CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html><html lang="en-US"><head><title>Just a moment...</title><meta http-equiv="Content-Type" content="text/html; charset=UTF-8"><meta http-equiv="X-UA-Compatible" content="IE=Edge"><meta name="robots" content="noindex,nofollow"><meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width,initial-scale=1"><style>*{box-sizing:border-box;margin:0;padding:0}html{line-height:1.15;-webkit-text-size-adjust:100%;color:#313131;font-family:system-ui,-apple-system,BlinkMacSystemFont,Segoe UI,Roboto,Helvetica Neue,Arial,Noto Sans,sans-serif,Apple Color Emoji,Segoe UI Emoji,Segoe UI Symbol,Noto Color Emoji}body{display:flex;flex-direction:column;height:100vh;min-height:100vh}.main-content{margin:8rem auto;max-width:60rem;padding-left:1.5rem}@media (width <= 720px){.main-content{margin-top:4rem}}.h2{font-size:1.5rem;font-weight:500;line-height:2.25rem}@media (width <= 720px){.h2{font-size:1.25rem;line-height:1.5rem}}#challenge-error-text{background-image:url(data:image/svg+xml;base64,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);background-repeat:no-repeat;background-size:contain;padding-left:34px}@media (prefers-color-scheme:dark){body{background-color:#222;color:#d9d9d9}}</style><meta http-equiv="refresh" content="120"></head><body class="no-js"><div class="main-wrapper" role="main"><div class="main-content"><noscript><div class="h2"><span id="challenge-error-text">Enable JavaScript and cookies to continue</span></div></noscript></div></div><script>(function(){window._cf_chl_opt={cvId: '3',cZone: "publications.waset.org",cType: 'non-interactive',cRay: '91356cb58a629cb9',cH: 'YczXpxomMeVuwHl9Rhd5_7vjzHCaqZqXxBCBXK10Gyc-1739791609-1.2.1.1-wZ5LWXm0sVkpVyqpwqeYSZKqK1wgIFswye1fimAF.rDjNH.BJ2rghMkccog6UPyj',cUPMDTk: "\/abstracts\/search?q=child%20sexual%20abuse&__cf_chl_tk=Ix7mS_HF_vl169lFmDRJLSOX1qsImt0wThLHNp_NIJc-1739791609-1.0.1.1-v0qexlgPW2OJ9VNiMLvsR.kRJJqCfrDKAfN.bJCItH8",cFPWv: 'b',cITimeS: '1739791609',cTTimeMs: '1000',cMTimeMs: '120000',cTplC: 0,cTplV: 5,cTplB: 'cf',cK: "",fa: "\/abstracts\/search?q=child%20sexual%20abuse&__cf_chl_f_tk=Ix7mS_HF_vl169lFmDRJLSOX1qsImt0wThLHNp_NIJc-1739791609-1.0.1.1-v0qexlgPW2OJ9VNiMLvsR.kRJJqCfrDKAfN.bJCItH8",md: "Uk3db_tf6coLTyO3xEJLU64MjNRiRwoG6_exh2QWygY-1739791609-1.2.1.1-SRyn4fHC49mLSQXymM6tYp8.TrSt4nnYOPEu3tY60JqqGGpP_x607j.DJ.AZkvM0p_05ltJBJbdlwRVwBe7tD7W2MssvjaAofGFinaMQOl5sqah2D38on1zoM.CALmuGwby4Pq_bgoP9HiZ_o8hVDg1pmi1ubfdQc8hK92vF9tCxV8QoC2aI_NhQqujQkYFNnDgYjSa6ifznSSEwojheivczhheHXibXL_bjxgLucw2fqejPTA1a51pQJMBBSX8J2hGi6paRWdEPIx_EKFmneqiIu_p.reME4XUr9fb1ZDk.UWTY.uteoUXU27gLbb6Ftxl4JCcbdeW_xLDxFrfGHkYoqiDimEvxV6kVhVTvL4TU3Xy3LgJfJMqkDLZocHakNM23dVMIGzNtcnITYHazaqegI.XqFub24C7Q3b0JKoC_uITkA_PYfwAtB1agfoWYLc1p1dzLuQnkHl0B8sCFrgt1yDT5XSiS48xRBpYeH5qYcNlj20aLzXA4C6VxJDWISAhcuQZmbe2v7B3f4Z8fjYGcOsqWFOowEZu3NmQgDeSs3a7ylAATLodQNz6AdYaQUzSybczsxJOMicvYnp7RslDXxwGYW86lsHBvHZ1Bjs5MNPQlCvsE5Vo09VRNKriVWf6RPlgHP8yaW9OJ6.Sn9m.ZmBwJ.mylsNYbiNe1ED.vdOKkMI2PNoDF1lZNEhPx3zBaJ60wZRmO4Ab5_ELtIWlfm0XN6KqyeDKFrigM_6xV3iimVFBw9thstYWow1cmROENckBU2NAi6A.htafCjl5kzonUMj2fRDpxWw1Pgn7ZskxpO97JbA6rf0gVJuYMcXrcf4YH275gfqyDa59x.2BdTz6NR9NFgyywgnA8We_hCSg3x3zN5xXZyDLJUo.1qtACcd5yu8z69f2qyA0gXglCTJIq.WytlvRrLZfpyqPJOvaaKLGlbNhTf4jKJL5kYhri6oBVfu_8gxmf09g36dWqyX1rBWizN0KoDry6Iknj8Rulo0cxAYrAhNrg8Vs.a2MUlU33gORjLeBN3OVJL7DO5NqzBTnBaVQBaiW9OFAYH4P1JjJnkWbkraYt.V1Cs2gjrR_c0e744eP7vTe7YRLnxVRUEg4V7h87nHZxwNySALtJdHmVqSkTVZIuddf12CNcLY.FPKta3z8Zr7.8ehweDZSPoqlqyyEqJqKx13J9usdXIpeqrr9Sc3Xci0PJMKB7YtRULkgI5GgwdiNDkTdxqwHU_sEbhYX3_SI4TrXSPJnL96Y5jmYz813udVAbfnNB4aj_5D5PqCoYSJjL6ftM.8M84ZIsAJygBwuqvWWKpdmJ_SUA_j5pVcp.wsgX8t8j7cSz7TvU07wLD1Z_1SKNFq0KiYTNn0KkX4NEcbAFJCe5vLy1Gki56WlyxfU7iIu81GlsjBLDrtZFMLPJGdPVxF86EqMvbdjfZDHg8._tFrOT8xpQhS6uS2Ejh6TYlvSe2WcCFjG5FkNFMaxhUaYd95ZpIh1.6JsZjpWElQ3zKYyYt6gjnUD.7xGxa3JDK3Mtu5ZAxyWXYLIzDOzZnZubhj.sSWPFscLi8tSsRDd5seZp4577rDFSFH65W14FG8erbfLqp_0Z4c8apSeYm1MYXesiM3UHRojMgkR8_50F.2Hqi1xE89sBAh64mG4oR.rxIyqUyckPmFSgnE_EtLxBplywZ8Ksi6d3CxQj8eawhI8q3egDF34gM7Cor403gpyvZeJdzGgmXacYgdObDyGSI5FQN8g06lkblwmLtYkF7JEiXBDCLFtlJlnWt.Ew9g9r_NctrNCQFjtt.GJg4Ro1SlIkcdGt5x35p9.5do_un.Fdbp11eg5BIcRnJYqvtVKXhZWQlIdvX3mHGXiUARcwBzQooMP8tXsSkdG6E3ycy0V8j6dOBuBEvHFi_mZBfcOPiwy3r0iMREnF0SjnovO_84bKbh8MjtUREu4G.sXNw7yWhk2EBIKpBHaopUZS",mdrd: "WtCo3B6EXE68rC2WOfaqrwxdXwrhfkjNLKnTOf2DJhg-1739791609-1.2.1.1-XXstLZOhJWxpm5p1h7cgQKL8nJ1D4jMlCqU6l4xs0.GAN4557KsZm3FsAAPQqSvKZ7JwwlncuzVSF22RlabTuxUqGb5K1Sjhf7whaTcqHphaCUf6gsQlKyQ93jiVXwW0rvsafjITH8eJkrv0sdOG4_q6beSxZeaOvPfxD_NmYMno86cHHcvFuXEjM2mMYGCaahLPoTpzGhsmngDkqDA9kxB86vLViUhbz_Ar_sPcOpe0z5GuUzn0KkuFIHE70oSsYmy0Dmude1LcmzquGhym5aF3ltZJLFBnGM2OSLRTrvELDbmPk2kJPdXpaoTj8A2E9tf0Yfn.sMm9Vc.p5sD799fsr0YEfRbKRVJw1nN_JSZH1.hTZ3dd91pl0Jux9OQsYuiFVOIrBOEKpE9_RMfIyz4nYBgo8xelJa3K2vsp.cdY6pYVJCrph_0Z17EaOus0v6PTUG8YboU5IRkzhTafzLtL_OU4j3F1nQwXzmmhupLbRcNFDcoGtb6pG3XyQ8X9n07MLLAO9H6lH.R_BaPxHFD6PP088emuX6GnxkJk4QbvwbBqtZFRyBv6eaaV9xLKppIzKRTm_xEzln8IT1DnYBDoVwLW_FJJl0Q4K8UBq4xPd5sTPN4ETn.ytFQ1LlKh.9wo0iyemlZ2Z.gDTXcA5BbBXBgOGRens5Fmfo6hQwpC5yKE8.kukME.CObRMB9JOdudsBh2GqocWIXhazA9_Fq485h_e8UbT8YEMoDF123r84zErTV3Xpzhx3gy0LhIqs0hLWrtuysKNOGD9.BBoYHHc9UvCvak.kV7WQVmLk8KAMUzhEmDX8uHsqT0cBbE6ndbfrsbv7ETF.3NT1p.pbjmJPuZOqLjYEtPhYZNvpVIQOxLzLxFdCTmSk1EXwwV3.WBjAoxCVijEu38WiZVDqe.yFm367905.4h7NgRv4itN3VY_bLyBzYAILtgseTHbWxBurrmDrkBLKOCNHkyzKFuf1vMcMWlJLyAm6zyK99QVLyRjYgBYcTZ7.bIZBnFi6hldebH7qUrNb2GkhKa0rRpPwmIQO42r9GrAeh3myP1G9r8HiifW0tOtDhbpewHGqGsoA10du0jHQfI9JCM7aHfzF41dOFSgSEtxvYFgizw4lrC9oR_9qkOgNHD.PAPUFAV4RtTm_gP8zc35lVOsrhEEmEYLPJbyYC0RVW26YeUUD99fB.NQ6BALvQFtj4XBA4agbLZ6PL0Nv9ik1xfMG38_qU9brHcKu36BzxOElO6D9ku8j0fXoW3RvlCd3bVeo66H6DVScCbeXyydoyevXjO7mheMkknmXqfoxVcs33_POjxYPxLN13M1oHOUt.pi0Ksb3F2p7WkLuMblFZ49R3ySbuNRfy06m0l8ejC3Px6v.T61.GXKud4la3u8v9Qs96st73CR1JLR.SiRJLGJ_eyktY5W284rdt95L_NQLCDi1aLyN3YvxU2DtoSB1zVbVOYbiVHKG0YKZS1iN.wmuRV7J6Y6.drfp2vAK9HMRge30016AZEmrKMwlD5zpiC2EHbJSqCROxSK7UGgsYQ82eUprBBUu7pEngHaXxcH9G2X7MakU2HT6Zc4r1IS2uBd5RJWgUPFyffItAtfiK0xPPxCBZ98LMJ85MAmHWbbwp68CGssXho8OfxG7v0GNqslEEwJVHy3Cs7AGYOmc4gBv26XXTnWrVJC_iTSMSLcMmyJ4uGk9iJqc6kTMKmeI7.zHCxUEd0APempcaKAFN3WQ7vckpRNbRKpQ8u7pHWYWgOcAvnmkBDykdeMf.V7qAl9KLuyf8.UlqDiU.Qkwt3nar4GhbTsVBZzrKTn83KbyhiDFQP.gIah0XHnBuTcSUFE1OUt66pjeIBJICu8eGF7v8CCGpUImJhCc2tsDvHc9u6iZXLyJGpJLzufF5tM1uvxqNFhAjGidOvQz04185IxSPFtHPLnXIZtITib07wx72ku.M.QC23AwzmCkQN97jx"};var cpo = document.createElement('script');cpo.src = '/cdn-cgi/challenge-platform/h/b/orchestrate/chl_page/v1?ray=91356cb58a629cb9';window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash = location.hash === '' && location.href.indexOf('#') !== -1 ? '#' : location.hash;window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery = location.search === '' && location.href.slice(0, location.href.length - window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash.length).indexOf('?') !== -1 ? '?' : location.search;if (window.history && window.history.replaceState) {var ogU = location.pathname + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUQuery + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash;history.replaceState(null, null, "\/abstracts\/search?q=child%20sexual%20abuse&__cf_chl_rt_tk=Ix7mS_HF_vl169lFmDRJLSOX1qsImt0wThLHNp_NIJc-1739791609-1.0.1.1-v0qexlgPW2OJ9VNiMLvsR.kRJJqCfrDKAfN.bJCItH8" + window._cf_chl_opt.cOgUHash);cpo.onload = function() {history.replaceState(null, null, ogU);}}document.getElementsByTagName('head')[0].appendChild(cpo);}());</script></body></html>