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Basalt - Viquipèdia, l'enciclopèdia lliure
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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navegació </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portada" title="Visiteu la pàgina principal [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Portada</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Article_aleatori" title="Carrega una pàgina a l’atzar [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Article a l'atzar</span></a></li><li id="n-Articles-de-qualitat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Articles_de_qualitat"><span>Articles de qualitat</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-Comunitat" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-Comunitat" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Comunitat </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Portal" title="Sobre el projecte, què podeu fer, on trobareu les coses"><span>Portal viquipedista</span></a></li><li id="n-Agenda-d'actes" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Trobades"><span>Agenda d'actes</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Canvis_recents" title="Una llista dels canvis recents al wiki [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Canvis recents</span></a></li><li id="n-La-taverna" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:La_taverna"><span>La taverna</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Contacte"><span>Contacte</span></a></li><li id="n-Xat" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Canals_IRC"><span>Xat</span></a></li><li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Viquip%C3%A8dia:Ajuda" title="El lloc per a saber més coses"><span>Ajuda</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Portada" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Viquipèdia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-ca.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.4375em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="l'Enciclopèdia Lliure" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-ca.svg" width="120" height="14" style="width: 7.5em; height: 0.875em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Especial:Cerca" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Cerca a la Viquipèdia [f]" 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class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Aparença</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ca.wikipedia.org&uselang=ca" class=""><span>Donatius</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Crea_compte&returnto=Basalt" title="Us animem a crear un compte i iniciar una sessió, encara que no és obligatori" class=""><span>Crea un compte</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Especial:Registre_i_entrada&returnto=Basalt" title="Us animem a registrar-vos, però no és obligatori [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Inicia la sessió</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Més opcions" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines personals" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Eines personals</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Menú d'usuari" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a 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class="vector-menu-heading"> Pàgines per a editors no registrats <a href="/wiki/Ajuda:Introducci%C3%B3" aria-label="Vegeu més informació sobre l'edició"><span>més informació</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Contribucions_pr%C3%B2pies" title="Una llista de les modificacions fetes des d'aquesta adreça IP [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contribucions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Discussi%C3%B3_personal" title="Discussió sobre les edicions per aquesta adreça ip. [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Discussió per aquest IP</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Lloc"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contingut" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contingut</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">mou a la barra lateral</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">amaga</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Inici</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Etimologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Etimologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Etimologia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Etimologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Definició,_característiques_i_classificació" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Definició,_característiques_i_classificació"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Definició, característiques i classificació</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Definició,_característiques_i_classificació-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Petrologia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Petrologia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Petrologia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Petrologia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Commuta la subsecció Petrologia</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Petrologia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Mineralogia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mineralogia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Mineralogia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mineralogia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geoquímica" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geoquímica"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Geoquímica</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geoquímica-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Exemples_de_formacions_terrestres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Exemples_de_formacions_terrestres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Exemples de formacions terrestres</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Exemples_de_formacions_terrestres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Referències" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Referències"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Referències</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Referències-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vegeu_també" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vegeu_també"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Vegeu també</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vegeu_també-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contingut" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Commuta la taula de continguts." > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Commuta la taula de continguts.</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Basalt</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Vés a un article en una altra llengua. Disponible en 91 llengües" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-91" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">91 llengües</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - aragonès" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازلت - àrab" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بازلت" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="àrab" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltu" title="Basaltu - asturià" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Basaltu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="asturià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - azerbaidjanès" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidjanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازالت - South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بازالت" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - baixkir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baixkir" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalts" title="Bazalts - Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Bazalts" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - belarús" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="belarús" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт - búlgar" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="búlgar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेसाल्ट - Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%86%E0%A6%97%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A4_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%BE" title="আগ্নেয়গিরিজাত শিলা - bengalí" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="আগ্নেয়গিরিজাত শিলা" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengalí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - bretó" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - bosnià" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosnià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%8Cedi%C4%8D" title="Čedič - txec" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Čedič" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="txec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - gal·lès" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="gal·lès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - danès" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="danès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - alemany" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%92%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%AC%CE%BB%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%82" title="Βασάλτης - grec" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Βασάλτης" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="article bo"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - anglès" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="anglès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalto" title="Bazalto - esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Bazalto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - espanyol" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="espanyol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - estonià" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="estonià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - basc" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A7%D8%B2%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA" title="بازالت - persa" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بازالت" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persa" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltti" title="Basaltti - finès" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Basaltti" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="finès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalte" title="Basalte - francès" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Basalte" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="francès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - frisó septentrional" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="frisó septentrional" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - irlandès" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="irlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - gaèlic escocès" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="gaèlic escocès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - gallec" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="gallec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%96%D7%9C%D7%AA" title="בזלת - hebreu" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בזלת" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="hebreu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेसाल्ट - hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - croat" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="croat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - crioll d’Haití" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="crioll d’Haití" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - hongarès" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="hongarès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A1%D5%A6%D5%A1%D5%AC%D5%BF" title="Բազալտ - armeni" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բազալտ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armeni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal" title="Basal - indonesi" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Basal" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonesi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalto" title="Bazalto - ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Bazalto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - islandès" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - italià" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="italià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 - japonès" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%90%E1%83%96%E1%83%90%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბაზალტი - georgià" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბაზალტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="georgià" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%98%84%EB%AC%B4%EC%95%94" title="현무암 - coreà" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="현무암" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="coreà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - còrnic" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="còrnic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - kirguís" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirguís" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltes" title="Basaltes - llatí" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Basaltes" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="llatí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - luxemburguès" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luxemburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - limburguès" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazaltas" title="Bazaltas - lituà" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Bazaltas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lituà" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalts" title="Bazalts - letó" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Bazalts" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="letó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalta" title="Bazalta - malgaix" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Bazalta" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malgaix" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт - macedoni" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="macedoni" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BE%E0%B4%9F%E0%B5%8D" title="ബസാൾട് - malaiàlam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബസാൾട്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malaiàlam" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B6%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%AE" title="असिताश्म - marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="असिताश्म" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - malai" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - baix alemany" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="baix alemany" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B2%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बसाल्ट - newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="बसाल्ट" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt_(gesteente)" title="Basalt (gesteente) - neerlandès" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Basalt (gesteente)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="neerlandès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - noruec nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="noruec nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - noruec bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="noruec bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - occità" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="occità" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%AC%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%B2%E0%A8%9F" title="ਬਸਾਲਟ - panjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਬਸਾਲਟ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="panjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - polonès" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="polonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - portuguès" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portuguès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basaltu" title="Basaltu - quítxua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Basaltu" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="quítxua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - romanès" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="romanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - rus" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="rus" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - serbocroat" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbocroat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - eslovac" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="eslovac" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - eslovè" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="eslovè" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalti" title="Bazalti - albanès" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Bazalti" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт - serbi" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - sondanès" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="sondanès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt - suec" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Basalt" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="suec" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gumawesi" title="Gumawesi - suahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Gumawesi" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="suahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%82" title="Базалт - tadjik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Базалт" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadjik" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%AB%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%B0%E0%B8%8B%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="หินบะซอลต์ - tai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="หินบะซอลต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="tai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basalto" title="Basalto - tagal" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Basalto" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagal" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - turc" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turc" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - tàtar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tàtar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B0%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%BB%D1%8C%D1%82" title="Базальт - ucraïnès" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Базальт" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ucraïnès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazalt" title="Bazalt - uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Bazalt" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bazan" title="Bazan - vietnamita" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Bazan" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vietnamita" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 - xinès wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="xinès wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 - xinès" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="xinès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hi%C3%A2n-b%C3%BA-g%C3%A2m" title="Hiân-bú-gâm - xinès min del sud" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hiân-bú-gâm" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="xinès min del sud" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%8E%84%E6%AD%A6%E5%B2%A9" title="玄武岩 - cantonès" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="玄武岩" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="cantonès" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q43338#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Modifica enllaços interlingües" class="wbc-editpage">Modifica els enllaços</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Espais de noms"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Vegeu el contingut de la pàgina [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Pàgina</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Discussi%C3%B3:Basalt" rel="discussion" title="Discussió sobre el contingut d'aquesta pàgina [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Discussió</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" 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href="/wiki/Basalt"><span>Mostra</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit" title="Modifica el codi font d'aquesta pàgina [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Modifica</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=history" title="Versions antigues d'aquesta pàgina [h]" accesskey="h"><span>Mostra l'historial</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Eines de la pàgina"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Eines" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button 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style="font-size:90%;width:25em"><caption style="font-weight:bold;background-color:#b0d1ad;"><span style="float:left;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Noun_project_528.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Infotaula de roca"><img alt="Infotaula de roca" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/20px-Noun_project_528.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/30px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Noun_project_528.svg/40px-Noun_project_528.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="100" /></a></span></span>Basalt</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data infobox-data" style="text-align:center"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Basalt_3_(48674276863).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg/297px-Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="297" height="300" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg/445px-Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg/593px-Basalt_3_%2848674276863%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2077" data-file-height="2100" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:40%; padding:0.1em; background:#eeeeee;">Tipus</th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:60%;"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11871901" class="extiw" title="d:Special:EntityPage/Q11871901">rock type</a> <sup>(en)</sup> <span class="mw-valign-baseline skin-invert" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11871901?uselang=ca" title="Tradueix"><img alt="Tradueix" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/10px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/15px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/70/Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg/20px-Noun_Project_label_icon_1116097_cc_mirror.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="158" data-file-height="161" /></a></span> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338?uselang=ca#P31" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left;width:40%; padding:0.1em; background:#eeeeee;"><a href="/wiki/Ep%C3%B2nim" title="Epònim">Epònim</a></th><td class="infobox-data" style="width:60%;"><a href="/wiki/Genbu" title="Genbu">Xuanwu</a> <span class="penicon"><span class="mw-valign-baseline" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43338?uselang=ca#P138" title="Modifica el valor a Wikidata"><img alt="Modifica el valor a Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/10px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/15px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/63/Arbcom_ru_editing.svg/20px-Arbcom_ru_editing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="600" /></a></span></span></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>El <b>basalt</b> és una <a href="/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnia" title="Roca ígnia">roca ígnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A0nica" title="Roca volcànica">volcànica</a> de color fosc, de gra fi, de textura vítria o hipocristal·lina i de composició <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A0fic" title="Màfic">màfica</a> -rica en <a href="/wiki/Silicat" title="Silicat">silicats</a> de <a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">magnesi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a> (principalment <a href="/wiki/Plagi%C3%B2clasi" title="Plagiòclasi">plagiòclasi</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pirox%C3%A8" title="Piroxè">piroxens</a> i amb la presència possible d'<a href="/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina">olivina</a> i <a href="/wiki/Foids" class="mw-redirect" title="Foids">foids</a>),<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i de baix contingut en <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_silici" title="Diòxid de silici">sílice</a>-; també pot tenir <a href="/wiki/Vidre_volc%C3%A0nic" title="Vidre volcànic">vidre volcànic</a> intersticial. </p><p>Constitueix una de les roques més abundants a l'<a href="/wiki/Escor%C3%A7a_terrestre" title="Escorça terrestre">escorça terrestre</a>, i també es troba a la superfície de la <a href="/wiki/Lluna" title="Lluna">Lluna</a> i de <a href="/wiki/Mart_(planeta)" title="Mart (planeta)">Mart</a>, així com en alguns <a href="/wiki/Meteorit" title="Meteorit">meteorits</a>. Els basalts solen tenir una <a href="/wiki/Textura_(petrologia)" title="Textura (petrologia)">textura</a> <a href="/wiki/P%C3%B2rfir" title="Pòrfir">porfírica</a>, amb <a href="/wiki/Fenocristall" title="Fenocristall">fenocristalls</a> d'<a href="/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina">olivina</a>, <a href="/wiki/Augita" title="Augita">augita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Plagioclasa" class="mw-redirect" title="Plagioclasa">plagioclasa</a>, i una <a href="/wiki/Matriu_(geologia)" title="Matriu (geologia)">matriu</a> cristal·lina fina. A vegades, pot presentar-se en forma de <a href="/wiki/Vidre" title="Vidre">vidre</a>, denominat <i><a href="/wiki/Sideromelana" title="Sideromelana">sideromelana</a></i>, amb molt pocs cristalls, o sense.<sup id="cite_ref-RBA_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-RBA-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El basalt és la roca volcànica més comuna i supera, pel que fa a superfície terrestre coberta, qualsevol altra roca ígnia, i fins i tot les supera totes juntes.<sup id="cite_ref-nat_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-nat-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Forma la major part dels fons <a href="/wiki/Oce%C3%A0" title="Oceà">oceànics</a>. També hi ha grans extensions de basalt, anomenades <i><a href="/w/index.php?title=Trapp&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Trapp (encara no existeix)">trapps</a></i>, sobre els continents. Les <a href="/wiki/Punt_calent" title="Punt calent">illes oceàniques</a> i els arcs volcànics <a href="/w/index.php?title=Arc_continental&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Arc continental (encara no existeix)">continentals</a> i <a href="/wiki/Arc_insular" title="Arc insular">insulars</a> són altres llocs on es pot trobar basalt. </p><p>El basalt té una densitat de 2,8 a 2,9 g/cm³, per la qual cosa és més dens que, per exemple, el <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granit</a>. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etimologia">Etimologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=1" title="Modifica la secció: Etimologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La paraula 'basalt' deriva en última instància del <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD_tard%C3%A0" title="Llatí tardà">llatí tardà</a> 'basaltes', una ortografia errònia del terme <a href="/wiki/Llat%C3%AD" title="Llatí">llatí</a> 'basanites' que vol dir 'pedra molt dura'. Aquesta paraula, alhora, va ser importada del <a href="/wiki/Grec_antic" title="Grec antic">grec antic</a> βασανίτης (<i>basanites</i>), de βάσανος (basanos, <a href="/wiki/Pedra_de_toc" title="Pedra de toc">pedra de toc</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-jgeosci_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgeosci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El terme <a href="/wiki/Petrologia" title="Petrologia">petrològic</a> modern 'basalt', que descriu una composició particular de roca derivada de <a href="/wiki/Lava" title="Lava">lava</a>, s’origina en el seu ús per <a href="/wiki/Georgius_Agricola" title="Georgius Agricola">Georgius Agricola</a> el 1546 a la seva obra <i><a href="/wiki/De_Natura_Fossilium" title="De Natura Fossilium">De Natura Fossilium</a>.</i> Agricola va aplicar el terme 'basalt' a la roca negra volcànica sota el castell Stolpen del bisbe de Meißen, creient que era el mateix que la 'basaniten' descrita per <a href="/wiki/Plini_el_Vell" title="Plini el Vell">Plini el Vell</a> el 77 dC a <i><a href="/wiki/Naturalis_Historia" title="Naturalis Historia">Naturalis Historia</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-jgeosci_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-jgeosci-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definició,_característiques_i_classificació"><span id="Definici.C3.B3.2C_caracter.C3.ADstiques_i_classificaci.C3.B3"></span>Definició, característiques i classificació</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=2" title="Modifica la secció: Definició, característiques i classificació"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Andesita_Streckeisen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andesita_Streckeisen.png/220px-Andesita_Streckeisen.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="390" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b1/Andesita_Streckeisen.png/330px-Andesita_Streckeisen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/b/b1/Andesita_Streckeisen.png 2x" data-file-width="413" data-file-height="732" /></a><figcaption>Classificació del basalt emprant el diagrama QAPF (en vermell)</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Fitxer:Diagrama_TAS_-B.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diagrama_TAS_-B.png/220px-Diagrama_TAS_-B.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diagrama_TAS_-B.png/330px-Diagrama_TAS_-B.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b3/Diagrama_TAS_-B.png/440px-Diagrama_TAS_-B.png 2x" data-file-width="1032" data-file-height="707" /></a><figcaption>Classificació del basalt emprant el diagrama TAS (en rosa)</figcaption></figure> <p>Els <a href="/wiki/Geologia" title="Geologia">geòlegs</a> classifiquen les <a href="/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnia" title="Roca ígnia">roques ígnies</a> pel seu contingut mineral sempre que és possible, sent especialment importants els percentatges de volum relatius de <a href="/wiki/Quars" title="Quars">quars</a>, <a href="/wiki/Feldespat_alcal%C3%AD" title="Feldespat alcalí">feldespat alcalí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Plagi%C3%B2clasi" title="Plagiòclasi">plagioclasa</a> i <a href="/wiki/Feldespatoide" title="Feldespatoide">feldespatoide</a> (<a href="/wiki/Diagrama_QAPF" title="Diagrama QAPF">QAPF</a>). Una roca ígnia <a href="/wiki/Afanita" title="Afanita">afanítica</a> (de gra fi) es classifica com a basalt quan la seva fracció QAPF està formada per menys d’un 10% de feldespatoide i menys d’un 20% de quars, amb la plagioclasa representant almenys el 65% del seu contingut en feldespat. Això situa el basalt al camp basalt/<a href="/wiki/Andesita" title="Andesita">andesita</a> del diagrama QAPF. El basalt es distingeix de l’andesita pel seu contingut en <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_silici" title="Diòxid de silici">sílice</a> inferior al 52%.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Sovint no és pràctic determinar la composició mineral de les <a href="/wiki/Roca_volc%C3%A0nica" title="Roca volcànica">roques volcàniques</a>, a causa de la seva mida de gra molt fina, és llavors quan la roca es classifica químicament, essent especialment important el contingut total d’òxids de metall <a href="/wiki/Alcal%C3%AD" class="mw-redirect" title="Alcalí">alcalí</a> i sílice (<a href="/wiki/Diagrama_TAS" class="mw-redirect" title="Diagrama TAS">TAS</a>). El basalt es defineix llavors com a roca volcànica amb un contingut del 45% al 52% de sílice i no més del 5% d’òxids de metall alcalí. Això situa el basalt al camp B del diagrama TAS.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Aquesta composició es descriu com a màfica. </p><p>El basalt sol ser de color gris fosc a negre, a causa del seu alt contingut en <a href="/wiki/Augita" title="Augita">augita</a> o altres <a href="/wiki/Pirox%C3%A8" title="Piroxè">piroxens</a> de color fosc, però pot presentar una àmplia gamma d'elements o minerals que l'enfosqueixen.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Alguns basalts són força clars a causa d'un alt contingut de plagioclasa, i de vegades es descriuen com a leucobasalts.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El basalt més clar pot ser difícil de distingir de l’andesita, però una regla general comuna, emprada pels investigacions de camp, és que el basalt té un índex de color de 35 o superior. </p><p>Les propietats físiques del basalt reflecteixen el seu contingut de sílice relativament baix i el seu contingut en <a href="/wiki/Ferro" title="Ferro">ferro</a> i <a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">magnesi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> La densitat mitjana de basalt és de 2,9 g/cm<sup>3</sup>, en comparació amb una densitat típica de <a href="/wiki/Granit" title="Granit">granit</a> de 2,7 g/cm<sup>3</sup>. La <a href="/wiki/Viscositat" title="Viscositat">viscositat</a> del magma basàltic és relativament baixa, al voltant de 104 a 105 cP, tot i que encara són molts ordres de magnitud superiors a l'<a href="/wiki/Aigua" title="Aigua">aigua</a> (que té una viscositat d’1 cP). La viscositat del magma basàltic, si hom ho compara amb un exemple quotidià, és similar a la del <a href="/wiki/Qu%C3%A8txup" title="Quètxup">quètxup</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El basalt és sovint <a href="/w/index.php?title=Porf%C3%ADtic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Porfític (encara no existeix)">porfític</a>, amb cristalls més grans (<a href="/wiki/Fenocristall" title="Fenocristall">fenocristalls</a>) formats abans de l'<a href="/wiki/Extrusi%C3%B3_(geologia)" title="Extrusió (geologia)">extrusió</a> que es troben incrustats en una matriu de gra més fi. Aquests fenocristalls solen ser d'augita, <a href="/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina">olivina</a> o de plagioclasa rica en <a href="/wiki/Calci" title="Calci">calci</a>; aquests minerals tenen les <a href="/wiki/Temperatura_de_fusi%C3%B3" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperatura de fusió">temperatures de fusió</a> més altes dels minerals típics que poden cristal·litzar a partir de la massa fosa i, per tant, són els primers a formar cristalls sòlids (vegeu <a href="/wiki/Diferenciaci%C3%B3_magm%C3%A0tica" title="Diferenciació magmàtica">diferenciació magmàtica</a>).<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El basalt sovint conté vesícules, formades quan els gasos dissolts surten del magma a mesura que es descomprimeix durant la seva aproximació a la superfície, i la lava en <a href="/wiki/Erupci%C3%B3_volc%C3%A0nica" title="Erupció volcànica">erupció</a> es solidifica abans que els gasos puguin escapar. Quan les vesícules representen una fracció substancial del volum de la roca, la roca es descriu com a escòria. </p><p>El terme basalt s’aplica de vegades a roques intrusives poc profundes amb les composicions típiques del basalt. Aquestes roques, de composició basàltica però textura fanerítica (més gruixuda) s'anomenen <a href="/wiki/Diabasa" title="Diabasa">diabases</a> (o dolerites); quan són de gra més groller s'anomenen <a href="/wiki/Gabre" title="Gabre">gabres</a>. La diabasa i el gabre són, doncs, els equivalents <a href="/wiki/Roca_hipabissal" title="Roca hipabissal">hipabisals</a> i <a href="/wiki/Roca_plut%C3%B2nica" title="Roca plutònica">plutònics</a> del basalt, respectivament.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Petrologia">Petrologia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=3" title="Modifica la secció: Petrologia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Mineralogia">Mineralogia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=4" title="Modifica la secció: Mineralogia"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>La <a href="/wiki/Mineralogia" title="Mineralogia">mineralogia</a> del basalt es caracteritza per una preponderància de <a href="/wiki/Plagi%C3%B2clasi" title="Plagiòclasi">plagioclasi càlcica</a> i <a href="/wiki/Pirox%C3%A8" title="Piroxè">piroxè</a>. L'<a href="/wiki/Olivina" title="Olivina">olivina</a> també pot ser un component significatiu.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els minerals accessoris presents en quantitats relativament menors inclouen <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xids_de_ferro" title="Òxids de ferro">òxids de ferro</a> i òxids de ferro-titani, com <a href="/wiki/Magnetita" title="Magnetita">magnetita</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ulv%C3%B6spinel%C2%B7la" title="Ulvöspinel·la">ulvöspinel·la</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ilmenita" title="Ilmenita">ilmenita</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A causa de la presència d’aquests <a href="/wiki/Minerals_%C3%B2xids" title="Minerals òxids">minerals òxids</a>, el basalt pot adquirir característiques <a href="/wiki/Magnetisme" title="Magnetisme">magnètiques</a> fortes a mesura que es refreda; és per aquest motiu que diferents estudis paleomagnètics han fet un ús extens del basalt.<sup id="cite_ref-:2_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:2-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Al basalt toleític, el piroxè (<a href="/wiki/Augita" title="Augita">augita</a> i <a href="/wiki/Ortopirox%C3%A8" title="Ortopiroxè">ortopiroxè</a> o <a href="/wiki/Pigeonita" title="Pigeonita">pigeonita</a>) i la plagioclasa rica en calci són <a href="/wiki/Fenocristall" title="Fenocristall">fenocristalls</a> comuns. L’olivina també pot ser un fenocristall i, quan n'hi ha, pot tenir corones de pigeonita. La matriu de gra fi conté <a href="/wiki/Quars" title="Quars">quars</a> intersticial o <a href="/wiki/Tridimita" title="Tridimita">tridimita</a> o <a href="/wiki/Cristobalita" title="Cristobalita">cristobalita</a>. El basalt toleitiític d’olivina té augita i ortopiroxè o pigeonita amb abundant olivina, aquesta, però, pot tenir vores de piroxè i és poc probable que estigui present a la matriu.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els basalts alcalins solen tenir conjunts minerals que no tenen ortopiroxè però contenen olivina. Els fenocristalls de feldespat solen tenir una composició de <a href="/wiki/Labradorita" title="Labradorita">labradorita</a> a <a href="/wiki/Andesina" title="Andesina">andesina</a>. L’augita és rica en titani en comparació amb l’augita en el basalt toleïític. Minerals com el <a href="/wiki/Feldespat_alcal%C3%AD" title="Feldespat alcalí">feldespat alcalí</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Leucita" title="Leucita">leucita</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Nefelina" title="Nefelina">nefelina</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Sodalita" title="Sodalita">sodalita</a>, la <a href="/wiki/Flogopita" title="Flogopita">flogopita</a> i l'<a href="/wiki/Apatita" title="Apatita">apatita</a> poden estar presents a la matriu.<sup id="cite_ref-:3_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:3-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>El basalt té temperatures elevades de <a href="/wiki/Liquidus" title="Liquidus">liquidus</a> i <a href="/wiki/Solidus" class="mw-redirect" title="Solidus">solidus</a>: els valors a la superfície terrestre són propers o superiors als 1200 °C (liquidus)<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> i propers o inferiors als 1000 °C (solidus); aquests valors són superiors als d'altres <a href="/wiki/Roca_%C3%ADgnia" title="Roca ígnia">roques ígnies</a> comunes.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>La majoria dels basalts toleiítics es formen a aproximadament 50-100 km de profunditat dins del <a href="/wiki/Mantell_terrestre" title="Mantell terrestre">mantell</a>. Molts basalts alcalins es poden formar a profunditats més grans, potser fins a 150-200 km.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> L'origen del basalt ric en <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_d%27alumini" title="Òxid d'alumini">alúmina</a> continua sent controvertit, amb desacord sobre si es tracta d'un producte fruit d'una fusió primària o derivat d'altres tipus de basalt per <a href="/wiki/Fraccionament" title="Fraccionament">fraccionament</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geoquímica"><span id="Geoqu.C3.ADmica"></span>Geoquímica</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=5" title="Modifica la secció: Geoquímica"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>En relació amb les roques ígnies més comunes, les composicions de basalt són riques en <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_magnesi" title="Òxid de magnesi">MgO</a> i <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_calci" title="Òxid de calci">CaO</a> i baixes en <a href="/wiki/Di%C3%B2xid_de_silici" title="Diòxid de silici">SiO₂</a> i òxids alcalins, és a dir, <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_sodi" title="Òxid de sodi">Na₂O</a> + <a href="/wiki/%C3%92xid_de_potassi" title="Òxid de potassi">K₂O</a>, d'acord amb la seva <a href="/wiki/Classificaci%C3%B3_TAS" title="Classificació TAS">classificació TAS</a>. El basalt conté més sílice que el <a href="/wiki/Picrobasalt" title="Picrobasalt">picrobasalt</a> i la majoria de <a href="/wiki/Basanita" title="Basanita">basanites</a> i <a href="/wiki/Tefrita" title="Tefrita">tefrites</a>, però menys que l'<a href="/wiki/Andesita_bas%C3%A0ltica" title="Andesita basàltica">andesita basàltica</a>. El basalt té un contingut total més baix d’òxids alcalins que el <a href="/wiki/Traquibasalt" title="Traquibasalt">traquibasalt</a> i la majoria de basanites i tefrites.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> El basalt generalment té una composició de 45-52% en pes de SiO₂, 2-5% en pes d’alcalins totals,<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> 0,5-2,0% en pes de TiO2, 5-14% en pes FeO i 14% en pes o més d’Al₂O₃. Els continguts de CaO solen estar prop del 10% en pes, els de MgO solen estar entre el 5 i el 12% en pes.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els basalts amb alta alúmina tenen un contingut d'<a href="/wiki/Alumini" title="Alumini">alumini</a> d’un 17-19% en pes d’Al₂O₃; les boninites tenen un contingut de <a href="/wiki/Magnesi" title="Magnesi">magnesi</a> (MgO) de fins al 15%. Les roques màfiques rares en <a href="/wiki/Feldespatoide" title="Feldespatoide">feldespatoides</a>, semblants als basalts alcalins, poden tenir un contingut de Na₂O + K₂O del 12% o més.<sup id="cite_ref-:5_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:5-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les abundàncies de <a href="/wiki/Lantanoide" title="Lantanoide">lantànids</a> o elements de <a href="/wiki/Terra_rara" title="Terra rara">terres rares</a> (REE) poden ser una eina de diagnòstic útil per ajudar a explicar la història de la cristal·lització de minerals a mesura que es refreda la fosa. En particular, l’abundància relativa d'<a href="/wiki/Europi" title="Europi">europi</a> en comparació amb les altres REE és sovint notablement superior o inferior, i s’anomena anomalia de l'europi. Sorgeix perquè Eu<sup>2+</sup> pot substituir el Ca<sup>2+</sup> en la plagioclasa, a diferència de qualsevol dels altres lantànids, que tendeixen a formar només <a href="/wiki/Cati%C3%B3" title="Catió">cations</a> <sup>3+</sup>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Els basalts de la <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_oce%C3%A0nica" title="Dorsal oceànica">dorsal oceànica</a> mitjana (MORB) i els seus equivalents intrusius, els <a href="/wiki/Gabre" title="Gabre">gabres</a>, són les roques ígnies característiques que es formen a les dorsals oceàniques mitjanes. Són basalts toleiítics particularment baixos en àlcalis total i en oligoelements incompatibles, i tenen patrons de REE relativament plans, normalitzats a valors de mantell o de <a href="/wiki/Condrita" title="Condrita">condrita</a>. En canvi, els basalts alcalins tenen patrons normalitzats molt enriquits en REE lleugeres i amb més abundància de REE i d'altres elements incompatibles. Com que el basalt MORB es considera una clau per entendre la <a href="/wiki/Tect%C3%B2nica_de_plaques" title="Tectònica de plaques">tectònica de plaques</a>, les seves composicions han estat molt estudiades. Tot i que aquestes composicions són distintives en relació amb les composicions mitjanes de basalts refredats en altres entorns, no són uniformes. Per exemple, les composicions canvien amb la posició al llarg de la <a href="/wiki/Dorsal_mesoatl%C3%A0ntica" title="Dorsal mesoatlàntica">dorsal mesoatlàntica</a>, i les composicions també presenten diferents rangs en diferents <a href="/wiki/Conques_oce%C3%A0niques" class="mw-redirect" title="Conques oceàniques">conques oceànique</a>s.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Els basalts de les dorsals de l’oceà mitjà s’han subdividit en varietats com la normal (NMORB) i les lleugerament més enriquides en elements incompatibles (EMORB).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les relacions d'<a href="/wiki/Is%C3%B2top" title="Isòtop">isòtops</a> d'elements com ara l'<a href="/wiki/Estronci" title="Estronci">estronci</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Neodimi" title="Neodimi">neodimi</a>, el <a href="/wiki/Plom" title="Plom">plom</a>, l'<a href="/wiki/Hafni" title="Hafni">hafni</a> i l'<a href="/wiki/Osmi" title="Osmi">osmi</a> en els basalts s'han estudiat per tal de conèixer l'evolució del mantell de la Terra. Les relacions isotòpiques de gasos nobles, com ara <sup>3</sup><a href="/wiki/Heli" title="Heli">He</a>/<sup>4</sup>He, també tenen un gran valor: per exemple, les relacions per als basalts oscil·len entre 6 i 10 per al basalt toleiític de la dorsal de l’oceà (normalitzat a valors atmosfèrics), però fins a entre 15 i 24 -i més- per als basalts de les illes oceàniques que es creu que provenien de plomalls mantèl·lics.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Les roques mare a partir de les quals es forma el magma basàltic per fusió, probablement eren, entre d'altres, <a href="/wiki/Peridotita" title="Peridotita">peridotites</a> i <a href="/wiki/Piroxenita" title="Piroxenita">piroxenites</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Exemples_de_formacions_terrestres">Exemples de formacions terrestres</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=6" title="Modifica la secció: Exemples de formacions terrestres"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>El poble de <a href="/wiki/Castellfollit_de_la_Roca" title="Castellfollit de la Roca">Castellfollit de la Roca</a>, a la comarca de la <a href="/wiki/Garrotxa" title="Garrotxa">Garrotxa</a>, té la peculiaritat d'estar situat al damunt d'una espectacular <a href="/wiki/Cinglera" class="mw-redirect" title="Cinglera">cinglera</a> basàltica. El basalt extret de pedreres com la del Boscarró, al municipi garrotxí de <a href="/wiki/Sant_Joan_les_Fonts" title="Sant Joan les Fonts">Sant Joan les Fonts</a>, ha estat utilitzat per fer-ne llambordes per pavimentar carrers i carreteres. </p><p>És mundialment coneguda la formació basàltica anomenada <i><a href="/wiki/Cal%C3%A7ada_del_Gegant" title="Calçada del Gegant">Calçada del Gegant</a></i> (en <a href="/wiki/Angl%C3%A8s" title="Anglès">anglès</a>, <i><a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Causeway" class="mw-redirect" title="Giant's Causeway">Giant's Causeway</a></i>, i en <a href="/wiki/Ga%C3%A8lic_irland%C3%A8s" title="Gaèlic irlandès">gaèlic irlandès</a>, <i>Clochán an Aifir</i> o <i>Clochán na</i> <i>bhFómharach</i>), situada a la costa nord-est d'Irlanda del Nord, al comtat d'Antrim, i formada per <a href="/wiki/Columnes_bas%C3%A0ltiques" title="Columnes basàltiques">columnes basàltiques</a> majoritàriament hexagonals procedents del refredament d'una <a href="/wiki/Colada" title="Colada">colada</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Referències"><span id="Refer.C3.A8ncies"></span>Referències</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Basalt&action=edit&section=7" title="Modifica la secció: Referències"><span>modifica</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="reflist {{#if: | references-column-count references-column-count-{{{col}}}" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cit.iec.cat/DGEOL/default.asp">Basalt</a>».  Diccionari de Geologia - Institut d'Estudis Catalans. [Consulta: 22 abril 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-RBA-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-RBA_2-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <i>Diccionario de Arte I</i>.  Barcelona: Spes Editorial SL (RBA), 2003, p.51. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/84-8332-390-7" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/84-8332-390-7">ISBN 84-8332-390-7</a></span> [Consulta: 12 novembre 2014].</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+de+Arte+I&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Spes+Editorial+SL+%28RBA%29&rft.place=Barcelona&rft.pages=p.51&rft.isbn=84-8332-390-7"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-nat-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-nat_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ne.se/lang/basalt">Basalt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nationalencyklopedin" title="Nationalencyklopedin">Nationalencyklopedin</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33711417">.mw-parser-output .languageicon{font-size:0.95em;color:#555;background-color:inherit}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .languageicon{background-color:inherit;color:white}}</style><span class="languageicon" title="En suec">(suec)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-jgeosci-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jgeosci_4-0">4,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-jgeosci_4-1">4,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFTietzBüchner2018"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Tietz</span>, O.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Büchner</span>, J. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jgeosci.org/detail/jgeosci.273">The origin of the term ’basalt’</a>» (en anglès). <i>Journal of Geosciences</i>, 29-12-2018, pàg. 295–298. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.3190%2Fjgeosci.273">10.3190/jgeosci.273</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLe_BasStreckeisen1991-09-XX"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Le Bas</span>, M. J.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Streckeisen</span>, A. L. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jgs.lyellcollection.org/lookup/doi/10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825">The IUGS systematics of igneous rocks</a>» (en anglès). <i>Journal of the Geological Society</i>, 148, 5, 1991-09-XX, pàg. 825–833. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1144%2Fgsjgs.148.5.0825">10.1144/gsjgs.148.5.0825</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0016-7649">0016-7649</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-0">6,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-1">6,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-2">6,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-3">6,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-4">6,4</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-5">6,5</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-6">6,6</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-7">6,7</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:0_6-8">6,8</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFPhilpotts2009"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Philpotts</span>, Anthony R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/231581100"><i>Principles of igneous and metamorphic petrology</i></a>. 2a edició.  Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2009. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-521-88006-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-521-88006-0">ISBN 978-0-521-88006-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+petrology&rft.aulast=Philpotts&rft.aufirst=Anthony+R.&rft.date=2009&rft.edition=2a+edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.place=Cambridge%2C+UK&rft.isbn=978-0-521-88006-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F231581100"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFHyndman1985"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hyndman</span>, Donald W. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/11044011"><i>Petrology of igneous and metamorphic rocks</i></a>. 2a edició.  Nova York: McGraw-Hill, 1985. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-07-031658-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-07-031658-9">ISBN 0-07-031658-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology+of+igneous+and+metamorphic+rocks&rft.aulast=Hyndman&rft.aufirst=Donald+W.&rft.date=1985&rft.edition=2a+edici%C3%B3&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=0-07-031658-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F11044011"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-0">8,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-1">8,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-2">8,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:3_8-3">8,3</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFBlatt1996"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Blatt</span>, Harvey. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/32890797"><i>Petrology : igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.</i></a>. 2nd ed..  Nova York: W.H. Freeman, 1996. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-7167-2438-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-7167-2438-3">ISBN 0-7167-2438-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Petrology+%3A+igneous%2C+sedimentary%2C+and+metamorphic.&rft.aulast=Blatt&rft.aufirst=Harvey&rft.date=1996&rft.edition=2nd+ed.&rft.pub=W.H.+Freeman&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=0-7167-2438-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F32890797"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-0">9,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-1">9,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:2_9-2">9,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFLevin2010"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Levin</span>, Harold L. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/427611064"><i>The earth through time</i></a>. 9th ed.  Hoboken, N.J.: J. Wiley, 2010. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-470-38774-0" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-470-38774-0">ISBN 978-0-470-38774-0</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+earth+through+time&rft.aulast=Levin&rft.aufirst=Harold+L.&rft.date=2010&rft.edition=9th+ed&rft.pub=J.+Wiley&rft.place=Hoboken%2C+N.J.&rft.isbn=978-0-470-38774-0&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F427611064"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFNozhkinTurkinaLikhanovDmitrieva2016"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Nozhkin</span>, A.D.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Turkina</span>, O.M.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Likhanov</span>, I.I.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Dmitrieva</span>, N.V. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubs.geoscienceworld.org/rgg/article/57/2/247/590085/Late-Paleoproterozoic-volcanic-associations-in-the">Late Paleoproterozoic volcanic associations in the southwestern Siberian craton (Angara–Kan block)</a>» (en anglès). <i>Russian Geology and Geophysics</i>, 57, 2, 01-02-2016, pàg. 247–264. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.rgg.2016.02.003">10.1016/j.rgg.2016.02.003</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1068-7971">1068-7971</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal">«<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://volcanoes.usgs.gov/vsc/glossary/basalt.html">Volcano Hazards Program Glossary - Basalt</a>» (en anglès).  Servei Geològic dels EUA. [Consulta: 26 abril 2021].</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKlein1993"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Klein</span>, Cornelis. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/27144172"><i>Manual of mineralogy : (after James D. Dana)</i></a>. 21st ed.  Nova York: Wiley, 1993. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-471-57452-X" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-471-57452-X">ISBN 0-471-57452-X</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Manual+of+mineralogy+%3A+%28after+James+D.+Dana%29&rft.aulast=Klein&rft.aufirst=Cornelis&rft.date=1993&rft.edition=21st+ed&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.place=Nova+York&rft.isbn=0-471-57452-X&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F27144172"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFMcBirney1984"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">McBirney</span>, Alexander R. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/12559784"><i>Igneous petrology</i></a>.  San Francisco, Calif.: Freeman, Cooper, 1984. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/0-87735-323-9" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/0-87735-323-9">ISBN 0-87735-323-9</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Igneous+petrology&rft.aulast=McBirney&rft.aufirst=Alexander+R.&rft.date=1984&rft.pub=Freeman%2C+Cooper&rft.place=San+Francisco%2C+Calif.&rft.isbn=0-87735-323-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F12559784"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFCondie1997"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Condie</span>, Kent C. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/174141325"><i>Plate tectonics and crustal evolution</i></a>. 4th ed.  Oxford: Butterworth Heinemann, 1997. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-08-051409-3" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-08-051409-3">ISBN 978-0-08-051409-3</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Plate+tectonics+and+crustal+evolution&rft.aulast=Condie&rft.aufirst=Kent+C.&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=4th+ed&rft.pub=Butterworth+Heinemann&rft.place=Oxford&rft.isbn=978-0-08-051409-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F174141325"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFKushiro2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kushiro</span>, Ikuo «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24019580">Origin of magmas in subduction zones: a review of experimental studies</a>». <i>Proceedings of the Japan Academy. Series B, Physical and Biological Sciences</i>, 83, 1, 2-2007, pàg. 1–15. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.2183%2Fpjab.83.1">10.2183/pjab.83.1</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0386-2208">0386-2208</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMC</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3756732">3756732</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24019580?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:24019580">24019580</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFOzerov2000-01-XX"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Ozerov</span>, Alexei Y «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0377027399001183">The evolution of high-alumina basalts of the Klyuchevskoy volcano, Kamchatka, Russia, based on microprobe analyses of mineral inclusions</a>» (en anglès). <i>Journal of Volcanology and Geothermal Research</i>, 95, 1-4, 2000-01-XX, pàg. 65–79. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0377-0273%2899%2900118-3">10.1016/S0377-0273(99)00118-3</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-0">17,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-:5_17-1">17,1</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFIrvineBaragar1971"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Irvine</span>, T. N.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Baragar</span>, W. R. A. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrcresearchpress.com/doi/10.1139/e71-055">A Guide to the Chemical Classification of the Common Volcanic Rocks</a>» (en anglès). <i>Canadian Journal of Earth Sciences</i>, 8, 5, 01-05-1971, pàg. 523–548. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1139%2Fe71-055">10.1139/e71-055</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0008-4077">0008-4077</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book" style="font-style:normal"> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/864682251"><i>Treatise on geochemistry</i></a>. Second edition, 2014. <span style="font-size:90%; white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Especial:Fonts_bibliogr%C3%A0fiques/978-0-08-098300-4" title="Especial:Fonts bibliogràfiques/978-0-08-098300-4">ISBN 978-0-08-098300-4</a></span>.</span><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Treatise+on+geochemistry&rft.date=2014&rft.edition=Second+edition&rft.place=Amsterdam&rft.isbn=978-0-08-098300-4&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.worldcat.org%2Foclc%2F864682251"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFClassGoldstein2005"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Class</span>, Cornelia; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Goldstein</span>, Steven L. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16121171">Evolution of helium isotopes in the Earth's mantle</a>». <i>Nature</i>, 436, 7054, 25-08-2005, pàg. 1107–1112. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature03930">10.1038/nature03930</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1476-4687">1476-4687</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16121171?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:16121171">16121171</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation" style="font-style:normal" id="CITEREFSobolevHofmannKuzminYaxley2007"><span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Sobolev</span>, Alexander V.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Hofmann</span>, Albrecht W.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Kuzmin</span>, Dmitry V.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Yaxley</span>, Gregory M.; <span style="font-variant: small-caps;">Arndt</span>, Nicholas T. «<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17395795">The amount of recycled crust in sources of mantle-derived melts</a>». <i>Science (New York, N.Y.)</i>, 316, 5823, 20-04-2007, pàg. 412–417. <a href="/wiki/DOI" title="DOI">DOI</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.">10.1126/science.</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN" title="ISSN">ISSN</a>: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/1095-9203">1095-9203</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed" title="PubMed">PMID</a>: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17395795?dopt=Abstract" class="extiw" title="pmid:17395795">17395795</a>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r33663753">.mw-parser-output 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