living people]] [[Category:Professional wrestlers from Minneapolis]] [[Category:Sportspeople from Minneapolis]] [[Category:Stud Stable members]] [[Category:20th-century professional wrestlers]] [[Category:21st-century professional wrestlers]] [[Category:NWA United States Tag Team Champions (Florida version)]] [[Category:NWA/WCW United States Tag Team Champions]] [[Category:Professional wrestlers who use face paint]] [[Category:WCW World Tag Team Champions]] [[Category:World Tag Team Champions (WWE)]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morava_(cigarette)&diff=1203077991</id> <title>Morava (cigarette)</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Morava_(cigarette)&diff=1203077991"/> <updated>2024-02-04T04:28:53Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: Grammatical errors and wording <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Former Serbian cigarette brand}}{{infobox brand | name= Morava | logo= | image= [[File:Morava Filter King Size (Full flavour).jpg|250px]] | caption= An old Serbian pack of Morava cigarettes. | type= [[Cigarette]] | currentowner= [[Philip Morris Operations]] | producedby= | origin= [[Serbia]] | introduced= | discontinued= | related= | markets= See ''[[#Markets|Markets]]'' | previousowners= | trademarkregistrations= | ambassadors= | tagline= | website= | footnotes = Carcinogenicity: [[IARC group 1]] }}{{Advert|date=April 2022}}'''Morava''' was a Serbian brand of [[cigarette]]s which was owned and manufactured by [[Philip Morris Operations]]. ==History== Morava was founded in the [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] and named after the river Morava, by which most [[Cigarette|cigarettes]] were delivered. [[Tobacco]] was forbidden at the time, but, following riots, the law was amended to forbid only the plant. After significant shortages, Morava was assigned a contract with the [[United Kingdom]] brand [[Philip Morris International|Phillip Morris]] to import pre-made cigarettes. The company used the same river for transport that it was named after. Morava was one of the brands with the highest sales within the [[Yugoslavia|Yugoslavian]] market. It was one of the few cigarette brands (along with Drina) to survive after the [[breakup of Yugoslavia]]. Morava's last variant of cigarettes was discontinued after 2005 due to poor sales. ==Markets== Morava was sold in the following countries: [[Austria]], [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia]], [[Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia]], [[Socialist Republic of Slovenia]], [[Socialist Republic of Bosnia and Herzegovina]], [[Socialist Republic of Serbia]] and the [[Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarettespedia.com/index.php/BrandMorava|title=BrandMorava - Cigarettes Pedia|website=Cigarettespedia.com|accessdate=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;zigsam.at&quot;&gt;{{cite web |title=Morava |url=http://www.zigsam.at/B_Morava.htm |accessdate=4 June 2018 |website=Zigsam.at}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&amp;l=12&amp;p=0&amp;w=MORAVA|title=Brands|website=Cigarety.by|accessdate=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.cigarety.by/brand.php?n=10&amp;l=27&amp;p=0&amp;w%253D%25CC%25CE%25D0%25C0%25C2%25C0+MORAVA+|title=Brands|website=Cigarety.by|accessdate=4 June 2018}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==See also== * [[Tobacco smoking]] ==References== {{Reflist}} [[Category:Cigarette brands]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Erlangen%E2%80%93Nuremberg&diff=1203077153</id> <title>University of Erlangen–Nuremberg</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=University_of_Erlangen%E2%80%93Nuremberg&diff=1203077153"/> <updated>2024-02-04T04:26:29Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: I changed a few sentences to make them shorter and easier to undertsand. <hr /> <div>{{Short description|Public research university in Bavaria, Germany}} {{Use dmy dates|date=February 2023}} {{Multiple issues| {{Advert|date=January 2017}} {{Primary sources|date=January 2024}} }} {{Infobox university | name = University of Erlangen–Nuremberg | native_name = Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg | native_name_lang = de | caption = Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg seal | latin_name = Universitas Friderico-Alexandrina | established = {{start date and age|1742}} (first)&lt;br /&gt; {{Start date|1743|11|4|df=y}} (moved)&lt;ref name=&quot;fau_his&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fau.de/universitaet/geschichte-und-erfolge/geschichte/ |title=Geschichte der FAU |website=Fau.de |access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fau.eu/alumni/the-fau-network/our-first-students/ |title=Our first student |website=Fau.eu |access-date=17 August 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; | founder = [[Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]] | type = [[Public university|Public]] | motto = Wissen bewegen | motto_lang = de | mottoeng = Moving knowledge| | budget = € 721.6 million&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-02|author=Freistaat Bayern|title=Einzelplan 15 – Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg, Ist-Grundfinanzierung 2021 i.H.v. 495,7 Mio. €|url=https://www.stmfh.bayern.de/haushalt/2023/haushaltsplan/Epl15.pdf}}&lt;!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;br/&gt;Third party funding: € 243.2 million&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fau.eu/fau/welcome-to-fau/facts-and-figures//#collapse_6l/, Third-party funding according to donors in millions of euros]&lt;/ref&gt; | chancellor = Christian Zens&lt;ref name=&quot;fa123&quot;&gt;{{cite web |url= https://www.fau.eu/fau/organisation-and-committees/executive-board/prof-dr-joachim-hornegger-president |title= The President of FAU |publisher=University of Erlangen-Nuremberg |access-date=16 May 2023 |language=en}}&lt;/ref&gt; | president = [[:de:Joachim Hornegger|Joachim Hornegger]]&lt;ref name=&quot;fa123&quot;/&gt; | vice-president = &lt;!-- omitted per edit request --&gt; | academic_staff = 629 professors &lt;br/&gt;3604 &lt;small&gt;(other academic staff)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Figures&quot;&gt;{{cite web|access-date=2023-05-02|author=FAU|title=Facts and Figures|url=https://www.fau.eu/fau/welcome-to-fau/facts-and-figures/}}&lt;!-- auto-translated by Module:CS1 translator --&gt;&lt;/ref&gt; | total_staff = 6,570 &lt;small&gt;(2022)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;Facts and Figures&quot; /&gt; | students = 39,658 &lt;small&gt;(WS 2022/23)&lt;/small&gt;&lt;ref&gt;[https://www.fau.eu/fau/welcome-to-fau/facts-and-figures// University Webseite]&lt;/ref&gt; | city = [[Erlangen]] and [[Nuremberg]] | state = [[Bavaria]] | country = Germany | campus = Urban | former_names = Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen | website = {{URL|1=http://fau.eu/|2=fau.eu}} | logo = Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg Logo 07.2022.svg | image_name = Friedrich Alexander University of Erlangen-Nuremberg Seal 2022.png | coor = {{Coord|49|35|52.5|N|11|0|17.17|E|region:DE-BY_type:edu|display=inline,title}} | colors = {{color box|#003865}} Blue | affiliations = [[Franco-German University]], [[EELISA]] }} '''University of Erlangen–Nuremberg''' ({{lang-de|link=no|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg}}, '''FAU''') is a [[Public University|public]] research university in the cities of [[Erlangen]] and [[Nuremberg]] in Bavaria, Germany. The name '''Friedrich–Alexander''' comes from the university's first founder [[Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth|Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], and its benefactor [[Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]].&lt;ref name=&quot;fau_his&quot; /&gt; FAU is a member of the German Research Foundation DFG ([[Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft]]). ==History== [[File:Friedrich von Brandenburg-Bayreuth.jpg|thumb|left|Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, founder of FAU]] The university was founded in 1742 in [[Bayreuth]] by [[Frederick, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth]], and moved to Erlangen in 1743. [[Christian Frederick Charles Alexander, Margrave of Brandenburg-Ansbach]] (one of the two namesakes of the institution) provided significant support to the early university. From the beginning, the university was a [[Protestant]] institution, but over time it slowly secularized. During the [[Nazi Germany|Nazi era]], the university was one of the first that had a majority of [[Nazi Party|Nazi supporters]] in the student council. In 1961, the business college in Nuremberg was merged with the university in Erlangen, therefore, the combined institution currently has a physical presence in the two cities. An engineering school was inaugurated in 1966. In 1972, the school of education (normal school) in Nuremberg became part of the university. ===Timeline=== Below is a short timeline of FAU from its inception to its present form: * 1700–1704: The Schloss of the Margraves at Erlangen is built. * 1743: Friedrich, Margrave of Brandenburg-Bayreuth, issues an edict whereby the university recently founded in Bayreuth is transferred to Erlangen. It has the four faculties of Protestant Theology, Jurisprudence, Medicine and Philosophy. * 1769: The University at Erlangen is given the new name of ''Friedrich-Alexander-Universität'' in honour of Alexander, Margrave of Ansbach and Bayreuth. * 1818: The library of the [[University of Altdorf]], dissolved in 1809, is moved to Erlangen. * 1824: The first hospital is built. * 1825: The university moves into the Schloss. * 1920: The WiSo Faculty (Business Administration, Economics &amp; Social Sciences) is established. * 1927: Science is taken out of the Faculty of Arts thus creating the new Faculty of Science. * 1961: The FAU acquires a further faculty through merger with the Nuremberg College of Economics and Social Sciences (founded in 1919). The university's name is now ''Friedrich-Alexander Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg''. * 1966: The Faculty of Engineering is established. (FAU is thus the first of the traditional universities of the old federal republic to incorporate engineering as an independent faculty.) * 1972: The Teacher Training College in Nuremberg is incorporated into the Faculty of Education. * 1993: The FAU celebrates its 250th anniversary. * 1994: The Free State of Bavaria purchases for the university 4.4 hectares of land in Erlangen previously owned by the US military. The area is now called ''Röthelheim Campus''. * 2000: The Bavaria-California Technology Centre opens its headquarters at the University of Erlangen-Nürnberg. * 2000: Inauguration of the Research Centre in Clinical Molecular Biology in Erlangen. * 2001: Opening of the ''Röthelheim Campus'' on the site of the old artillery barracks. * 2004: Inauguration of the new building at the WiSo Faculty of Business Administration, Economics &amp; Social Sciences in Nuremberg. ==Campuses== A major part of FAU’s campuses is in the city of Erlangen, the minor part in the neighbouring city of Nuremberg. Several minor facilities are located in [[Hof, Bavaria|Hof]], [[Fürth]], [[Bamberg]], [[Pleinfeld]] or [[Ingolstadt]]. In sum, there are several hundred FAU properties in the [[Nuremberg Metropolitan Region|Nuremberg metropolitan area]]. ===Erlangen=== [[File:Schloss-Erlangen02.JPG|thumb|right|Schloss Erlangen]] [[File:Erlangen Schloss.jpg|thumb|right|The castle in the center of Erlangen, known to many simply as the ''Schloss'', is home to a large part of the university's administration]] [[File:Kollegienhaus universitaet-erlangen.jpg|thumb|right|The ''Kollegienhaus'', the historical central building and lecture hall of the university at the borders of the ''Schlossgarten'']] In Erlangen, the University has two main sites: one in the city centre (North site) and the other in city's south (South site). To the east of the city is the so-called “Röthelheim Campus” with minor engineering and medical facilities. In addition, the FAU currently has a large number of larger and smaller properties spread over the entire Erlangen city area. Besides the [[Schloss Erlangen|Erlangen Schloss]], the university’s Schlossgarten in the city centre is a main sight in Erlangen and very popular among students especially during summer term. The university’s administration (in the Erlangen Schloss), the Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences and Theology and the Department of Law (as part of the Faculty of Law and Economics) are located at the North Site (both at Bismarckstraße/Schillerstraße) as well as the Faculty of Medicine and the University Hospital. Also in the city centre is the University Library Erlangen-Nürnberg. The Erlangen University Hospital is one of the biggest university hospitals in Germany. [[File:Uk erlangen.svg|thumb|right|Logo of the University Hospital]] [[File:Alte-universitaets-bibliothek universitaet-erlangen.jpg|thumb|right|Old University Library ''(Erlangen)'']] The Faculty of Science (Erwin-Rommel-Straße/Staudtstraße) and the Faculty of Engineering form the FAU’s South site. ====Library==== {{expand section|date=February 2017}} The University Library Erlangen-Nürnberg is the library system of the Friedrich Alexander University and is a regional library for the region of Middle Franconia. As an academic universal library, it offers its users a wide range of specialist literature from all faculties and a variety of services. With approximately 5.4 million volumes, it is Bavaria's largest library outside the state capital Munich. Large parts of the media stock are also accessible in interregional lending. The University Library is a member of the [[Bavarian Library Network]] (''Bibliotheksverbund Bayern''). The Erlangen-Nuremberg library system is structured as a two-tier system, comprising four central libraries and 15 branch libraries. These libraries collectively manage a vast collection of resources distributed across approximately 200 locations. Among these central libraries, the Main Library and the Technical and Natural Sciences Branch Library (TNZB) are situated in [[Erlangen]], while the Economic and Social Sciences Library (WSZB) and the Educational Science Branch Library (EZB) are based in [[Nuremberg]]. Within this collaborative library system, most branch libraries take on the responsibility of acquiring and maintaining their own collections. However, all these resources are consolidated and accessible through the University Library's online catalogue, known as [[Online public access catalog|OPACplus]]. ===Nuremberg=== The Department of Economics (as part of the Faculty of Law and Economics) and the Department of Education (as part of the Faculty of Humanities) are in Nuremberg. The Department of Economics is located northeast of the historic Old Town (Lange Gasse/Maxtormauer). The Department of Education (“Campus Regensburger Straße”) is in the southeast of the city near the Dutzendteich and the former [[Nazi party rally grounds]] of Nuremberg. ===FAU Busan campus=== FAU is the first German university to establish a branch campus in [[Busan]] in the [[Republic of Korea]]. In November 2009, its campus project received approval from the Korean Ministry of Education, Science and Technology. The FAU Busan Branch Campus offers a Graduate School with a master's degree program in Chemical and Bioengineering and a research center.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://fau-busan.ac.kr/en/gu/gu_1.html |title=Welcome to FAU Busan Campus – German University in Korea |website=Fau-busan.ac.kr |date=13 May 2011 |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2014, the university announced its intention of working toward making the [[Korean Free Economic Zone|Busan-Jinhae Free Economic Zone]] an educational hub. To this end, FAU Busan works internationally with various companies and universities.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20140620000568 |title=[Weekender&amp;#93; German university epitomizes educational hub vison |website=Koreaherald.com |date=20 June 2014 |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Faculties== In February 2007, the senate of the university decided upon a restructuring into five faculties.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|title=Die Universität stellt sich neu auf|url=http://www.presse.uni-erlangen.de/infocenter/presse/pressemitteilungen/2007/nachrichten_2007/02_07/25grundordnung.shtml|work=Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg|access-date=10 September 2013|date=7 February 2007}}&lt;/ref&gt; Since October 2007, the FAU consists of:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/university/organisation/faculties/|title=Uni Erlangen Faculties|publisher= FAU|access-date=27 January 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; * Faculty of [[Humanities]], [[Social science|Social Sciences]], and Theology * Faculty of Business, Economics, and Law * Faculty of Medicine * Faculty of Sciences * Faculty of Engineering The following faculties were part of the university (sorted in the order in which they were founded): * Theological faculty * Law faculty * Medical faculty * Philosophical faculty I (philosophy, history, and [[social sciences]]) * Philosophical faculty II (languages and literature) * Science faculty I (mathematics and [[physics]]) * Science faculty II ([[biology]], [[chemistry]], and [[pharmaceutics]]) * Science faculty III ([[geography]], geology/[[mineralogy]]/[[paleontology]]) * [[:de:Wirtschafts- und Sozialwissenschaftliche Fakultät der Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg|Business- and social sciences faculty (1961) in Nuremberg]] * Technical Faculty (1966) * Pedagogical faculty (1972) in Nuremberg ===Faculty of Engineering=== ====Inception==== In 1962, after lengthy debate, the [[Landtag of Bavaria|Bavarian parliament]] decided to establish a Faculty of Engineering in Erlangen. The University of Erlangen thus won against the city of Nuremberg, which, for decades, had been demanding the establishment of a college of engineering in Nuremberg. Since the expansive areas of building land required for this project were not available in the center of Erlangen, the foundations for a new university campus were laid in the south east of the town in 1964. The formal establishment of the Faculty of Engineering, then the seventh faculty at the university, took place in 1966. What was unique at the time was that the various engineering departments were subsumed, as a faculty, into the main university rather than constituting an independent university.&lt;ref name=&quot;fau_his&quot; /&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/university/history/detailed-history.shtml|title=Uni Erlangen Faculty of Engineering|publisher=Erlangen University|access-date=3 October 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131004230210/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/university/history/detailed-history.shtml|archive-date=4 October 2013|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====Present status==== The Faculty of Engineering at FAU is a young educational and research institution. Since its foundation in 1966. The Faculty has five departments: * Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering * Chemical and Biological Engineering * Materials Science and Engineering (This Department was ranked at 10th best in the world according to the Quantitative Ranking of Engineering Disciplines (QRED).)&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://sti.epfl.ch/page-73094.html|title=Ranking – QRED – EPFL|date=6 January 2015|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.fau.de/international/2012/11/06/fau-materials-scientists-top-ten-worldwide/|title=FAU materials scientists top ten worldwide|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121111065437/http://blogs.fau.de/international/2012/11/06/fau-materials-scientists-top-ten-worldwide/|archive-date=11 November 2012}}&lt;/ref&gt; * Mechanical Engineering * Computer Science The Faculty has close connections both with other natural sciences and with traditional subjects at the university. The Faculty of Engineering currently concentrates on the following research fields: * New Materials and Processes * Life Science Engineering and Medicine Technology * Energy Technology and Mobility * Modeling and Simulation * Optics and Optical Technologies * Information- and Communication Technologies * Micro-/Nano-electronics ==Research== ===Major research areas=== FAU claims leadership in a number of research topics. The current eight such major research areas are:&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/main-topics/ |title=Major research areas at FAU › FAU.EU |website=Uni-erlangen.org |access-date=26 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140703031310/http://uni-erlangen.org/research/main-topics/ |archive-date=3 July 2014 |url-status=dead }}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/ |title=Research › FAU.EU |website=Uni-erlangen.org |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; * New Materials and Processes * Optics and Optical Technologies * Molecular Life Science and Medicine * Health Technology * Electronics, Information and Communication * Energy, Environment and Climate * Language – Culture – Religion * Cohesion – Transformation – Innovation in Law and Economics ===Excellence initiative=== The Excellence Initiative by the German federal and state governments to promote science and research at German universities aims to promote cutting-edge research and to strengthen the higher education and research in Germany to improve its international competitiveness and to make top performers in academia and science visible. As part of this initiative, FAU was awarded the contract for the Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT), which received 1.9 million euros of annual funding for the next five years. The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials and Processes' (EAM) was also established at FAU as part of the initiative and has been approved in the second round. EAM is funded with 40 million euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.de/forschung/exzellenzinitiative/ |title=Exzellenzinitiative › FAU.DE |website=Uni-erlangen.de |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/excellence-initiative.shtml |title=Friedrich-Alexander-University: Excellence Initiative |website=www.uni-erlangen.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921160449/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/excellence-initiative.shtml |archive-date=21 September 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials==== The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials – Hierarchical Structure Formation for Functional Devices' (EAM) is the only interdisciplinary research collaboration of its type in Germany to focus on the investigation of functional materials and their processing at all length scales. The main research focus is on the fundamental and applied aspects of designing and creating novel high-performance materials. It is part of the Excellence Initiative of the [[German Research Foundation]].&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.excellence-initiative.com/excellence-initiative |title=Excellence Initiative &amp;#124; Excellence Initiative |website=www.excellence-initiative.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123105737/http://www.excellence-initiative.com/excellence-initiative |archive-date=23 January 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.excellence-initiative.com/erlangen-nuernberg-materials-functional-devices |title=Engineering of Advanced Materials – Hierarchical Structure Formation for Functional Devices &amp;#124; Excellence Initiative |website=www.excellence-initiative.com |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090804002613/http://www.excellence-initiative.com/erlangen-nuernberg-materials-functional-devices |archive-date=4 August 2009 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.eam.fau.de/ |title=Cluster of Excellence Engineering of Advanced Materials (EAM) – Home |publisher=EAM |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; ====Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies==== The Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies (SAOT) was founded in 2006. SAOT's scientific focus lies on optics and optical technology, two fields which are considered key technologies of the 21st century. SAOT is currently funded with seven million euros.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.excellence-initiative.com/erlangen-optical-technologies|title=Graduate School of Advanced Optical Technology &amp;#124; Excellence Initiative|date=23 January 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090123133936/http://www.excellence-initiative.com/erlangen-optical-technologies|archive-date=23 January 2009}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.aot.uni-erlangen.de/ |title=Startseite |website=Aot.uni-erlangen.de |access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; === National High Performance Computing Center === in 2020 the FAU joined the National High-Performance Computing (NHR) alliance in Germany. This program is designed to provide researchers with access to state-of-the-art computing resources exceeding the limits of local HPC resources, including supercomputers. By joining the NHR program, the FAU has expanded its computing infrastructure, enabling its researchers to conduct more advanced simulations and analyses in various fields of study.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National Centre for High Performance Computing to be established at FAU |url=https://www.fau.eu/2020/11/16/news/research/national-centre-for-high-performance-computing-to-be-established-at-fau/ |access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web |title=National High Performance Computing |url=https://www.nhr-verein.de/en |access-date=2023-03-16}}&lt;/ref&gt; ===Research institutions=== ====Central institutions==== {{hidden | style = border:1px; width: 36%; | headerstyle = background: #dcdcdc; font-size: 110%; | contentstyle = text-align:left; background: #f5f5f5; | header = Central institutions&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions//central-institutions.shtml |title=Friedrich-Alexander-University: Central Institutions |website=www.uni-erlangen.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081012012240/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions//central-institutions.shtml |archive-date=12 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; | content = * Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials' (EAM) * Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies * Bavaria California Technology Center (BaCaTeC) * Central Institute for Research on Teaching and Learning (ZiLL) * Institute of Advanced Materials and Processes (ZMP) * Center for Area Studies * Center for Teacher Education * Center for Applied Ethics and Science Communication * FAU Graduate School * Bavarian Academic Center for Latin America (BayLat) * FAU Campus Busan * Central Institute of Healthcare Engineering (ZIMT) * Center ofor Scientific Computing (ZISC) * Central Institute for Anthropology of Religion(s) (ZAR) }} ====Interdisciplinary centers==== {{hidden | style = border:1px; width: 36%; | headerstyle = background: #dcdcdc; font-size: 110%; | contentstyle = text-align:left; background: #f5f5f5; | header = Interdisciplinary centers&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions/interdisciplinary-centres.shtml |title=Interdisciplinary Centres |website=uni-erlangen.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120112124354/http://uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions/interdisciplinary-centres.shtml |archive-date=12 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; | content = * Interdisciplinary Center for Digital Humanities and Social Sciences * Interdisciplinary Center for Public Health * Interdisciplinary Media Research Center * Interdisciplinary Center for Islamic Religious Studies * Interdisciplinary Center for Gerontology * Interdisciplinary Center for Dialects and Language Variation (IZD) * Interdisciplinary Center Old World * Interdisciplinary Center for European Medieval and Renaissance Studies (IZEMIR) * Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) * Interdisciplinary Center Aesthetic Education * Emmy-Noether Center for lgebra representation theory with emphasis * Interdisciplinary Center Literature and Contemporary Culture * Interdisciplinary Center Embedded Systems (ESI Embedded Systems Institute) * Interdisciplinary Center for ophthalmic Preventive Medicine and Imaging * Interdisciplinary Center Erlangen Catalysis Resource Center (ECRC) * Interdisciplinary Center for Science Edition * Interdisciplinary Center for Neurosciences (IZN) * Interdisciplinary Center for Research on Lexicography, Valency and Collocation * Interdisciplinary Center for Interface-Controlled Processes (IC-ICP) * Erlangen Center of Plant Science (ECROPS) * Interdisciplinary Center for Molecular Materials * The Labor and Socio-Economic Research Center (LASER) * Emil Fischer Center * Medical Immunology Campus Erlangen (MICE) * Erlangen Center for Infection Research (ECI) }} ====Research centers and centers of excellence==== {{hidden | style = border:1px; width: 36%; | headerstyle = background: #dcdcdc; font-size: 110%; | contentstyle = text-align:left; background: #f5f5f5; | header = Research centers &amp; centers of excellence&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions/research-centres.shtml |title=Friedrich-Alexander-University: Research Centres &amp; Centres of Excellence |website=www.uni-erlangen.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081002054425/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/research/institutions/research-centres.shtml |archive-date=2 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; | content = * Engineering of Advanced Materials (Cluster of Excellence) * Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies * Transfer Centre for Research and Development in Electronic Production (FOWEP) * Cluster mechatronik &amp; automation * Bavarian Lasercenter (BLZ) * Bavarian Center for Applied Energy Research (ZAE Bayern) * Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Circuits (IIS) * Fraunhofer Institute for Integrated Systems and Device Technology (IISB) * Research Association for Molded Interconnect Devices 3-D MID e.V. * FAU Ingolstadt Institute * Department of European Commercial Law * Interdisciplinary Center for Clinical Research (IZKF) * Center of Excellence New Materials }} ==Partnerships== Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg (FAU) is the first German university to establish a branch campus in Busan in the Republic of Korea. FAU has contacts with approximately 500 universities all over the world, including many of the world's top universities like the [[University of Cambridge]], [[Duke University]], [[University College London|UCL]], [[Imperial College London]] and many more.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/international/going-abroad/study/|title=Study|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Academic ranking== {{Infobox Germany university rankings | QS = 229 | QS_N = 12 | QS_year = 2024 | QS_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/university-rankings/world-university-rankings/2024|title=QS World University Rankings 2024|access-date=16 July 2023|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; | THE = 193 | THE_N = 19 | THE_year = 2024 | THE_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/2024/world-ranking|title=World University Rankings 2024|access-date=27 September 2023|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]|date=27 September 2023 }}&lt;/ref&gt; | ARWU = 201–300 | ARWU_N = 10–19 | ARWU_year = 2023 | ARWU_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.shanghairanking.com/rankings/arwu/2023|title=2023 Academic Ranking of World Universities|website=[[Academic Ranking of World Universities]]|access-date=15 August 2023}}&lt;/ref&gt; | QS_Subject1_title = Engineering and Technology | QS_Subject1 = 240 | QS_Subject1_N = 10 | QS_Subject1_year = 2023 | QS_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;QSSubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.topuniversities.com/subject-rankings/2023|title=QS World University Rankings by Subject 2023|date=23 March 2023|website=[[QS World University Rankings]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; | THE_Subject1_title = Engineering | THE_Subject1 = 101–125 | THE_Subject1_N = 5–7 | THE_Subject1_year = 2023 | THE_Subject1_ref = &lt;ref name=&quot;THESubject&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/world-university-rankings/by-subject|title=World University Rankings by subject|access-date=16 July 2022|website=[[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]]}}&lt;/ref&gt; }} According to the [[QS World University Rankings]] of 2024,the university is ranked 229th in the world and 12th nationally.&lt;ref name=&quot;QS&quot;/&gt; The [[Times Higher Education World University Rankings]] for 2024 places the university at the 193rd position globally, while it is 19th in the national context.&lt;ref name=&quot;THE&quot;/&gt; As per the [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] 2023 edition, its rank falls within the 201–300 bracket worldwide, and between 10th and 19th at the national level.&lt;ref name=&quot;ARWU&quot;/&gt; Measured by the number of top managers in the German economy, FAU ranked 25th in 2019.&lt;ref&gt;{{Cite web|url=https://www.charly.education/presse/dax-karriere|title=An diesen Unis haben die DAX-Vorstände studiert {{!}} charly.education|website=www.charly.education|language=de|access-date=19 October 2019}}&lt;/ref&gt; In 2017, [[Academic Ranking of World Universities|ARWU]] ranked FAU 4th in Germany in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences, 6th in Germany in Clinical Medicine and Pharmacy and 7th in Germany in Natural Sciences and Mathematics.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Erlangen-Nuremberg.html|title=ARWU University of Erlangen-Nuremberg|date=11 December 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; QS World University Rankings 2018 ranked FAU as the academic institution that has produced the most widely cited publications in Germany (global 21st).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.fau.eu/2017/06/13/news/research/fau-publications-again-the-most-widely-cited-in-germany/|title=FAU publications again the most widely cited in Germany|date=13 June 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; 2017, Reuters ranked FAU as the 50th most innovative university globally (2nd Germany, 6th in Europe).&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=https://www.timeshighereducation.com/student/news/top-100-most-innovative-universities-world-2017#survey-answer/|title=Top 100 most innovative universities in the world 2017|date=29 September 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt; In the Reuters ranking report published in 2019, FAU has been rated as the most innovative university in Germany and as the 2nd in Europe.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite news |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/rpbtop1002019-idUSKCN1S60PA |title=Reuters Top 100: Europe's Most Innovative Universities 2019 announced |newspaper=Reuters |date=30 April 2019 }}&lt;/ref&gt; In [[Academic Ranking of World Universities]] for year 2014, FAU ranked second among German universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences group for all four ranking parameters ''TOP'', ''FUN'', ''HiCi'' and ''PUB''.&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/World-University-Rankings/University-of-Erlangen-Nuremberg.html|title=University of Erlangen-Nuremberg &amp;#124; Academic Ranking of World Universities – 2016 &amp;#124; Shanghai Ranking – 2016|publisher=Shanghai Ranking|access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fau-ranking2&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.fau.de/universitaet/kennzahlen-und-rankings/rankings/|title=Rankings ›|website=Fau.de|access-date=26 February 2017}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;fau-ranking1&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://blogs.fau.de/international/2014/09/01/fau-among-global-leaders-in-chemistry-and-engineering/|title=FAU Among Global Leaders in Chemistry and Engineering|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140902160052/http://blogs.fau.de/international/2014/09/01/fau-among-global-leaders-in-chemistry-and-engineering/|access-date=1 September 2014|archive-date=2 September 2014}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref name=&quot;shanghairanking.com&quot;&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.shanghairanking.com/FieldENG2014.html|title=Academic Ranking of World Universities in Engineering/Technology and Computer Sciences – 2014 – 2014 Top 100 Universities in Natural Sciences and Mathematics – ARWU-FIELD 2014|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; ==Awards== ===Alexander von Humboldt Professorships=== In 2010, the newly announced professor of physics and co-director of the [[Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light]], Prof. Vahid Sandoghdar was awarded an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt Professorship]],&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/ahp-2010.html|title=Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation – AHP Preisträger 2010|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; Germany's highest-endowed international research award, endowed with €3.5 million. In the year 2011, the second in a row, FAU communications engineer and researcher Prof. Dr.-Ing Robert Schober (born 1971) was awarded an [[Alexander von Humboldt Foundation|Alexander von Humboldt Professorship]], entailed with €3.5 million,&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.humboldt-foundation.de/web/ahp-2011.html|title=Alexander von Humboldt-Foundation – AHP Preisträger 2011|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web |url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/institutions-and-services/press-office/press-releases/news/2011/10/27/18.shtml |title=News |website=www.uni-erlangen.org |access-date=14 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130210060417/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/institutions-and-services/press-office/press-releases/news/2011/10/27/18.shtml |archive-date=10 February 2013 |url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt;&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.research-in-germany.de/service/newsletter/newsletter-issue-15-december-2011-january-2012/latest-r-d-funding-programmes/90536/funding-activities-1.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130212031559/http://www.research-in-germany.de/service/newsletter/newsletter-issue-15-december-2011-january-2012/latest-r-d-funding-programmes/90536/funding-activities-1.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=12 February 2013|title=Newsletter Archive|access-date=4 July 2015}}&lt;/ref&gt; for an algorithm developed by him which is found in many modern phones today. In 2013, Prof. Oskar Painter received an Alexander von Humboldt Professorship as well. Prof. Painter is another new co-director of the [[Max Planck Institute for the Science of Light]]. ===German Excellence Initiative=== The University of Erlangen-Nürnberg was successful within the [[German Universities Excellence Initiative]] in competing for a &quot;cluster of excellence&quot; and a graduate school.&lt;ref&gt;{{cite web|url=http://www.bmbf.de/en/1321.php|title=Excellence Initiative for Cutting-Edge Research at Institutions of Higher Education|author=Redaktion: Referat LS 4 – Öffentlichkeitsarbeit, Internet|date=14 May 2013|access-date=4 July 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150629100712/http://www.bmbf.de/en/1321.php|archive-date=29 June 2015|url-status=dead}}&lt;/ref&gt; The Cluster of Excellence 'Engineering of Advanced Materials' (EAM)&quot; focuses on interdisciplinary developing new materials, joining engineering and natural sciences. The Erlangen Graduate School in Advanced Optical Technologies emphasizes a strong focus in [[optics|optical]] and [[photonics]] technology in the natural sciences, in engineering and the medical sciences and aims for a concise doctoral education. It is supplemented with a Master's degree program in the same topics. After an in-depth evaluation, both programs were extended for the third phase of the German Excellence Initiative in 2012 until 2017. They contribute significantly to the research funding of the University, including five new research buildings, permanent new technical facilities and research and teaching staff. They also aim to increase the international perception of the contributing fields of research in Erlangen. ==Notable alumni and professors== * [[Louis Agassiz]], [[biologist]] and geologist * [[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] (1739–1810), naturalist, studied [[mammals]]. * [[Robley Dunglison]] (1798–1869), personal physician to Thomas Jefferson, considered the &quot;Father of American Physiology&quot; * [[Samuel Hahnemann]] (1755–1843), founder of [[homeopathy]] * [[Alexander von Humboldt]] (1769–1859), Geographer and Explorer, attended lectures in Chemistry and Physics.&lt;ref name=&quot;uni-erlangen1&quot;&gt;{{Cite web|url=http://www.uni-erlangen.org/infocentre/alumni/portraits.shtml|title=FAU: Information for Alumni – People and stories|date=25 October 2011|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111025085909/http://www.uni-erlangen.org/infocentre/alumni/portraits.shtml|archive-date=25 October 2011}}&lt;/ref&gt; * [[Friedrich Rückert]] (1788–1866), [[Oriental studies|orientalist]] and poet.&lt;ref name=&quot;uni-erlangen1&quot;/&gt; * [[Georg Simon Ohm]] (1789–1854), physicist, [[Ohm's law]], named after him. * [[Justus von Liebig]] (1803–1873), chemist, &quot;father of the [[fertilizer]] industry&quot;. * [[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach]] (1804–1872), philosopher, associated with the [[Young Hegelians]], an [[atheist]]. * [[Karl von Hegel]] (1813–1901), historian, father-in-law to [[Felix Klein]] and son of the philosopher [[Hegel]] * [[Felix Klein]] (1849–1925), Mathematician * [[Hermann Emil Fischer]] (1852–1919), chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] 1902 * [[Eduard Buchner]] (1860–1917), chemist, [[Nobel Prize in Chemistry]] 1907 * [[Emanuel Lasker]] (1868–1941), world chess champion, mathematician, philosopher. * [[Emmy Noether]] (1882–1935), mathematician, [[Noether's theorem]], named after her. * [[Hans Geiger]] (1882–1945), physicist, [[Geiger counter]] * [[Ludwig Erhard]] (1897–1977), [[Chancellor of Germany (Federal Republic)|Chancellor of Germany]] 1963–1966 * [[Otto Friedrich Ranke]] (1899–1959), physiologist * [[Ethelbert Stauffer]] (1902–1979), Professor of New Testament Studies * [[Wolf-Dieter Montag]] (1924–2018), German physician, and international sports administrator * [[Alma Adamkienė]] (1927–), First Lady of Lithuania 1998–2009 * [[Johanna Narten]] (1930–2019), historical linguist and first woman member of the [[Bavarian Academy of Sciences and Humanities]] * [[Harald zur Hausen]] (1936–), [[virology|virologist]], [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]] 2008 * [[Heinrich von Pierer]] (1941–), former CEO of [[Siemens AG]] (1992–2005). * [[Karlheinz Brandenburg]] (1954–), audio engineer, developer of the [[MP3]] audio [[codec]]. * [[Burkard Polster]] (1965–), mathematician, host of YouTube channel Mathologer. * [[Anatole Romaniuk]] (1924–2018), demographer * [[Naser Sahiti]] (*1966), mechanical engineer and elected Rector of the University of Prishtina * [[Philipp Plein]] (born 1978), founder in the Philipp Plein brand * [[Julia Lang (entrepreneur)]] (born 1989), serial entrepreneur and founder of VEERT * [[Michael A. Pirson]] (born 1973), the James A.F. Stoner Endowed Chair in Global Sustainability and a professor of Global Sustainability and Social Entrepreneurship at Fordham University &lt;gallery&gt; Image:Schreber_Johann_Christian_Daniel_von_1739-1810.jpg|[[Johann Christian Daniel von Schreber]] Image:Hahnemann.jpg|[[Samuel Hahnemann]] Image:AvHumboldt.jpg|[[Alexander von Humboldt]] Image:Friedrich_Rückert.jpg|[[Friedrich Rückert]] Image:Georg_Simon_Ohm3.jpg|[[Georg Simon Ohm]] Image:Justus_von_Liebig_NIH.jpg|[[Justus von Liebig]] Image:Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach.jpg|[[Ludwig Andreas Feuerbach]] Image:Felix_Klein.jpeg|[[Felix Klein]] Image:Убеншвуаншвышь.jpg|[[Hermann Emil Fischer]] Image:Eduardbuchner.jpg|[[Eduard Buchner]] Image:Noether.jpg|[[Emmy Noether]] Image:Geiger,Hans_1928.jpg|[[Hans Geiger]] Image:Bundesarchiv_B_145_Bild-F015320-0010,_Ludwig_Erhard.jpg|[[Ludwig Erhard]] Image:Alma_Adamkiene_and_Laura_Bush.jpg|[[Alma Adamkienė]] Image:Harald_zur_Hausen_03.jpg|[[Harald zur Hausen]] Image:Vladimir_Putin_15_June_2000-4.jpg|[[Heinrich von Pierer]] Image:Karlheinz_Brandenburg_cropped.jpg|[[Karlheinz Brandenburg]] &lt;/gallery&gt; ==Gallery== &lt;gallery&gt; File:FAU-TechFak.jpg|FAU Faculty of Engineering campus File:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg-Computer Science Department.JPG|Department of Computer Science File:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg - Laboratory of Telecommunication - Technical Faculty.JPG|Department of Electrical, Electronic and Communication Engineering File:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg - Sign of goodwill in Technical Faculty.JPG|Property for good thoughts designed by Marian Bogusz, on the Faculty of Engineering campus File:Audimax_universitaet-erlangen.jpg| Faculty of Humanities, Social Sciences, and Theology and central lecture hall File:RRZE-Gebaeudebild.jpg|Regional Computing Centre &lt;/gallery&gt; ==Points of interest== * [[Botanischer Garten Erlangen]], the university's [[botanical garden]] ==See also== * [[List of early modern universities in Europe]] * [[Recktenwald Prize]] * [[Top Industrial Managers for Europe]] * [[Fraunhofer Society]] ==References== {{Reflist|30em}} ==External links== {{Commons category|Friedrich-Alexander-Universität Erlangen-Nürnberg}} * {{official website|http://fau.eu}} {{Friedrich-Alexander University of Erlangen-Nürnberg}} {{Universities in Germany}} {{Authority control}} {{DEFAULTSORT:Erlangen-Nurnberg, University of}} [[Category:University of Erlangen-Nuremberg| ]] [[Category:18th-century establishments in Bavaria| ]] [[Category:1742 establishments in the Holy Roman Empire]] [[Category:Educational institutions established in 1742]] [[Category:Universities and colleges established in the 18th century]] [[Category:Universities and colleges in Bavaria]] [[Category:Education in Erlangen|University of Erlangen-Nurnberg]] [[Category:Education in Nuremberg]] [[Category:Engineering universities and colleges in Germany]]</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> <entry> <id>https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WrestleMania_XL&diff=1203074965</id> <title>Talk:WrestleMania XL</title> <link rel="alternate" type="text/html" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Talk:WrestleMania_XL&diff=1203074965"/> <updated>2024-02-04T04:20:16Z</updated> <summary type="html">BXC7: /* Semi-protected edit request on 4 February 2024 */ new section <hr /> <div>{{Talk header}} {{WikiProject banner shell |class=Start |1= {{WikiProject Professional wrestling |importance=Low}} }} {{old move|date=9 October 2022|from=WrestleMania 40|destination=WrestleMania XL|result=moved|link=Special:Permalink/1117134837#Requested move 9 October 2022}} == Requested move 9 October 2022 == &lt;div class=&quot;boilerplate&quot; style=&quot;background-color: #efe; margin: 0; padding: 0 10px 0 10px; border: 1px dotted #aaa;&quot;&gt;&lt;!-- Template:RM top --&gt; :''The following is a closed discussion of a [[Wikipedia:Requested moves|requested move]]. &lt;span style=&quot;color:red&quot;&gt;'''Please do not modify it.'''&lt;/span&gt; Subsequent comments should be made in a new section on the talk page. Editors desiring to contest the closing decision should consider a [[Wikipedia:move review|move review]] after discussing it on the closer's talk page. No further edits should be made to this discussion. '' The result of the move request was: '''moved.''' The move suggestion itself seems to not be opposed. However, several people want to redirect the article, but that's out of scope for the RM process. Use AfD to discuss redirection. &lt;small&gt;([[Wikipedia:Requested moves/Closing instructions#Closure by a page mover|closed by non-admin page mover]])&lt;/small&gt; — ''Ceso femmuin mbolgaig mbung'', ''[[User:Mellohi!|mello]]'''''[[User talk:Mellohi!|hi!]]''' ([[Special:Contributions/Mellohi!|投稿]]) 19:22, 23 October 2022 (UTC) ---- [[:WrestleMania 40]] → {{no redirect|WrestleMania XL}} – With the name and logo of this WrestleMania revealed, I am requesting that this article is moved to WrestleMania XL. Bleacher Report has [https://bleacherreport.com/articles/10051720-wwe-wrestlemania-40-logo-revealed-event-will-be-held-in-philadelphia an article] with a [https://twitter.com/JonAlba/status/1578897702662078466 corresponding tweet] from Jon Alba depicting the logo which uses the Roman numerals for 40 as opposed to the Arabic numerals used in the nine WrestleManias that precede the 40th iteration of the event. ''[[User:JayCoop|Jay Coop]]''&lt;small&gt;&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;#32;[[User talk:JayCoop|Talk]]&amp;nbsp;&lt;b&gt;&amp;middot;&lt;/b&gt;&amp;#32;[[Special:Contributions/JayCoop|Contributions]]&lt;/small&gt; 05:06, 9 October 2022 (UTC) &lt;small&gt;—&amp;nbsp;'''''Relisting.'''''&amp;nbsp;—&amp;nbsp;[[User:Shibbolethink|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Shibboleth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;ink&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Shibbolethink|♔]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Shibbolethink|♕]])&lt;/sup&gt; 17:50, 16 October 2022 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt; *'''Redirect instead''' Its almost two years away, better to redirect it to the [[WrestleMania]] article.[[User:StarTrekker|★Trekker]] ([[User talk:StarTrekker|talk]]) 12:11, 9 October 2022 (UTC) *'''Support''' It may be a year and a half or so away (not 2 years), but this has been confirmed by WWE with the official unveiling of the graphic for the 40th WrestleMania. [[Special:Contributions/2601:405:4000:1F50:20EB:7833:B564:1919|2601:405:4000:1F50:20EB:7833:B564:1919]] ([[User talk:2601:405:4000:1F50:20EB:7833:B564:1919|talk]]) 09:00, 10 October 2022 (UTC) :&lt;small&gt;Note: [[Wikipedia talk:WikiProject Professional wrestling|WikiProject Professional wrestling]] has been notified of this discussion. —&amp;nbsp;[[User:Shibbolethink|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Shibboleth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;ink&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Shibbolethink|♔]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Shibbolethink|♕]])&lt;/sup&gt; 17:50, 16 October 2022 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt; :&lt;small&gt;'''Relisting comment''': to generate a clearer consensus. —&amp;nbsp;[[User:Shibbolethink|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black&quot;&gt;Shibboleth&lt;/span&gt;&lt;span style=&quot;color: maroon&quot;&gt;ink&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Shibbolethink|♔]]&lt;/sup&gt; &lt;sup&gt;[[Special:Contributions/Shibbolethink|♕]])&lt;/sup&gt; 17:50, 16 October 2022 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt; *'''Redirect''' - not really suitable for an article yet. But, yes, move once close enough for a suitable article to be made. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Lee Vilenski&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])&lt;/sup&gt;''' 18:45, 16 October 2022 (UTC) *:[[User:Lee Vilenski|@Lee Vilenski]] the article already exists. You're replying on its talk page. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 03:52, 18 October 2022 (UTC) *::I'm aware of that. I'm saying redirect both pages to [[WrestleMania]]. This is not yet suitable for a page. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Lee Vilenski&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])&lt;/sup&gt;''' 08:01, 18 October 2022 (UTC) *:::[[User:Lee Vilenski|@Lee Vilenski]] there was a past discussion in the project that said once location and date info are confirmed, then article can be made. All of that info has been announced. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 12:39, 19 October 2022 (UTC) *::::A project discussion doesn't surplant [[WP:GNG]]. '''[[User:Lee Vilenski|&lt;span style=&quot;color:green&quot;&gt;Lee Vilenski&lt;/span&gt;]] &lt;sup&gt;([[User talk:Lee Vilenski|talk]] • [[Special:Contribs/Lee Vilenski|contribs]])&lt;/sup&gt;''' 15:45, 19 October 2022 (UTC) *:::::[[User:Lee Vilenski|@Lee Vilenski]] okay, but there's enough coverage in reliable sources to meet the notability guidelines. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 03:12, 20 October 2022 (UTC) *'''Redirect''' per Trekker and Lee. Presently there's nothing in this article other than the default templates we put on every PPV page. Consequently, I can't see how this justifies its own article. — '''[[User:Czello|&lt;i style=&quot;color:#8000FF&quot;&gt;Czello&lt;/i&gt;]]''' 08:08, 18 October 2022 (UTC) *'''Keep and Support Move''' A confirmed venue and more importantly logo for a future wrestlemania is enough justification for an article to be established at this point, IMO. [[User:DrewieStewie|DrewieStewie]] ([[User talk:DrewieStewie|talk]]) 06:35, 19 October 2022 (UTC) &lt;div style=&quot;padding-left: 1.6em; font-style: italic; border-top: 1px solid #a2a9b1; margin: 0.5em 0; padding-top: 0.5em&quot;&gt;The discussion above is closed. &lt;b style=&quot;color: #FF0000;&quot;&gt;Please do not modify it.&lt;/b&gt; Subsequent comments should be made on the appropriate discussion page. No further edits should be made to this discussion.&lt;/div&gt;&lt;!-- from [[Template:Archive bottom]] --&gt; &lt;/div&gt;&lt;div style=&quot;clear:both;&quot;&gt;&lt;/div&gt; == Return of Norman Smiley == With the return of Norman Smiley revealed, I am requesting that this article is moved to WiggleMania XL. [[Special:Contributions/2603:7080:403E:562:B1A8:EC86:51BC:9ECB|2603:7080:403E:562:B1A8:EC86:51BC:9ECB]] ([[User talk:2603:7080:403E:562:B1A8:EC86:51BC:9ECB|talk]]) 02:10, 31 December 2023 (UTC) == Cody == Are we sure Cody is gonna face Reigns again? [[Special:Contributions/197.87.135.46|197.87.135.46]] ([[User talk:197.87.135.46|talk]]) 14:48, 28 January 2024 (UTC) :Yes, the match was confirmed during the post rumble press conference [[Special:Contributions/2600:8804:6900:79A:963:31A2:7B5C:3837|2600:8804:6900:79A:963:31A2:7B5C:3837]] ([[User talk:2600:8804:6900:79A:963:31A2:7B5C:3837|talk]]) 16:02, 28 January 2024 (UTC) :: Looks like you were mistaken. &lt;!-- Template:Unsigned IP --&gt;&lt;small class=&quot;autosigned&quot;&gt;—&amp;nbsp;Preceding [[Wikipedia:Signatures|unsigned]] comment added by [[Special:Contributions/197.87.143.252|197.87.143.252]] ([[User talk:197.87.143.252#top|talk]]) 20:26, 30 January 2024 (UTC)&lt;/small&gt; &lt;!--Autosigned by SineBot--&gt; == Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2024 == {{edit semi-protected|WrestleMania XL|answered=yes}} [[Roman Reigns]] (c) with [[Paul Heyman]] vs. [[Cody Rhodes]] [[singles match]] the [ Undistputed WWE Universal Championship]] [[Special:Contributions/216.175.29.71|216.175.29.71]] ([[User talk:216.175.29.71|talk]]) 16:28, 28 January 2024 (UTC) :[[File:Pictogram voting wait.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Already done'''&lt;!-- Template:ESp --&gt; [[User:RWILDONLINE|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#5d9731; color:white; padding:0px;&quot;&gt;RWILD&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:RWILDONLINE|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#066b9d;color:white;padding:0px;&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/span&gt;]] 18:29, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Semi-protected edit request on 28 January 2024 (2) == {{edit semi-protected|WrestleMania XL|answered=yes}} [[Special:Contributions/216.175.29.71|216.175.29.71]] ([[User talk:216.175.29.71|talk]]) 16:41, 28 January 2024 (UTC) :[[File:Red question icon with gradient background.svg|20px|link=|alt=]] '''Not done:''' it's not clear what changes you want to be made. Please mention the specific changes in a [[WP:EDITXY|&quot;change X to Y&quot; format]] and provide a [[Wikipedia:Reliable sources|reliable source]] if appropriate.&lt;!-- Template:ESp --&gt; [[User:RWILDONLINE|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#5d9731; color:white; padding:0px;&quot;&gt;RWILD&lt;/span&gt;]][[User talk:RWILDONLINE|&lt;span style=&quot;background:#066b9d;color:white;padding:0px;&quot;&gt;✉&lt;/span&gt;]] 18:27, 28 January 2024 (UTC) == Semi-protected edit request on 3 February 2024 == {{edit semi-protected|WrestleMania XL|answered=no}} Removal of Cody vs Seth, has not been confirmed , sited or proven on any source [[Special:Contributions/104.36.175.105|104.36.175.105]] ([[User talk:104.36.175.105|talk]]) 03:24, 3 February 2024 (UTC) == Cody Rhodes content == {{u|JDC808}} - please stop adding content that fails verification from the cited source. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 07:09, 3 February 2024 (UTC) # [https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/cody-rhodes-i-want-face-roman-reigns-again-and-finish-story Fightful] never says {{tq|While Rhodes's choice seemed '''obvious'''}}, this is simply [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WrestleMania_XL&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1202652760 your interpretation] and editorializing. # [https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/29/wwe-raw-results-1-29-powells-live-review-of-cody-rhodes-and-bayleys-post-royal-rumble-win-appearances-cm-punks-health-update-damian-priest-and-finn-balor-vs-diy-for-the-undisputed-wwe-tag/ Dot Net] does not say {{tq|Seth &quot;'''Freakin'''&quot; Rollins, who''' Rhodes had defeated in his return match at WrestleMania 38, made a convincing argument''' as to why Rhodes should instead challenge him for Raw's World Heavyweight Championship, stating that his title was the workhorse championship and '''the title that Dusty would choose'''}}. You [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WrestleMania_XL&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1202652037 restored that] but instead Dot Net says {{brown|Seth Rollins ... implied that he knows which title Dusty Rhodes would want}}. # [https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/02/02/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-1-26-barnetts-review-of-roman-reigns-responds-to-seth-rollins-and-cody-rhodes-appearances-by-royal-rumble-winners-cody-and-bayley/ Dot Net] does not say {{tq|Rhodes said that he would eventually win the WWE Championship}}, but [https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=WrestleMania_XL&amp;diff=prev&amp;oldid=1202655243 you added that]. This is just shoddy editing. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 07:09, 3 February 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Starship.paint|Starship.paint]] literally everything you pointed out is in the sources (with a minor exception of Rhodes defeating Rollins at WM38). This is a failed interpretation of sources on your part (we're not supposed to copy exactly what sources say, that would be plagiarism). :1. Read the quoted text from Cody at the Fightful source. &quot;seemed obvious&quot; sums up his entire quote, and additionally, going off what was mentioned before in this summary about Cody wanting the WWE Championship, that implies which title he would go for (i.e., &quot;seemed obvious&quot;). :2. Dot Net says Seth &quot;knows which title Dusty would want&quot;. What I put is saying the same thing without repeating exactly what Dot Net wrote. :3. The whole promo between Rhodes and Reigns was whether or not Rhodes would choose to challenge Reigns for Reigns' title (which consists of the WWE Championship). Dot Net says &quot;He then told Roman he was coming for him, but not at WrestleMania&quot;. That's Rhodes saying he is not challenging Roman for the title at WrestleMania, but would eventually. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:28, 3 February 2024 (UTC) ::I'm sorry {{u|JDC808}}, we simply disagree on how much liberties to take with sources. You're more lenient and I'm more strict in these listed instances. We should work out a consensus wording. Or just find a source that more closely matches your wording. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 07:32, 3 February 2024 (UTC) Proposing content based on the above sources: # {{tq|At the press conference after the Royal Rumble, Rhodes said: &quot;I want to be back in the ring with Roman Reigns and I want to finish the story.&quot;}} [https://www.fightful.com/wrestling/cody-rhodes-i-want-face-roman-reigns-again-and-finish-story Fightful] says: {{brown|At the WWE Royal Rumble Post-Show Press Conference, Steve Fall of WrestlingNewsCo asked Rhodes whether he would officially say that he was choosing Reigns as his opponent at WrestleMania ... &quot;... I want to be back in the ring with Roman Reigns and I want to finish the story ...&quot;}} # {{tq|Seth Rollins argued that Rhodes should instead face him for his World Heavyweight Championship, stating that his title was the workhorse championship and &quot;the Dusty Rhodes title&quot;; Rhodes responded that he would consider it.}} [https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/29/wwe-raw-results-1-29-powells-live-review-of-cody-rhodes-and-bayleys-post-royal-rumble-win-appearances-cm-punks-health-update-damian-priest-and-finn-balor-vs-diy-for-the-undisputed-wwe-tag/ Dot Net]. Meanwhile, if we want to mention that Rhodes defeated Rollins at WM38, just get a recent source for it, I am not opposed but RS has to say it as relevant. # {{tq|On the February 2 episode of ''SmackDown'', Rhodes said that he would not challenge Roman Reigns at WrestleMania XL}}. If you read the sources, both primary [https://www.wwe.com/shows/smackdown/2024-02-02 WWE.com] and secondary [https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/02/02/wwe-friday-night-smackdown-results-1-26-barnetts-review-of-roman-reigns-responds-to-seth-rollins-and-cody-rhodes-appearances-by-royal-rumble-winners-cody-and-bayley/ Dot Net] [https://www.f4wonline.com/news/wwe/the-rock-vs-roman-reigns-to-headline-wwe-wrestlemania-40 F4W] [https://thewest.com.au/sport/wrestling/cody-rhodes-rules-out-challenging-roman-reigns-at-wrestlemania-as-announcement-for-the-rock-seems-inevitable-c-13453485 The West Australian] that's what they say. I'm not sure why we are not allowed to mention Roman. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 07:28, 3 February 2024 (UTC) :@[[User:Starship.paint|Starship.paint]] :1. The press conference doesn't add anything of value to include in a match summary for a match that isn't happening (that match being Reigns vs. Rhodes). This is why &quot;seemed obvious&quot; was the chosen wording. It also eliminates mentioning Roman Reigns since Reigns is not who Cody is facing. There are times we might need to mention someone that's not in the match, but this match summary can be done without mentioning Reigns. :2. Although it's in quotations, I don't think we should be calling it the &quot;Dusty Rhodes title&quot; as that's inaccurate. Yes, Seth said that in his promo, but it was metaphorical speak (there are already folks out there who think Seth's title is the previous WHC and even the WCW/NWA title, lets not confuse them more). Counter: &quot;Seth &quot;Freakin&quot; Rollins argued that Rhodes should instead face him for Raw's World Heavyweight Championship, stating that his title was the workhorse championship that embodied Dusty&quot; (or something along those lines that signifies it's the championship that Dusty would want). :3. Essentially covered in point 1, but this match is not about Cody vs. Reigns (at one point perhaps, but not anymore, unless WWE changes plans again). I wouldn't be opposed to mentioning something in Background before Storylines on how WWE have had to change plans, such as due to Punk's injury since he was originally reported to be Seth's WM opponent. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 07:55, 3 February 2024 (UTC) **{{re|JDC808}} - for #1 and #3 perhaps consider this perspective. The storyline section informs readers how we got the match. Cody's match will come due to him choosing one wrestler, which could happen because he rejects one wrestler. So, by covering his choice (rejecting Reigns), we are accurately telling readers how the match came about. The storyline reason given was that he wanted Reigns to lose everything, not just the title. For #2, that roughly sounds okay, I am looking for sources for inclusion. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 08:13, 3 February 2024 (UTC) **:@[[User:Starship.paint|Starship.paint]] yes, the storyline section does tell us that. His goal has always been the WWE Championship. The summary I was trying to implement told us his original goal and how we got to his choice without mentioning Reigns. Whenever we get a confirmation of Rock vs. Reigns, we can make a mention about why Cody rejected Reigns there, since his rejection essentially set up Rock vs. Reigns (and that goes back to what I said where at times we might need to mention someone not in the match). I guess for now we could mention it, but rework it once Rock vs. Reigns is confirmed. [[User:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: green;&quot;&gt;JDC808&lt;/span&gt;]] [[User talk:JDC808|&lt;span style=&quot;color: black;&quot;&gt;♫&lt;/span&gt;]] 08:23, 3 February 2024 (UTC) ***{{re|JDC808}} - while Cody's goal is indeed the WWE Championship, at least during the last promo he also mentioned Reigns himself: {{tq|I am coming for you Roman Reigns}}. Seems like possibly a secondary goal. Seems like we have to disagree, I do not see any way that we can properly tell all of Cody's story without mentioning Reigns. Yes, there should be some reworking when Rock/Reigns is confirmed. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 08:29, 3 February 2024 (UTC) **{{tq|While it seemed likely that Rhodes would challenge for the [[Undisputed WWE Universal Championship]], [[Seth &quot;Freakin&quot; Rollins]] instead called for Rhodes to challenge him for his [[World Heavyweight Championship (WWE)|World Heavyweight Championship]], arguing that his title was the workhorse championship that embodied [[Dusty Rhodes]].}} [https://www.cbssports.com/wwe/news/wwe-smackdown-results-recap-grades-the-rock-confronts-roman-reigns-sets-stage-for-wrestlemania-xl/live/ CBS] / [https://www.usatoday.com/story/sports/sportsscope/2024/02/02/wwe-friday-smackdown-tonight-rumors-schedule-news/72444207007/ USA Today] / [https://prowrestling.net/site/2024/01/29/wwe-raw-results-1-29-powells-live-review-of-cody-rhodes-and-bayleys-post-royal-rumble-win-appearances-cm-punks-health-update-damian-priest-and-finn-balor-vs-diy-for-the-undisputed-wwe-tag/ Dot Net]. '''[[User:Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;starship&lt;/span&gt;]][[Special:Contributions/Starship.paint|&lt;span style=&quot;color:#512888&quot;&gt;.paint&lt;/span&gt;]] ([[User talk:Starship.paint|RUN]])''' 08:36, 3 February 2024 (UTC) == Semi-protected edit request on 3 February 2024 (2) == {{edit semi-protected|WrestleMania XL|answered=no}} [[Special:Contributions/2409:4072:6401:51C9:0:0:24:F8A1|2409:4072:6401:51C9:0:0:24:F8A1]] ([[User talk:2409:4072:6401:51C9:0:0:24:F8A1|talk]]) 08:28, 3 February 2024 (UTC) == Remove The Rock vs Roman Reigns == This is not 100% official. [[Special:Contributions/2600:1006:B054:ACD:6C22:EE1C:B8CE:A35D|2600:1006:B054:ACD:6C22:EE1C:B8CE:A35D]] ([[User talk:2600:1006:B054:ACD:6C22:EE1C:B8CE:A35D|talk]]) 20:12, 3 February 2024 (UTC) == Semi-protected edit request on 4 February 2024 == {{edit semi-protected|WrestleMania XL|answered=no}} Add a matchup Roman Reigns vs the Rock. It's on WWE's official Instagram https://www.instagram.com/p/C24_2o4M38l/ [[User:BXC7|BXC7]] ([[User talk:BXC7|talk]]) 04:20, 4 February 2024 (UTC)</div></summary> <author><name>BXC7</name></author> </entry> </feed>