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<li id="toc-Sweet_Adelines_International_(SAI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweet_Adelines_International_(SAI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.2</span> <span>Sweet Adelines International (SAI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweet_Adelines_International_(SAI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Harmony,_Incorporated_(HI)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Harmony,_Incorporated_(HI)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1.3</span> <span>Harmony, Incorporated (HI)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Harmony,_Incorporated_(HI)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-International_organizations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#International_organizations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>International organizations</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-International_organizations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Performance_groups" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Performance_groups"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Performance groups</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Performance_groups-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Performance groups subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Performance_groups-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Quartets" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Quartets"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Quartets</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Quartets-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Choruses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Choruses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Choruses</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Choruses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Typical_barbershop_songs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Typical_barbershop_songs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Typical barbershop songs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Typical_barbershop_songs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> 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Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop_(Musik)" title="Barbershop (Musik) – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barbershop (Musik)" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barber%C5%9Dopa_muziko" title="Barberŝopa muziko – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Barberŝopa muziko" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop_music" title="Barbershop music – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Barbershop music" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%96%D7%99%D7%A7%D7%AA_%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%91%D7%A8%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%A4" title="מוזיקת ברברשופ – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מוזיקת ברברשופ" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%83%90%E3%83%BC%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A7%E3%83%83%E3%83%97%E9%9F%B3%E6%A5%BD" title="バーバーショップ音楽 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="バーバーショップ音楽" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rewelersi" title="Rewelersi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Rewelersi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%BC%D0%B0%D1%85%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BA%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Парикмахерский квартет – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Парикмахерский квартет" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barbershop" title="Barbershop – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Barbershop" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E7%90%86%E9%AB%AE%E5%B8%AB%E5%90%88%E5%94%B1" title="理髮師合唱 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="理髮師合唱" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q807820#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav 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div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox nowraplinks"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above">Barbershop music</th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Regional scenes</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavia" title="Scandinavia">Scandinavia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/New_Zealand" title="New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Germany" title="Germany">Germany</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/South_Africa" title="South Africa">South Africa</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Other topics</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data hlist"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><div class="hlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_the_United_States" title="Music of the United States">Music of the United States</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Vocal_harmony" title="Vocal harmony">vocal harmony</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Dapper_Dans_(28382069095).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg/220px-Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg/330px-Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg/440px-Dapper_Dans_%2828382069095%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4675" data-file-height="3117" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/The_Dapper_Dans" title="The Dapper Dans">The Dapper Dans</a> <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartet" title="Barbershop quartet">barbershop quartet</a>, at <a href="/wiki/Disneyland" title="Disneyland">Disneyland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Main_Street,_USA" title="Main Street, USA">Main Street, USA</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg/220px-Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="271" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg/330px-Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg/440px-Barbershop_quartet_WPA_poster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="448" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Works_Progress_Administration" title="Works Progress Administration">WPA</a> poster, 1936</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Barbershop</b> <a href="/wiki/Vocal_harmony" title="Vocal harmony">vocal harmony</a> is a style of <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> <a href="/wiki/Close_harmony" class="mw-redirect" title="Close harmony">close harmony</a>, or unaccompanied <a href="/wiki/Vocal_music" title="Vocal music">vocal music</a>, characterized by <a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">consonant</a> four-part <a href="/wiki/Chord_(music)" title="Chord (music)">chords</a> for every melody note in a primarily <a href="/wiki/Homorhythmic" class="mw-redirect" title="Homorhythmic">homorhythmic</a> texture.<sup id="cite_ref-bshopdef_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bshopdef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommittee20202-1_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee20202-1-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Each of the four parts has its own role: generally, the <a href="/wiki/Lead_singer" class="mw-redirect" title="Lead singer">lead</a> sings the melody, the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> harmonizes above the melody, the <a href="/wiki/Bass_(vocal_range)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bass (vocal range)">bass</a> sings the lowest harmonizing notes, and the <a href="/wiki/Baritone" title="Baritone">baritone</a> completes the chord, usually below the lead. The melody is not usually sung by the tenor or baritone, except for an infrequent note or two to avoid awkward <a href="/wiki/Voice_leading" title="Voice leading">voice leading</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Tag_(Barbershop)" class="mw-redirect" title="Tag (Barbershop)">tags</a> or <a href="/wiki/Coda_(music)" title="Coda (music)">codas</a>, or when some appropriate <a href="/wiki/Ornament_(music)" title="Ornament (music)">embellishment</a> can be created. One characteristic feature of barbershop harmony is the use of what is known as "snakes" and "swipes". This is when a chord is altered by a change in one or more non-melodic voices.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occasional passages may be sung by fewer than four voice parts. </p><p>Barbershop music is generally performed by either a <b><a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartet" title="Barbershop quartet">barbershop quartet</a></b>, a group of four singers with one on each vocal part, or a <b>barbershop chorus</b>, which closely resembles a <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">choir</a> with the notable exception of the genre of music. </p><p>According to the <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_Harmony_Society" title="Barbershop Harmony Society">Barbershop Harmony Society</a> (BHS), "Barbershop music features songs with understandable lyrics and easily singable melodies, whose tones clearly define a tonal center and imply major and minor chords and barbershop (dominant and secondary dominant) seventh chords that resolve primarily around the <a href="/wiki/Circle_of_fifths" title="Circle of fifths">circle of fifths</a>, while making frequent use of other resolutions."<sup id="cite_ref-bshopdef_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-bshopdef-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Slower barbershop songs, especially ballads, often eschew a continuous beat, and notes are often held (or sped up) <a href="/wiki/Ad_libitum" title="Ad libitum">ad libitum</a>. </p><p>Except for the <a href="/wiki/Bass_(voice_type)" title="Bass (voice type)">bass</a>, the voice parts in barbershop singing do not correspond closely to their classical music counterparts; the tenor range and <a href="/wiki/Tessitura" title="Tessitura">tessitura</a> are similar to those of the classical <a href="/wiki/Countertenor" title="Countertenor">countertenor</a>, the baritone resembles the <a href="/wiki/Heldentenor" title="Heldentenor">Heldentenor</a> or <a href="/wiki/Lyric_baritone" class="mw-redirect" title="Lyric baritone">lyric baritone</a> in range and a <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> in tessitura, and the lead generally corresponds to the <a href="/wiki/Tenor" title="Tenor">tenor</a> of classical repertoire, with some singers possessing a tessitura more similar to that of a <a href="/wiki/Baritenor" title="Baritenor">high baritone</a>. Barbershop singing is performed both by men's and women's groups; the elements of the barbershop style and the names of the voice parts are the same for both. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Characteristics">Characteristics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Characteristics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ringing_chords">Ringing chords</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Ringing chords"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-More_citations_needed_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Barbershop_music" title="Special:EditPage/Barbershop music">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a> in this section. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2013</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1096940132">.mw-parser-output .listen .side-box-text{line-height:1.1em}.mw-parser-output .listen-plain{border:none;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded{width:100%;margin:0;border-width:1px 0 0 0;background:transparent}.mw-parser-output .listen-header{padding:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen-embedded .listen-header{padding:2px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen-file-header{padding:4px 0}.mw-parser-output .listen .description{padding-top:2px}.mw-parser-output .listen .mw-tmh-player{max-width:100%}@media(max-width:719px){.mw-parser-output .listen{clear:both}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .listen:not(.listen-noimage){width:320px}.mw-parser-output .listen-left{overflow:visible;float:left}.mw-parser-output .listen-center{float:none;margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right listen noprint"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/50px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/75px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg/100px-Gnome-mime-sound-openclipart.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></span><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid" title="File:Harmonic seventh chord on C.mid">Equally tempered harmonic seventh chord</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_0" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/5/5a/Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid/Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/5/5a/Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid/Harmonic_seventh_chord_on_C.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">A harmonic seventh chord, or "barbershop" chord, as it might be tuned on a piano</div></div><hr /><div class="haudio"> <div class="listen-file-header"><a href="/wiki/File:Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid" title="File:Harmonic seventh chord just on C.mid">Just harmonic seventh chord</a></div> <div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><audio id="mwe_player_1" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="232" style="width:232px;" data-durationhint="5" data-mwtitle="Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/f/fe/Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid" type="audio/midi" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid/Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid.ogg" type="audio/ogg; codecs="vorbis"" data-transcodekey="ogg" data-width="0" data-height="0" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fe/Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid/Harmonic_seventh_chord_just_on_C.mid.mp3" type="audio/mpeg" data-transcodekey="mp3" data-width="0" data-height="0" /></audio></span></span></div> <div class="description">The same chord with just intonation, as tuned by singers to "ring"</div></div></div></div> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"><hr /><i class="selfreference">Problems playing these files? See <a href="/wiki/Help:Media" title="Help:Media">media help</a>.</i></div> </div> <p>The defining characteristic of the barbershop style is the <i>ringing</i> chord, one in which certain overtones of the four voices reinforce each other, sometimes so strongly that the overtone is perceived by the listener as a distinct tone, even though none of the voices are perceived as singing that tone. This effect occurs when the chord, as voiced, contains intervals which have strongly reinforcing overtones (fifths and octaves, for example) that fall in the audible range; and when the chord is sung in perfect <a href="/wiki/Just_intonation" title="Just intonation">just tuning</a> without excessive vibrato. Both of these characteristics are important in many styles of singing, but in Barbershop there is an extreme emphasis on them that tends to override other musical values. For example, favored chords in the jazz style are characterized by intervals which do not audibly ring, such as diminished or augmented fifths. For another example, Barbershop music is always a cappella, because the presence of fixed-pitch instruments (tuned to equal-temperament rather than just temperament), which is so highly prized in other choral styles, makes perfect just tuning of chords impossible. </p><p>The physics and psychophysics of the effect are fairly well understood; it occurs when the upper harmonics in the individual voice notes, and the <a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">sum and difference frequencies</a> resulting from nonlinear combinations within the ear, reinforce each other at a particular frequency, strengthening it so that it stands out separately above the blended sound. The effect is audible only on certain kinds of chords, and only when all voices are equally rich in harmonics and justly tuned and balanced. It is not heard in chords sounded on modern keyboard instruments, due to the slight tuning imperfection of the <a href="/wiki/Equal_temperament" title="Equal temperament">equal-tempered</a> scale. </p><p>Gage Averill writes that "Barbershoppers have become partisans of this acoustic phenomenon" and that "the more experienced singers of the barbershop revival (at least after 1938) have self-consciously tuned their dominant seventh and tonic chords in just intonation to maximize the overlap of common overtones." However, "In practice, it seems that most leads rely on an approximation of an equal-tempered scale for the melody, to which the other voices adjust vertically in just intonation."<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>What is prized is not so much the "overtone" itself, but a unique sound whose achievement is most easily recognized by the presence of the "overtone". The precise <a href="/wiki/Synchronization" title="Synchronization">synchrony</a> of the waveforms of the four voices <i>simultaneously</i> creates the perception of a "fifth voice" while at the same time melding the four voices into a unified sound. The ringing chord is qualitatively different in sound from an ordinary musical chord e.g. as sounded on a tempered-scale keyboard instrument. </p><p>Most elements of the "revivalist" style are related to the desire to produce these ringing chords. Performance is <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> to prevent the distracting introduction of equal-tempered intonation, and because listening to anything but the other three voices interferes with a performer's ability to tune with the precision required. <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_arranging" title="Barbershop arranging">Barbershop arrangements</a> stress chords and chord progressions that favor "ringing", at the expense of suspended and diminished chords and other harmonic vocabulary of the <a href="/wiki/Ragtime" title="Ragtime">ragtime</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jazz" title="Jazz">jazz</a> forms. </p><p>The dominant seventh-type chord is so important to barbershop harmony that it is called the "barbershop seventh". BHS arrangers believe that a song should contain dominant seventh chords anywhere from 35 to 60 percent of the time (measured as a percentage of the duration of the song rather than a percentage of the chords present) to sound "barbershop". </p><p>Historically barbershoppers may have used the word "minor chord" in a way that is confusing to those with musical training. Averill suggests that it was "a shorthand for chord types other than major triads", and says that the use of the word for "dominant seventh-type chords and diminished chords" was common in the late nineteenth century. A 1910 song called "Play That Barber Shop Chord"<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (often cited as an early example of "barbershop" in reference to music) contains the lines: </p> <blockquote><p>'Cause Mister when you start that minor part<br />I feel your fingers slipping and a grasping at my heart,<br />Oh Lord play that Barber shop chord!</p></blockquote> <p>Averill notes the hints of <a href="/wiki/Rapture" title="Rapture">rapture</a>, "quasi-religion" and erotic passion in the language used by barbershoppers to describe the emotional effect. He quotes Jim Ewin as reporting "a tingling of the spine, the raising of the hairs on the back of the neck, the spontaneous arrival of <a href="/wiki/Goose_flesh" class="mw-redirect" title="Goose flesh">goose flesh</a> on the forearm ... the fifth note has almost mysterious propensities. It's the consummation devoutly wished by those of us who love Barbershop harmony. If you ask us to explain why we love it so, we are hard put to answer; that's where our faith takes over." Averill notes too the use of the language of addiction, "there's this great big chord that gets people hooked." An early manual was entitled "A Handbook for Adeline Addicts".<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He notes too that "barbershoppers almost never speak of 'singing' a chord, but almost always draw on a discourse of physical work and exertion; thus, they 'hit', 'chop', 'ring', 'crack', 'swipe', and 'bust.' Vocal harmony is interpreted as an embodied <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Small#Musicking" title="Christopher Small">musicking</a>. Barbershoppers never lose sight (or sound) of its physicality."<sup id="cite_ref-Averill_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Averill-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_origins">Historical origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Historical origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg/220px-Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg/330px-Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7d/Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg/440px-Peerless_LCCN2014714611.jpg 2x" data-file-width="8867" data-file-height="6410" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Peerless_Quartet" title="Peerless Quartet">Peerless Quartet</a> in 1922, featuring singers (left to right) John H. Meyer, <a href="/wiki/Henry_Burr" title="Henry Burr">Henry Burr</a>, <a href="/wiki/Albert_Campbell_(singer)" title="Albert Campbell (singer)">Albert Charles Campbell</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Frank_Croxton" title="Frank Croxton">Frank Croxton</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>English "barber's music" was described in the 17th century by <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Pepys" title="Samuel Pepys">Samuel Pepys</a> as amateur instrumental music.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1992_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The <i><a href="/wiki/Encyclop%C3%A6dia_Britannica" title="Encyclopædia Britannica">Encyclopædia Britannica</a></i> considers the 19-century origins of the quartet style as "obscure", possibly referring back to barber's music, or dating to when barbershops served as community centers, where men would gather for social and musical activities with barbers traditionally being musicians.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaDef_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaDef-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Historical memoirs and journalism indicate a strong tradition of quartet singing among young <a href="/wiki/African_American" class="mw-redirect" title="African American">African American</a> men, gathering informally to "crack up a chord".<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1992_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was acknowledged as early as 1882, when a <i><a href="/wiki/New_York_Age" class="mw-redirect" title="New York Age">New York Age</a></i> writer traced the development of this singing as a home-grown amusement, arising from the exclusion of Black people from theaters and concert halls.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1992_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Jazz musician <a href="/wiki/Louis_Armstrong" title="Louis Armstrong">Louis Armstrong</a> told of having harmonized on <a href="/wiki/New_Orleans" title="New Orleans">New Orleans</a> street corners as a boy, and <a href="/wiki/NAACP" title="NAACP">NAACP</a> executive secretary <a href="/wiki/James_Weldon_Johnson" title="James Weldon Johnson">James Weldon Johnson</a> "grew up singing barbershop harmony".<sup id="cite_ref-roots_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roots-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Later, white <a href="/wiki/Minstrel_show" title="Minstrel show">minstrel singers</a> adopted the style, and in the early days of the recording industry their performances were recorded and sold. Early standards included songs such as "<a href="/wiki/Shine_On,_Harvest_Moon" title="Shine On, Harvest Moon">Shine On, Harvest Moon</a>", "<a href="/wiki/Hello,_Ma_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello, Ma Baby">Hello, Ma Baby</a>", and "<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adeline_(song)" title="Sweet Adeline (song)">Sweet Adeline</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Johnson noted in the 1920s how the genre had already crossed racial barriers.<sup id="cite_ref-roots_9-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roots-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Barbershop music was very popular between 1900 and 1919, and some of the most popular quartets were the <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Quartet_(vocal_ensemble)" title="Haydn Quartet (vocal ensemble)">Haydn Quartet</a>, the <a href="/wiki/American_Quartet_(ensemble)" title="American Quartet (ensemble)">American Quartet</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Peerless_Quartet" title="Peerless Quartet">Peerless Quartet</a>. Modern barbershop quartets often costume themselves in gaudy versions of the vaudeville dress of this time, with <a href="/wiki/Boater" title="Boater">boaters</a> and vertically striped vests.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Composer and pianist <a href="/wiki/Scott_Joplin" title="Scott Joplin">Scott Joplin</a> incorporated a barbershop quartet into his 1911 opera <i><a href="/wiki/Treemonisha" title="Treemonisha">Treemonisha</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-roots_9-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-roots-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The genre gradually faded into obscurity in the 1920s, although barbershop-style harmonies remained in evidence in <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> forms of <a href="/wiki/Traditional_black_gospel" title="Traditional black gospel">traditional black gospel</a> and <a href="/wiki/White_gospel" class="mw-redirect" title="White gospel">white gospel</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1992_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-take6_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-take6-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Henry2000_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Henry2000-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The modern era of barbershop music is accepted to have begun with a 1940s revival, though opinions as to the genre's origins vary with respect to race, gender, region, and context.<sup id="cite_ref-dohl_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dohl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Other researchers argue that today's barbershop music is an <a href="/wiki/Invented_tradition" title="Invented tradition">invented tradition</a> related to several musical features popular around 1900, including quartet singing<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the use of the barbershop chord,<sup id="cite_ref-Abbott1992_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Abbott1992-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dohl_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dohl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> but effectively created during the 1940s in the ranks of the <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_Harmony_Society" title="Barbershop Harmony Society">Barbershop Harmony Society</a> whilst creating a system of singing contests and its contest rules.<sup id="cite_ref-dohl_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dohl-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Organizations">Organizations</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Barbershop music is promoted through the use of competition for quartets and choruses run by not-for-profit organizations. Barbershop organizations often provide judging, education, coaching and promotion services for local choruses and quartets. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the United States, there are three major organizations which are intended to preserve the style of Barbershop music: The Barbershop Harmony Society, a historically men's organization until 2018, Sweet Adelines International, a women's organization and Harmony, Incorporated which splintered off from Sweet Adelines in 1959.<sup id="cite_ref-BritannicaDef_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BritannicaDef-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A minor organization began in 2014 called the <i>Mixed Harmony Barbershop Association</i> to promote mixed harmony barbershop quartets and choruses within the three major organizations and internationally.<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Society for the Preservation and Propagation of BarberShop Quartet Singing in the U.S. (SPPBSQSUS) formed in 2018 as a fraternal organization to preserve and perpetuate the all-male barbershop quartet.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Barbershop_Harmony_Society_(BHS)"><span id="Barbershop_Harmony_Society_.28BHS.29"></span>Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Barbershop Harmony Society (BHS)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_Harmony_Society" title="Barbershop Harmony Society">Barbershop Harmony Society</a></div> <p>The revival of a cappella singing took place circa 1938 when tax lawyer Owen C. Cash sought to save the art form from the threat of radio.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He garnered support from investment banker Rupert I. Hall. Both came from Tulsa, Oklahoma.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Cash was a partisan of quartet singing who advertised the fact that he did not want a cappella to fall by the wayside. Thousands of men responded. Later the "Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America" was established, known by the abbreviation S.P.E.B.S.Q.S.A.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> at a time when many institutions in the US used multiple initials to denote their function. The group adopted the alternate name "Barbershop Harmony Society" early in its history. While its legal name has never changed, it changed its official brand name to "Barbershop Harmony Society" in 2004. </p><p>For the majority of its history, the society had all-male membership. It was all-white until 1963 when it allowed black members, and since 2018, it allows women to join as members.<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Sweet_Adelines_International_(SAI)"><span id="Sweet_Adelines_International_.28SAI.29"></span>Sweet Adelines International (SAI)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Sweet Adelines International (SAI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International" title="Sweet Adelines International">Sweet Adelines International</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ronninge_Show_Chorus_(2).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg/220px-Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg/330px-Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg/440px-Ronninge_Show_Chorus_%282%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5129" data-file-height="3420" /></a><figcaption> <i><a href="/wiki/R%C3%B6nninge_Show_Chorus" title="Rönninge Show Chorus">Rönninge Show</a>, </i>the highest ever scoring <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International" title="Sweet Adelines International">Sweet Adelines International</a> barbershop chorus. </figcaption></figure> <p>Sweet Adelines International, a worldwide organization of women singers, was established in 1945 by Edna Mae Anderson of <a href="/wiki/Tulsa,_Oklahoma" title="Tulsa, Oklahoma">Tulsa, Oklahoma</a>. The aim was to teach and train its members in music and to create and promote barbershop quartets and other musical groups.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> By year's end, the first chapter incorporated in Oklahoma with Anderson as its president. Sweet Adelines went international on March 23, 1953, when the first chapter outside the U.S. was chartered in Brandon, Manitoba, Canada. Even though there were international chapters, it was not until May 1991 that the name officially changed to Sweet Adelines International. It has a current membership of 23,000 and holds an annual international singing competition.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-SanAntonioCurrent2017_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanAntonioCurrent2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Harmony,_Incorporated_(HI)"><span id="Harmony.2C_Incorporated_.28HI.29"></span>Harmony, Incorporated (HI)</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Harmony, Incorporated (HI)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Harmony,_Incorporated" title="Harmony, Incorporated">Harmony, Incorporated</a></div> <p>In 1957, several members of <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International" title="Sweet Adelines International">Sweet Adelines International</a> (SAI) broke from the organization in protest of the policy limiting membership to Caucasian women. In 1958, chapters from Rhode Island, Massachusetts, and Orillia, Ontario, also left SAI to form Harmony, Incorporated.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> (Sweet Adelines changed their policy in 1966).<sup id="cite_ref-SanAntonioCurrent2017_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-SanAntonioCurrent2017-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Harmony, Inc. was incorporated in the State of Rhode Island on February 26, 1959. The founding member chapters of Harmony, Inc. were the Melody Belles of Providence, Rhode Island; Sea Gals of New Bedford, Massachusetts; The Harmonettes from North Attleboro, Massachusetts; Harmony Belles of Barrie-Orillia, Ontario; and the Harborettes from Scituate, Massachusetts.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1963, a Sweet Adeline chapter in Ottawa, Ontario was threatened with expulsion after accepting a black woman, Lana Clowes, as a member.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a result, Ottawa's Capital Chordettes left SAI to become the seventh chapter to join Harmony, Incorporated.<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2013, Harmony, Inc. announced the creation of the Affiliate membership category, extending membership to men involved with the organization.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="International_organizations">International organizations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: International organizations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>After the establishment of the above organizations, other countries have begun their organizations to promote Barbershop music. These international organizations are often affiliated with one of the United States organizations listed above or by the World Harmony Council. Some are gender exclusive organizations while some are mixed. They include; <a href="/wiki/British_Association_of_Barbershop_Singers" title="British Association of Barbershop Singers">British Association of Barbershop Singers</a>, Barbershop Harmony Australia (BHA), Barbershop Harmony New Zealand (BHNZ), <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_in_Germany" title="Barbershop in Germany">Barbershop in Germany</a> (BinG), Finnish Association of Barbershop Singers (FABS), Holland Harmony (HH), Irish Association of Barbershop Singers (IABS), Ladies Association of Barbershop Singers (LABBS) in the United Kingdom, Spanish Association of Barbershop Singers (SABS) and Society of Nordic Barbershop Singers (SNOBS).<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Performance_groups">Performance groups</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Performance groups"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Quartets">Quartets</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Quartets"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Barbershop_quartet" title="Barbershop quartet">Barbershop quartet</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbershop_Harmony_Society_quartet_champions" title="List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions">List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_BABS_quartet_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BABS quartet champions">List of BABS quartet champions</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International_competition" title="Sweet Adelines International competition">Sweet Adelines International competition</a></div> <p>A <b>barbershop quartet</b> is an <a href="/wiki/Band_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Band (music)">ensemble</a> of four people who <a href="/wiki/Singing" title="Singing">sing</a> <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> in the exacting barbershop music genre. </p><p>In North America, the Barbershop Harmony Society hosts contests for all singers. Female barbershop quartet singers can also compete in Sweet Adelines International or Harmony, Inc., and the Society for the Preservation and Propagation of BarberShop Quartet Singing in the U.S. is available to male singers. Similar organizations exist in other continents and countries. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Choruses">Choruses</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Choruses"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbershop_Harmony_Society_chorus_champions" title="List of Barbershop Harmony Society chorus champions">List of Barbershop Harmony Society chorus champions</a></div> <p>A barbershop <a href="/wiki/Choir" title="Choir">chorus</a> sings <a href="/wiki/A_cappella" title="A cappella">a cappella</a> music in the barbershop style. Most barbershop choruses belong to a larger association of practitioners such as the Barbershop Harmony Society, Sweet Adelines International, LABBS (Ladies Association of British Barbershop Singers), BABS (British Association of Barbershop Singers) or Harmony, Inc.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (February 2011)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>In the Barbershop Harmony Society, a chorus is the main performing aspect of each chapter. In competition, choruses may have as few as 12 members singing, with no upper limit.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Choruses normally sing with a director, as distinct from quartets. It is not uncommon for a new quartet to form within a chorus, or for an established quartet affiliated with a given chorus to lose a member (to death, retirement, or relocation) and recruit a replacement from the ranks of the chorus. Choruses can also provide "spare parts" to temporarily replace a quartet member who is ill or temporarily out of town. </p><p>Unlike a quartet, a chorus need not have equal numbers singing each voice part. According to BHS, the ideal balance in a chorus is about 40% bass, 30% lead, 20% baritone and 10% tenor singers.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Filling the gap between the chorus and the quartet is what is known as a VLQ or Very Large Quartet, in which more than four singers perform together, with two or more voices on some or all of the four parts. A VLQ possesses greater flexibility than a standard quartet, since they can perform even with one or more singers missing, as long as all four parts are covered. Like a normal quartet, a VLQ usually performs without a director.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Typical_barbershop_songs">Typical barbershop songs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Typical barbershop songs"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Barbershop_Harmony_Society" title="Barbershop Harmony Society">Barbershop Harmony Society</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Barberpole#Music" class="mw-redirect" title="Barberpole">Barberpole Cat Songs</a> "Polecats"—12 songs which all Barbershop Harmony Society members are encouraged to learn as a shared <a href="/wiki/Canon_(music)" title="Canon (music)">canonic</a> repertoire—all famous, traditional examples of the barbershop genre: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Down_by_the_Old_Mill_Stream" title="Down by the Old Mill Stream">Down by the Old Mill Stream</a>" (by Tell Taylor)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Down_Our_Way&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Down Our Way (page does not exist)">Down Our Way</a>" (by Al Stedman & Fred Hughes, arr. Floyd Connett)</li> <li>"Honey/Little 'Lize-Medley" (Traditional, arr. Floyd Connett)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Let_Me_Call_You_Sweetheart" title="Let Me Call You Sweetheart">Let Me Call You Sweetheart</a>" (words by Beth Slater Whitson, music by Leo Friedman)</li> <li>"My Wild Irish Rose" (words and music by Chauncey Olcott, arr. Floyd Connett)</li> <li>"Shine on Me"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/The_Story_of_the_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="The Story of the Rose">The Story of the Rose</a>" ("<a href="/wiki/Heart_of_My_Heart" title="Heart of My Heart">Heart of My Heart</a>")</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adeline_(song)" title="Sweet Adeline (song)">Sweet Adeline (You're The Flower Of My Heart)</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_and_Lovely" title="Sweet and Lovely">Sweet and Lovely</a>" (by Norm Starks, arr. Mac Huff)</li> <li>"<a href="/w/index.php?title=Sweet,_Sweet_Roses_of_Morn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sweet, Sweet Roses of Morn (page does not exist)">Sweet, Sweet Roses of Morn</a>" (Oscar F. Jones and Martin S. Peake 1915)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wait_%27Til_the_Sun_Shines,_Nellie" class="mw-redirect" title="Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie">Wait 'Til the Sun Shines, Nellie</a>" (by Andrew B. Sterling and Harry Von Tilzer, arr Warren "Buzz" Haeger)</li> <li>"You Tell Me Your Dream (I'll Tell You Mine)"</li></ul></div> <p>The Barbershop Harmony Society announced on May 28, 2015, that the "Polecat" program would be expanded to include the following songs: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/After_You%27ve_Gone_(song)" title="After You've Gone (song)">After You've Gone</a>"</li> <li>"Bright Was The Night"</li> <li>"Caroline</li> <li>"(When It's) Darkness On The Delta" (Levinson, Neiburg, <a href="/wiki/Marty_Symes" title="Marty Symes">Symes</a>)</li> <li>"Drivin' Me Crazy"</li> <li>"From The First Hello To The Last Goodbye" (words & music: <a href="/wiki/Johnny_Burke_(lyricist)" title="Johnny Burke (lyricist)">Johnny Burke</a>)</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Goodbye,_My_Coney_Island_Baby" title="Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby">Goodbye, My Coney Island Baby</a> / We All Fall"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hello_Mary_Lou" title="Hello Mary Lou">Hello Mary Lou</a> (Goodbye Heart)</li> <li>"I Don't Know Why (I Just Do)"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/I%27ve_Been_Working_on_the_Railroad" title="I've Been Working on the Railroad">I've Been Working on the Railroad</a>"</li> <li>"Lida Rose / Will I Ever Tell You"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Over_The_Rainbow" class="mw-redirect" title="Over The Rainbow">Over The Rainbow</a>" (words by <a href="/wiki/Yip_Harburg" title="Yip Harburg">E.Y. Harburg</a> and music by <a href="/wiki/Harold_Arlen" title="Harold Arlen">Harold Arlen</a>)</li></ul></div> <p>Examples of other songs popular in the barbershop genre are: </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115"><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 25em;"> <ul><li>"<a href="/wiki/Alexander%27s_Ragtime_Band" title="Alexander's Ragtime Band">Alexander's Ragtime Band</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Come_Fly_with_Me_(1957_song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Come Fly with Me (1957 song)">Come Fly with Me</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Hello_Ma_Baby" class="mw-redirect" title="Hello Ma Baby">Hello Ma Baby</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/In_the_Good_Old_Summer_Time" title="In the Good Old Summer Time">In the Good Old Summer Time</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Jeanie_with_the_Light_Brown_Hair" title="Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair">Jeanie with the Light Brown Hair</a>"</li> <li>"Last Night Was the End of the World"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Love_Me_and_the_World_Is_Mine_(song)" title="Love Me and the World Is Mine (song)">Love Me and the World Is Mine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Shine_On,_Harvest_Moon" title="Shine On, Harvest Moon">Shine On, Harvest Moon</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Sweet_Georgia_Brown" title="Sweet Georgia Brown">Sweet Georgia Brown</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Wedding_Bells_Are_Breaking_Up_That_Old_Gang_of_Mine" title="Wedding Bells Are Breaking Up That Old Gang of Mine">Wedding Bells Are Breaking Up That Old Gang of Mine</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/What%27ll_I_Do" title="What'll I Do">What'll I Do</a>"</li> <li>"<a href="/wiki/Yes_Sir,_That%27s_My_Baby_(song)" title="Yes Sir, That's My Baby (song)">Yes Sir, That's My Baby</a>"</li></ul></div> <p>While these traditional songs still play a part in barbershop today, barbershop music also includes more current titles. Most music can be arranged in the barbershop style, and there are many arrangers within the aforementioned societies with the skills to include the barbershop chord structure in their arrangements. Today's barbershop quartets and choruses sing a variety of music from all eras—show tunes, pop, and even rock music has been arranged for choruses and quartets, making them more attractive to younger singers. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbershop_Harmony_Society_quartet_champions" title="List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions">List of Barbershop Harmony Society quartet champions</a> & <a href="/wiki/List_of_Barbershop_Harmony_Society_chorus_champions" title="List of Barbershop Harmony Society chorus champions">List of Barbershop Harmony Society chorus champions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_BABS_quartet_champions_by_year" class="mw-redirect" title="List of BABS quartet champions by year">List of BABS quartet champions by year</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sweet_Adelines_International_competition" title="Sweet Adelines International competition">Sweet Adelines International competition</a></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/American_Harmony" title="American Harmony">American Harmony</a></i> Documentary Film (2009) about Barbershop music</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-bshopdef-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-bshopdef_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-bshopdef_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://barbershop.de/en/page/judging-categories-jury">"Judging Categories & Jury"</a>. <i>BinG! - Barbershop in Germany e.V</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BinG%21+-+Barbershop+in+Germany+e.V.&rft.atitle=Judging+Categories+%26+Jury&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbarbershop.de%2Fen%2Fpage%2Fjudging-categories-jury&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECommittee20202-1-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECommittee20202-1_2-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCommittee2020">Committee 2020</a>, p. 2-1.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbershop.org/society-contest-judging-committee-publishes-revisions-for-2018">"Society Contest & Judging Committee publishes revisions for 2018"</a>. <i>Barbershop Harmony Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft.atitle=Society+Contest+%26+Judging+Committee+publishes+revisions+for+2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbershop.org%2Fsociety-contest-judging-committee-publishes-revisions-for-2018&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMook" class="citation web cs1">Mook, Richard. <span class="id-lock-subscription" title="Paid subscription required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.oxfordmusiconline.com/subscriber/article/grove/music/A2218601">"Barbershop Quartet Singing"</a></span>. <i>Oxford Music Online</i>. Oxford University Press<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 9,</span> 2017</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Music+Online&rft.atitle=Barbershop+Quartet+Singing&rft.aulast=Mook&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.oxfordmusiconline.com%2Fsubscriber%2Farticle%2Fgrove%2Fmusic%2FA2218601&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Averill-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Averill_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Averill_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Averill_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAverill2003" class="citation book cs1">Averill, Gage (2003). <i>Four Parts, No Waiting: A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony</i>. Oxford University Press. p. 164 and 166. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511672-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511672-0"><bdi>0-19-511672-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Four+Parts%2C+No+Waiting%3A+A+Social+History+of+American+Barbershop+Harmony&rft.pages=164+and+166&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-19-511672-0&rft.aulast=Averill&rft.aufirst=Gage&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuirTracy1910" class="citation book cs1">Muir, Lewis (music); Tracy, William (lyrics) (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121214192727/http://digital.library.msstate.edu/u?/SheetMusic,4874"><i>Play That Barber Shop Chord</i></a>. New York: J. Fred Helf. 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"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Play That Barber Shop Chord': A Case for the African-American Origin of Barbershop Harmony". <i>American Music</i>. <b>10</b> (3). University of Illinois Press: 289–325. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2F3051597">10.2307/3051597</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/3051597">3051597</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:191390367">191390367</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Music&rft.atitle=%27Play+That+Barber+Shop+Chord%27%3A+A+Case+for+the+African-American+Origin+of+Barbershop+Harmony&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=289-325&rft.date=1992&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A191390367%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F3051597%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2F3051597&rft.aulast=Abbott&rft.aufirst=Lynn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-BritannicaDef-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaDef_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-BritannicaDef_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/art/barbershop-quartet-singing">"Barbershop quartet singing"</a>. <i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 7,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Harmonizer&rft.atitle=The+African-American+Roots+of+Barbershop+%28and+why+it+matters%29&rft.pages=10-15&rft.date=2015-01&rft.aulast=Wright&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fharmonizer.s3.amazonaws.com%2FHarmonizer_vol75_no1_janfeb2015.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEverett2009" class="citation encyclopaedia cs1">Everett, Dianna (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.okhistory.org/publications/enc/entry.php?entry=SP007">"SPEBSQSA (Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America)"</a>. <i>The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture</i>. Oklahoma Historical Society<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 5,</span> 2018</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=SPEBSQSA+%28Society+for+the+Preservation+and+Encouragement+of+Barber+Shop+Quartet+Singing+in+America%29&rft.btitle=The+Encyclopedia+of+Oklahoma+History+and+Culture&rft.pub=Oklahoma+Historical+Society&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Everett&rft.aufirst=Dianna&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.okhistory.org%2Fpublications%2Fenc%2Fentry.php%3Fentry%3DSP007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barber-schools.org/blog/history-of-the-barber-shop-quartet-a-time-honored-tradition">"History of the Barbershop Quartet, A Time-Honored Tradition"</a>. May 8, 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">July 23,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Barbershop+Quartet%2C+A+Time-Honored+Tradition&rft.date=2012-05-08&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barber-schools.org%2Fblog%2Fhistory-of-the-barber-shop-quartet-a-time-honored-tradition&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-take6-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-take6_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.singers.com/take6.html">"Take 6"</a>. Primarily A Cappella.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Take+6&rft.pub=Primarily+A+Cappella&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.singers.com%2Ftake6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Henry2000-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Henry2000_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry,_James_Earl2000" class="citation book cs1">Henry, James Earl (2000). <i>The Origins of Barbershop Harmony: A Study of Barbershop's Links to Other African American Musics as Evidenced through Recordings and Arrangements of Early Black and White Quartets</i>. Washington University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Origins+of+Barbershop+Harmony%3A+A+Study+of+Barbershop%27s+Links+to+Other+African+American+Musics+as+Evidenced+through+Recordings+and+Arrangements+of+Early+Black+and+White+Quartets&rft.pub=Washington+University&rft.date=2000&rft.au=Henry%2C+James+Earl&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dohl-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dohl_14-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dohl_14-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dohl_14-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Döhl, Frédéric (2014): From Harmonic Style to Genre. The Early History (1890s–1940s) of the Uniquely American Musical Term Barbershop. American Music 32, no. 2, 123–171, here 123–124. "In recent years, new insights and greater clarity have been acquired, which include aesthetic issues relating to sound, some answers to questions of race, gender, and other social factors shaping the genre, and exploration of the ideology surrounding the so-called revival around 1940. Still, the debate about the origins of this genre seems to be widely unsettled. The current models that chart the birth of barbershop harmony are diverse and often contradictory with regard to categories such as race, gender, regional context, social environment, amateur or professional, impromptu or composed-arranged, and highbrow or lowbrow."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Brooks, Tim (2005): Lost Sounds. Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919. Urbana-Champaign/IL: University of Illinois Press</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Averill, Gage (2003): Four Parts, No Waiting. A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony. New York: Oxford University Press.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Garnett, Liz (2005): The British Barbershopper: A Study in Socio-musical Values. London: Ashgate.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://mixedbarbershop.org/about-us/">"About Us"</a>. <i>Mixed Barbershop Harmony Association</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Mixed+Barbershop+Harmony+Association&rft.atitle=About+Us&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmixedbarbershop.org%2Fabout-us%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBagby2019" class="citation web cs1">Bagby, Jim (March 4, 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sppbsqsus.org/post/sppbsqsus-inaugural-convention-in-san-antonio-harmonious-historic-heavenly-happening">"Inaugural Convention in San Antonio"</a>. <i>SPPBSQSUS</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPPBSQSUS&rft.atitle=Inaugural+Convention+in+San+Antonio&rft.date=2019-03-04&rft.aulast=Bagby&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sppbsqsus.org%2Fpost%2Fsppbsqsus-inaugural-convention-in-san-antonio-harmonious-historic-heavenly-happening&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sppbsqsus.org/_files/ugd/b9030e_f15dd5f0350844d9bde521ae11519539.pdf#page=4">"By-Laws: Purpose"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>SPPBSQSUS</i>. December 30, 2021. p. 4<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 5,</span> 2022</span>. <q>purpose shall be to preserve and perpetuate the historic tradition and American cultural institution of the all-male barbershop quartet</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=SPPBSQSUS&rft.atitle=By-Laws%3A+Purpose&rft.pages=4&rft.date=2021-12-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sppbsqsus.org%2F_files%2Fugd%2Fb9030e_f15dd5f0350844d9bde521ae11519539.pdf%23page%3D4&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTriplett1985" class="citation news cs1">Triplett, Gene (March 10, 1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://newsok.com/barbershop-quartets-to-trim-tunes-at-show/article/2101095">"Barbershop Quartets To Trim Tunes at Show"</a>. <i>NewsOK</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NewsOK&rft.atitle=Barbershop+Quartets+To+Trim+Tunes+at+Show&rft.date=1985-03-10&rft.aulast=Triplett&rft.aufirst=Gene&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnewsok.com%2Fbarbershop-quartets-to-trim-tunes-at-show%2Farticle%2F2101095&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-22">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cbsnews.com/news/keeping-the-world-in-harmony/">"Keeping The World In Harmony"</a>. <i>CBS News</i>. October 18, 1999<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=CBS+News&rft.atitle=Keeping+The+World+In+Harmony&rft.date=1999-10-18&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cbsnews.com%2Fnews%2Fkeeping-the-world-in-harmony%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140114010509/http://barbershop.org/about/who-is-the-barbershop-harmony-society.html">"Who is the Barbershop Harmony Society?"</a>. Barbershop Harmony Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbershop.org/about/who-is-the-barbershop-harmony-society.html">the original</a> on January 14, 2014<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">January 13,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Who+is+the+Barbershop+Harmony+Society%3F&rft.pub=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbershop.org%2Fabout%2Fwho-is-the-barbershop-harmony-society.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFlanagan2018" class="citation news cs1">Flanagan, Andrew (June 20, 2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2018/06/20/621603558/after-80-years-the-barbershop-harmony-society-will-allow-women-to-join">"After 80 Years, The Barbershop Harmony Society Will Allow Women To Join"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=After+80+Years%2C+The+Barbershop+Harmony+Society+Will+Allow+Women+To+Join&rft.date=2018-06-20&rft.aulast=Flanagan&rft.aufirst=Andrew&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2018%2F06%2F20%2F621603558%2Fafter-80-years-the-barbershop-harmony-society-will-allow-women-to-join&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170913231719/https://sweetadelines.com/index.cfm?id=65">"History of Sweet Adelines International"</a>. <i>sweetadelines.com</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 7,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sweetadelines.com&rft.atitle=History+of+Sweet+Adelines+International&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsweetadelines.com%2Findex.cfm%3Fid%3D65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNPR_Staff2015" class="citation news cs1">NPR Staff (July 11, 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/2015/07/11/421823126/sweet-adelines-a-society-of-women-in-harmony-hits-a-milestone">"Sweet Adelines, A Society Of Women In Harmony, Hits A Milestone"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=NPR&rft.atitle=Sweet+Adelines%2C+A+Society+Of+Women+In+Harmony%2C+Hits+A+Milestone&rft.date=2015-07-11&rft.au=NPR+Staff&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.npr.org%2F2015%2F07%2F11%2F421823126%2Fsweet-adelines-a-society-of-women-in-harmony-hits-a-milestone&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-SanAntonioCurrent2017-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-SanAntonioCurrent2017_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-SanAntonioCurrent2017_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLopetegui" class="citation news cs1">Lopetegui, Enrique. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sacurrent.com/sa-sound/archives/2017/10/05/barbershop-singing-in-san-antonio-fights-the-musics-racist-past-embraces-its-african-american-creators?page=2">"Barbershop Singing in San Antonio Fights The Music's Racist Past, Embraces Its African American Creators"</a>. <i>San Antonio Current</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=San+Antonio+Current&rft.atitle=Barbershop+Singing+in+San+Antonio+Fights+The+Music%27s+Racist+Past%2C+Embraces+Its+African+American+Creators&rft.aulast=Lopetegui&rft.aufirst=Enrique&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sacurrent.com%2Fsa-sound%2Farchives%2F2017%2F10%2F05%2Fbarbershop-singing-in-san-antonio-fights-the-musics-racist-past-embraces-its-african-american-creators%3Fpage%3D2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Averill, Gage (2003), <i>Four Parts: No Waiting,</i> Oxford University Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-19-511672-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-19-511672-0">0-19-511672-0</a>, p. 132: "The split occurred after the 1957 convention in Miami, at which the outgoing board introduced a resolution to restrict membership to Caucasians...Sweet Adelines had no black members, and no one was aware of any black singers who had petitioned to join the organization. Still, the board argued that there had always been tacit agreement about racial exclusion and it was time to formalize this policy.... chapters split, quartets broke up, members resigned, and arguments ensued at all levels of the organization... starting in July 1958, a number of northern chapters dropped out of Sweet Adelines... and met in Providence, Rhode Island... to start Harmony, Incorporated."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161010135535/http://www.harmonymembers.org/docs/historybook/6_2.pdf">"History book – Harmony, Inc"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=%27Sweet+Adelines%27+rebel+at+ruling+barring+Negroes&rft.date=1963-03-12&rft.aulast=Cote&rft.aufirst=Starr&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DOU4yAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DL-YFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D5269%252C2584306&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.google.com/newspapers?id=PU4yAAAAIBAJ&sjid=L-YFAAAAIBAJ&pg=7223%2C5110000">"Canadian Adelines asked to form own 'open' group"</a>. <i>The Ottawa Citizen</i>. Gary Nott. March 21, 1963<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">February 20,</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ottawa+Citizen&rft.atitle=Canadian+Adelines+asked+to+form+own+%27open%27+group&rft.date=1963-03-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.google.com%2Fnewspapers%3Fid%3DPU4yAAAAIBAJ%26sjid%3DL-YFAAAAIBAJ%26pg%3D7223%252C5110000&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.barbershop.org/harmony-inc-welcomes-men-as-affiliate-members/">"Harmony, Inc. welcomes men as affiliate members"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harmony%2C+Inc.+welcomes+men+as+affiliate+members&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbershop.org%2Fharmony-inc-welcomes-men-as-affiliate-members%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldbarbershop.org/associations-world-wide/">"Associations world wide"</a>. <i>World Harmony Council</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=World+Harmony+Council&rft.atitle=Associations+world+wide&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldbarbershop.org%2Fassociations-world-wide%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">url=<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://www.barbershop.org/files/documents/contestandjudging/CJBook-03%20Contest%20Rules.pdf">https://www.barbershop.org/files/documents/contestandjudging/CJBook-03%20Contest%20Rules.pdf</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-35">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarbershop_Harmony_Society" class="citation web cs1">Barbershop Harmony Society. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbershop.org/music/about-our-music">"About Our Music"</a>. <i>Barbershop Harmony Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft.atitle=About+Our+Music&rft.au=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbershop.org%2Fmusic%2Fabout-our-music&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbershop.org/intro-to-barbershop-five-other-ways-you-can-sing-in-a-barbershop-group">"Intro to Barbershop: More ways to start singing!"</a>. <i>Barbershop Harmony Society</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 23,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft.atitle=Intro+to+Barbershop%3A+More+ways+to+start+singing%21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.barbershop.org%2Fintro-to-barbershop-five-other-ways-you-can-sing-in-a-barbershop-group&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCommittee2020" class="citation book cs1">Committee, Society Contest and Judging (June 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210802185230/https://files.barbershop.org/PDFs/Contests-Judging/CJ_Handbook.ver_13.2_Jun_2020.pdf"><i>Contest and Judging Handbook (June 2020)</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Barbershop Harmony Society. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://files.barbershop.org/PDFs/Contests-Judging/CJ_Handbook.ver_13.2_Jun_2020.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on August 2, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 18,</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Contest+and+Judging+Handbook+%28June+2020%29&rft.pub=Barbershop+Harmony+Society&rft.date=2020-06&rft.aulast=Committee&rft.aufirst=Society+Contest+and+Judging&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffiles.barbershop.org%2FPDFs%2FContests-Judging%2FCJ_Handbook.ver_13.2_Jun_2020.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABarbershop+music" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Hicks, Val (1988): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120612181505/http://www.barbershop.org/history/HeritageofHarmony_50Years.pdf">Heritage of Harmony: Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America</a></i>. Friendship/WI: New Past Press.</li> <li>Abbott, Lynn (1992): <i>Play That Barber Shop Chord: A Case for the African-American Origin of Barbershop Harmony</i>. American Music 10, no. 3, 289–325.</li> <li>Stebbins, Robert A. (1996): <i>The Barbershop Singer: Inside the Social World of a Musical Hobby</i>. Toronto: University of Toronto Press.</li> <li>Averill, Gage (1999): <i>Bell Tones and Ringing Chords. Sense and Sensation in Barbershop Harmony</i>. The World of Music 41, no. 1, 37–51.</li> <li>Henry, James Earl (2000): <i>The Origins of Barbershop Harmony: A Study of Barbershop's Musical Link to Other African-American Musics as Evidenced Through Recordings and Arrangements of Early Black and White Quartets</i> (PhD diss., UMI Microform 9972671, Washington University in St. Louis). Ann Arbor: ProQuest.</li> <li>Ayling, Benjamin C. (2000): <i>An Historical Perspective of International Champion Quartets of the Society for the Preservation and Encouragement of Barber Shop Quartet Singing in America, 1939–1963</i> (PhD diss., UMI Microform 9962373, The Ohio State University). Ann Arbor: ProQuest.</li> <li>Henry, James Earl (2001): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150319004258/http://barbershop.org/news-a-events-main/208-roots-of-barbershop-harmony-article.html">The Historical Roots of Barbershop Harmony</a></i>. The Harmonizer (July/August), 13–17.</li> <li>Averill, Gage (2003): <i>Four Parts, No Waiting. A Social History of American Barbershop Harmony</i>. New York: Oxford University Press.</li> <li>Ayling, Benjamin C. (2004): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070702125012/http://www.choralresearch.org/volumetwo/ijrcs2_1_ayling.pdf">An Historical View of Barbershop Music and the Sight-Reading Methodology and Learning Practices of Early Championship Barbershop Quartet Singers, 1939–1963</a></i>. International Journal of Research in Choral Singing 4, 53–59.</li> <li>Mook, Richard (2004): <i>The Sounds of Liberty: Nostalgia, Masculinity, and Whiteness in Philadelphia Barbershop, 1900–2003</i> (PhD diss., UMI Microform 3152085, University of Pennsylvania). Ann Arbor: ProQuest.</li> <li>Brooks, Tim (2005): <i>Lost Sounds. Blacks and the Birth of the Recording Industry, 1890–1919</i>. Urbana-Champaign/IL: University of Illinois Press.</li> <li>Garnett, Liz (2005): <i>The British Barbershopper: A Study in Socio-musical Values</i>. London: Ashgate.</li> <li>Mook, Richard (2007): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract?fromPage=online&aid=1394820">White Masculinity in Barbershop Quartet Singing</a></i>. Journal for the Society of American Music 1, no. 3 (2007), 453–483.</li> <li>Döhl, Frédéric (2009): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161203130309/http://www.steiner-verlag.de/programm/fachbuch/musikwissenschaft/reihen/view/titel/57273.html">That Old Barbershop Sound: Die Entstehung einer Tradition amerikanischer A-cappella-Musik</a></i>. Stuttgart: Franz Steiner Verlag.</li> <li>Döhl, Frédéric (2012): <i>Creating Popular Music History: The Barbershop Harmony Revival in the United States around 1940</i>. Popular History Now and Then, ed. Barbara Korte and Sylvia Paletschek. Bielefeld: transcript, 169–183.</li> <li>Mook, Richard (2012): <i>The Sounds of Gender: Textualizing Barbershop Performance</i>. Perspectives on Males and Singing (= Landscapes: the Arts, Aesthetics, and Education, vol. 10), ed. Scott D. Harrison/Graham F. Welch/Adam Adler. Dordrecht: Springer, 201–214.</li> <li>Nash, Jeffrey Eugene (2012): <i>Ringing the Chord. Sentimentality and Nostalgia among Male Singers</i>. Journal of Contemporary Ethnography 51, no. 5, 581–606.</li> <li>Hobson, Vic (2013): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_music/summary/v031/31.3.hobson.html">Plantation Song: Delius, Barbershop, and the Blues</a></i>. American Music 31, no. 3, 314–339.</li> <li>Nash, Jeffrey Eugene (2013): <i>Puttin' on Your Face: Staged Emotions among Barbershop Singer</i>. The Drama of Social Life: A Dramaturgical Handbook, ed. Charles Edgley. Farnham: Ashgate, 229–244.</li> <li>Döhl, Frédéric (2014): <i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://muse.jhu.edu/journals/american_music/summary/v032/32.2.dohl.html">From Harmonic Style to Genre. The Early History (1890s–1940s) of the Uniquely American Musical Term Barbershop</a></i>. American Music 32, no. 2, 123–171.</li> <li>Hobson, Vic (2014): <i>Creating Jazz Counterpoint: New Orleans, Barbershop Harmony, and the Blues</i>. Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.</li> <li>Hobson, Vic (2018): <i>Creating the Jazz Solo: Louis Armstrong and Barbershop Harmony.</i> Jackson, Mississippi: University Press of Mississippi.</li> <li>Hobson, Vic (2020): <i>Historically Informed Jazz Pedagogy: New Orleans Counterpoint and Barbershop Harmony.</i> Jazz Education in Research and Practice 1, no. 1, 155–166.</li> <li>Hopkins, Robert G. (2020): <i>From „the Chord Was King“ to „a Dynamic Journey“. Changes in the Barbershop Quartet Style in Contetsts since the 1950s.</i> American Music 38, no. 1, 78–101.</li> <li>Boyd, Clifton (2021): <i>Music Theory, Race, and the Barbershop Harmony Society.</i> The Oxford Handbook of Public Music Theory, ed. J. Daniel Jenkins, Oxford University Press, New York/Oxford 2021, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://academic.oup.com/edited-volume/37086">online</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Barbershop_music&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.npr.org/programs/morning/features/patc/barbershop/">Present at the Creation: Barbershop Quartets</a> from <a href="/wiki/NPR" title="NPR">NPR</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gracyk.com/barbershop.shtml">Barbershop Quartets on 78rpms: How Quartet Harmonizing Became Known as Barbershop</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100418070858/http://www.gracyk.com/barbershop.shtml">Archived</a> April 18, 2010, at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/search.php?query=barbershop%20quartet%20AND%20mediatype%3Aaudio">Listen to Barbershop music at the Internet Archive</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.acappellafoundation.org/essay/bbshistory.html">The Origins of Barbershop Harmony</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.barbershopwiki.com/wiki/Barbershop_Wiki_Project">Barbershop Wiki Project</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid 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