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also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div 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<div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. 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href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coelophysis_holyokensis" title="Coelophysis holyokensis – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Coelophysis holyokensis" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D9%88%D8%AF%D9%88%DA%A9%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%B1" title="پودوکسور – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پودوکسور" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Podokesaurus" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus_holyokensis" title="Podokesaurus holyokensis – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Podokesaurus holyokensis" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A4%D7%95%D7%93%D7%95%D7%A7%D7%96%D7%90%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A1" title="פודוקזאורוס – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="פודוקזאורוס" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Podokesaurus" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podokezaur" title="Podokezaur – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Podokezaur" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%B5%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D1%80" title="Подокезавр – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Подокезавр" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus" title="Podokesaurus – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Podokesaurus" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%AB%E8%B6%B3%E9%BE%8D%E5%B1%AC" title="快足龍屬 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="快足龍屬" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q21446516#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div 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width: 200px; font-size: 100%"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><i>Podokesaurus</i><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Temporal range: <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a>, <span class="noprint"><span style="display:inline-block;"></span><span style="display:inline-block;">190 <a href="/wiki/Megaannum" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaannum">Ma</a></span> <span style="display:inline-block;"></span><div id="Timeline-row" style="margin: 4px auto 0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:18px; overflow:visible; white-space:nowrap; border:1px #666; border-style:solid none; position:relative; z-index:0; font-size:97%;"> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; left:0px; width:207.23076923077px; padding-left:5px; text-align:left; background-color:rgb(254,217,106); background-image: linear-gradient(to right, rgba(255,255,255,1), rgba(254,217,106,1) 15%, rgba(254,217,106,1));"><a href="/wiki/Precambrian" title="Precambrian">PreꞒ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,160,86); left:37.636923076923px; width:18.073846153846px;"><a href="/wiki/Cambrian" title="Cambrian">Ꞓ</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(0,146,112); left:55.710769230769px; width:14.08px;"><a href="/wiki/Ordovician" title="Ordovician">O</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(179,225,182); left:69.790769230769px; width:8.3261538461539px;"><a href="/wiki/Silurian" title="Silurian">S</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(203,140,55); left:78.116923076923px; width:20.409230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Devonian" title="Devonian">D</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(103,165,153); left:98.526153846154px; width:20.307692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">C</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(240,64,40); left:118.83384615385px; width:15.907015384615px;"><a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">P</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(129,43,146); left:134.74086153846px; width:17.092984615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">T</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(52,178,201); left:151.83384615385px; width:19.089230769231px;"><a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">J</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(127,198,78); left:170.92307692308px; width:26.738461538462px;"><a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">K</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(253,154,82); left:197.66153846154px; width:14.543692307692px;"><a href="/wiki/Paleogene" title="Paleogene">Pg</a></div> <div style="position:absolute; height:100%; text-align:center; background-color:rgb(255,230,25); left:212.20523076923px; width:6.9215384615385px;"><a href="/wiki/Neogene" title="Neogene">N</a></div> <div id="end-border" style="position:absolute; height:100%; background-color:#666; width:1px; left:219px"></div><div style="margin:0 auto; line-height:0; clear:both; width:220px; padding:0px; height:8px; overflow:visible; background-color:transparent; position:relative; top:-4px; z-index:100;"> <div style="position:absolute; left:155.69230769231px; font-size:50%"><div style="position:relative; left:-0.42em">↓</div></div> </div> </div></span></div> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg/220px-Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg/330px-Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg/440px-Podokesaurus_YPM.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4592" data-file-height="2195" /></a></span> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center; font-size: 88%">Cast of the <a href="/wiki/Holotype_specimen" class="mw-redirect" title="Holotype specimen">holotype specimen</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Yale_Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" class="mw-redirect" title="Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History">Yale Peabody Museum of Natural History</a>; the tail and uncertain bones are at left, the body at right </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; min-width:15em; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Taxonomy_(biology)" title="Taxonomy (biology)">Scientific classification</a> <span class="plainlinks taxobox-edit-taxonomy skin-invert" style="font-size:smaller; float:right; padding-right:0.4em; margin-left:-3em;"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Template:Taxonomy/Podokesaurus" title="Edit this classification"><img alt="Edit this classification" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/23px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg/30px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </th></tr> <tr> <td>Domain: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Eukaryote" title="Eukaryote">Eukaryota</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kingdom: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Phylum: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Saurischia" title="Saurischia">Saurischia</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><i>Clade</i>: </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Superfamily: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Genus: </td> <td><span style="font-style:normal;font-weight:normal;">†</span><a class="mw-selflink selflink"><i>Podokesaurus</i></a><br /><small><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Talbot" title="Mignon Talbot">Talbot</a>, 1911</small> </td></tr> <tr> <td>Species: </td> <td><div style="display:inline" class="species">†<i><b>P. holyokensis</b></i></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Binomial_nomenclature" title="Binomial nomenclature">Binomial name</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: center"><b><span class="binomial"><span style="font-weight:normal;">†</span><i>Podokesaurus holyokensis</i></span></b><br /><div style="font-size: 85%;">Talbot, 1911</div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="2" style="color:inherit; text-align: center; background-color: rgb(235,235,210)"><a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">Synonyms</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="text-align: left"> <ul><li><i>Coelophysis holyokensis</i> <small>(Talbot, 1911) <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Harris Colbert">Colbert</a>, 1964</small></li></ul> </td></tr> </tbody></table><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238732961">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:transparent}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota tr{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox.biota img{background:white}}.mw-parser-output .infobox.biota .taxobox-edit-taxonomy img{background:transparent!important}body.skin-vector .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox{margin-top:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output table.biota.infobox tr.taxonrow td{padding:2px 10px}</style> <p><i><b>Podokesaurus</b></i> is a <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> of <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysoid">coelophysoid</a> <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> that lived in what is now the eastern United States during the <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> Period. The first fossil was discovered by the geologist <a href="/wiki/Mignon_Talbot" title="Mignon Talbot">Mignon Talbot</a> near <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke" title="Mount Holyoke">Mount Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, in 1910. The specimen was fragmentary, preserving much of the body, limbs, and tail. In 1911, Talbot described and named the new genus and species <i><b>Podokesaurus holyokensis</b></i> based on it. The full name can be translated as "swift-footed lizard of Holyoke". This discovery made Talbot the first woman to find and describe a non-bird dinosaur. The <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> fossil was recognized as significant and was studied by other researchers, but was lost when the building it was kept in burned down in 1917; no unequivocal <i>Podokesaurus</i> specimens have since been discovered. It was made <a href="/wiki/State_dinosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinosaur">state dinosaur</a> of Massachusetts in 2022. </p><p>Estimated to have been about 1 m (3 ft) in length and 1–40 kg (2–90 lb) in weight, <i>Podokesaurus</i> was lightly constructed with <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">hollow bones</a>, and would have been similar to <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i>, being slender, long-necked, and with sharp, recurved teeth. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#vertebrae" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § vertebrae" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">vertebrae</span></a></dfn> were very light and hollow, and some were slightly concave at each end. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervical" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § cervical" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cervical</span></a></dfn> (neck) vertebrae were relatively large in length and diameter compared to the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dorsal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dorsal</span></a></dfn> (back) vertebrae, and the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § caudal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">caudal</span></a></dfn> (tail) vertebrae were long and slender. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humerus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § humerus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">humerus</span></a></dfn> (upper-arm bone) was small and delicate, less than half the length of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#femur" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § femur" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">femur</span></a></dfn> (thigh-bone). The <a href="/wiki/Pubis_(bone)" title="Pubis (bone)">pubis</a> (pubic bone) was very long, expanding both at the front and hind ends. The femur was slender, nearly straight, had thin walls, and was expanded at the back side of its lower end. The three <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metatarsals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § metatarsals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">metatarsals</span></a></dfn> of the lower leg were closely appressed together forming a compact structure. </p><p>Since it was one of the few small <a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">theropods</a> known at the time it was described, the <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)" title="Affinity (taxonomy)">affinities</a> of <i>Podokesaurus</i> were long unclear. It was placed in the <a href="/wiki/Family_(biology)" title="Family (biology)">family</a> Podokesauridae along with other small theropods, and was speculated to have been similar to a <a href="/wiki/Proto-bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-bird">proto-bird</a>. It was suggested it was a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of <i>Coelophysis</i> and a natural cast specimen was assigned to it, but these ideas are not currently accepted. The family Podokesauridae is not in use anymore, having been replaced by Coelophysidae, and <i>Podokesaurus</i> is thought to have been a coelophysoid. As such, <i>Podokesaurus</i> would have been a fleet-footed predator, with powerful forelimbs and grasping hands. It is estimated it could have run at 15–20 km/h (9–12 mph). <i>Podokesaurus</i> is thought to have been collected from the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Formation" title="Portland Formation">Portland Formation</a>, the age of which has long been unclear, but is currently believed to <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">date</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian">Hettangian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sinemurian" title="Sinemurian">Sinemurian</a> stages of the Early Jurassic, between 201 and 190 million years ago. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Discovery_and_history">Discovery and history</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Discovery and history"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:72px;max-width:72px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Vertically long map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg/70px-Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg" decoding="async" width="70" height="248" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg/105px-Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c1/Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg/140px-Geological_map_of_the_Connecticut_Valley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="978" data-file-height="3468" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:216px;max-width:216px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:248px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Square map" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg/214px-Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg" decoding="async" width="214" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg/321px-Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg/428px-Geological_map_of_South_Hadley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2651" data-file-height="3084" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Geological maps of the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Valley">Connecticut Valley</a> from 1915; 22 is where <i>Podokesaurus</i> was found, 12 is <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke" title="Mount Holyoke">Mount Holyoke</a> (some areas marked as <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> are now thought to be <a href="/wiki/Early_Jurassic" title="Early Jurassic">Early Jurassic</a> in age)</div></div></div></div> <p>In 1910, the American geologist <a href="/wiki/Mignon_Talbot" title="Mignon Talbot">Mignon Talbot</a> was walking with her sister Ellen to <a href="/wiki/Holyoke" class="mw-redirect" title="Holyoke">Holyoke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, in the eastern US, when they passed a farm and noticed a small hill nearby. It had a gravel pit at one side, and was formed by an accumulation of sand, gravel, and boulders left by a receding <a href="/wiki/Glacier" title="Glacier">glacier</a>. Talbot noticed a white streak on a <a href="/wiki/Sandstone" title="Sandstone">sandstone</a> boulder at the bottom of the gravel pit, and upon discovering these were bones, she told her sister she had found a "real live fossil". This was because many <a href="/wiki/Fossil_tracks" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil tracks">fossil tracks</a> had previously <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_River_Valley_trackways" title="Connecticut River Valley trackways">been discovered</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Connecticut_Valley" class="mw-redirect" title="Connecticut Valley">Connecticut Valley</a> (that she had often taken her students to see), but few actual <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">dinosaur</a> skeletons, and none at <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke" title="Mount Holyoke">Mount Holyoke</a>. She was granted permission by the land owner to collect the specimen for <a href="/wiki/Mount_Holyoke_College" title="Mount Holyoke College">Mount Holyoke College</a> (an all-women's college a few miles from there), where she was head of the geology department.<sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Daring_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Daring-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Rossiter_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Rossiter-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The next day she brought a group of workmen to collect the specimen, and found another piece of sandstone that contained the rest of the fossil as well as impressions of those in the first slab. The specimen appeared to have been exposed for years with no one noticing it, the boulder having been broken open by people or frost. The fossil was brought to the laboratory where it was prepared and photographed.<sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The incomplete specimen preserved 5 <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#cervical" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § cervical" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">cervical</span></a></dfn> (neck), 11 <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#dorsal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § dorsal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">dorsal</span></a></dfn> (back) and 24 <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#caudal" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § caudal" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">caudal</span></a></dfn> (tail) vertebrae, a fragment of the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#scapula" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § scapula" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">scapula</span></a></dfn> (shoulder blade) and right <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#coracoid" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § coracoid" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">coracoid</span></a></dfn> (part of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pectoral_girdle" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pectoral girdle" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pectoral girdle</span></a></dfn>), a partial left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#humerus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § humerus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">humerus</span></a></dfn> (upper arm bone), <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#phalanx_bones" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § phalanx bones" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">phalanx bones</span></a></dfn> of 3 fingers, including 2 <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#unguals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § unguals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">unguals</span></a></dfn> (claw bones), ribs, the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pubis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pubis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pubis</span></a></dfn> and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ischium" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ischium" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ischium</span></a></dfn> (bones forming the lower front and lower back of the pelvis, respectively), the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#femora" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § femora" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">femora</span></a></dfn> (thigh bones), the left <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#tibia" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § tibia" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">tibia</span></a></dfn> (lower leg bone), a fragment of the right <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#astragalus" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § astragalus" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">astragalus</span></a></dfn> (a bone in the ankle), articulated <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#metatarsals" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § metatarsals" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">metatarsals</span></a></dfn> (foot bones) of the left foot, followed by 3 pedal phalanges (toe bones), partial metatarsals and possible phalanges of the right foot, and fragments of uncertain identity.<sup id="cite_ref-DinosauriaNorman_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinosauriaNorman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The light and delicate bones were in their natural position or nearly so within the rock, except for the tail and uncertain fragments, which were a few centimeters away from the skeleton, following a long gap in the skeleton behind the pelvis. The front half of the neck was missing.<sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:254px;max-width:254px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg/250px-Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg/375px-Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg/500px-Podokesaurus_skeletal_reconstruction.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="1644" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">1915 skeletal reconstruction by <a href="/wiki/Richard_Swann_Lull" title="Richard Swann Lull">Richard Swann Lull</a>; shaded areas were known from the fossil, missing parts were reconstructed after <i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="thumbimage"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_model.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Podokesaurus_model.jpg/250px-Podokesaurus_model.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Podokesaurus_model.jpg/375px-Podokesaurus_model.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Podokesaurus_model.jpg/500px-Podokesaurus_model.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3336" data-file-height="1551" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption">Model by Lull at the Peabody Museum</div></div></div></div></div> <p>The significance of the fossil was confirmed at an intercollegiate meeting of geology departments, and when the American paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Swann_Lull" title="Richard Swann Lull">Richard Swann Lull</a> subsequently encouraged Talbot to describe the specimen, she replied she did not know anything about dinosaurs, but Lull suggested she should study them and then describe it. In December 1910, Talbot read a preliminary description of the fossil at the <a href="/wiki/Paleontological_Society" title="Paleontological Society">Paleontological Society</a> meeting at <a href="/wiki/Pittsburgh" title="Pittsburgh">Pittsburgh</a>, and in June 1911 she published a short <a href="/wiki/Scientific_description" class="mw-redirect" title="Scientific description">scientific description</a>, in which she made the specimen the <a href="/wiki/Holotype" title="Holotype">holotype</a> of the new <a href="/wiki/Genus" title="Genus">genus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Species" title="Species">species</a> <i>Podokesaurus holyokensis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The generic name is derived from the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Greek" title="Ancient Greek">Ancient Greek</a> words <i>podōkēs</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">ποδώκης</span></span>), which means "swift (or fleet)-footed", an <a href="/wiki/Epithet" title="Epithet">epithet</a> commonly used in reference to the Greek hero <a href="/wiki/Achilles" title="Achilles">Achilles</a>, and <i>saura</i> (<span title="Ancient Greek (to 1453)-language text"><span lang="grc">σαύρα</span></span>) meaning "lizard", while the <a href="/wiki/Specific_name_(zoology)" title="Specific name (zoology)">specific name</a> refers to Holyoke. In full, the name can be translated as "swift-footed lizard of Holyoke".<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The discovery and naming of <i>Podokesaurus</i> made Talbot the first woman to find and describe a non-bird dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-Forgottenwomen_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Forgottenwomen-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The American paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_T._Bakker" title="Robert T. Bakker">Robert T. Bakker</a> stated in 2014 that while old professors grumbled that women were unfit for working with fossils during his time at university, Talbot's discovery of <i>Podokesaurus</i> was a counterargument to that.<sup id="cite_ref-Bakker_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bakker-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>By the time the description was published, Talbot had sent the fossil to the <a href="/wiki/Peabody_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="Peabody Museum of Natural History">Peabody Museum of Natural History</a> at <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> for further preparation and study, where cast replicas were also made of the bones as they lay in the rock. There, Lull drew a reconstruction of the skeleton, basing the parts missing from the fossil on the equivalents in <i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i>, and created a model of the animal in life, which Talbot later described as having a "sardonic smile". Lull expanded on Talbot's article in a 1915 publication, wherein he also proposed other identities for some of the bones than what she had originally suggested, including a partial coracoid instead of a scapula and part of the tibia instead of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#ilium" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § ilium" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">ilium</span></a></dfn> (part of the hips). Lull suggested that the boulder containing the fossil must have come from a ledge which lay on the south side of the <a href="/wiki/Holyoke_Range" title="Holyoke Range">Holyoke Range</a>, about two or three miles north of where it was found, and specified that it was from the <a href="/wiki/Longmeadow_Sandstone" class="mw-redirect" title="Longmeadow Sandstone">Longmeadow Sandstone</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Shufeldt_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shufeldt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Williston_Hall_debris.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Williston_Hall_debris.jpg/220px-Williston_Hall_debris.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="192" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Williston_Hall_debris.jpg/330px-Williston_Hall_debris.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Williston_Hall_debris.jpg/440px-Williston_Hall_debris.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1046" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mignon_Talbot" title="Mignon Talbot">Mignon Talbot</a> (second from left) and students searching the rubble of the burned down Williston Hall in 1917</figcaption></figure> <p>Lull had sent his manuscript to the Danish ornithologist <a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Heilmann" title="Gerhard Heilmann">Gerhard Heilmann</a> for criticism prior to publication. Heilmann published his response in a 1913 article in which he included previously unpublished photos of the fossil received from Talbot, as well as his own restorations. He disagreed with some of Lull's anatomical interpretations, and had corresponded regarding the fossil with the American zoologist <a href="/wiki/Robert_Wilson_Shufeldt" title="Robert Wilson Shufeldt">Robert Wilson Shufeldt</a> about his contentions. Heilmann's article was one in a series about the <a href="/wiki/The_Origin_of_Birds" title="The Origin of Birds">origin of birds</a>, wherein he examined the skeletons of prehistoric reptiles to find traits that may have been ancestral to birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In a 1916 <a href="/w/index.php?title=Washington_Academy_of_Sciences&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Washington Academy of Sciences (page does not exist)">Washington Academy of Sciences</a> meeting, Shufeldt gave an account of his correspondence with Lull, Talbot, and Heilmann, and agreed with the latter in some of his criticisms of Lull's restoration of <i>Podokesaurus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Proceedings_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Proceedings-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Talbot wanted the fossil to stay at Yale or <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a> on permanent exhibit, where it could "be with its kind", but it was kept at Mount Holyoke in the old science building, Williston Hall, as a local specimen, where it became a "pet curiosity" for the students. During the Christmas break of 1917, Williston Hall burned down, and no remains of the <i>Podokesaurus</i> fossil were found in the rubble. The American writer <a href="/wiki/Christopher_Benfey" title="Christopher Benfey">Christopher Benfey</a> pointed out in 2002 that <i>Podokesaurus</i> therefore had the peculiar distinction of being the dinosaur that vanished twice.<sup id="cite_ref-Mount_2-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Mount-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The German paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Friedrich_von_Huene" title="Friedrich von Huene">Friedrich von Huene</a> was the last to study and describe the holotype specimen, in a 1914 publication before it was destroyed (he had studied it at Yale before Talbot's description was published).<sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-welles_s_1984_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welles_s_1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While the college's fossil collections were almost entirely destroyed by the fire, its facilities and collections continued to grow and improve afterwards due to Talbot's efforts.<sup id="cite_ref-Elder_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Elder-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>No other unequivocal <i>Podokesaurus</i> specimens have since been found, but cast replicas of the type specimen remain at the Peabody Museum of Natural History and the <a href="/wiki/American_Museum_of_Natural_History" title="American Museum of Natural History">American Museum of Natural History</a> in <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>. <i>Podokesaurus</i> received little further attention until new and abundant fossils of <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i> were discovered in the late 1940s, and the anatomy of small <a href="/wiki/Theropod" class="mw-redirect" title="Theropod">theropod</a> dinosaurs became clearer; the American paleontologists <a href="/wiki/Edwin_Harris_Colbert" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwin Harris Colbert">Edwin Harris Colbert</a> and Donald Baird compared <i>Podokesaurus</i> with <i>Coelophysis</i> in 1958, using the casts of the former. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Sauropodomorph" class="mw-redirect" title="Sauropodomorph">sauropodomorph</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anchisaurus" title="Anchisaurus">Anchisaurus</a></i>, <i>Podokesaurus</i> was among the first substantial collections of dinosaur skeletal material known from the East Coast of North America. Apart from a tooth (assigned to <i>Coelophysis</i> in 1976), all other Early Jurassic theropod records on the East Coast are footprints.<sup id="cite_ref-Weishampel2006_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weishampel2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colbert1964_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert1964-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tooth_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tooth-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2021, <i>Podokesaurus</i> and <i>Anchisaurus</i> were proposed as contenders for <a href="/wiki/State_dinosaur" class="mw-redirect" title="State dinosaur">state dinosaur</a> of Massachusetts by Representative <a href="/wiki/Jack_Patrick_Lewis" title="Jack Patrick Lewis">Jack Patrick Lewis</a>, with <i>Podokesaurus</i> winning the online poll.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On May 2, 2022, Governor <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Baker" title="Charlie Baker">Charlie Baker</a> signed a law making it the official state dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-StateD_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-StateD-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A 2024 paper about identification of natural dinosaur bone casts concluded that new methods could be used to find adittional remains of <i>Podokesaurus</i>, noting its status as state dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Description">Description</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Description"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_Scale.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Podokesaurus_Scale.svg/220px-Podokesaurus_Scale.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Podokesaurus_Scale.svg/330px-Podokesaurus_Scale.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Podokesaurus_Scale.svg/440px-Podokesaurus_Scale.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="955" data-file-height="797" /></a><figcaption>Size of <i>Podokesaurus</i> compared to a human and a cat</figcaption></figure> <p>The preserved body of the only known <i>Podokesaurus</i> fossil was 18 cm (7 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lull estimated the complete length of <i>Podokesaurus</i> to have been 1,150 mm (3.77 ft), the neck accounting for 130 mm (5.1 in), the back for 170 mm (6.7 in), the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#sacrum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § sacrum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">sacrum</span></a></dfn> (the vertebrae of the pelvic region) for 45 mm (1.8 in), and the tail for 730 mm (2.40 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Huene estimated the animal to have been 1,100 mm (3.6 ft) long, with the tail accounting for about 70 cm (2.3 ft), more than 1.5 times the rest of the skeleton together.<sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colbert estimated the animal's length at about 1 m (3.3 ft).<sup id="cite_ref-Colbert1964_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert1964-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1995, the writer Jan Peczkis estimated <i>Podokesaurus</i> to have weighed 10–40 kg (22–88 lb), through pelvic height determination (based on von Huene's measurements).<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Gregory_S._Paul" title="Gregory S. Paul">Gregory S. Paul</a> estimated it to have weighed 1 kg (2 lb) in 2016 (based on a 1 m length estimate).<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Talbot stated in 1937 that those scientists who had seen the specimen did not think it was a young individual as there were no indications of <a href="/wiki/Cartilage" title="Cartilage">cartilage</a> that would turn to bone with age,<sup id="cite_ref-Campus_1-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> while Paul thought it was possibly juvenile.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In general, the animal was lightly constructed, with <a href="/wiki/Skeletal_pneumaticity" title="Skeletal pneumaticity">hollow bones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As a <a href="/wiki/Coelophysoid" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysoid">coelophysoid</a>, it would likely have been similar in build to for example <i>Coelophysis</i>, being slender, long-necked, and with sharp, recurved teeth.<sup id="cite_ref-Weishampel2006_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weishampel2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Since few other small theropods were known at the time <i>Podokesaurus</i> was described, it was mainly compared to the later genera <i>Compsognathus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i>, which were thought related. Due to the fragmentary nature of the <i>Podokesaurus</i> specimen and the fact that it is lost, the identity and shape of some of its bones are today unclear. As only casts of the specimen now remain, it is only possible to get a general impression of the preserved skeleton and its proportions. Talbot identified bone fragments next to the tail as skull bones because two of them were <a href="/wiki/Bilaterally_symmetric" class="mw-redirect" title="Bilaterally symmetric">bilaterally symmetric</a>, and one was broadly convex with a <a href="/wiki/Sulcus_(morphology)" title="Sulcus (morphology)">sulcus</a> (or furrow) at the midline, and according to Lull, was possibly placed at the upper wall of the skull, not far from the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#frontal_bones" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § frontal bones" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">frontal bones</span></a></dfn>. Lull thought other of these elements may have been part of the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#nasal_bones" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § nasal bones" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">nasal bones</span></a></dfn>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Colbert1964_17-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert1964-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Huene instead interpreted these bones as caudals from the middle of the tail.<sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Postcranial_skeleton">Postcranial skeleton</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Postcranial skeleton"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:342px;max-width:342px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Photo of a partial skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg/167px-Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg/251px-Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a7/Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg/334px-Podokesaurus_holyokensis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2364" data-file-height="1205" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:169px;max-width:169px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of the skeleton" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Podokesaurus.jpg/167px-Podokesaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="167" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Podokesaurus.jpg/251px-Podokesaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/66/Podokesaurus.jpg/334px-Podokesaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2886" data-file-height="1479" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:68px;max-width:68px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Podokesaurus_skull.jpg/66px-Podokesaurus_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="66" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Podokesaurus_skull.jpg/99px-Podokesaurus_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Podokesaurus_skull.jpg/132px-Podokesaurus_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="546" data-file-height="1136" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:198px;max-width:198px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg/196px-Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg" decoding="async" width="196" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg/294px-Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg/392px-Podokesaurus_tail_and_skull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1788" data-file-height="1256" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:70px;max-width:70px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:137px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg/68px-Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg" decoding="async" width="68" height="137" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg/102px-Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg/136px-Podokesaurus_vertebra_cross_section.jpg 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="586" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Photo and interpretative drawing of the front part of the specimen from 1911 (above), photo of uncertain bone fragments that may belong to either the skull or tail (bottom left), drawing of the tail and uncertain bone fragments (lower middle), and cross-section of a vertebra (lower right)</div></div></div></div> <p>The vertebrae were very light and hollow, and some were slightly concave at each end. The cervical vertebrae were relatively large in length and diameter compared to the dorsals, and had styliform (resembling a pen or bristle in shape) cervical ribs which were long, straight, and narrow, as in <i>Anchisaurus</i>. The front dorsals were much shorter than the cervicals, then again increased in size towards the pelvis. They measured 12–13 mm (0.47–0.51 in) in length. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#neural_spines" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § neural spines" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">neural spines</span></a></dfn> of the dorsals were narrow, high, and curved backwards, but not as expanded from front to back as in <i>Compsognathus</i>. The dorsal ribs were strongly curved and very slender and hollow, reminiscent of those in <i><a href="/wiki/Saltopus" title="Saltopus">Saltopus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Hallopus" title="Hallopus">Hallopus</a></i>, the largest being 52 mm (2.0 in) long and 2 mm (0.1 in) wide. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#transverse_processes" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § transverse processes" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">transverse processes</span></a></dfn> (that connected with the ribs on each side of a vertebra) formed a circular arc downward from each side of a dorsal, extending about as far from the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#centrum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § centrum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">centrum</span></a></dfn> (the "body" of a vertebra) as the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#spinous_process" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § spinous process" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">spinous process</span></a></dfn> was high. The <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#zygapophyses" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § zygapophyses" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">zygapophyses</span></a></dfn> (processes that connected adjacent vertebrae) were well-developed. The centra were relatively longer than those of <i>Ornithomimus</i>, while those of <i>Compsognathus</i> resembled those of <i>Podokesaurus</i> more, but were shorter.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>While the hind part of the tail was located some distance away from the rest of the skeleton, Lull believed it was in its natural position and that it would have been very long, the intermediate vertebrae having been swept away. The caudal vertebrae were very long and slender, and along with their <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#chevrons" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § chevrons" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">chevrons</span></a></dfn> (bones on the undersides of the caudals), resembled those of <i>Ornitholestes</i>. A typical caudal was 17 mm (0.67 in) long and 4 mm (0.16 in) in diameter. The caudals were very similar in length and did not decrease in length until the last few in the succession. Just in front of the pubis there was a cluster of slender <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#gastralia" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § gastralia" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">gastralia</span></a></dfn> (abdominal ribs), the longest of which was 18 mm (0.71 in) long. The frontmost gastralia had broadened ends, which is often the condition in <a href="/wiki/Sternal_ribs" class="mw-redirect" title="Sternal ribs">sternal ribs</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The humerus was small and very delicate, 42 mm (1.7 in) long, less than half the length of the femur. It had a strong processus lateralis (a <a href="/wiki/Process_(anatomy)" title="Process (anatomy)">process</a> directed to the side) 30 mm (1.2 in) above its lower end. Lull found it similar to that of <i>Ornitholestes</i>, apart from the radial crest (that connected with the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#radius_bone" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § radius bone" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">radius bone</span></a></dfn> of the lower arm) not being as high, showing little muscular power. Von Huene estimated the radius to have been 30 mm (1.2 in) long. Lull found the hand more similar to that of <i>Compsognathus</i> than of <i>Ornitholestes</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only slender phalanx bones of the three fingers were preserved, including sharp, curved claws.<sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg/220px-Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg/330px-Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg/440px-Podokesaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5204" data-file-height="2290" /></a><figcaption>Hypothetical <a href="/wiki/Life_restoration" class="mw-redirect" title="Life restoration">life restoration</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The pubis was very long, expanding both at the front and hind ends. It was 6 mm (0.24 in) wide and 95 mm (3.7 in) long, and its lower expansion was 10 mm (0.39 in) in diameter. Talbot found the pubis similar to that of the then undescribed <i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i>. Lull argued that the pubis lay approximately in position in the fossil, pointing forwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Heilmann instead believed the bone had been moved out of position before burial, and would have been directed backwards.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Colbert and Baird suggested the pubis was directed forwards, but that it curved slightly upwards instead of downwards due to natural warping and cracking of the bone. The ischium was 55 mm (2.2 in) long, 15.5 mm (0.61 in) wide at the end closest to the body, and its slender shaft was 4 mm (0.16 in) in diameter, and somewhat thickened at its lower end. Lull found it similar to those of <i>Compsognathus</i> and <i>Ornitholestes</i>. Below the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#acetabulum" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § acetabulum" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">acetabulum</span></a></dfn> (where the femur connects with the pelvis) there was a broad <a href="/wiki/Lamella_(surface_anatomy)" title="Lamella (surface anatomy)">lamella</a> running towards the pubis.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The femur was slender, nearly straight, had thin walls, and was expanded at the back side of its lower end. It was 86 mm (3.4 in) long and 6.5 mm (0.26 in) in diameter just below the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fourth_trochanter" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fourth trochanter" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fourth trochanter</span></a></dfn> (a flange placed mid-length at the back of the femur). The fourth trochanter was strong, 18 mm (0.71 in) long and about 2 mm (0.079 in) high, and was situated past the middle of the shaft, towards the lower end. The <a href="/wiki/Condyles" class="mw-redirect" title="Condyles">condyles</a> (round prominences) of the femur's lower end protruded strongly hindwards. The tibia was a thin, narrow shaft, 104 mm (4.1 in) in length, and about 7 mm (0.28 in) in diameter. Talbot stated the very thin <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#fibula" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § fibula" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">fibula</span></a></dfn> lay close to the tibia and was of almost equal length, while von Huene thought this was instead part of the crushed tibia. The three metatarsals of the lower leg were closely appressed together forming a compact structure, similar to what was seen in <i>Ornithomimus</i>, but not fused into a <a href="/wiki/Tarsometatarsus" title="Tarsometatarsus">tarsometatarsus</a>, as seen in birds. The length of the metatarsals was 75 mm (3.0 in), while their width was 9 mm (0.35 in). The most complete pedal phalanx was very slender and 12 mm (0.47 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Classification">Classification</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Classification"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_interpretations">Early interpretations</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early interpretations"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg/220px-Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg/330px-Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg/440px-Podokesaurus_holotype.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2326" data-file-height="631" /></a><figcaption>Ca 1913 photo of the holotype</figcaption></figure> <p>When reading her preliminary description in 1910, Talbot suggested <i>Podokesaurus</i> to have been an "herbivorous dinosaur", but further work at Yale University showed that some bones had been incorrectly identified, and the ischium of the pelvis with a well-developed ridge was found to resemble that of <i>Compsognathus</i>. She refrained from making a definite classification of the specimen in her 1911 description due to the lack of jaw and foot-bones which could have aided in this, but concluded it would have belonged to a "carnivorous dinosaur" based on the shape and position of the pubis, as well as the absence of a <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#postpubis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § postpubis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">postpubis</span></a></dfn>. She considered the fossil to be <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Triassic</a> in age (the first of the three <a href="/wiki/Mesozoic" title="Mesozoic">Mesozoic</a> periods).<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1914, von Huene named the new <a href="/wiki/Family_(taxonomy)" class="mw-redirect" title="Family (taxonomy)">family</a> Podokesauridae, wherein he, in addition to <i>Podokesaurus</i>, included <i>Saltopus</i>, <i>Procompsognathus</i>, <i>Coelophysis</i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Tanystropheus" title="Tanystropheus">Tanystropheus</a></i>. He placed this group under <a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a>, which at the time was used to include small theropods in general.<sup id="cite_ref-Huene_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Huene-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-problem_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-problem-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg/220px-Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg/330px-Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg/440px-Pelvis_of_Podokesaurus.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2412" data-file-height="1532" /></a><figcaption>Lull's 1915 illustration of the pelvic region, showing the forwards directed pubis (Pu) as preserved</figcaption></figure> <p>Heilmann considered <i>Podokesaurus</i> very similar to the early bird <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> in 1913, and wondered why Talbot had not made any comparisons to it. He particularly found the legs and the pelvis, when the pubis was interpreted as pointing backwards (as in birds), similar to what it might look like in a bird ancestor, while considering Lull's reconstruction of a forward-directed pubis unlikely. He also found parts of the shoulder blade, forelimbs, and even tail bones similar to those of birds. He furthermore pointed to the presence of abdominal ribs and that the bones were hollow, and concluded that nothing precluded <i>Podokesaurus</i> from being a very primitive <a href="/wiki/Proto-bird" class="mw-redirect" title="Proto-bird">proto-bird</a>, with not yet fused middle-foot bones. The only feature he found inconsistent with this interpretation was the short finger with a claw, if it was not instead part of a toe. He suggested that the issue could be determined if the skull, sternum, and <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#clavicle" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § clavicle" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">clavicle</span></a></dfn> were found in the rock, bones that would be important clues for classification.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_12-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Heilmann wished for a clearer explanation of the placement of the middle-foot bones in relation to each other, and found it surprising that Lull's reconstruction of <i>Podokesaurus</i> showed an even more appressed middle-foot than was present in the later supposed descendant <i>Ornithomimus</i>, which he thought would have developed a completely bird-like middle-foot by that time. Heilmann found <i>Podokesaurus</i> very unusual for a dinosaur from the Triassic, and thought it was one of the earliest bipedal vertebrates. He suggested that since it was so different from <i><a href="/wiki/Thecodontosaurus" title="Thecodontosaurus">Thecodontosaurus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Plateosaurus" title="Plateosaurus">Plateosaurus</a></i>, those may not have been dinosaurs, or <i>Podokesaurus</i> could instead have been related to <i>Saltopus</i> or <a href="/wiki/Parasuchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Parasuchians">parasuchians</a>, but found its fossils too insufficient to say anything definite about the issue.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann_12-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:88px;max-width:88px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Drawing of tail bones" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg/86px-Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg" decoding="async" width="86" height="151" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg/129px-Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/42/Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg/172px-Podokesaurus_and_Archaeopteryx_hindlimbs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="702" data-file-height="1232" /></a></span></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:200px;max-width:200px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:150px;overflow:hidden"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_(1913)_(20216277553).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg/198px-Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="198" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg/297px-Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg/396px-Dansk_ornithologisk_forenings_tidsskrift_%281913%29_%2820216277553%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1644" data-file-height="1248" /></a></span></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Gerhard_Heilmann" title="Gerhard Heilmann">Gerhard Heilmann</a>'s 1913 comparison between the legs and pelvis of <i>Podokesaurus</i> (left: 1, with backwards directed <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#pubis" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § pubis" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">pubis</span></a></dfn>, 2, with forwards directed pubis) and <i><a href="/wiki/Archaeopteryx" title="Archaeopteryx">Archaeopteryx</a></i> (3), and his redrawing of Lull's skeletal reconstruction (right) compared with other <a href="/wiki/Dinosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Dinosaurs">dinosaurs</a></div></div></div></div> <p>Shufeldt elaborated on his and Heilmann's interpretation of the pubis in 1915, and stated the bone had probably been displaced during fossilization. He pointed out that if it had faced forward, it would have been in forcible contact with the abdominal ribs that would have been dangerous for internal organs during movement.<sup id="cite_ref-Shufeldt_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shufeldt-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Lull found Heilmann and Shufeldt's criticisms of his pelvis reconstruction probable in 1915. He listed Podokesauridae under the superfamily <a href="/wiki/Compsognatha" class="mw-redirect" title="Compsognatha">Compsognatha</a>, and suggested <i>Podokesaurus</i> was perhaps ancestral to the later North American genera <i>Ornitholestes</i> and <i>Ornithimimus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1916, Heilmann pointed out that early dinosaurs, parasuchians, and <a href="/wiki/Pterosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Pterosaurs">pterosaurs</a> all had similarities to birds, as well as to each other, and that Triassic reptiles like <i><a href="/wiki/Scleromochlus" title="Scleromochlus">Scleromochlus</a></i>, <i>Saltopus</i>, and <i>Podokesaurus</i>, were difficult to separate. He proposed that <i>Podokesaurus</i> and other bipedal reptiles from the Triassic were descended from <a href="/wiki/Pseudosuchians" class="mw-redirect" title="Pseudosuchians">pseudosuchians</a> (which many types of <a href="/wiki/Archosaurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Archosaurs">archosaurs</a> were classified as at the time) that may have evolved bipedality by the <a href="/wiki/Permian" title="Permian">Permian</a>. He concluded that birds were descended from <a href="/wiki/Ornithosuchian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ornithosuchian">ornithosuchian</a> pseudosuchians rather than from dinosaurs, due to their bipedality and bird-like legs.<sup id="cite_ref-Heilmann1916_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Heilmann1916-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Henry_Fairfield_Osborn" title="Henry Fairfield Osborn">Henry Fairfield Osborn</a> used <i>Podokesaurus</i> as an example of a "carnivorous dinosaur of the bird-like type" in 1917, while stating that similarities between birds and dinosaurs were due to <a href="/wiki/Parallel_evolution" title="Parallel evolution">parallel evolution</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Franz_Nopcsa_von_Fels%C5%91-Szilv%C3%A1s" title="Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás">Franz Nopcsa von Felső-Szilvás</a> created the <a href="/wiki/Subfamily" title="Subfamily">subfamily</a> Podokesaurinae in 1928, within which he included <i>Podokesaurus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Procerosaurus" class="mw-redirect" title="Procerosaurus">Procerosaurus</a></i>, <i>Saltopus</i>, and <i>Tanystropheus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Huene grouped <i>Podokesaurus</i>, <i>Coelophysis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Spinosuchus" title="Spinosuchus">Spinosuchus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Halticosaurus" title="Halticosaurus">Halticosaurus</a></i>, <i>Saltopus</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Avipes" title="Avipes">Avipes</a></i>, and <i><a href="/wiki/Velocipes" title="Velocipes">Velocipes</a></i> in Podokesauridae in 1932.<sup id="cite_ref-vonHuene1932_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonHuene1932-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Relation_to_Coelophysis">Relation to <i>Coelophysis</i></h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Relation to Coelophysis"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown,_Connecticut.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg/220px-Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="149" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg/330px-Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/af/Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg/440px-Replica_of_coelurosaur_bone_casts_from_Middletown%2C_Connecticut.jpg 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Replica of a natural cast of bones assigned to <i>C. holyokensis</i> in 1964 (when <i>Podokesaurus</i> was suggested to be a <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonym</a> of <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i>)</figcaption></figure> <p>In 1958, Colbert and Baird described a theropod specimen consisting of natural casts of bones in sandstone (probably formed when the bones were dissolved by acidic water, leaving molds of the bones), including a pubis, tibia, and some ribs. They found the specimen similar to <i>Coelophysis</i> and <i>Podokesaurus</i>, referring to it as <i>C.</i> sp. (of unknown species). They considered the natural cast and <i>Podokesaurus</i> to be from the <a href="/wiki/Portland_Arkose" class="mw-redirect" title="Portland Arkose">Portland Arkose</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Newark_Supergroup" title="Newark Supergroup">Newark Group</a> in the Connecticut valley. Though <i>Podokesaurus</i> was smaller than the others (being comparable in size to the smallest-known <i>Coelophysis</i> specimens), these researchers suggested that because it was so similar to them, this raised questions as to its validity.<sup id="cite_ref-colbertbaird58_32-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-colbertbaird58-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Getty2011_33-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Getty2011-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1964, Colbert <a href="/wiki/Synonym_(taxonomy)" title="Synonym (taxonomy)">synonymized</a> <i>Podokesaurus</i> with <i>Coelophysis</i>, (since the latter name was older), coining the <a href="/wiki/New_combination" class="mw-redirect" title="New combination">new combination</a> <i>C. holyokensis</i>. He also suggested that the natural cast belonged to <i>C. holyokensis</i>. Colbert stated that <i>Podokesaurus</i> could only be distinguished from <i>Coelophysis</i> by the neural spines of its vertebrae not being as long from front to back, and because the ischium differed in shape. He found these differences to be similar to those seen between modern reptile species within the same genus, and that they represented eastern (<i>C. holyokensis</i>) and western (<i>C. bauri</i>) species of the same genus. While he admitted that these conclusions were not ironclad, and that <i>Podokesaurus</i> may indeed have been distinct, he said the burden of proof should be on the proponents of such a view.<sup id="cite_ref-Colbert1964_17-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert1964-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1977, the paleontologists Paul E. Olsen and <a href="/wiki/Peter_Galton" title="Peter Galton">Peter Galton</a> <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">redated</a> the Newark Supergroup (which the Portland Formation belongs to) to the Early Jurassic instead of the preceding Triassic as was previously thought. This was part of a study in which Olsen compared the fauna of various formations and concluded there had not been a sudden, widespread <a href="/wiki/Triassic%E2%80%93Jurassic_extinction_event" title="Triassic–Jurassic extinction event">extinction event at the Triassic-Jurassic border</a>, but that it had instead been gradual.<sup id="cite_ref-OlsenGalton1977_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OlsenGalton1977-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Olsen stated in 1980 that while the exact provenance and systematic position of <i>Podokesaurus</i> will probably remain uncertain, the Portland Formation it was thought to be from was probably Early Jurassic in age, and therefore 15 million years younger than <i>Coelophysis</i> from the Triassic. Since features shared between <i>Podokesaurus</i> and <i>Coelophysis</i> are also known in other small theropods, such as <i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis_rhodesiensis" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysis rhodesiensis">Syntarsus</a></i>, Olsen suggested that <i>Podokesaurus</i> should be retained as a separate genus of indeterminate theropods, to avoid overextending the temporal range of <i>Coelophysis</i>. He also applied this argument to the natural cast, regarding it as <i><a href="/wiki/Incertae_sedis" title="Incertae sedis">incertae sedis</a></i> (with uncertain relationships) among theropods rather than as <i>Podokesaurus</i> or <i>Coelophysis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsen1980-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Samuel_P._Welles" class="mw-redirect" title="Samuel P. Welles">Samuel P. Welles</a> stated in 1984 that the family Podokesauridae had become a "catch-all" for most Triassic theropods. While he found <i>Coelophysis</i> the most similar to <i>Podokesaurus</i> among theropods, he thought the two differed greatly in that the fourth trochanter of the latter was below midheight on the femur (unlike the higher position in most other theropods), and its metatarsals were of equal length.<sup id="cite_ref-welles_s_1984_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-welles_s_1984-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Padian" title="Kevin Padian">Kevin Padian</a> stated in 1986 that while Colbert's suggestion of synonymy was possible, the discernible similarities between <i>Podokesaurus</i> and <i>Coelophysis</i> were <a href="/wiki/Basal_(phylogenetics)" title="Basal (phylogenetics)">primitive</a> theropod features, and the two were not as close in time as once thought.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul said in 1988 that while the family Podokesauridae was still used for <i>Coelophysis</i> and kin, <i>Podokesaurus</i> was not based on good remains to begin with, and with only bad cast replicas remaining, he thought there would always be disagreement about the taxon. He found this to be too much ambiguity to put up with, and proposed the name Coelophysidae should be used instead (Halticosauridae, another contender, was also based on too fragmentary remains).<sup id="cite_ref-GSP88a_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-GSP88a-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1989, Colbert also doubted the synonymy of <i>Podokesaurus</i> with <i>Coelophysis</i>, and that the natural casts belonged to the latter, due to their revised Early Jurassic ages, and he made no attempt to resolve the status of <i>Podokesaurus</i> due to the only specimen being lost. He retained the name Podokesauridae for the family.<sup id="cite_ref-Colbert1989_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Colbert1989-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg/220px-Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg/330px-Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg/440px-Coelophysis_bauri_mount.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2814" data-file-height="1447" /></a><figcaption>Mounted skeleton of <i>Coelophysis</i>, which is thought to have been similar to <i>Podokesaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1990, the paleontologists Timothy Rowe and <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Gauthier" title="Jacques Gauthier">Jacques Gauthier</a> considered Podokesauridae a <a href="/wiki/Taxonomic_waste-basket" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxonomic waste-basket">taxonomic waste-basket</a>, wherein taxa had been grouped based on <a href="/wiki/Phenetic" class="mw-redirect" title="Phenetic">phenetic</a> resemblance and <a href="/wiki/Stratigraphic" class="mw-redirect" title="Stratigraphic">stratigraphic</a> division, and therefore under continuous revision and instability. They considered it possible that <i>Podokesaurus</i> and the natural cast specimen were <i>Coelophysis</i>, but found that their similarities were not shared exclusively by them, but were ancestral features among theropods. They therefore agreed that the name <i>Podokesaurus</i> should be restricted to the holotype, and that it and the natural cast should be considered Theropoda <i>incertae sedis</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Dinosauria1_39-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dinosauria1-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In the same volume, the paleontologist <a href="/wiki/David_B._Norman" title="David B. Norman">David B. Norman</a> agreed with this assessment, and stated the features used to unite <i>Podokesaurus</i> with <i>Coelophysis</i> merely confirm that they were dinosaurs rather than establish a specific relation between them.<sup id="cite_ref-DinosauriaNorman_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-DinosauriaNorman-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Thomas_R._Holtz" class="mw-redirect" title="Thomas R. Holtz">Thomas R. Holtz</a> agreed in 1994 that the family name Podokesauridae should be replaced by Coelophysidae. By this time, the idea that small theropods should be grouped in Coelurosauria and large theropods in <a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a> was falling out of favor, and Coelophysoidea was considered a separate group of gracile, early theropods.<sup id="cite_ref-Holtz_40-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Holtz-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologists <a href="/wiki/David_B._Weishampel" title="David B. Weishampel">David B. Weishampel</a> and Luther Young suggested <a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurian" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosaurian">ceratosaurian</a> affinities for <i>Podokesaurus</i> in 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The paleontologist Ronald S. Tykoski and Rowe noted in 2004 that while <i>Podokesaurus</i> had coelophysoid features (such as a small, knob-like expansion on the lower part of the pubis), it did not have any <a href="/wiki/Derived_trait" class="mw-redirect" title="Derived trait">derived traits</a> that would unite it with <i>Coelophysis</i>. They agreed with earlier researchers that the name <i>Podokesaurus</i> should be restricted to the holotype, and concluded that the natural cast may be a coelophysoid, but could not be identified beyond being a theropod.<sup id="cite_ref-tykoskirowe2004_42-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-tykoskirowe2004-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2004, the paleontologists Matthew T. Carrano and <a href="/wiki/Scott_D._Sampson" title="Scott D. Sampson">Scott D. Sampson</a> stated that <i>Podokesaurus</i> was almost certainly a coelophysoid similar to <i>Coelophysis</i>. It had coelophysoid features such as a long, downward curved pubis, that was longer than the ischium, and an additional <a href="/wiki/Foramen" title="Foramen">foramen</a> (opening) on the pubis, below the <dfn><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_dinosaur_anatomy#oburator_foramen" title="Glossary of dinosaur anatomy"><span title="See entry at: Glossary of dinosaur anatomy § oburator foramen" style="color:inherit;" class="glossary-link">oburator foramen</span></a></dfn>, but little more could be said about its <a href="/wiki/Affinity_(taxonomy)" title="Affinity (taxonomy)">affinities</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-CarranoSampson_43-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-CarranoSampson-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Carrano and colleagues stated in 2004 that <i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i> and <i>Podokesaurus</i> were among the latest-surviving coelophysoids, and that the <a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_radiation" title="Evolutionary radiation">evolutionary radiation</a> of this group may have ended by the latest part of the Early Jurassic.<sup id="cite_ref-Segisaurus_44-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Segisaurus-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also in 2004, the paleontologists Anthea Bristowe and Michael A. Raath listed <i>Podokesaurus</i> as a synonym of <i>Coelophysis</i> without elaboration.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tykoski rejected synonymy between the two in his 2005 <a href="/wiki/Dissertation" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissertation">dissertation</a>, but left <i>Podokesaurus</i> out of his analysis.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Paul suggested in 2016 that <i>Podokesaurus</i> may have formed the family Coelophysidae with <i>Coelophysis</i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>, and <i>Procompsognathus</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-gsp_25-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-gsp-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleobiology">Paleobiology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Paleobiology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg/220px-Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="224" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg/330px-Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg/440px-Podokesaurus_and_other_dinosaurs.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1632" data-file-height="1664" /></a><figcaption>Heilmann's outdated 1913 restoration of <i>Podokesaurus</i> running near a lake and other dinosaurs</figcaption></figure> <p>Talbot suggested that the short, slender humerus, long, straight hindlimb bones, and the well-developed fourth trochanter of the femur indicated that <i>Podokesaurus</i> was bipedal. She found the fact that the tibia was much longer than the femur, that the metatarsals were very long, over half the length of the tibia, and the skeleton's light construction, were indicative of rapid locomotion. Talbot stated that Lull thought this was an adaptation to climatic conditions, as the animal must have been able to travel fast and far for water in its <a href="/wiki/Semi-arid" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi-arid">semi-arid</a> region. Talbot also reported a small piece of smooth, polished <a href="/wiki/Quartz" title="Quartz">quartz</a> among the ribs, and suggested it could have been a <a href="/wiki/Gastrolith" title="Gastrolith">gastrolith</a> (stomach stone), and so the first time these were found in association with a carnivorous dinosaur.<sup id="cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Von Huene agreed the stone was a gastrolith, distinct from the surrounding sandstone, and added it was 11 mm (0.43 in) long.<sup id="cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lull found the animal to have been essentially a slender, <a href="/wiki/Cursorial" title="Cursorial">cursorial</a> (adapted for running) animal, with carnivorous habits, but that the slenderness that made it swift also confined it to small prey.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1932, von Huene proposed that small coelurosaurs had a jumping gait, due to their lower legs being longer than their upper legs, contrasting with the alternating steps of carnosaurs. With its large fourth trocanther, he thought <i>Podokesaurus</i> had probably abandoned this jumping gait, instead moving with rapid, alternating steps similar to <a href="/wiki/Ratite" title="Ratite">ratite</a> birds.<sup id="cite_ref-vonHuene1932_31-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-vonHuene1932-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Grallator_cursorius.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grallator_cursorius.jpg/220px-Grallator_cursorius.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grallator_cursorius.jpg/330px-Grallator_cursorius.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b8/Grallator_cursorius.jpg/440px-Grallator_cursorius.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption><i><a href="/wiki/Grallator_cursorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grallator cursorius">Grallator cursorius</a></i> footprint, which Lull correlated with <i>Podokesaurus</i></figcaption></figure> <p>In 1982, the paleontologist <a href="/wiki/Richard_A._Thulborn" title="Richard A. Thulborn">Richard A. Thulborn</a> estimated the speed of various dinosaurs, based on the relationships between speed, gait, and body size of modern animals (mainly mammals). By extrapolating the stride length and cadence of <i>Podokesaurus</i>, he estimated it could have run at about 15–20 km/h (9–12 mph). He concluded that if a dinosaur could match a mammal in speed, it must have had similar levels of efficiency in <a href="/wiki/Locomotor_ability" class="mw-redirect" title="Locomotor ability">locomotor ability</a> and physiology. He cautioned that comparison was difficult because dinosaur anatomy differed significantly from that of mammals and birds. Differences included the massive tails of dinosaurs, and hindlimb retractor muscles that originated behind the femur, while these muscles originate more forward in mammals and extant birds.<sup id="cite_ref-Thulborn_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thulborn-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Weishampel stated in 2006 that as a coelophysoid, <i>Podokesaurus</i> would have been a fleet-footed predator, with powerful forelimbs and grasping hands.<sup id="cite_ref-Weishampel2006_16-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weishampel2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Lull found that fossil footprints named <i><a href="/wiki/Grallator_cursorius" class="mw-redirect" title="Grallator cursorius">Grallator cursorius</a></i> agreed with the foot and stride of <i>Podokesaurus</i>. These were abundant at a quarry in <a href="/wiki/South_Hadley" class="mw-redirect" title="South Hadley">South Hadley</a> (where they were found alongside large <i><a href="/wiki/Otozoum_moodii" class="mw-redirect" title="Otozoum moodii">Otozoum moodii</a></i> tracks), which he thought supported this identity.<sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1926, Heilmann suggested that the foot of <i>Procompsognathus</i> was a better match for the <i>G. cursorius</i> tracks, due to the proportions of its toe bones.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The paleontologist Wilhelm Bock stated in 1952 that while very similar <i>Grallator</i> tracks had been attributed to various small dinosaurs (such as <i>Podokesaurus</i>), he considered such correlations too specific, and that the best that could be said was such tracks represented small coelurosaurians.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The writer <a href="/wiki/Donald_F._Glut" title="Donald F. Glut">Donald F. Glut</a> suggested in 1997 that a slab with tracks from the <a href="/wiki/Brunswick_Formation" class="mw-redirect" title="Brunswick Formation">Brunswick Formation</a> of New York previously attributed to <i>Coelophysis</i> may instead have been produced by <i>Podokesaurus</i>, based on its Jurassic age.<sup id="cite_ref-glut1997_50-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-glut1997-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This formation is now known as the Passaic Formation, and instead thought to be Late Triassic in age.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Paleoenvironment">Paleoenvironment</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Paleoenvironment"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_origin_and_evolution_of_life,_on_the_theory_of_action,_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_(1917)_(14743137946).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg/220px-The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg/330px-The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg/440px-The_origin_and_evolution_of_life%2C_on_the_theory_of_action%2C_reaction_and_interaction_of_energy_%281917%29_%2814743137946%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1738" data-file-height="726" /></a><figcaption>1917 restorations of animals from the Connecticut Valley then thought to have lived during the Triassic. The <a href="/wiki/Portland_Formation" title="Portland Formation">Portland Formation</a>, which <i>Podokesaurus</i> is from, was <a href="/wiki/Geochronology" title="Geochronology">redated</a> to the Early Jurassic in 1977</figcaption></figure> <p>The only known specimen of <i>Podokesaurus</i> is thought to have been collected from the Portland Formation (earlier known as the Portland Arkose) in the <a href="/wiki/Hartford_Basin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hartford Basin">Hartford Basin</a> of Massachusetts. The age of this formation has long been unclear (it was thought to be Triassic until 1977), but it is currently thought to date to the <a href="/wiki/Hettangian" title="Hettangian">Hettangian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Sinemurian" title="Sinemurian">Sinemurian</a> stages of the Early Jurassic, between 201 and 190 million years ago (earlier thought to be the <a href="/wiki/Pliensbachian" title="Pliensbachian">Pliensbachian</a>–<a href="/wiki/Toarcian" title="Toarcian">Toarcian</a> stages).<sup id="cite_ref-NewarkSupergroup_52-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewarkSupergroup-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Weishampel2006_16-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Weishampel2006-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsen1980-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2016, the paleontologist Robert E. Weems and colleagues suggested the Portland Formation should be elevated to a <a href="/wiki/Geological_group" class="mw-redirect" title="Geological group">geological group</a> within the Newark Supergroup (as the Portland Group), and thereby replacing the former name "Agawam Group". They also reinstated the Longmeadow Sandstone, where <i>Podokesaurus</i> was found, as a formation (within the uppermost Portland Group); it had earlier been considered identical to the Portland Formation.<sup id="cite_ref-NewarkSupergroup_52-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewarkSupergroup-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Lull_6-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Portland Group represents the uppermost part of the Newark Supergroup, and was deposited after the <a href="/wiki/Central_Atlantic_magmatic_province" title="Central Atlantic magmatic province">Central Atlantic magmatic province</a> was formed during the end of the Triassic and the beginning of the Jurassic. The Longmeadow Sandstone consists of <a href="/wiki/Fluvial" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluvial">fluvial</a> (deposited by rivers and streams) red <a href="/wiki/Mudstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Mudstones">mudstones</a>, sandstones, <a href="/wiki/Conglomerate_(geology)" title="Conglomerate (geology)">conglomerates</a>, minor red <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_processes" title="Aeolian processes">eolian</a> (deposited by wind) sandstones and <a href="/wiki/Siltstones" class="mw-redirect" title="Siltstones">siltstones</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NewarkSupergroup_52-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NewarkSupergroup-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Other animals known from the formation include the sauropodomorph dinosaur <i>Anchisaurus</i>, the crocodylomorph <i><a href="/wiki/Stegomosuchus" title="Stegomosuchus">Stegomosuchus</a></i>, and fish such as <i><a href="/wiki/Acentrophorus" title="Acentrophorus">Acentrophorus</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Semionotus" title="Semionotus">Semionotus</a></i>.<sup id="cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olsen1980-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Dinosaur tracks include the <a href="/wiki/Ichnogenera" class="mw-redirect" title="Ichnogenera">ichnogenera</a> <i><a href="/wiki/Anchisauripus" class="mw-redirect" title="Anchisauripus">Anchisauripus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Anomoepus" title="Anomoepus">Anomoepus</a></i>, <i><a href="/wiki/Eubrontes" title="Eubrontes">Eubrontes</a></i>, and <i>Grallator</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-ichnofacies_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ichnofacies-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_coelophysoid_research" title="Timeline of coelophysoid research">Timeline of coelophysoid research</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Campus-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Campus_1-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFWarner1937" class="citation book cs1">Warner, F. L. (1937). "XII. Lost dinosaur". <i>On a New England Campus</i>. Cambridge: Houghton Mifflin Company. p. 279. <a href="/wiki/ASIN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ASIN (identifier)">ASIN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.amazon.com/dp/B00085TO0O">B00085TO0O</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=XII.+Lost+dinosaur&rft.btitle=On+a+New+England+Campus&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=279&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Company&rft.date=1937&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.amazon.com%2Fdp%2FB00085TO0O%23id-name%3DASIN&rft.aulast=Warner&rft.aufirst=F.+L.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Mount-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Mount_2-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBenfey2002" class="citation book cs1">Benfey, C. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0LV1Z-W-SYEC&q=Podokesaurus&pg=PA7">"Foreword: "A route of evanescence"<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>Changing Prospects: The View from Mount Holyoke</i>. Ithaca: Cornell University Press. p. 9. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0801441196" title="Special:BookSources/978-0801441196"><bdi>978-0801441196</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Foreword%3A+%22A+route+of+evanescence%22&rft.btitle=Changing+Prospects%3A+The+View+from+Mount+Holyoke&rft.place=Ithaca&rft.pages=9&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0801441196&rft.aulast=Benfey&rft.aufirst=C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0LV1Z-W-SYEC%26q%3DPodokesaurus%26pg%3DPA7&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Daring-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Daring_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.museumoftheearth.org/daring-to-dig/bio/mignon-talbot">"Daring to Dig: Mignon Talbot (1869–1950)"</a>. <i>museumoftheearth.org</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210211234849/https://www.museumoftheearth.org/daring-to-dig/bio/mignon-talbot">Archived</a> from the original on February 11, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 14,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=museumoftheearth.org&rft.atitle=Daring+to+Dig%3A+Mignon+Talbot+%281869%E2%80%931950%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.museumoftheearth.org%2Fdaring-to-dig%2Fbio%2Fmignon-talbot&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rossiter-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Rossiter_4-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRossiter1981" class="citation journal cs1">Rossiter, M. W. (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5408%2F0022-1368-29.5.228">"Geology in nineteenth-century women's education in the United States"</a>. <i>Journal of Geological Education</i>. <b>29</b> (5): 228–232. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1981JGeoE..29..228R">1981JGeoE..29..228R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5408%2F0022-1368-29.5.228">10.5408/0022-1368-29.5.228</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Geological+Education&rft.atitle=Geology+in+nineteenth-century+women%27s+education+in+the+United+States&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=228-232&rft.date=1981&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5408%2F0022-1368-29.5.228&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1981JGeoE..29..228R&rft.aulast=Rossiter&rft.aufirst=M.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5408%252F0022-1368-29.5.228&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-DinosauriaNorman-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-DinosauriaNorman_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-DinosauriaNorman_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorman1990" class="citation book cs1">Norman, D. B. (1990). "Problematic Theropoda". In Weishampel, D. B.; Osmolska, H.; Dodson, P. (eds.). <i>The Dinosauria</i> (1 ed.). Berkeley: University of California Press. p. 298. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06727-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-520-06727-1"><bdi>978-0-520-06727-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Problematic+Theropoda&rft.btitle=The+Dinosauria&rft.place=Berkeley&rft.pages=298&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=University+of+California+Press&rft.date=1990&rft.isbn=978-0-520-06727-1&rft.aulast=Norman&rft.aufirst=D.+B.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Lull-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Lull_6-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLull1915" class="citation journal cs1">Lull, R. S. (1915). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/140072#page/193/mode/1up">"Triassic life of the Connecticut valley"</a>. <i>State Geological and Natural History Survey of Connecticut</i>. <b>24</b>: 155–169. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5962%2Fbhl.title.70405">10.5962/bhl.title.70405</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1167291937" title="Special:BookSources/978-1167291937"><bdi>978-1167291937</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201006233824/https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/140072#page/193/mode/1up">Archived</a> from the original on October 6, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">August 21,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=State+Geological+and+Natural+History+Survey+of+Connecticut&rft.atitle=Triassic+life+of+the+Connecticut+valley&rft.volume=24&rft.pages=155-169&rft.date=1915&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5962%2Fbhl.title.70405&rft.isbn=978-1167291937&rft.aulast=Lull&rft.aufirst=R.+S.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F140072%23page%2F193%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-VonHuene1914-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-VonHuene1914_7-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFvon_Huene1914" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">von Huene, F. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 7,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Geologische+und+Pal%C3%A4ontologische+Abhandlungen&rft.atitle=Beitr%C3%A4ge+zur+Geschichte+der+Archosaurier&rft.volume=13&rft.pages=1-53&rft.date=1914&rft.aulast=von+Huene&rft.aufirst=F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.biodiversitylibrary.org%2Fitem%2F42622%23page%2F45%2Fmode%2F1up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Talbot1911-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Talbot1911_8-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTalbot1911" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Talbot, M. 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"Triassic-Jurassic tetrapod extinctions: Are they real?". <i>Science</i>. <b>197</b> (4307): 983–986. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1977Sci...197..983O">1977Sci...197..983O</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.197.4307.983">10.1126/science.197.4307.983</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/17784133">17784133</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:44654197">44654197</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.atitle=Triassic-Jurassic+tetrapod+extinctions%3A+Are+they+real%3F&rft.volume=197&rft.issue=4307&rft.pages=983-986&rft.date=1977&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1126%2Fscience.197.4307.983&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A44654197%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F17784133&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1977Sci...197..983O&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft.au=Galton%2C+P.+M.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Olsen1980-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Olsen1980_35-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOlsen1980" class="citation book cs1">Olsen, P. E. (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/olsen_80_comp_2.pdf">"A comparison of the vertebrate assemblages from the Newark and Hartford basins (Early Mesozoic, Newark Supergroup) of Eastern North America"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. In Jacobs, L. L. (ed.). <i>Aspects of Vertebrate History: Essays in Honor of Edwin Harris Colbert</i>. Flagstaff: Museum of Northern Arizona Press. pp. 35–53. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0897340526" title="Special:BookSources/978-0897340526"><bdi>978-0897340526</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210616002752/https://www.ldeo.columbia.edu/~polsen/nbcp/olsen_80_comp_2.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on June 16, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">November 16,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+comparison+of+the+vertebrate+assemblages+from+the+Newark+and+Hartford+basins+%28Early+Mesozoic%2C+Newark+Supergroup%29+of+Eastern+North+America&rft.btitle=Aspects+of+Vertebrate+History%3A+Essays+in+Honor+of+Edwin+Harris+Colbert&rft.place=Flagstaff&rft.pages=35-53&rft.pub=Museum+of+Northern+Arizona+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=978-0897340526&rft.aulast=Olsen&rft.aufirst=P.+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ldeo.columbia.edu%2F~polsen%2Fnbcp%2Folsen_80_comp_2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-36">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPadian1986" class="citation book cs1">Padian, K. 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Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 57–60. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0521367790" title="Special:BookSources/978-0521367790"><bdi>978-0521367790</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+type+material+of+Coelophysis+Cope+%28Saurischia%3A+Theropoda%29+and+a+new+specimen+from+the+Petrified+Forest+of+Arizona+%28Late+Triassic%3A+Chinle+Formation%29&rft.btitle=The+beginning+of+the+age+of+dinosaurs%3A+Faunal+change+across+the+Triassic-Jurassic+boundary&rft.place=Cambridge&rft.pages=57-60&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=1986&rft.isbn=978-0521367790&rft.aulast=Padian&rft.aufirst=K.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-GSP88a-37"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-GSP88a_37-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaul1988" class="citation book cs1">Paul, G. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 3,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Paleontology&rft.atitle=The+phylogenetic+position+of+the+Tyrannosauridae%3A+Implications+for+theropod+systematics&rft.volume=68&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1100-1117&rft.date=1994&rft.issn=0022-3360&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1306180%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0022336000026706&rft.aulast=Holtz&rft.aufirst=T.+R.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1306180&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeishampelYoung1996" class="citation book cs1">Weishampel, D. B.; Young, L. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">October 20,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Stratigraphy&rft.atitle=Synthesis+and+revision+of+the+lithostratigraphic+groups+and+formations+in+the+Upper+Permian%3F%E2%80%93Lower+Jurassic+Newark+Supergroup+of+eastern+North+America&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=111-153&rft.date=2016&rft.aulast=Weems&rft.aufirst=R.+E.&rft.au=Tanner%2C+L.+H.&rft.au=Lucas%2C+S.+G.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpubs.er.usgs.gov%2Fpublication%2F70188433&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ichnofacies-53"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ichnofacies_53-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFColletteGettyHagadorn2011" class="citation journal cs1">Collette, J. H.; Getty, P. R.; Hagadorn, J. W. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4138%2Fatlgeol.2011.003">"Insights into an Early Jurassic dinosaur habitat: ichnofacies and enigmatic structures from the Portland Formation, Hoover Quarry, Massachusetts, U.S.A."</a> <i>Atlantic Geology</i>. <b>47</b>: 81–98. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4138%2Fatlgeol.2011.003">10.4138/atlgeol.2011.003</a></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Atlantic+Geology&rft.atitle=Insights+into+an+Early+Jurassic+dinosaur+habitat%3A+ichnofacies+and+enigmatic+structures+from+the+Portland+Formation%2C+Hoover+Quarry%2C+Massachusetts%2C+U.S.A.&rft.volume=47&rft.pages=81-98&rft.date=2011&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4138%2Fatlgeol.2011.003&rft.aulast=Collette&rft.aufirst=J.+H.&rft.au=Getty%2C+P.+R.&rft.au=Hagadorn%2C+J.+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.4138%252Fatlgeol.2011.003&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APodokesaurus" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Podokesaurus" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Podokesaurus">Podokesaurus</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/34px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/51px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Wikispecies-logo.svg/68px-Wikispecies-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="941" data-file-height="1103" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a> has information related to <i><b><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Podokesaurus">Podokesaurus</a></b></i>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=79wm4I7Alv8">Museum of Science, Boston – "Celebrate <i>Podokesaurus holyokensis</i> as the Massachusetts State Dinosaur"</a> 24 minute video</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=POV0xL45emc">Museum of Science, Boston – "Choosing the Massachusetts State Dinosaur"</a> 49 minute video</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Theropoda" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Theropoda" title="Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Theropoda" title="Template talk:Theropoda"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Theropoda"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Theropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="*_Kingdom:_Animalia_*_Phylum:_Chordata_*_Class:_Sauropsida_*_Clade:_Avemetatarsalia_*_Clade:_Dinosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><span style="font-weight:normal; font-style:normal"><span style="font-size:85%;"> <ul><li>Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/Animal" title="Animal">Animalia</a></li> <li>Phylum: <a href="/wiki/Chordate" title="Chordate">Chordata</a></li> <li>Class: <a href="/wiki/Sauropsida" title="Sauropsida">Sauropsida</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li> <li><i>Clade</i>: <a href="/wiki/Dinosaur" title="Dinosaur">Dinosauria</a></li></ul> </span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avemetatarsalia" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avemetatarsalia" title="Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Avemetatarsalia" title="Template:Avemetatarsalia">Avemetatarsalia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible uncollapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Theropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Theropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Theropoda" title="Theropoda">Theropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chindesaurus" title="Chindesaurus">Chindesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Daemonosaurus" title="Daemonosaurus">Daemonosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eodromaeus" title="Eodromaeus">Eodromaeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erythrovenator" title="Erythrovenator">Erythrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guaibasaurus" title="Guaibasaurus">Guaibasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nhandumirim" title="Nhandumirim">Nhandumirim</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tawa_hallae" title="Tawa hallae">Tawa</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Herrerasauridae" title="Herrerasauridae">Herrerasauria</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neotheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Neotheropoda">Neotheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilophosaurus" title="Dilophosaurus">Dilophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dolichosuchus" title="Dolichosuchus">Dolichosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracovenator" title="Dracovenator">Dracovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gojirasaurus" title="Gojirasaurus">Gojirasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lepidus_praecisio" title="Lepidus praecisio">Lepidus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Liliensternus" title="Liliensternus">Liliensternus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Notatesseraeraptor" title="Notatesseraeraptor">Notatesseraeraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sarcosaurus" title="Sarcosaurus">Sarcosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shuangbaisaurus" title="Shuangbaisaurus">Shuangbaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tachiraptor" title="Tachiraptor">Tachiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocipes" title="Velocipes">Velocipes</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zupaysaurus" title="Zupaysaurus">Zupaysaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysoidea" title="Coelophysoidea">Coelophysoidea</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dracoraptor" title="Dracoraptor">Dracoraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pendraig" title="Pendraig">Pendraig</a></i></li> <li><i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Podokesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Powellvenator" title="Powellvenator">Powellvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelophysidae" class="mw-redirect" title="Coelophysidae">Coelophysidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camposaurus" title="Camposaurus">Camposaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelophysis" title="Coelophysis">Coelophysis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lucianovenator" title="Lucianovenator">Lucianovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megapnosaurus" title="Megapnosaurus">Megapnosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Panguraptor" title="Panguraptor">Panguraptor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Procompsognathus" title="Procompsognathus">Procompsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pterospondylus" title="Pterospondylus">Pterospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Segisaurus" title="Segisaurus">Segisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious neotheropods</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Teinurosaurus" title="Teinurosaurus">Teinurosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Halticosaurus" title="Halticosaurus">Halticosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Coelophysis bauri"><img alt="Coelophysis bauri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Coelophysis_Jeff_Martz_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="6000" data-file-height="2105" /></a></span></div> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" class="mw-file-description" title="Dilophosaurus wetherilli"><img alt="Dilophosaurus wetherilli" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/140px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/210px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG/280px-Dilophosaurus_wetherilli.PNG 2x" data-file-width="1098" data-file-height="385" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Averostra" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Averostra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Averostra" class="mw-redirect" title="Averostra">Averostra</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dornraptor" title="Dornraptor">Dornraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lophostropheus" title="Lophostropheus">Lophostropheus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauria" title="Ceratosauria">Ceratosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Berberosaurus" title="Berberosaurus">Berberosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fosterovenator" title="Fosterovenator">Fosterovenator</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jubbulpuria" title="Jubbulpuria">Jubbulpuria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lukousaurus" title="Lukousaurus">Lukousaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saltriovenator" title="Saltriovenator">Saltriovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosauridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosauridae">Ceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosaurus" title="Ceratosaurus">Ceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genyodectes" title="Genyodectes">Genyodectes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Abelisauroidea">Abelisauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Betasuchus" title="Betasuchus">Betasuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lametasaurus" title="Lametasaurus">Lametasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimoides" title="Ornithomimoides">Ornithomimoides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ozraptor" title="Ozraptor">Ozraptor</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasauridae" title="Noasauridae">Noasauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afromimus" title="Afromimus">Afromimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Austrocheirus" title="Austrocheirus">Austrocheirus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Berthasaura" title="Berthasaura">Berthasaura</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsosuchus" title="Compsosuchus">Compsosuchus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kiyacursor" title="Kiyacursor">Kiyacursor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ligabueino" title="Ligabueino">Ligabueino</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinostropheus" title="Spinostropheus">Spinostropheus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Elaphrosaurinae">Elaphrosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Elaphrosaurus" title="Elaphrosaurus">Elaphrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huinculsaurus" title="Huinculsaurus">Huinculsaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Limusaurus" title="Limusaurus">Limusaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Noasaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Noasaurinae">Noasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Laevisuchus" title="Laevisuchus">Laevisuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Masiakasaurus" title="Masiakasaurus">Masiakasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Noasaurus" title="Noasaurus">Noasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Velocisaurus" title="Velocisaurus">Velocisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vespersaurus" title="Vespersaurus">Vespersaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Abelisauridae" title="Abelisauridae">Abelisauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chenanisaurus" title="Chenanisaurus">Chenanisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosauroides" title="Dryptosauroides">Dryptosauroides</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eoabelisaurus" title="Eoabelisaurus">Eoabelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosuchus" title="Indosuchus">Indosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kryptops" title="Kryptops">Kryptops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kurupi_itaata" title="Kurupi itaata">Kurupi</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rugops" title="Rugops">Rugops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spectrovenator" title="Spectrovenator">Spectrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarascosaurus" title="Tarascosaurus">Tarascosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tralkasaurus" title="Tralkasaurus">Tralkasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xenotarsosaurus" title="Xenotarsosaurus">Xenotarsosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arcovenator" title="Arcovenator">Arcovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Genusaurus" title="Genusaurus">Genusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Indosaurus" title="Indosaurus">Indosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurus" title="Majungasaurus">Majungasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rajasaurus" title="Rajasaurus">Rajasaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carnotaurinae">Carnotaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Majungasaurinae" title="Majungasaurinae">Majungasaurinae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Brachyrostra" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Brachyrostra" title="Brachyrostra">Brachyrostra</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Dahalokely" title="Dahalokely">Dahalokely</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ekrixinatosaurus" title="Ekrixinatosaurus">Ekrixinatosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Guemesia" title="Guemesia">Guemesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ilokelesia" title="Ilokelesia">Ilokelesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Llukalkan" title="Llukalkan">Llukalkan</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Niebla_antiqua" title="Niebla antiqua">Niebla</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rahiolisaurus" title="Rahiolisaurus">Rahiolisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Skorpiovenator" title="Skorpiovenator">Skorpiovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanos_simonattoi" title="Thanos simonattoi">Thanos</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Furileusauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Furileusauria">Furileusauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Abelisaurus" title="Abelisaurus">Abelisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aucasaurus" title="Aucasaurus">Aucasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Caletodraco" title="Caletodraco">Caletodraco</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Carnotaurus" title="Carnotaurus">Carnotaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Elemgasem" title="Elemgasem">Elemgasem</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Koleken" title="Koleken">Koleken</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pycnonemosaurus" title="Pycnonemosaurus">Pycnonemosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Quilmesaurus" title="Quilmesaurus">Quilmesaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Viavenator" title="Viavenator">Viavenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Ceratosaurus nasicornis"><img alt="Ceratosaurus nasicornis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/140px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/210px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/23/Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg/280px-Ceratosaurus_nasicornis_DB.jpg 2x" data-file-width="939" data-file-height="334" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Limusaurus_runner_(flipped).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Limusaurus inextricabilis"><img alt="Limusaurus inextricabilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/140px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/210px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg/280px-Limusaurus_runner_%28flipped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3474" data-file-height="1496" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Rajasaurus narmadensis"><img alt="Rajasaurus narmadensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/140px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="48" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/210px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg/280px-Rajasaurus_restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Aucasaurus garridoi"><img alt="Aucasaurus garridoi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ad/Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Aucasaurus_garridoi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="564" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Tetanurae" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tetanurae" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tetanurae" title="Tetanurae">Tetanurae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamospondylus" title="Calamospondylus">Calamospondylus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chienkosaurus" title="Chienkosaurus">Chienkosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilesaurus" title="Chilesaurus">Chilesaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chuandongocoelurus" title="Chuandongocoelurus">Chuandongocoelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cruxicheiros" title="Cruxicheiros">Cruxicheiros</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cryolophosaurus" title="Cryolophosaurus">Cryolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kaijiangosaurus" title="Kaijiangosaurus">Kaijiangosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kayentavenator" title="Kayentavenator">Kayentavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pandoravenator" title="Pandoravenator">Pandoravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosaurus" title="Sinosaurus">Sinosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Szechuanosaurus" title="Szechuanosaurus">Szechuanosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vectaerovenator" title="Vectaerovenator">Vectaerovenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Orionides" class="mw-redirect" title="Orionides">Orionides</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Megalosauroidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauroidea" title="Megalosauroidea">Megalosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Yunyangosaurus" title="Yunyangosaurus">Yunyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Condorraptor" title="Condorraptor">Condorraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Marshosaurus" title="Marshosaurus">Marshosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysaurus" title="Piatnitzkysaurus">Piatnitzkysaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosauria">Megalosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Streptospondylus" title="Streptospondylus">Streptospondylus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Eustreptospondylus" title="Eustreptospondylus">Eustreptospondylus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megalosaurinae">Megalosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Duriavenator" title="Duriavenator">Duriavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megalosaurus" title="Megalosaurus">Megalosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Torvosaurus" title="Torvosaurus">Torvosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Wiehenvenator" title="Wiehenvenator">Wiehenvenator</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Afrovenatorinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Afrovenatorinae">Afrovenatorinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Afrovenator" title="Afrovenator">Afrovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dubreuillosaurus" title="Dubreuillosaurus">Dubreuillosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Leshansaurus" title="Leshansaurus">Leshansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Magnosaurus" title="Magnosaurus">Magnosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Piveteausaurus" title="Piveteausaurus">Piveteausaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Poekilopleuron" title="Poekilopleuron">Poekilopleuron</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Cristatusaurus" title="Cristatusaurus">Cristatusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Iberospinus" title="Iberospinus">Iberospinus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ostafrikasaurus" title="Ostafrikasaurus">Ostafrikasaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Baryonychinae" title="Baryonychinae">Baryonychinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Baryonyx" title="Baryonyx">Baryonyx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Protathlitis" title="Protathlitis">Protathlitis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riojavenatrix" title="Riojavenatrix">Riojavenatrix</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchosaurus" title="Suchosaurus">Suchosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vallibonavenatrix" title="Vallibonavenatrix">Vallibonavenatrix</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchopsini" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceratosuchopsini">Ceratosuchopsini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Ceratosuchops" title="Ceratosuchops">Ceratosuchops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Riparovenator" title="Riparovenator">Riparovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suchomimus" title="Suchomimus">Suchomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurinae">Spinosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Camarillasaurus" title="Camarillasaurus">Camarillasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ichthyovenator" title="Ichthyovenator">Ichthyovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Irritator" title="Irritator">Irritator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Oxalaia" title="Oxalaia">Oxalaia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamosaurus" title="Siamosaurus">Siamosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Spinosaurini">Spinosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Sigilmassasaurus" title="Sigilmassasaurus">Sigilmassasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Spinosaurus" title="Spinosaurus">Spinosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi"><img alt="Piatnitzkysaurus floresi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/140px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="55" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/210px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d8/Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg/280px-Piatnitzkysaurus_floresi_by_Paleocolour.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="589" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_(cropped).png" class="mw-file-description" title="Torvosaurus tanneri"><img alt="Torvosaurus tanneri" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/140px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="44" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/210px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/54/Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png/280px-Torvosaurus_tanneri_Reconstruction_%28cropped%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1842" data-file-height="576" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus"><img alt="Spinosaurus aegyptiacus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/140px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/210px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png/280px-Spinosaurus_aegyptiacus.png 2x" data-file-width="4485" data-file-height="2764" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Avetheropoda" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Avetheropoda" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Avetheropoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Avetheropoda">Avetheropoda</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Gasosaurus" title="Gasosaurus">Gasosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lourinhanosaurus" title="Lourinhanosaurus">Lourinhanosaurus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Carnosauria" title="Carnosauria">Carnosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Monolophosaurus" title="Monolophosaurus">Monolophosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megalosauridae" title="Megalosauridae">Megalosauridae</a></b>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Spinosauridae" title="Spinosauridae">Spinosauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauroidea" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauroidea">Allosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asfaltovenator" title="Asfaltovenator">Asfaltovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Erectopus" title="Erectopus">Erectopus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Piatnitzkysauridae" title="Piatnitzkysauridae">Piatnitzkysauridae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosauridae" title="Metriacanthosauridae">Metriacanthosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Xuanhanosaurus" title="Xuanhanosaurus">Xuanhanosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yangchuanosaurus" title="Yangchuanosaurus">Yangchuanosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Metriacanthosaurinae">Metriacanthosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alpkarakush" title="Alpkarakush">Alpkarakush</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Metriacanthosaurus" title="Metriacanthosaurus">Metriacanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shidaisaurus" title="Shidaisaurus">Shidaisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamotyrannus" title="Siamotyrannus">Siamotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinraptor" title="Sinraptor">Sinraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Allosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Allosauria">Allosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Allosauridae" title="Allosauridae">Allosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Allosaurus" title="Allosaurus">Allosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Antrodemus" title="Antrodemus">Antrodemus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Epanterias" title="Epanterias">Epanterias</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Saurophaganax" title="Saurophaganax">Saurophaganax</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosauria">Carcharodontosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Datanglong" title="Datanglong">Datanglong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lusovenator" title="Lusovenator">Lusovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siamraptor" title="Siamraptor">Siamraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Neovenatoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Neovenatoridae">Neovenatoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Neovenator" title="Neovenator">Neovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a></i>?</li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosauridae" title="Carcharodontosauridae">Carcharodontosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Acrocanthosaurus" title="Acrocanthosaurus">Acrocanthosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Altispinax" title="Altispinax">Altispinax</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Concavenator" title="Concavenator">Concavenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eocarcharia" title="Eocarcharia">Eocarcharia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kelmayisaurus" title="Kelmayisaurus">Kelmayisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lajasvenator" title="Lajasvenator">Lajasvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sauroniops" title="Sauroniops">Sauroniops</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shaochilong" title="Shaochilong">Shaochilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ulughbegsaurus" title="Ulughbegsaurus">Ulughbegsaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Veterupristisaurus" title="Veterupristisaurus">Veterupristisaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurinae" class="mw-redirect" title="Carcharodontosaurinae">Carcharodontosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Carcharodontosaurus" title="Carcharodontosaurus">Carcharodontosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Giganotosaurini">Giganotosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Giganotosaurus" title="Giganotosaurus">Giganotosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mapusaurus" title="Mapusaurus">Mapusaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Meraxes" title="Meraxes">Meraxes</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Taurovenator" title="Taurovenator">Taurovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannotitan" title="Tyrannotitan">Tyrannotitan</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aoniraptor" title="Aoniraptor">Aoniraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deltadromeus" title="Deltadromeus">Deltadromeus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Fukuiraptor" title="Fukuiraptor">Fukuiraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phuwiangvenator" title="Phuwiangvenator">Phuwiangvenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rapator" title="Rapator">Rapator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Siats" title="Siats">Siats</a>?</i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a>?</i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Megaraptoridae" class="mw-redirect" title="Megaraptoridae">Megaraptoridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aerosteon" title="Aerosteon">Aerosteon</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Australovenator" title="Australovenator">Australovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Maip" title="Maip">Maip</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Megaraptor" title="Megaraptor">Megaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Murusraptor" title="Murusraptor">Murusraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Orkoraptor" title="Orkoraptor">Orkoraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tratayenia" title="Tratayenia">Tratayenia</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis"><img alt="Xuanhanosaurus qilixiaensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/140px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/210px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png/280px-Xuanhanosaurus_qilixiaensis.png 2x" data-file-width="5602" data-file-height="2311" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Allosaurus fragilis"><img alt="Allosaurus fragilis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/140px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="64" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/210px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3d/Allosaurus_Revised.jpg/280px-Allosaurus_Revised.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4570" data-file-height="2093" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Neovenator.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Neovenator salerii"><img alt="Neovenator salerii" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/140px-Neovenator.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/210px-Neovenator.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/61/Neovenator.png/280px-Neovenator.png 2x" data-file-width="5000" data-file-height="3000" /></a></span> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Carcharodontosaurus.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus"><img alt="Carcharodontosaurus saharicus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/140px-Carcharodontosaurus.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="56" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/210px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/52/Carcharodontosaurus.png/280px-Carcharodontosaurus.png 2x" data-file-width="4057" data-file-height="1609" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Australovenator.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Australovenator wintonensis"><img alt="Australovenator wintonensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/140px-Australovenator.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="49" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/210px-Australovenator.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/Australovenator.jpg/280px-Australovenator.jpg 2x" data-file-width="937" data-file-height="328" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Coelurosauria" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Coelurosauria" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Coelurosauria" title="Coelurosauria">Coelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aratasaurus" title="Aratasaurus">Aratasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiamericana" title="Asiamericana">Asiamericana</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bahariasaurus" title="Bahariasaurus">Bahariasaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bicentenaria" title="Bicentenaria">Bicentenaria</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Chilantaisaurus" title="Chilantaisaurus">Chilantaisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gualicho" title="Gualicho">Gualicho</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Richardoestesia" title="Richardoestesia">Richardoestesia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sciurumimus" title="Sciurumimus">Sciurumimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Vayuraptor" title="Vayuraptor">Vayuraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xinjiangovenator" title="Xinjiangovenator">Xinjiangovenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zuolong" title="Zuolong">Zuolong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannoraptora" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannoraptora">Tyrannoraptora</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Tyrannosauroidea" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauroidea" title="Tyrannosauroidea">Tyrannosauroidea</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Chingkankousaurus" title="Chingkankousaurus">Chingkankousaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Coeluridae" title="Coeluridae">Coeluridae</a>?</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tanycolagreus" title="Tanycolagreus">Tanycolagreus</a></i>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Proceratosauridae" title="Proceratosauridae">Proceratosauridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Guanlong" title="Guanlong">Guanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kileskus" title="Kileskus">Kileskus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Proceratosaurus" title="Proceratosaurus">Proceratosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinotyrannus" title="Sinotyrannus">Sinotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Yutyrannus" title="Yutyrannus">Yutyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Pantyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Pantyrannosauria">Pantyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alectrosaurus" title="Alectrosaurus">Alectrosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bagaraatan" title="Bagaraatan">Bagaraatan</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dilong_paradoxus" title="Dilong paradoxus">Dilong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Eotyrannus" title="Eotyrannus">Eotyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Jinbeisaurus" title="Jinbeisaurus">Jinbeisaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juratyrant" title="Juratyrant">Juratyrant</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Moros_intrepidus" title="Moros intrepidus">Moros</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Santanaraptor" title="Santanaraptor">Santanaraptor</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Stokesosaurus" title="Stokesosaurus">Stokesosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Suskityrannus" title="Suskityrannus">Suskityrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timimus" title="Timimus">Timimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Timurlengia" title="Timurlengia">Timurlengia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xiongguanlong" title="Xiongguanlong">Xiongguanlong</a></i></li> <li><b><a href="/wiki/Megaraptora" title="Megaraptora">Megaraptora</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Eutyrannosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Eutyrannosauria">Eutyrannosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Appalachiosaurus" title="Appalachiosaurus">Appalachiosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dryptosaurus" title="Dryptosaurus">Dryptosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosauridae" title="Tyrannosauridae">Tyrannosauridae</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurinae" title="Albertosaurinae">Albertosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Albertosaurus" title="Albertosaurus">Albertosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gorgosaurus" title="Gorgosaurus">Gorgosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurinae" title="Tyrannosaurinae">Tyrannosaurinae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Asiatyrannus" title="Asiatyrannus">Asiatyrannus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nanuqsaurus" title="Nanuqsaurus">Nanuqsaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Alioramini" title="Alioramini">Alioramini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Alioramus" title="Alioramus">Alioramus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qianzhousaurus" title="Qianzhousaurus">Qianzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurini" title="Daspletosaurini">Daspletosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Daspletosaurus" title="Daspletosaurus">Daspletosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thanatotheristes" title="Thanatotheristes">Thanatotheristes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneini" class="mw-redirect" title="Teratophoneini">Teratophoneini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Bistahieversor" title="Bistahieversor">Bistahieversor</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dynamoterror" title="Dynamoterror">Dynamoterror</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Labocania" title="Labocania">Labocania</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Lythronax" title="Lythronax">Lythronax</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Teratophoneus" title="Teratophoneus">Teratophoneus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurini" class="mw-redirect" title="Tyrannosaurini">Tyrannosaurini</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Tarbosaurus" title="Tarbosaurus">Tarbosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannosaurus" title="Tyrannosaurus">Tyrannosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Zhuchengtyrannus" title="Zhuchengtyrannus">Zhuchengtyrannus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see below↓</li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Dubious_coelurosaurs" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dubious coelurosaurs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Iliosuchus" title="Iliosuchus">Iliosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kakuru" title="Kakuru">Kakuru</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Phaedrolosaurus" title="Phaedrolosaurus">Phaedrolosaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shanyangosaurus" title="Shanyangosaurus">Shanyangosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Zuolong_salleei.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Zuolong salleei"><img alt="Zuolong salleei" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/140px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="73" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/210px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e6/Zuolong_salleei.jpg/280px-Zuolong_salleei.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2735" data-file-height="1431" /></a></span> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Stokesosaurus clevelandi"><img alt="Stokesosaurus clevelandi" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/140px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png" decoding="async" width="140" height="54" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/210px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png/280px-Stokesosaurus_by_Tom_Parker.png 2x" data-file-width="2262" data-file-height="867" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Alioramus remotus"><img alt="Alioramus remotus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/140px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/210px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/da/Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg/280px-Alioramus_Life_Restoration.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3548" data-file-height="2009" /></a></span> </p> <div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tarbosaurus bataar"><img alt="Tarbosaurus bataar" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/140px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="50" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/210px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg/280px-Tarbosaurus_Steveoc86_flipped.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="366" /></a></span></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Maniraptoromorpha" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Maniraptoromorpha" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoromorpha" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoromorpha">Maniraptoromorpha</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Coelurus" title="Coelurus">Coelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Juravenator" title="Juravenator">Juravenator</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornitholestes" title="Ornitholestes">Ornitholestes</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Neocoelurosauria" class="mw-redirect" title="Neocoelurosauria">Neocoelurosauria</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aniksosaurus" title="Aniksosaurus">Aniksosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aristosuchus" title="Aristosuchus">Aristosuchus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Beipiaognathus" title="Beipiaognathus">Beipiaognathus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Compsognathus" title="Compsognathus">Compsognathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Huaxiagnathus" title="Huaxiagnathus">Huaxiagnathus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Mirischia" title="Mirischia">Mirischia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Scipionyx" title="Scipionyx">Scipionyx</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinocalliopteryx" title="Sinocalliopteryx">Sinocalliopteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinosauropteryx" title="Sinosauropteryx">Sinosauropteryx</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Xunmenglong" title="Xunmenglong">Xunmenglong</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><div style="position:absolute;-webkit-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-moz-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-ms-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);-o-transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);transform:translate(-50%,-50%) rotate(270deg);"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptoriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maniraptoriformes">Maniraptoriformes</a></div></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><b><a href="/wiki/Compsognathidae" title="Compsognathidae">Compsognathidae</a></b>?</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimosauria" title="Ornithomimosauria">Ornithomimosauria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Arkansaurus" title="Arkansaurus">Arkansaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Aviatyrannis" title="Aviatyrannis">Aviatyrannis</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Calamosaurus" title="Calamosaurus">Calamosaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hexing" title="Hexing">Hexing</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Kinnareemimus" title="Kinnareemimus">Kinnareemimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nedcolbertia" title="Nedcolbertia">Nedcolbertia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Nqwebasaurus" title="Nqwebasaurus">Nqwebasaurus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Thecocoelurus" title="Thecocoelurus">Thecocoelurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Valdoraptor" title="Valdoraptor">Valdoraptor</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Macrocheiriformes" class="mw-redirect" title="Macrocheiriformes">Macrocheiriformes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Pelecanimimus" title="Pelecanimimus">Pelecanimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Shenzhousaurus" title="Shenzhousaurus">Shenzhousaurus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Deinocheiridae" title="Deinocheiridae">Deinocheiridae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Beishanlong" title="Beishanlong">Beishanlong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Deinocheirus" title="Deinocheirus">Deinocheirus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Garudimimus" title="Garudimimus">Garudimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Harpymimus" title="Harpymimus">Harpymimus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Paraxenisaurus" title="Paraxenisaurus">Paraxenisaurus</a></i>?</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tyrannomimus" title="Tyrannomimus">Tyrannomimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimidae" title="Ornithomimidae">Ornithomimidae</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Aepyornithomimus" title="Aepyornithomimus">Aepyornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Anserimimus" title="Anserimimus">Anserimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Archaeornithomimus" title="Archaeornithomimus">Archaeornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/%22Coelosaurus%22_antiquus" title=""Coelosaurus" antiquus">"Coelosaurus"</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Dromiceiomimus" title="Dromiceiomimus">Dromiceiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Gallimimus" title="Gallimimus">Gallimimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Ornithomimus" title="Ornithomimus">Ornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Qiupalong" title="Qiupalong">Qiupalong</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Rativates" title="Rativates">Rativates</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Sinornithomimus" title="Sinornithomimus">Sinornithomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Struthiomimus" title="Struthiomimus">Struthiomimus</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Tototlmimus" title="Tototlmimus">Tototlmimus</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Maniraptora" title="Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><ul><li>see <a href="/wiki/Template:Maniraptora" title="Template:Maniraptora">Maniraptora</a></li> <li>includes <a href="/wiki/Bird" title="Bird">birds</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><div style="display: inline-block; transform: scaleX(-1);"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Sinosauropteryx_color_(without_scale_bar).jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sinosauropteryx prima"><img alt="Sinosauropteryx prima" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/140px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/210px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ed/Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg/280px-Sinosauropteryx_color_%28without_scale_bar%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1345" data-file-height="380" /></a></span></div> <p><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Deinocheirus_NT.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Deinocheirus mirificus"><img alt="Deinocheirus mirificus" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/130px-Deinocheirus_NT.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/195px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/25/Deinocheirus_NT.png/260px-Deinocheirus_NT.png 2x" data-file-width="753" data-file-height="382" /></a></span> </p> <span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Qiupalong_Restoration.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Qiupalong henanensis"><img alt="Qiupalong henanensis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/130px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png" decoding="async" width="130" height="71" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/195px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/57/Qiupalong_Restoration.png/260px-Qiupalong_Restoration.png 2x" data-file-width="5177" data-file-height="2829" /></a></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/21px-Tyrannoskull.jpg" decoding="async" width="21" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/32px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e4/Tyrannoskull.jpg/42px-Tyrannoskull.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4095" data-file-height="3058" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Dinosaurs" title="Portal:Dinosaurs">Dinosaurs</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Taxon_identifiers" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Taxon_identifiers" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Taxon_identifiers" title="Help:Taxon identifiers">Taxon identifiers</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;text-align: left;"><i>Podokesaurus holyokensis</i></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikidata" title="Wikidata">Wikidata</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q951762" class="extiw" title="wikidata:Q951762">Q951762</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Wikispecies" title="Wikispecies">Wikispecies</a>: <span class="uid"><span class="external"><a href="https://species.wikimedia.org/wiki/Podokesaurus_holyokensis" class="extiw" title="wikispecies:Podokesaurus holyokensis">Podokesaurus holyokensis</a></span></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Global_Biodiversity_Information_Facility" title="Global Biodiversity Information Facility">GBIF</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gbif.org/species/4967135">4967135</a></span></span></li> <li><span style="white-space:nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Paleobiology_Database" title="Paleobiology Database">Paleobiology Database</a>: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://paleobiodb.org/classic/basicTaxonInfo?taxon_no=54411">54411</a></span></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&oldid=1249191022">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Podokesaurus&oldid=1249191022</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coelophysoids" title="Category:Coelophysoids">Coelophysoids</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Hettangian_genus_first_appearances" 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