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class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Free-to-air" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" 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<span>Toggle Africa subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_Africa" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Africa"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>South Africa</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Africa-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Asia</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Asia-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Asia subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hong_Kong" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hong_Kong"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Hong Kong</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hong_Kong-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India_and_South_Asia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India_and_South_Asia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>India and South Asia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India_and_South_Asia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Korea" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Korea"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>South Korea</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Korea-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Europe" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Europe"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Europe</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Europe-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Europe subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Europe-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Satellite" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Satellite"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Satellite</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Satellite-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Terrestrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Terrestrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Terrestrial</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Terrestrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Croatia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Croatia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.1</span> <span>Croatia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Croatia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Denmark" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Denmark"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.2</span> <span>Denmark</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Denmark-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-France" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#France"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.3</span> <span>France</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-France-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Germany" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Germany"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.4</span> <span>Germany</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Germany-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.5</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.6</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Netherlands" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Netherlands"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.7</span> <span>Netherlands</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Netherlands-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.8</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2.9</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>North America</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Oceania" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Oceania"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Oceania</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Oceania subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Oceania-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-New_Zealand" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#New_Zealand"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.2</span> <span>New Zealand</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-New_Zealand-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_America" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_America"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>South America</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-South_America-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle South America subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-South_America-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.1</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Chile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Chile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8.2</span> <span>Chile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Chile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Free-to-air</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 24 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-24" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">24 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_air" title="Free to air – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Free to air" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frei_empfangbares_Fernsehen" title="Frei empfangbares Fernsehen – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Frei empfangbares Fernsehen" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vabalevi" title="Vabalevi – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Vabalevi" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Se%C3%B1al_abierta" title="Señal abierta – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Señal abierta" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_air" title="Free to air – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Free to air" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%AC%B4%EB%A3%8C_%EB%B0%A9%EC%86%A1" title="무료 방송 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="무료 방송" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaran_gratis" title="Siaran gratis – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Siaran gratis" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_air" title="Free to air – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Free to air" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A2%D7%A8%D7%95%D7%A5_%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%9C%D7%99%D7%98%D7%94_%D7%97%D7%95%D7%A4%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%AA" title="ערוץ לקליטה חופשית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="ערוץ לקליטה חופשית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siaran_percuma" title="Siaran percuma – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Siaran percuma" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinal_aberto" title="Sinal aberto – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Sinal aberto" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTA" title="FTA – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="FTA" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free-to-air" title="Free-to-air – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Free-to-air" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vo%C4%BEne_dostupn%C3%A9_vysielanie" title="Voľne dostupné vysielanie – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Voľne dostupné vysielanie" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fri-tv" title="Fri-tv – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Fri-tv" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/FTA" title="FTA – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="FTA" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_to_air" title="Free to air – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Free to air" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%81n_h%C3%ACnh_mi%E1%BB%85n_ph%C3%AD" title="Truyền hình miễn phí – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Truyền hình miễn phí" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%85%8D%E8%B2%BB%E9%9B%BB%E8%A6%96%E9%A0%BB%E9%81%93%E6%8E%A5%E6%94%B6" title="免費電視頻道接收 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="免費電視頻道接收" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q848981#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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ambox-Refimprove" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article <b>needs additional citations for <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verification</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Free-to-air" title="Special:EditPage/Free-to-air">improve this article</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed.<br /><small><span class="plainlinks"><i>Find sources:</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?as_eq=wikipedia&q=%22Free-to-air%22">"Free-to-air"</a> – <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbm=nws&q=%22Free-to-air%22+-wikipedia&tbs=ar:1">news</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?&q=%22Free-to-air%22&tbs=bkt:s&tbm=bks">newspapers</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.com/search?tbs=bks:1&q=%22Free-to-air%22+-wikipedia">books</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/scholar?q=%22Free-to-air%22">scholar</a> <b>·</b> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/action/doBasicSearch?Query=%22Free-to-air%22&acc=on&wc=on">JSTOR</a></span></small></span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">December 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Free-to-air</b> (<b>FTA</b>) services are <a href="/wiki/Television" title="Television">television</a> (TV) and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a> services broadcast in unencrypted form, allowing any person with the <a href="/wiki/FTA_receiver" title="FTA receiver">appropriate receiving equipment</a> to receive the signal and view or listen to the content without requiring a <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">subscription</a>, other ongoing cost, or one-off fee (e.g., <a href="/wiki/Pay-per-view" title="Pay-per-view">pay-per-view</a>). In the traditional sense, this is carried on <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">terrestrial radio</a> signals and received with an antenna. </p><p>FTA also refers to channels and broadcasters providing content for which no subscription is expected, even though they may be delivered to the viewer/listener by another carrier for which a subscription is required, e.g., <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable television</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>, or <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite</a>. These carriers may be mandated (or OPT) in some geographies to deliver FTA channels even if a premium subscription is not present (providing the necessary equipment is still available), especially where FTA channels are expected to be used for emergency broadcasts, similar to the <a href="/wiki/1-1-2" class="mw-redirect" title="1-1-2">1-1-2</a> (112) emergency service provided by mobile phone operators and manufacturers. </p><p>On the other side, <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> (FTV) is generally available without <a href="/wiki/Subscription" class="mw-redirect" title="Subscription">subscription</a>, but it is digitally encoded and may be restricted geographically. </p><p>Free-to-air is often used for <a href="/wiki/International_broadcasting" title="International broadcasting">international broadcasting</a>, making it something of a video equivalent to <a href="/wiki/Shortwave_radio" title="Shortwave radio">shortwave radio</a>. Most FTA retailers list free-to-air channel guides and content available in North America for free-to-air use. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Funding">Funding</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Funding"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Although commonly described as free, the cost of free-to-air services is met through various means: </p> <ul><li>Tax funding</li> <li>Enforced levy of a <a href="/wiki/Television_licence" title="Television licence">licence fee</a> for transmission and production costs (e.g., the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a>)</li> <li>Voluntary donation for local transmission and production costs (e.g., <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a>)</li> <li>Commercial advertising for transmission and production costs and surplus revenues returned to the government (e.g., <a href="/wiki/CBC_Television" title="CBC Television">CBC Television</a>/<a href="/wiki/T%C3%A9l%C3%A9vision_de_Radio-Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Télévision de Radio-Canada">Télévision de Radio-Canada</a> in <a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a> in Australia and <a href="/wiki/TVNZ" title="TVNZ">TVNZ</a> in New Zealand)</li> <li>Commercial sponsorship</li> <li>Consumer products and services where part of the cost goes toward television <a href="/wiki/Advertising" title="Advertising">advertising</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sponsor_(commercial)" title="Sponsor (commercial)">sponsorship</a> (in the case of Japanese television broadcasters like <a href="/wiki/TV_Asahi" title="TV Asahi">TV Asahi</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV_Tokyo" title="TV Tokyo">TV Tokyo</a> which rely heavily on sponsorship, similar to Philippine broadcasters like <a href="/wiki/ABS-CBN" title="ABS-CBN">ABS-CBN</a>, <a href="/wiki/TV5_(Philippines)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV5 (Philippines)">TV5</a> and <a href="/wiki/GMA_Network" title="GMA Network">GMA</a>)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Middle_East">Middle East</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Middle East"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Up until 2012, Israel had several free-to-air channels. The major ones rating-wise were <a href="/wiki/Channel_2_(Israel)" title="Channel 2 (Israel)">Channel 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_10_(Israel)" title="Channel 10 (Israel)">Channel 10</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Channel_1_(Israel)" title="Channel 1 (Israel)">Channel 1</a>. The other ones were <a href="/wiki/Israeli_Educational_Television" title="Israeli Educational Television">Educational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_33_(Israel)" title="Channel 33 (Israel)">Channel 33</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Channel" title="Knesset Channel">Knesset 99</a>. </p><p>Since 2018, Israel has several new free-to-air channels that replace their older counterparts. The major ones rating-wise: are <a href="/wiki/Channel_12_(Israel)" title="Channel 12 (Israel)">Channel 12</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_13_(Israel)" title="Channel 13 (Israel)">Channel 13</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kan_11" title="Kan 11">Kan 11</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Channel_20_(Israel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 20 (Israel)">Channel 20</a>. The others are <a href="/wiki/Kan_Educational" title="Kan Educational">Kan Educational</a>, <a href="/wiki/Makan_33" title="Makan 33">Makan 33</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Knesset_Channel" title="Knesset Channel">Knesset Channel</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Africa">Africa</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Africa">South Africa</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: South Africa"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1971, the SABC was finally allowed to introduce a television service. Initially, the proposal was for two television channels, one in English and Afrikaans, aimed at white audiences, and another, known as TV Bantu, aimed at black viewers. However, when television was finally introduced, there was only one channel with airtime divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, alternating between the two languages. Test transmissions in Johannesburg began on 5 May 1975, followed in July by ones in Cape Town and Durban. Nationwide services finally commenced on 5 January 1976. </p><p>In common with most of Western Europe, South Africa used the PAL system for colour television, being only the second terrestrial television service in sub-Saharan Africa to launch with a colour-only service, Zanzibar in Tanzania having introduced the first such service in 1973. (Tanzania itself did not establish a television service until the early 1990s, similarly concerned about the expense and perceived threat to cultural norms.) The Government, advised by SABC technicians, took the view that colour television would have to be available so as to avoid a costly migration from black-and-white broadcasting technology. </p><p>Initially, the TV service was funded entirely through a licence fee as in the UK, charged at R36. However, advertising began on 1 January 1978. </p><p>On 1 January 1982, two services were introduced, TV2 broadcasting in Zulu and Xhosa and TV3 broadcasting in Sotho and Tswana, aimed at a black urban audience. In 1985, a new service called TV4 was introduced, carrying sports and entertainment programming, using the channel shared by TV2 and TV3, which ended transmissions at 9:30 pm. In 1992, TV2, TV3 and TV4 were combined into a new service called CCV (Contemporary Community Values). A third channel was introduced known as TSS, or Topsport Surplus, Topsport being the brand name for the SABC's sport coverage, but this was replaced by NNTV (National Network TV), an educational, non-commercial channel, in 1994. </p><p>The main channel, now called TV1, was divided evenly between English and Afrikaans, as before. It also became available in <a href="/wiki/Walvis_Bay" title="Walvis Bay">Walvis Bay</a>, an enclave of South Africa in Namibia, which was itself then under South African administration, with a live feed of the channel broadcast via Intelsat being retransmitted on a local low-power repeater. </p><p>In 1986, the SABC's monopoly was challenged by the launch of a subscription-based service known as M-Net, backed by a consortium of newspaper publishers on 1 October. However, as part of its licensing restrictions, it could not broadcast news programmes, which were still the preserve of the SABC, although M-Net started broadcasting a current affairs programme called Carte Blanche in 1988. As the state-controlled broadcaster, the SABC was accused of bias towards the apartheid regime, giving only limited coverage to opposition politicians. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Asia">Asia</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hong_Kong">Hong Kong</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Hong Kong"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Hong Kong, the largest and most dominant television channel, <a href="/wiki/Television_Broadcasts_Limited" class="mw-redirect" title="Television Broadcasts Limited">Television Broadcasts Limited</a>, was the first free-to-air commercial television channel when it commenced broadcasting on 19 November 1967. It may also well be among the oldest and first stations to broadcast over-the-air in East and Southeast Asia. </p><p><a href="/wiki/ViuTV" title="ViuTV">ViuTV</a> and <a href="/wiki/RTHK" title="RTHK">RTHK</a> TV started broadcasting in 2016. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India_and_South_Asia">India and South Asia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: India and South Asia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_India" title="Television in India">Television in India</a></div> <p>Around 600 FTA television channels and 180 radio channels are broadcast from ku-band and c-band transponders on the <a href="/wiki/INSAT-4B" title="INSAT-4B">INSAT-4B</a> and <a href="/wiki/GSAT-15" title="GSAT-15">GSAT-15</a> satellite covering India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Nepal, Sri Lanka and parts of Afghanistan, and Myanmar. In India, the channels are marketed as <a href="/wiki/DD_Direct_Plus" class="mw-redirect" title="DD Direct Plus">DD Direct Plus</a>/<a href="/wiki/DD_Free_Dish" title="DD Free Dish">DD Free Dish</a> by <a href="/wiki/Doordarshan" title="Doordarshan">Doordarshan</a>, India's national broadcaster and other Indian private broadcaster <a href="/wiki/ABS_Free_Dish" class="mw-redirect" title="ABS Free Dish">ABS Free Dish</a> from the ABS2 satellite. One can receive free-to-air regional TV channels using a small DTH antenna and a free-to-air set-top box. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Korea">South Korea</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: South Korea"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Korea, <a href="/wiki/Korean_Broadcasting_System" title="Korean Broadcasting System">KBS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Munhwa_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Munhwa Broadcasting Corporation">MBC</a> (the two main public broadcasters), <a href="/wiki/Seoul_Broadcasting_System" title="Seoul Broadcasting System">SBS</a> (privately owned, but available for free to viewers), and <a href="/wiki/Educational_Broadcasting_System" title="Educational Broadcasting System">EBS</a> (including both <a href="/wiki/TV" class="mw-redirect" title="TV">TV</a> and <a href="/wiki/Radio" title="Radio">radio</a>) are the free-to-air broadcasting stations. They dominate more than 80% of advertisement profits, according to the recent survey from the agency.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="The text near this tag is ambiguous, and needs clarification. (May 2017)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Due to the recent government's <sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Avoid_weasel_words" class="mw-redirect" title="Wikipedia:Avoid weasel words"><span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (May 2017)">which?</span></a></i>]</sup> decision, <a href="/wiki/Digital_television" title="Digital television">digital television</a> service for all free-to-air networks would be scheduled before 2012, followed by the end of analog television broadcasting. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Europe">Europe</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Europe"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Satellite">Satellite</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Satellite"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_channels_at_28%C2%B0E" class="mw-redirect" title="List of free-to-air channels at 28°E">List of free-to-air channels at 28°E</a></div> <p>European countries have a tradition of most television services being free-to-air. Germany, in particular, receives in excess of 100 digital satellite TV channels free-to-air. Approximately half of the television channels on <a href="/wiki/SES_Astra" title="SES Astra">SES Astra</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Astra_19.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 19.2°E">19.2° east</a> and <a href="/wiki/Astra_28.2%C2%B0E" title="Astra 28.2°E">28.2° east</a> satellite positions, and <a href="/wiki/Eutelsat" title="Eutelsat">Eutelsat</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Hot_Bird" title="Hot Bird">Hot Bird</a> (13° east) are free-to-air. </p><p>A number of European channels which one might expect to be broadcast free-to-air - including many countries' national terrestrial broadcasters - do not do so via satellite for <a href="/wiki/Copyright" title="Copyright">copyright</a> reasons. (Rights to purchase programs for free-to-air broadcast, especially via satellite, are often higher in price than for encrypted broadcast.) The lack of FTA among public broadcasters are prevalent in countries whose broadcasters tend to use subtitles for foreign language programmes; although Spain's two public domestic channels, La Una and La Dos, are also encrypted despite dubbed foreign programmes being the norm in Spain. However, these channels usually provide a scheme to offer free, but encrypted, viewing with <a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">free-to-view</a> broadcasts. Certain programming on Italy's <a href="/wiki/RAI" title="RAI">RAI</a>, and the majority of Dutch channels are covered by such schemes (although in the case of RAI some programming is transmitted without encryption where there are no copyright issues). In <a href="/wiki/Austria" title="Austria">Austria</a>, the main national networks broadcast free-to-view via satellite; however, all regional and some smaller channels are transmitted free-to-air, and the national public broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/ORF_(broadcaster)" title="ORF (broadcaster)">ORF</a>, offers a special free-to-air channel which airs selected programming without (i.e. those without copyright issues) via satellite all over Europe. </p><p>As Germany and Austria speak the same language and use the same satellite, Austrian viewers are able to receive about 120 free German-speaking channels from both countries. </p><p>In general, all <a href="/wiki/Satellite_radio" title="Satellite radio">satellite radio</a> in Europe is free-to-air, but the more conventional broadcast systems in use mean that <a href="/wiki/SiriusXM" class="mw-redirect" title="SiriusXM">SiriusXM</a> style in-car reception is not possible. </p><p>Cable and satellite distribution allow many more channels to carry sports, movies and specialist channels which are not broadcast as FTA. The viewing figures for these channels are generally much lower than the FTA channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Terrestrial">Terrestrial</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Terrestrial"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Various European countries broadcast a large number of channels via free-to-air <a href="/wiki/Terrestrial_television" title="Terrestrial television">terrestrial</a>, generally as an analog <a href="/wiki/PAL" title="PAL">PAL</a>/<a href="/wiki/SECAM" title="SECAM">SECAM</a> transmission, digital <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a>/<a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">T2</a> or a combination of the two. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Croatia">Croatia</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Croatia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Croatia" title="Television in Croatia">television in Croatia</a></div> <p>In Croatia eleven national channels are free-to-air: <a href="/wiki/HRT_1" title="HRT 1">HRT 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/HRT_2" title="HRT 2">HRT 2</a>, <a href="/wiki/HRT_3" title="HRT 3">HRT 3</a>, <a href="/wiki/HRT_4" title="HRT 4">HRT 4</a> (<a href="/wiki/Croatian_Radiotelevision" title="Croatian Radiotelevision">HRT</a> being national broadcaster), <a href="/wiki/Nova_TV_(Croatia)" title="Nova TV (Croatia)">Nova TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doma_TV" title="Doma TV">Doma TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTL_Televizija" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Televizija">RTL</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTL_2_(Croatia)" title="RTL 2 (Croatia)">RTL2</a>, <a href="/wiki/RTL_Televizija" class="mw-redirect" title="RTL Televizija">RTL Kockica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Music_Channel" title="Croatian Music Channel">CMC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sportska_televizija" class="mw-redirect" title="Sportska televizija">SPTV</a>. There are around 21 local or regional channels. Before June 2020, they used to be transmitted via three <a href="/wiki/Oda%C5%A1ilja%C4%8Di_i_veze" title="Odašiljači i veze">OiV</a> (state-owned public broadcasting company) <a href="/wiki/DVB-T" title="DVB-T">DVB-T</a> and one <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> (<a href="/wiki/HEVC" class="mw-redirect" title="HEVC">HEVC/H.265</a>) <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(television)" title="Multiplex (television)">MUXes</a>. As of June 2020, the DVB-T MUXes were switched off and all eleven national channels are now distributed via two OiV DVB-T2 (HEVC/H.265) MUXes. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Denmark">Denmark</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Denmark"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Denmark" title="Digital terrestrial television in Denmark">Digital terrestrial television in Denmark</a></div> <p>In Denmark, six channels are as of 2020 free-to-air,<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> distributed via 18 main transmitter sites and 30 smaller, auxiliary transmitters.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The six channels (<a href="/wiki/DR1" title="DR1">DR1</a>, <a href="/wiki/DR2" title="DR2">DR2</a>, <a href="/wiki/DR_Ramasjang" title="DR Ramasjang">DR Ramasjang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Folketinget" class="mw-redirect" title="Folketinget">Folketinget</a>, TV2 Regionerne, and sign language/local programme) come in one <a href="/wiki/DVB-T2" title="DVB-T2">DVB-T2</a> <a href="/wiki/Multiplex_(television)" title="Multiplex (television)">multiplex</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="France">France</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: France"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_France" title="Television in France">television in France</a></div> <p>In France, there are 26 national television channels (MPEG-4 HD video) and 41 local television channels broadcast free-to-air via the TNT DVB-T2 service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Germany">Germany</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Germany"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Germany#terrestrial" title="Television in Germany">television in Germany § terrestrial</a></div> <p>In Germany there are various free-to-air DVB-T services available, the number of which varies by region. <a href="/wiki/Das_Erste" title="Das Erste">Das Erste</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZDF" title="ZDF">ZDF</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZDFneo" title="ZDFneo">ZDFneo</a>, <a href="/wiki/ZDFinfo" title="ZDFinfo">ZDFinfo</a>, <a href="/wiki/3sat" title="3sat">3sat</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arte" title="Arte">Arte</a>, <a href="/wiki/KiKA" class="mw-redirect" title="KiKA">KiKA</a> and <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_(German_TV_station)" class="mw-redirect" title="Phoenix (German TV station)">Phoenix</a> are available throughout the country, in addition to at least one region-dependent channel which is provided by the regional <a href="/wiki/ARD_(broadcaster)" title="ARD (broadcaster)">ARD</a> member. Additionally, ARD's <a href="/wiki/EinsFestival" class="mw-redirect" title="EinsFestival">EinsFestival</a>, <a href="/wiki/EinsPlus" title="EinsPlus">EinsPlus</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tagesschau24" title="Tagesschau24">tagesschau24</a> are variously available in some parts of the country, and various commercial channels are available in metropolitan areas. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Ireland">Ireland</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Saorview" title="Saorview">Saorview</a></div> <p>In the Republic of Ireland, there are nine television channels and 11 radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-T Saorview service. Analog PAL versions of some of the channels were also broadcast until October 24, 2012, when all analogue television broadcasting was shut down. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Malta">Malta</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Malta" title="Television in Malta">Television in Malta</a></div> <p>All of Malta's national and political party channels are available free-to-air. The national channels <a href="/wiki/Television_Malta" title="Television Malta">TVM</a> and <a href="/wiki/TVM2" class="mw-redirect" title="TVM2">TVM2</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parliament_TV_(Malta)" title="Parliament TV (Malta)">Parliament TV</a> and the political party channels <a href="/wiki/NET_(Maltese_TV_channel)" title="NET (Maltese TV channel)">NET</a> and ONE, all are broadcast via the free-to-air DVB-T service. </p><p>Even HD versions of these channels are available free-to-air. The only scrambled channel in Malta is ITV Teleshopping. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Netherlands">Netherlands</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Netherlands"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_the_Netherlands" title="Television in the Netherlands">television in the Netherlands</a></div> <p>In the Netherlands, three national public television channels (<a href="/wiki/NPO_1" title="NPO 1">NPO 1</a>, <a href="/wiki/NPO_2" title="NPO 2">NPO 2</a> and <a href="/wiki/NPO_3" title="NPO 3">NPO 3</a>) and seven national public radio channels broadcast free-to-air via the DVB-T <a href="/wiki/Digitenne" title="Digitenne">Digitenne</a> service. The television and radio channels of the regional public broadcasters are also free-to-air via the DVB-T service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Spain">Spain</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Spain" title="Television in Spain">Television in Spain</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_television_stations_in_Spain" title="List of television stations in Spain">List of television stations in Spain</a></div> <p>In Spain, there are around 25 national and 40 regional channels, as well as many local channels and radio stations. All television channels are in HD, with at least one UHD channel (<a href="/wiki/La_1_(Spanish_TV_channel)" title="La 1 (Spanish TV channel)">La 1</a>). The state broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_Espa%C3%B1ola" title="Televisión Española">Televisión Española</a>, is publicly-funded and does not show commercials. The two major competing networks, <a href="/wiki/Atresmedia" title="Atresmedia">Atresmedia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mediaset_Espa%C3%B1a" title="Mediaset España">Mediaset</a>, are privately-owned and show commercials. All broadcasts are free-to-air, and there is no concept of paying for a TV license. The acronym used for DVB-T in Spain is TDT (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Digital_terrestrial_television_in_Spain&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Digital terrestrial television in Spain (page does not exist)">Digital terrestrial television in Spain</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Televisi%C3%B3n_digital_terrestre_en_Espa%C3%B1a" class="extiw" title="es:Televisión digital terrestre en España">es</a>]</span>). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(UK)" title="Freeview (UK)">Freeview (UK)</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_digital_terrestrial_television_channels_(UK)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of digital terrestrial television channels (UK)">List of digital terrestrial television channels (UK)</a></div> <p>In the UK, the five main free-to-air television networks are <a href="/wiki/BBC_One" title="BBC One">BBC One</a>, <a href="/wiki/BBC_Two" title="BBC Two">BBC Two</a>, <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Channel_4" title="Channel 4">Channel 4</a> and <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a>. Around 108 free-to-air television channels and 30 free-to-air radio channels are available terrestrially via the Freeview DVB-T service. Seven HD channels are also broadcast via a public service broadcast multiplex and a commercial multiplex, both DVB-T2. </p><p>The informal term "council telly" is sometimes used for free-to-air television in the UK, evoking a basic service accessible to all.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="North_America">North America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: North America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Original_research plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Original_research" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/40px-Ambox_important.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/60px-Ambox_important.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/b4/Ambox_important.svg/80px-Ambox_important.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="40" data-file-height="40" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>possibly contains <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:No_original_research" title="Wikipedia:No original research">original research</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit">improve it</a> by <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">verifying</a> the claims made and adding <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#Inline_citations" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">inline citations</a>. Statements consisting only of original research should be removed.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251242444"><table class="box-Essay-like plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-essay-like" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>is written like a <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_publisher_of_original_thought" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">personal reflection, personal essay, or argumentative essay</a></b> that states a Wikipedia editor's personal feelings or presents an original argument about a topic.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit">help improve it</a> by rewriting it in an <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Writing_better_articles#Information_style_and_tone" title="Wikipedia:Writing better articles">encyclopedic style</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">February 2024</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>There are a number of competing systems in use. Early adopters used C-band <a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">dishes</a> several feet in diameter to receive analog microwave broadcasts, and later digital microwave broadcasts using the 3.7-4.2 <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">GHz</a> band. Today, although large C-band dishes can still receive some content, the 11.7-12.2 GHz <a href="/wiki/Ku_band" title="Ku band">K<sub>u</sub> band</a> is also used. Ku-band signals can be received using smaller dishes, often as small as under a meter (3 feet, 3 inches) in diameter, allowing FTA satellite to be picked up from smaller spaces such as apartment balconies (note, however, that these dishes are not quite as small as those commonly used for commercial services such as <a href="/wiki/Dish_Network" title="Dish Network">Dish Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/DirecTV" title="DirecTV">DirecTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell ExpressVu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a>, etc. Dishes intended for those services may not deliver an adequate signal on Ku-band). The European-developed <a href="/wiki/DVB-S" title="DVB-S">DVB-S</a> and <a href="/wiki/DVB-S2" title="DVB-S2">DVB-S2</a> standards are the most commonly used broadcast methods, with analog transmissions almost completely discontinued as of mid-2014. </p><p>The most common North American sources for free-to-air DVB <a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">satellite television</a> are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/NHK_World-Japan" title="NHK World-Japan">NHK World</a> HD on <a href="/wiki/Intelsat_9" title="Intelsat 9">Intelsat 9</a> (58°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Retro_TV" title="Retro TV">Retro TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartland_(TV_network)" title="Heartland (TV network)">Heartland</a> on <a href="/wiki/AMC-9" title="AMC-9">AMC 9</a> (83°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louisiana_Public_Broadcasting" title="Louisiana Public Broadcasting">LPB</a> Louisiana <a href="/wiki/PBS" title="PBS">PBS</a> channels LPBHD, LPB2, and LPB3 (Create) on <a href="/wiki/SES-2" title="SES-2">SES 2</a> (89°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/NASA_TV" title="NASA TV">NASA TV</a> Multi-channel (NASA TV Public-Education, NASA Media, NASA TV UHD) on <a href="/wiki/Horizons-1" title="Horizons-1">Horizons-1</a> (aka Galaxy 13) (127°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">Eternal Word Television Network</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_17" title="Galaxy 17">Galaxy 17</a> (91°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Family_Channel_(American_TV_network,_founded_2008)" title="The Family Channel (American TV network, founded 2008)">My Family TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/CGTN_(TV_channel)" title="CGTN (TV channel)">CGTN</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_3C" title="Galaxy 3C">Galaxy 3C</a> (95°W).</li> <li>AMGTV and <a href="/wiki/BYU_TV" title="BYU TV">BYU Television</a> (BYUtv) on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a> (97°W)</li> <li>English and foreign language broadcasters <a href="/wiki/RT_(TV_network)" title="RT (TV network)">RT (TV network)</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samanyolu_TV" title="Samanyolu TV">Ebru TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Islamic_Republic_of_Iran_News_Network" title="Islamic Republic of Iran News Network">IRINN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Al_Jazeera_English" title="Al Jazeera English">Al Jazeera English</a> and more up-linked by <a href="/wiki/GlobeCast_World_TV" title="GlobeCast World TV">GlobeCast World TV</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a> (97°W)</li> <li>Christian broadcasters such as <a href="/wiki/The_Word_Network" title="The Word Network">The Word Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emmanuel_TV" title="Emmanuel TV">Emmanuel TV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daystar_(TV_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daystar (TV network)">Daystar Television Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/JUCE_TV" title="JUCE TV">JCTV</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trinity_Broadcasting_Network" title="Trinity Broadcasting Network">Trinity Broadcasting Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hillsong_Channel" class="mw-redirect" title="Hillsong Channel">The Church Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Three_Angels_Broadcasting_Network" title="Three Angels Broadcasting Network">3ABN</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hope_Channel" title="Hope Channel">The Hope Channel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Amazing_Facts" title="Amazing Facts">Amazing Facts</a> Television, and <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Learning_Channel" title="God's Learning Channel">God's Learning Channel</a> are broadcast from the <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_19" title="Galaxy 19">Galaxy 19</a> (97°W) satellite for <a href="/wiki/Glorystar" title="Glorystar">Glorystar</a> and Spiritcast Satellite Systems TV.</li> <li>Peace TV English and Peace TV Urdu language which are global Islamic channels, available on Galaxy 19 (97°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/DoD_News_Channel" title="DoD News Channel">DoD News</a> on <a href="/wiki/AMC-1" title="AMC-1">AMC 1</a> (103°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jewish_Life_Television" title="Jewish Life Television">Jewish Life Television</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_18" title="Galaxy 18">Galaxy 18</a> (123°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Montana_PBS" title="Montana PBS">Montana Public Broadcasting Service</a> and other <a href="/wiki/PBS_Satellite_Service" title="PBS Satellite Service">PBS Satellite Services</a> on <a href="/wiki/AMC-21" title="AMC-21">AMC 21</a> (125°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Classic_Arts_Showcase" title="Classic Arts Showcase">Classic Arts Showcase</a> on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_17" title="Galaxy 17">Galaxy 17</a> (91°W) and <a href="/wiki/EWTN" title="EWTN">Eternal Word Television Network</a> HD on <a href="/wiki/Galaxy_15" title="Galaxy 15">Galaxy 15</a> (133°W)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_football" title="American football">Football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Basketball" title="Basketball">basketball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">soccer</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> <a href="/wiki/Wildfeed" title="Wildfeed">wildfeeds</a> on various satellites</li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/InfoWars" title="InfoWars">InfoWars</a></i> and <i><a href="/wiki/Alex_Jones" title="Alex Jones">The Alex Jones Show</a></i> broadcast from <a href="/wiki/Austin,_Texas" title="Austin, Texas">Austin, Texas</a>, and creates free-to-air 24/7 content on Galaxy 16 99°W.</li></ul> <p>Most of these signals are carried by US satellites. There is little or no free Canadian DVB-S content available to users of medium-size dishes, as much of the available Ku-band satellite bandwidth is occupied by <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay-TV</a> operators <a href="/wiki/Shaw_Direct" title="Shaw Direct">Shaw Direct</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bell_Satellite_TV" title="Bell Satellite TV">Bell Satellite TV</a>, although larger C-band dishes can pick up some content. FTA signals may be scattered across multiple satellites, requiring a motor or multiple <a href="/wiki/Low-noise_block_downconverter" title="Low-noise block downconverter">LNBs</a> to receive everything. This differs from Europe, where FTA signals are commonly concentrated on a few specific satellites. </p><p>Another difference between North American FTA and FTA in most of the rest of the world is that in <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North America</a>, very few of the available signals are actually intended for home viewers or other end-users. Instead, they are generally intended for reception by local television stations, cable system headends, or other commercial users. While it is generally thought to be legal for home viewers to view such transmissions as long as they are not encrypted, this means that there are several unique challenges to viewing FTA signals, challenges not present in other areas of the world. Among these are: </p> <ul><li>No schedule information is provided with most of the signals; therefore, satellite receivers cannot show a proper <a href="/wiki/Electronic_program_guide" title="Electronic program guide">electronic program guide</a> (EPG).</li> <li>Because many of these broadcasts are essentially point-to-point transmissions, the originators often do not follow any international standards when setting various identification fields in the data stream. This causes issues with receivers and software designed for use in other parts of the world, as they may assume that if a channel contains the same ID information as another channel, those are duplicate channels. This may be a valid assumption in other parts of the world, but is almost never valid for North American FTA signals. When such an assumption is made, during a "blind scan" the receiver or software will often fail to correctly insert one or more channels into its database, or it may overwrite previously scanned valid channels (including other channels on the same satellite) with invalid information picked up from another, more recently scanned channel. If the end user does not understand what is happening, they may assume that the receiver cannot receive certain channels or that it is defective, yet if the correct data for those channels can be manually entered, those channels may become receivable. This problem can be mitigated if receivers can be set to ignore channels that appear to be duplicates during a "blind scan", except when such channels are on exactly the same satellite and same transponder frequency (as might occur if the user rescans a previously scanned satellite).</li> <li>Channels tend to come and go, or change transmission formats, often without any prior notice other than to their intended recipients. This means that a working channel could suddenly disappear without warning, and may need to be rescanned to become receivable again, or it may be gone permanently.</li> <li>Channels that are currently FTA can become scrambled (<a href="/wiki/Encryption" title="Encryption">encrypted</a>) with no advance warning. A few channels tend to go back and forth between being "in the clear" (unscrambled) to scrambled at various times, but in most cases, once a channel is scrambled it stays scrambled.</li> <li>Historically, it has appeared that broadcasters are more likely to scramble their signals when they become aware that home viewers and other "unauthorized" viewers are watching their signals. Therefore, those who know what signals are available may sometimes be reluctant to share that information in open forums. While sites exist that attempt to list currently viewable FTA signals, most of them are incomplete or do not contain current information. Such sites typically rely on reports of changes by viewers, and if viewers are reluctant to report new FTA signals for fear they might disappear, it becomes more of a challenge for such sites to maintain up-to-date listings.</li> <li>What some would consider the most desirable signals, e.g. feeds from broadcast networks, are primarily only available on C-band, which requires a large dish (usually at least 6 feet/1.8 meters in diameter or more, although a few hobbyists have found it possible to receive some C-band signals using smaller dishes and high quality LNBs). Also some of those signals utilize high-bitrate formats that cannot be received by many older receivers, even if those receivers are capable of receiving digital signals, and such signals may require a larger than usual dish for adequate reception. In many areas, local zoning laws and/or homeowner associations forbid the placement of a large dish, therefore such dishes have fallen out of favor since commercial satellite services became widely available. Therefore, very few people have the capability to receive the C-band broadcasts. Another issue is that properly aiming a C-band dish is not something that a typical end-user would know how to do, since it tends to be a somewhat complex procedure (especially when a moveable dish is used with the intention of tracking the visible satellite arc in order to receive multiple satellites), and many of the installers that knew how to set up and correctly aim a C-band dish have exited the business.</li> <li>While equipment and <a href="/wiki/Software" title="Software">software</a> is becoming available that allows home users to set up a backend system that can deliver received over-the-air <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> signals to several frontend systems (for example, a <a href="/wiki/HDHomeRun" title="HDHomeRun">HDHomeRun</a>, <a href="/wiki/VBox_Home_TV_Gateway" title="VBox Home TV Gateway">VBox Home TV Gateway</a> or similar TV tuner, used with <a href="/wiki/MythTV" title="MythTV">MythTV</a> or <a href="/wiki/Tvheadend" title="Tvheadend">TVHeadEnd</a>), a similar system for receiving FTA signals is considerably more difficult to set up. While PCI/PCIe tuner cards and USB tuners for DVB-S and DVB-S2 are available, there are often issues with drivers, or the cards may simply not be compatible with the backend software in use. Therefore, setting up such a system for FTA satellite reception tends to require considerably more technical knowledge, and a willingness to work through issues, than setting up such a system for receiving terrestrial signals.</li> <li>Some syndicated programming is being sent as data, similar to the way a <a href="/wiki/Video_file_format" title="Video file format">video file</a> might be sent over the <a href="/wiki/Internet" title="Internet">Internet</a>. This means that the programming is not sent in a format that can be viewed in real time, as it is being received. Instead, the data must be captured to a <a href="/wiki/Computer_data_storage" title="Computer data storage">storage device</a> and decoded for later use. Traditional satellite receivers and even many PC <a href="/wiki/TV_tuner_card" title="TV tuner card">tuner cards</a> are not capable of receiving these signals, and even if you have a card capable of receiving such signals, you also need special software to find such data streams and when one is found, to extract the data stream and save it.</li></ul> <p>The largest groups of end-users for Ku-band free-to-air signals were initially the ethnic-language communities, as often free ethnic-language programming would be sponsored by Multilingual American Communities and their broadcasters. Depending on language and origin of the individual signals, <a href="/wiki/North_America" title="North America">North American</a> ethnic-language TV is a mix of <a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">pay-TV</a>, free-to-air and DBS operations. Today, many American broadcasters send a multitude of programming channels in many languages, spanning many new channels, so they can get National support, which ultimately leads to carriage by <a href="/wiki/Cable_television" title="Cable television">cable</a> systems, to additionally support the high costs of broadcasting signals in this way. </p><p>Nevertheless, free-to-air satellite TV is a viable addition to home video systems, not only for the reception of specialized content but also for use in locations where terrestrial <a href="/wiki/ATSC_standards" title="ATSC standards">ATSC</a> over-the-air reception is incomplete and additional channels are desired. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Oceania">Oceania</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Oceania"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Television_in_Australia" title="Television in Australia">Television in Australia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Freeview_(Australia)" title="Freeview (Australia)">Freeview (Australia)</a></div> <p>Australia has five major free-to-air networks: the two <a href="/wiki/Public_broadcasting" title="Public broadcasting">public broadcasting</a> networks - <a href="/wiki/ABC_Television_(Australian_TV_network)" title="ABC Television (Australian TV network)">ABC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Special_Broadcasting_Service" title="Special Broadcasting Service">SBS</a>, and three commercial networks - <a href="/wiki/Seven_Network" title="Seven Network">Seven Network</a>, <a href="/wiki/Nine_Network" title="Nine Network">Nine Network</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Network_10" title="Network 10">Network 10</a>. Traditionally each network had only a single channel in a geographic area, but with the advent of digital television each network started broadcasting several <a href="/wiki/SD_video" class="mw-redirect" title="SD video">SD</a> multichannels, such as <a href="/wiki/7two" title="7two">7two</a>, <a href="/wiki/9Gem" title="9Gem">9Gem</a>, <a href="/wiki/10_Bold" class="mw-redirect" title="10 Bold">10 Bold</a>, and <a href="/wiki/SBS_Food" title="SBS Food">SBS Food</a>, as well as at least one <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">HD</a> channel. There are also free-to-air <a href="/wiki/Community_television_in_Australia" title="Community television in Australia">community television</a> channels in some major cities. </p><p>Viewers in remote parts of Australia are able to access many Australian free-to-air channels using the DVB-S2 Optus <a href="/wiki/Viewer_Access_Satellite_Television" title="Viewer Access Satellite Television">VAST</a> service. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="New_Zealand">New Zealand</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: New Zealand"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_free-to-air_television_stations_in_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="List of free-to-air television stations in New Zealand">List of free-to-air television stations in New Zealand</a></div> <p>New Zealand has a number of FTA broadcasters such as <a href="/wiki/Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Television New Zealand">Television New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TVNZ_1" title="TVNZ 1">TVNZ 1</a> and <a href="/wiki/TV2_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV2 (New Zealand)">TVNZ 2</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Discovery,_Inc." title="Discovery, Inc.">Discovery New Zealand</a>'s <a href="/wiki/TV3_(New_Zealand)" class="mw-redirect" title="TV3 (New Zealand)">Three</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bravo_(New_Zealand_TV_channel)" title="Bravo (New Zealand TV channel)">Bravo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sky_Network_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Sky Network Television">Sky Network Television</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Prime_Television_New_Zealand" class="mw-redirect" title="Prime Television New Zealand">Sky Open</a> and the government subsidised the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Māori Television">Whakaata Māori</a> and <a href="/wiki/Te_Reo_(TV_channel)" title="Te Reo (TV channel)">Te Reo</a> channels. </p><p>Four channels, TVNZ 1, TVNZ 2, Three, Bravo are also broadcast timeshifted by +1 hour on Freeview and Sky platforms. </p><p>A broadcast of parliament and a number of local channels were available but since have closed, such as <a href="/wiki/Cue_TV" class="mw-redirect" title="Cue TV">Cue TV</a> were also available. Local stations such as <a href="/wiki/Canterbury_Television" title="Canterbury Television">CTV</a> and Face TV (previously Triangle TV) were free-to-air analogue PAL transmissions prior to CTV migrating to the free-to-air digital DVB-T service and Face TV's terrestrial free-to-air service shutoff from December 2013. </p><p>A digital terrestrial version of Freeview was launched in 2008, which, unlike the analogue and free-to-air satellite options, supports <a href="/wiki/High-definition_television" title="High-definition television">high-definition</a> broadcasts for TVNZ 1, TVNZ 2, Three and Bravo. While, airing the timeshifted channels also.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="South_America">South America</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: South America"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a> the main FTA satellite is the Star One D2, it holds approximately C-band analog channels (1985-2024), including all major networks like <a href="/wiki/TV_Globo" title="TV Globo">TV Globo</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Sistema_Brasileiro_de_Televis%C3%A3o" title="Sistema Brasileiro de Televisão">SBT</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/Record_(television_network)" class="mw-redirect" title="Record (television network)">Record</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/RedeTV!" title="RedeTV!">RedeTV!</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rede_Bandeirantes" title="Rede Bandeirantes">Band</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/TV_Cultura" title="TV Cultura">Cultura</a>, <a href="/wiki/Futura_(TV_channel)" title="Futura (TV channel)">Futura</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), <a href="/wiki/TV_Verdes_Mares" title="TV Verdes Mares">TV Verdes Mares</a> (feed nacional digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a>), Canal Gov, Canal Libras and others, 36 C-band and KU-band digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> channels. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Chile">Chile</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Chile"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Chile" title="Chile">Chile</a> the main FTA satellite is the Hispasat 74W-1, it holds approximately 10 KU-band digital <a href="/wiki/HDTV" class="mw-redirect" title="HDTV">HDTV</a> channels including all major networks like La Red, Telecanal, TVN Regional, TVN2 Regional, Canal 24HRS, CHV, CHV2, CDTV, TV Senado, La Red Feed, Telecanal Feed and TVN Feed. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239009302">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{clear:left;float:left;margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Blank_television_set.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/32px-Blank_television_set.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="21" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/48px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Blank_television_set.svg/64px-Blank_television_set.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="138" data-file-height="92" /></a></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Television" title="Portal:Television">Television portal</a></span></li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/FTA_receiver" title="FTA receiver">FTA receiver</a>, equipment for receiving free-to-air broadcasts</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Free-to-view" title="Free-to-view">Free-to-view</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murphy_v_Media_Protection_Services_Limited" title="Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited">Murphy v Media Protection Services Limited</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pay_television" title="Pay television">Pay television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_dish" title="Satellite dish">Satellite dish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Satellite_television" title="Satellite television">Satellite television</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Set-top_box" title="Set-top box">Set-top box</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi-tv.dk/Indhold_og_tilbud/">"Digi TV"</a>. <i>digi-tv.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120423005751/http://www.digi-tv.dk/Indhold_og_tilbud/">Archived</a> from the original on 2012-04-23<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digi-tv.dk&rft.atitle=Digi+TV&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi-tv.dk%2FIndhold_og_tilbud%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-to-air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://digi-tv.dk/Indhold_og_tilbud/frekvenser.asp">"Digi TV - frekvenser"</a>. <i>digi-tv.dk</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180208125016/http://www.digi-tv.dk/indhold_og_tilbud/frekvenser.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2018-02-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2018-02-07</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=digi-tv.dk&rft.atitle=Digi+TV+-+frekvenser&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fdigi-tv.dk%2FIndhold_og_tilbud%2Ffrekvenser.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-to-air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBaldwin2015" class="citation web cs1">Baldwin, Rory (2015-07-09). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scottishrugbyblog.co.uk/2015/07/six-nations-to-remain-on-council-telly-in-bbcitv-deal/">"Six Nations to Remain on Council Telly in BBC/ITV Deal"</a>. <i>Scottish Rugby Blog</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190720063623/https://www.scottishrugbyblog.co.uk/2015/07/six-nations-to-remain-on-council-telly-in-bbcitv-deal/">Archived</a> from the original on 2019-07-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2019-08-21</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Scottish+Rugby+Blog&rft.atitle=Six+Nations+to+Remain+on+Council+Telly+in+BBC%2FITV+Deal&rft.date=2015-07-09&rft.aulast=Baldwin&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scottishrugbyblog.co.uk%2F2015%2F07%2Fsix-nations-to-remain-on-council-telly-in-bbcitv-deal%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-to-air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2013" class="citation book cs1">Munro, Michael (6 October 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=wqS8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41"><i>The Complete Patter</i></a>. Birlinn. p. 41. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85790-721-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85790-721-9"><bdi>978-0-85790-721-9</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230414060850/https://books.google.com/books?id=wqS8BQAAQBAJ&pg=PT41">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2023<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Complete+Patter&rft.pages=41&rft.pub=Birlinn&rft.date=2013-10-06&rft.isbn=978-0-85790-721-9&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwqS8BQAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-to-air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://freeviewnz.tv/freeview/live-tv/">"Freeview Live TV"</a>. <i>Freeview</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-02</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Freeview&rft.atitle=Freeview+Live+TV&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffreeviewnz.tv%2Ffreeview%2Flive-tv%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AFree-to-air" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Free-to-air&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyngsat.com/freetv/index.html">Free-to-air TV channels</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lyngsat.com/freeradio/index.html">Free-to-air radio stations</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.onastra.com/channel-guide/index.php">Official guide to FTA TV channels on Astra satellites</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eutelsat.com/en/satellites.html">Eutelsat free-to-air satellites</a></li></ul>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; 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