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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Limits of perception</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Limits_of_perception-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sound_localization" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sound_localization"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Sound localization</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sound_localization-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Masking_effects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Masking_effects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Masking effects</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Masking_effects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Missing_fundamental" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Missing_fundamental"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Missing fundamental</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Missing_fundamental-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Software" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Software"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Software</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Software-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Music</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Applied_psychoacoustics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Applied_psychoacoustics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Applied psychoacoustics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Applied_psychoacoustics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-See_also-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle See also subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Related_fields" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Related_fields"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.1</span> <span>Related fields</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Related_fields-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Psychoacoustic_topics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Psychoacoustic_topics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9.2</span> <span>Psychoacoustic topics</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Psychoacoustic_topics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle References subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.1</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10.2</span> <span>Sources</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Psychoacoustics</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 28 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-28" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">28 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D1%96%D1%85%D0%B0%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Псіхаакустыка – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Псіхаакустыка" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoac%C3%BAstica" title="Psicoacústica – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Psicoacústica" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoakustika" title="Psychoakustika – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Psychoakustika" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoakustik" title="Psychoakustik – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Psychoakustik" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ps%C3%BChhoakustika" title="Psühhoakustika – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Psühhoakustika" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A8%CF%85%CF%87%CE%BF%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%BF%CF%85%CF%83%CF%84%CE%B9%CE%BA%CE%AE" title="Ψυχοακουστική – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Ψυχοακουστική" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoac%C3%BAstica" title="Psicoacústica – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Psicoacústica" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoacoustique" title="Psychoacoustique – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Psychoacoustique" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9D%8C%ED%96%A5%EC%8B%AC%EB%A6%AC%ED%95%99" title="음향심리학 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="음향심리학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slu%C5%A1na_percepcija" title="Slušna percepcija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Slušna percepcija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoacustica" title="Psicoacustica – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Psicoacustica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%95%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83_%D1%82%D2%AF%D0%B9%D1%81%D1%96%D0%BA%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D1%96" title="Есту түйсіктері – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Есту түйсіктері" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akusztikus_k%C3%B3dol%C3%A1s" title="Akusztikus kódolás – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Akusztikus kódolás" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoakoestiek" title="Psychoakoestiek – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Psychoakoestiek" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E9%9F%B3%E9%9F%BF%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6" title="音響心理学 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="音響心理学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykoakustikk" title="Psykoakustikk – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Psykoakustikk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoakustyka" title="Psychoakustyka – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Psychoakustyka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psicoac%C3%BAstica" title="Psicoacústica – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Psicoacústica" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Психоакустика – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Психоакустика" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psikoakustika" title="Psikoakustika – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Psikoakustika" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psychoakustika" title="Psychoakustika – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Psychoakustika" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psihoakustika" title="Psihoakustika – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Psihoakustika" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykoakustiikka" title="Psykoakustiikka – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Psykoakustiikka" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psykoakustik" title="Psykoakustik – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Psykoakustik" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%88%E0%B8%B4%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A8%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="จิตสวนศาสตร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="จิตสวนศาสตร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%81%D0%B8%D1%85%D0%BE%D0%B0%D0%BA%D1%83%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BA%D0%B0" title="Психоакустика – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Психоакустика" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E8%81%B2%E5%AD%B8" title="心理聲學 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="心理聲學" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%BF%83%E7%90%86%E5%A3%B0%E5%AD%A6" title="心理声学 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="心理声学" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q557399#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet 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data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Scientific study of sound perception</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p><p><b>Psychoacoustics</b> is the branch of <a href="/wiki/Psychophysics" title="Psychophysics">psychophysics</a> involving the scientific study of the <a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">perception</a> of <a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">sound</a> by the human <a href="/wiki/Auditory_system" title="Auditory system">auditory system</a>. It is the branch of science studying the <a href="/wiki/Psychological" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychological">psychological</a> responses associated with sound including <a href="/wiki/Noise" title="Noise">noise</a>, <a href="/wiki/Speech" title="Speech">speech</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Music" title="Music">music</a>. Psychoacoustics is an interdisciplinary field including psychology, <a href="/wiki/Acoustics" title="Acoustics">acoustics</a>, electronic engineering, physics, biology, physiology, and computer science.<sup id="cite_ref-Ballou_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ballou-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Background">Background</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Background"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>, that something arrives at the <a href="/wiki/Ear" title="Ear">ear</a> as a mechanical sound wave traveling through the air, but within the ear it is transformed into neural <a href="/wiki/Action_potentials" class="mw-redirect" title="Action potentials">action potentials</a>.[Auditory system|audio processing]], it is advantageous to take into account not just the mechanics of the environment, but also the fact that both the ear and the brain are involved in a person's listening experience.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Inner_ear" title="Inner ear">inner ear</a>, for example, does significant <a href="/wiki/Signal_processing" title="Signal processing">signal processing</a> in converting sound <a href="/wiki/Waveform" title="Waveform">waveforms</a> into neural stimuli, this processing renders certain differences between waveforms imperceptible.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Data_compression" title="Data compression">Data compression</a> techniques, such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, make use of this fact.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In addition, the ear has a nonlinear response to sounds of different intensity levels; this nonlinear response is called <a href="/wiki/Loudness" title="Loudness">loudness</a>. <a href="/wiki/Telephone_network" title="Telephone network">Telephone networks</a> and audio <a href="/wiki/Noise_reduction" title="Noise reduction">noise reduction</a> systems make use of this fact by nonlinearly compressing data samples before transmission and then expanding them for playback.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another effect of the ear's nonlinear response is that sounds that are close in frequency produce phantom beat notes, or <a href="/wiki/Intermodulation" title="Intermodulation">intermodulation</a> distortion products.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Limits_of_perception">Limits of perception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Limits of perception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg/250px-Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg/330px-Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg/500px-Perceived_Human_Hearing.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="705" data-file-height="452" /></a><figcaption>An <a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">equal-loudness contour</a>. Note peak sensitivity around <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003200000000000000♠"></span>2–4 <a href="/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kHz</a></span>, in the middle of the <a href="/wiki/Voice_frequency" title="Voice frequency">voice frequency band</a>.</figcaption></figure> <p>The human ear can nominally hear sounds in the range <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7001200000000000000♠"></span>20 to 20<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> <a href="/wiki/Hertz" title="Hertz">Hz</a></span>. The upper limit tends to decrease with age; most adults are unable to hear above <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7004160000000000000♠"></span>16<span style="margin-left:.25em;">000</span> Hz</span>. Under ideal laboratory conditions, the lowest frequency that has been identified as a musical tone is 12 Hz.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tones between 4 and 16 Hz can be perceived via the body's <a href="/wiki/Sense_of_touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Sense of touch">sense of touch</a>. </p><p>Human perception of audio signal time separation has been measured to be less than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995099999999999999♠"></span>10 <a href="/wiki/Microsecond" title="Microsecond">μs</a></span>. This does not mean that frequencies above <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>100 <a href="/wiki/Kilohertz" class="mw-redirect" title="Kilohertz">kHz</a></span> <span class="nowrap">(1/<span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995099999999999999♠"></span>10 μs</span>)</span> are audible, but that time discrimination is not directly coupled with frequency range.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Frequency resolution of the ear is about 3.6 Hz within the octave of <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1000–2000 Hz</span> That is, changes in pitch larger than 3.6 Hz can be perceived in a clinical setting.<sup id="cite_ref-Olson_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Olson-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, even smaller pitch differences can be perceived through other means. For example, the interference of two pitches can often be heard as a repetitive variation in the volume of the tone. This amplitude modulation occurs with a frequency equal to the difference in frequencies of the two tones and is known as <a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">beating</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Semitone" title="Semitone">semitone</a> scale used in Western musical notation is not a linear frequency scale but <a href="/wiki/Logarithmic_scale" title="Logarithmic scale">logarithmic</a>. Other scales have been derived directly from experiments on human hearing perception, such as the <a href="/wiki/Mel_scale" title="Mel scale">mel scale</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bark_scale" title="Bark scale">Bark scale</a> (these are used in studying perception, but not usually in musical composition), and these are approximately logarithmic in frequency at the high-frequency end, but nearly linear at the low-frequency end. </p><p>The intensity range of audible sounds is enormous. Human eardrums are sensitive to variations in sound pressure and can detect pressure changes from as small as a few <a href="/wiki/Micropascal" class="mw-redirect" title="Micropascal">micropascals</a> (μPa) to greater than <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7005100000000000000♠"></span>100 <a href="/wiki/Pascal_(unit)" title="Pascal (unit)">kPa</a></span>. For this reason, <a href="/wiki/Sound_pressure_level" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound pressure level">sound pressure level</a> is also measured logarithmically, with all pressures referenced to <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995199999999999999♠"></span>20 μPa</span> (or <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="6995200000351250000♠"></span>1.973<span style="margin-left:.25em;">85</span><span style="margin-left:0.25em;margin-right:0.15em;">×</span>10<sup>−10</sup> <a href="/wiki/Atmosphere_(unit)" class="mw-redirect" title="Atmosphere (unit)">atm</a></span>). The lower limit of audibility is therefore defined as <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="5000000000000000000♠"></span>0 <a href="/wiki/Decibel" title="Decibel">dB</a></span>, but the upper limit is not as clearly defined. The upper limit is more a question of the potential to cause <a href="/wiki/Noise-induced_hearing_loss" title="Noise-induced hearing loss">noise-induced hearing loss</a>. </p><p>A more rigorous exploration of the lower limits of audibility determines that the minimum threshold at which a sound can be heard is frequency dependent. By measuring this minimum intensity for test tones of various frequencies, a frequency-dependent <a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">absolute threshold of hearing</a> (ATH) curve may be derived. Typically, the ear shows a peak of sensitivity (i.e., its lowest ATH) between <span class="nowrap"><span data-sort-value="7003100000000000000♠"></span>1–5 kHz</span>, though the threshold changes with age, with older ears showing decreased sensitivity above 2 kHz.<sup id="cite_ref-Fastl_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Fastl-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The ATH is the lowest of the <a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">equal-loudness contours</a>. Equal-loudness contours indicate the sound pressure level (dB SPL), over the range of audible frequencies, that are perceived as being of equal loudness. Equal-loudness contours were first measured by Fletcher and Munson at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a> in 1933 using pure tones reproduced via headphones, and the data they collected are called <a href="/wiki/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher–Munson curves">Fletcher–Munson curves</a>. Because subjective loudness was difficult to measure, the Fletcher–Munson curves were averaged over many subjects. Robinson and Dadson refined the process in 1956 to obtain a new set of equal-loudness curves for a frontal sound source measured in an <a href="/wiki/Anechoic_chamber" title="Anechoic chamber">anechoic chamber</a>. The Robinson-Dadson curves were standardized as <span class="nowrap">ISO 226</span> in 1986. In 2003, <span class="nowrap">ISO 226</span> was revised using data collected from 12 international studies. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sound_localization">Sound localization</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sound localization"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">Sound localization</a></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">Sound localization</a> is the process of determining the location of a sound source. The brain utilizes subtle differences in loudness, tone and timing between the two ears to allow us to localize sound sources.<sup id="cite_ref-Thompson_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Thompson-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Localization can be described in terms of three-dimensional position: the <a href="/wiki/Azimuth" title="Azimuth">azimuth</a> or horizontal angle, the <a href="/wiki/Zenith" title="Zenith">zenith</a> or vertical angle, and the distance (for static sounds) or velocity (for moving sounds).<sup id="cite_ref-Roads_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Roads-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Humans, as most <a href="/wiki/Tetrapoda" class="mw-redirect" title="Tetrapoda">four-legged animals</a>, are adept at detecting direction in the horizontal, but less so in the vertical directions due to the ears being placed symmetrically. Some species of <a href="/wiki/Owls" class="mw-redirect" title="Owls">owls</a> have their ears placed asymmetrically and can detect sound in all three planes, an adaption to hunt small mammals in the dark.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Masking_effects">Masking effects</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Masking effects"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-Unreferenced_section plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-content ambox-Unreferenced" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Question_book-new.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/50px-Question_book-new.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="39" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/75px-Question_book-new.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/99/Question_book-new.svg/100px-Question_book-new.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="399" /></a></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This section <b>does not <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">cite</a> any <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">sources</a></b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please help <a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Psychoacoustics" title="Special:EditPage/Psychoacoustics">improve this section</a> by <a href="/wiki/Help:Referencing_for_beginners" title="Help:Referencing for beginners">adding citations to reliable sources</a>. Unsourced material may be challenged and <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability#Burden_of_evidence" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability">removed</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">June 2016</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Auditory_masking" title="Auditory masking">Auditory masking</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Audio_Mask_Graph.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Audio_Mask_Graph.png/220px-Audio_Mask_Graph.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Audio_Mask_Graph.png/330px-Audio_Mask_Graph.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Audio_Mask_Graph.png/440px-Audio_Mask_Graph.png 2x" data-file-width="2384" data-file-height="1544" /></a><figcaption>Audio masking graph</figcaption></figure> <p>Suppose a listener can hear a given acoustical signal under silent conditions. When a signal is playing while another sound is being played (a masker), the signal has to be stronger for the listener to hear it. The masker does not need to have the frequency components of the original signal for masking to happen. A masked signal can be heard even though it is weaker than the masker. Masking happens when a signal and a masker are played together—for instance, when one person whispers while another person shouts—and the listener doesn't hear the weaker signal as it has been masked by the louder masker. Masking can also happen to a signal before a masker starts or after a masker stops. For example, a single sudden loud clap sound can make sounds inaudible that immediately precede or follow. The effects of <a href="/wiki/Backward_masking" title="Backward masking">backward masking</a> is weaker than forward masking. The masking effect has been widely studied in psychoacoustical research. One can change the level of the masker and measure the threshold, then create a diagram of a psychophysical tuning curve that will reveal similar features. Masking effects are also used in lossy audio encoding, such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Missing_fundamental">Missing fundamental</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Missing fundamental"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></div> <p>When presented with a <a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">harmonic series</a> of frequencies in the relationship 2<i>f</i>, 3<i>f</i>, 4<i>f</i>, 5<i>f</i>, etc. (where <i>f</i> is a specific frequency), humans tend to perceive that the pitch is <i>f</i>. An audible example can be found on YouTube.<sup id="cite_ref-ytmiss_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ytmiss-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Software">Software</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Software"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg/220px-Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="118" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg/330px-Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg/440px-Acustic_Block_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="787" data-file-height="423" /></a><figcaption>Perceptual audio coding uses psychoacoustics-based algorithms.</figcaption></figure> <p>The psychoacoustic model provides for high quality <a href="/wiki/Lossy_data_compression" class="mw-redirect" title="Lossy data compression">lossy signal compression</a> by describing which parts of a given digital audio signal can be removed (or aggressively compressed) safely—that is, without significant losses in the (consciously) perceived quality of the sound. </p><p>It can explain how a sharp clap of the hands might seem painfully loud in a quiet library but is hardly noticeable after a car backfires on a busy, urban street. This provides great benefit to the overall compression ratio, and psychoacoustic analysis routinely leads to compressed music files that are one-tenth to one-twelfth the size of high-quality masters, but with discernibly less proportional quality loss. Such compression is a feature of nearly all modern lossy audio compression formats. Some of these formats include <a href="/wiki/Dolby_Digital" title="Dolby Digital">Dolby Digital</a> (AC-3), <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a>, <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ogg_Vorbis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ogg Vorbis">Ogg Vorbis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Advanced_Audio_Coding" title="Advanced Audio Coding">AAC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Windows_Media_Audio" title="Windows Media Audio">WMA</a>, <a href="/wiki/MPEG-1_Layer_II" class="mw-redirect" title="MPEG-1 Layer II">MPEG-1 Layer II</a> (used for <a href="/wiki/Digital_audio_broadcasting" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital audio broadcasting">digital audio broadcasting</a> in several countries), and <a href="/wiki/ATRAC" title="ATRAC">ATRAC</a>, the compression used in <a href="/wiki/MiniDisc" title="MiniDisc">MiniDisc</a> and some <a href="/wiki/Walkman" title="Walkman">Walkman</a> models. </p><p>Psychoacoustics is based heavily on <a href="/wiki/Human_anatomy" title="Human anatomy">human anatomy</a>, especially the ear's limitations in perceiving sound as outlined previously. To summarize, these limitations are: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/High-frequency_limit" class="mw-redirect" title="High-frequency limit">High-frequency limit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_threshold_of_hearing" title="Absolute threshold of hearing">Absolute threshold of hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Temporal masking">Temporal masking</a> (forward masking, backward masking)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simultaneous_masking" class="mw-redirect" title="Simultaneous masking">Simultaneous masking</a> (also known as spectral masking)</li></ul> <p>A compression algorithm can assign a lower priority to sounds outside the range of human hearing. By carefully shifting bits away from the unimportant components and toward the important ones, the algorithm ensures that the sounds a listener is most likely to perceive are most accurately represented. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Music">Music</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Music"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Psychoacoustics includes topics and studies that are relevant to <a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">music psychology</a> and <a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">music therapy</a>. Theorists such as <a href="/wiki/Benjamin_Boretz" title="Benjamin Boretz">Benjamin Boretz</a> consider some of the results of psychoacoustics to be meaningful only in a musical context.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Irv_Teibel" title="Irv Teibel">Irv Teibel</a>'s <i><a href="/wiki/Environments_(album_series)" title="Environments (album series)">Environments series</a></i> LPs (1969–79) are an early example of commercially available sounds released expressly for enhancing psychological abilities.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Applied_psychoacoustics">Applied psychoacoustics</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Applied psychoacoustics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Psychoacoustic_Model.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psychoacoustic_Model.svg/250px-Psychoacoustic_Model.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="97" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psychoacoustic_Model.svg/330px-Psychoacoustic_Model.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Psychoacoustic_Model.svg/500px-Psychoacoustic_Model.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1006" data-file-height="443" /></a><figcaption>Psychoacoustic model</figcaption></figure> <p>Psychoacoustics has long enjoyed a symbiotic relationship with <a href="/wiki/Computer_science" title="Computer science">computer science</a>. Internet pioneers <a href="/wiki/J._C._R._Licklider" title="J. C. R. Licklider">J. C. R. Licklider</a> and <a href="/wiki/Robert_Taylor_(computer_scientist)" title="Robert Taylor (computer scientist)">Bob Taylor</a> both completed graduate-level work in psychoacoustics, while <a href="/wiki/BBN_Technologies" class="mw-redirect" title="BBN Technologies">BBN Technologies</a> originally specialized in consulting on acoustics issues before it began building the first <a href="/wiki/Packet-switched_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Packet-switched network">packet-switched network</a>. </p><p>Licklider wrote a paper entitled "A duplex theory of pitch perception".<sup id="cite_ref-Raychel_Rappold_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Raychel_Rappold-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Psychoacoustics is applied within many fields of software development, where developers map proven and experimental mathematical patterns in digital signal processing. Many audio compression codecs such as <a href="/wiki/MP3" title="MP3">MP3</a> and <a href="/wiki/Opus_(audio_format)" title="Opus (audio format)">Opus</a> use a psychoacoustic model to increase compression ratios. The success of <a href="/wiki/Home_audio" title="Home audio">conventional audio systems</a> for the reproduction of music in theatres and homes can be attributed to psychoacoustics<sup id="cite_ref-stereo_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-stereo-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and psychoacoustic considerations gave rise to novel audio systems, such as psychoacoustic <a href="/wiki/Wave_field_synthesis" title="Wave field synthesis">sound field synthesis</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-pmsfs_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pmsfs-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Furthermore, scientists have experimented with limited success in creating new acoustic weapons, which emit frequencies that may impair, harm, or kill.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Psychoacoustics are also leveraged in <a href="/wiki/Sonification" title="Sonification">sonification</a> to make multiple independent data dimensions audible and easily interpretable.<sup id="cite_ref-soni_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-soni-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This enables auditory guidance without the need for spatial audio and in <a href="/wiki/Sonification" title="Sonification">sonification</a> <a href="/wiki/Computer_games" class="mw-redirect" title="Computer games">computer games</a><sup id="cite_ref-curat_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-curat-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and other applications, such as <a href="/wiki/Drone_racing" title="Drone racing">drone</a> flying and <a href="/wiki/Image-guided_surgery" title="Image-guided surgery">image-guided surgery</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-infsoc_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-infsoc-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is also applied today within music, where musicians and artists continue to create new auditory experiences by masking unwanted frequencies of instruments, causing other frequencies to be enhanced. Yet another application is in the design of small or lower-quality loudspeakers, which can use the phenomenon of <a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">missing fundamentals</a> to give the effect of bass notes at lower frequencies than the loudspeakers are physically able to produce (see references). </p><p>Automobile manufacturers engineer their engines and even doors to have a certain sound.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 0;display:table;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:175px;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portalborder{border:1px solid var(--border-color-base,#a2a9b1);padding:0.1em;background:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa)}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-entry{display:table-row;font-size:85%;line-height:110%;height:1.9em;font-style:italic;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-image{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em;vertical-align:middle;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .portalbox-link{display:table-cell;padding:0.2em 0.2em 0.2em 0.3em;vertical-align:middle}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .portalleft{margin:0.5em 1em 0.5em 0}.mw-parser-output .portalright{clear:right;float:right;margin:0.5em 0 0.5em 1em}}</style><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/10px-GClef.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/15px-GClef.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/GClef.svg/20px-GClef.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="15" data-file-height="41" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Music" title="Portal:Music">Music portal</a></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Related_fields">Related fields</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Related fields"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_neuroscience_of_music" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Psychoacoustic_topics">Psychoacoustic topics</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Psychoacoustic topics"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/A-weighting" title="A-weighting">A-weighting</a>, a commonly used perceptual loudness <a href="/wiki/Transfer_function" title="Transfer function">transfer function</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ABX_test" title="ABX test">ABX test</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audiology" title="Audiology">Audiology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_scene_analysis" title="Auditory scene analysis">Auditory scene analysis</a> incl. 3D-sound perception, localization</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Binaural_beats" class="mw-redirect" title="Binaural beats">Binaural beats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blind_signal_separation" class="mw-redirect" title="Blind signal separation">Blind signal separation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">Combination tone (also Tartini tone)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scale_illusion" class="mw-redirect" title="Scale illusion">Deutsch's Scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equivalent_rectangular_bandwidth" title="Equivalent rectangular bandwidth">Equivalent rectangular bandwidth</a> (ERB)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hypersonic_effect" title="Hypersonic effect">Hypersonic effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Language_processing" class="mw-redirect" title="Language processing">Language processing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Misophonia" title="Misophonia">Misophonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_tuning" title="Musical tuning">Musical tuning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Noise_health_effects" class="mw-redirect" title="Noise health effects">Noise health effects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch (music)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Precedence_effect" title="Precedence effect">Precedence effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psycholinguistics" title="Psycholinguistics">Psycholinguistics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rate-distortion_theory" class="mw-redirect" title="Rate-distortion theory">Rate-distortion theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_localization" title="Sound localization">Sound localization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_of_fingernails_scraping_chalkboard" class="mw-redirect" title="Sound of fingernails scraping chalkboard">Sound of fingernails scraping chalkboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound_masking" title="Sound masking">Sound masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech perception</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timbre" title="Timbre">Timbre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Notes">Notes</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ballou-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Ballou_1-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFBallou2012" class="citation book cs1">Ballou, Glen (2012-11-12). <i>Handbook for Sound Engineers</i> (Fourth ed.). <a href="/wiki/Taylor_%26_Francis" title="Taylor & Francis">Taylor & Francis</a>. p. 43. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781136122538" title="Special:BookSources/9781136122538"><bdi>9781136122538</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Handbook+for+Sound+Engineers&rft.pages=43&rft.edition=Fourth&rft.pub=Taylor+%26+Francis&rft.date=2012-11-12&rft.isbn=9781136122538&rft.aulast=Ballou&rft.aufirst=Glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFChristopher_J._Plack2005" class="citation book cs1">Christopher J. Plack (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=DoGzm3soUoMC&q=ear+hearing+cochlea++inauthor:plack&pg=PA65"><i>The Sense of Hearing</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4884-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8058-4884-7"><bdi>978-0-8058-4884-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sense+of+Hearing&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-0-8058-4884-7&rft.au=Christopher+J.+Plack&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DDoGzm3soUoMC%26q%3Dear%2Bhearing%2Bcochlea%2B%2Binauthor%3Aplack%26pg%3DPA65&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLars_AhlzenClarence_Song2003" class="citation book cs1">Lars Ahlzen; Clarence Song (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=tKO-truWww8C&q=mp3++imperceptible+ear&pg=PA310"><i>The Sound Blaster Live! Book</i></a>. No Starch Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-886411-73-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-886411-73-9"><bdi>978-1-886411-73-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Sound+Blaster+Live%21+Book&rft.pub=No+Starch+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-886411-73-9&rft.au=Lars+Ahlzen&rft.au=Clarence+Song&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DtKO-truWww8C%26q%3Dmp3%2B%2Bimperceptible%2Bear%26pg%3DPA310&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRudolf_F._Graf1999" class="citation book cs1">Rudolf F. Graf (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=o2I1JWPpdusC&q=compression+expansion+noise-reduction+telephone&pg=PA137"><i>Modern dictionary of electronics</i></a>. Newnes. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-9866-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7506-9866-5"><bdi>978-0-7506-9866-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+dictionary+of+electronics&rft.pub=Newnes&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7506-9866-5&rft.au=Rudolf+F.+Graf&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Do2I1JWPpdusC%26q%3Dcompression%2Bexpansion%2Bnoise-reduction%2Btelephone%26pg%3DPA137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-5">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFJack_KatzRobert_F._BurkardLarry_Medwetsky2002" class="citation book cs1">Jack Katz; Robert F. 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Olson">Olson, Harry F.</a> (1967). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=RUDTFBbb7jAC"><i>Music, Physics and Engineering</i></a>. Dover Publications. pp. <span class="nowrap">248–</span>251. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21769-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-486-21769-7"><bdi>978-0-486-21769-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Music%2C+Physics+and+Engineering&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E248-%3C%2Fspan%3E251&rft.pub=Dover+Publications&rft.date=1967&rft.isbn=978-0-486-21769-7&rft.aulast=Olson&rft.aufirst=Harry+F.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DRUDTFBbb7jAC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFKuncher2007" class="citation web cs1">Kuncher, Milind (August 2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~kunchur//papers/Audibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf">"Audibility of temporal smearing and time misalignment of acoustic signals"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>boson.physics.sc.edu</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140714143515/http://boson.physics.sc.edu/~kunchur//papers/Audibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 14 July 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=boson.physics.sc.edu&rft.atitle=Audibility+of+temporal+smearing+and+time+misalignment+of+acoustic+signals&rft.date=2007-08&rft.aulast=Kuncher&rft.aufirst=Milind&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fboson.physics.sc.edu%2F~kunchur%2F%2Fpapers%2FAudibility-of-time-misalignment-of-acoustic-signals---Kunchur.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFRobjohns2016" class="citation web cs1">Robjohns, Hugh (August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.soundonsound.com/techniques/mqa-time-domain-accuracy-digital-audio-quality">"MQA Time-domain Accuracy & Digital Audio Quality"</a>. <i>soundonsound.com</i>. 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Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">21–</span>22. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23159-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-23159-2"><bdi>978-3-540-23159-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Psychoacoustics%3A+Facts+and+Models&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E21-%3C%2Fspan%3E22&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-3-540-23159-2&rft.aulast=Fastl&rft.aufirst=Hugo&rft.au=Zwicker%2C+Eberhard&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Thompson-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Thompson_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Thompson, Daniel M. Understanding Audio: Getting the Most out of Your Project or Professional Recording Studio. Boston, MA: Berklee, 2005. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Roads-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Roads_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Roads, Curtis. The Computer Music Tutorial. Cambridge, MA: MIT, 2007. Print.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lewis, D.P. (2007): Owl ears and hearing. Owl Pages [Online]. Available: <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Physiology&title=Hearing">http://www.owlpages.com/articles.php?section=Owl+Physiology&title=Hearing</a> [2011, April 5]</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ytmiss-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-ytmiss_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAcoustic2015" class="citation web cs1">Acoustic, Musical (9 March 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t-iWKvh6Fbw">"Missing Fundamental"</a>. <i>YouTube</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211220/t-iWKvh6Fbw">Archived</a> from the original on 2021-12-20<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">19 August</span> 2019</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=YouTube&rft.atitle=Missing+Fundamental&rft.date=2015-03-09&rft.aulast=Acoustic&rft.aufirst=Musical&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dt-iWKvh6Fbw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFSterne2003" class="citation book cs1">Sterne, Jonathan (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=xeh0Fhe9Y9wC&q=psycho"><i>The Audible Past: Cultural Origins of Sound Reproduction</i></a>. Durham: Duke University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780822330134" title="Special:BookSources/9780822330134"><bdi>9780822330134</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Audible+Past%3A+Cultural+Origins+of+Sound+Reproduction&rft.place=Durham&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=9780822330134&rft.aulast=Sterne&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dxeh0Fhe9Y9wC%26q%3Dpsycho&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCummings" class="citation web cs1">Cummings, Jim. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://earthear.com/blog/archives/198">"Irv Teibel died this week: Creator of 1970s "Environments" LPs"</a>. <i>Earth Ear</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 November</span> 2015</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Earth+Ear&rft.atitle=Irv+Teibel+died+this+week%3A+Creator+of+1970s+%22Environments%22+LPs&rft.aulast=Cummings&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fearthear.com%2Fblog%2Farchives%2F198&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Raychel_Rappold-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Raychel_Rappold_16-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLicklider1951" class="citation journal cs1">Licklider, J. C. R. (January 1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://web.mit.edu/HST.723/www/ThemePapers/Pitch/Licklider1951.pdf">"A Duplex Theory of Pitch Perception"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America</i>. <b>23</b> (1): 147. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1951ASAJ...23..147L">1951ASAJ...23..147L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1121%2F1.1917296">10.1121/1.1917296</a></span>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160902124120/http://web.mit.edu/HST.723/www/ThemePapers/Pitch/Licklider1951.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on 2016-09-02.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+the+Acoustical+Society+of+America&rft.atitle=A+Duplex+Theory+of+Pitch+Perception&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=147&rft.date=1951-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1121%2F1.1917296&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1951ASAJ...23..147L&rft.aulast=Licklider&rft.aufirst=J.+C.+R.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fweb.mit.edu%2FHST.723%2Fwww%2FThemePapers%2FPitch%2FLicklider1951.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-stereo-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-stereo_17-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiemer2020" class="citation book cs1">Ziemer, Tim (2020). "Conventional Stereophonic Sound". <i>Psychoacoustic Music Sound Field Synthesis</i>. Current Research in Systematic Musicology. Vol. 7. Cham: Springer. pp. <span class="nowrap">171–</span>202. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1007%2F978-3-030-23033-3_7">10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_7</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23033-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-030-23033-3"><bdi>978-3-030-23033-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:201142606">201142606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Conventional+Stereophonic+Sound&rft.btitle=Psychoacoustic+Music+Sound+Field+Synthesis&rft.place=Cham&rft.series=Current+Research+in+Systematic+Musicology&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E171-%3C%2Fspan%3E202&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A201142606%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1007%2F978-3-030-23033-3_7&rft.isbn=978-3-030-23033-3&rft.aulast=Ziemer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-pmsfs-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-pmsfs_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiemer2020" class="citation book cs1">Ziemer, Tim (2020). <i>Psychoacoustic Music Sound Field Synthesis</i>. Current Research in Systematic Musicology. Vol. 7. 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"Psychoacoustical Interactive Sonification for Short Range Navigation". <i>Acta Acustica United with Acustica</i>. <b>104</b> (6): <span class="nowrap">1075–</span>1093. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.3813%2FAAA.919273">10.3813/AAA.919273</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:125466508">125466508</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Acta+Acustica+United+with+Acustica&rft.atitle=Psychoacoustical+Interactive+Sonification+for+Short+Range+Navigation&rft.volume=104&rft.issue=6&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E1075-%3C%2Fspan%3E1093&rft.date=2018&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.3813%2FAAA.919273&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A125466508%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Ziemer&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft.au=Schultheis%2C+Holger&rft.au=Black%2C+David&rft.au=Kikinis%2C+Ron&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-curat-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-curat_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFCURAT" class="citation web cs1">CURAT. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://curat.informatik.uni-bremen.de/en/">"Games and Training for Minimally Invasive Surgery"</a>. <i>CURAT</i>. University of Bremen<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">15 July</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CURAT&rft.atitle=Games+and+Training+for+Minimally+Invasive+Surgery&rft.au=CURAT&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcurat.informatik.uni-bremen.de%2Fen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-infsoc-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-infsoc_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFZiemerNuchprayoonSchultheis2019" class="citation journal cs1">Ziemer, Tim; Nuchprayoon, Nuttawut; Schultheis, Holger (2019). 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">10 August</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Bloomberg+Business&rft.atitle=Mercedes+Doors+Have+a+Signature+Sound%3A+Here%27s+How&rft.date=2014-08-05&rft.aulast=Tarmy&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bloomberg.com%2Fnews%2Farticles%2F2014-08-05%2Fmercedes-doors-have-a-signature-sound-here-s-how&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sources">Sources</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li>E. Larsen and R.M. Aarts (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190319032514/http://www.dse.nl/~rmaarts/">Audio Bandwidth extension. Application of Psychoacoustics, Signal Processing and Loudspeaker Design.</a>, J. Wiley.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFLarsen_E.Aarts_R.M.2002" class="citation journal cs1">Larsen E.; Aarts R.M. 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(February 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2005.12.096">"The Role of Biological System other Than Auditory Air-conduction in the Emergence of the Hypersonic Effect"</a>. <i>Brain Research</i>. <span class="nowrap">1073–</span>1074: <span class="nowrap">339–</span>347. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2005.12.096">10.1016/j.brainres.2005.12.096</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16458271">16458271</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Brain+Research&rft.atitle=The+Role+of+Biological+System+other+Than+Auditory+Air-conduction+in+the+Emergence+of+the+Hypersonic+Effect&rft.volume=1073%E2%80%931074&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E339-%3C%2Fspan%3E347&rft.date=2006-02&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.brainres.2005.12.096&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16458271&rft.au=Oohashi+T.&rft.au=Kawai+N.&rft.au=Nishina+E.&rft.au=Honda+M.&rft.au=Yagi+R.&rft.au=Nakamura+S.&rft.au=Morimoto+M.&rft.au=Maekawa+T.&rft.au=Yonekura+Y.&rft.au=Shibasaki+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1016%252Fj.brainres.2005.12.096&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Psychoacoustics&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Commons-logo.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/60px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Psychoacoustics" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Psychoacoustics">Psychoacoustics</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=4077">The Musical Ear—Perception of Sound</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051225152327/http://newmusicbox.org/article.nmbx?id=4077">Archived</a> 2005-12-25 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFMüllerSchniderPerstererOpitz1993" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Müller C, Schnider P, Persterer A, Opitz M, Nefjodova MV, Berger M (1993). "[Applied psychoacoustics in space flight]". <i>Wien Med Wochenschr</i> (in German). <b>143</b> (<span class="nowrap">23–</span>24): <span class="nowrap">633–</span>5. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/8178525">8178525</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wien+Med+Wochenschr&rft.atitle=%5BApplied+psychoacoustics+in+space+flight%5D&rft.volume=143&rft.issue=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E23%E2%80%93%3C%2Fspan%3E24&rft.pages=%3Cspan+class%3D%22nowrap%22%3E633-%3C%2Fspan%3E5&rft.date=1993&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F8178525&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=C&rft.au=Schnider%2C+P&rft.au=Persterer%2C+A&rft.au=Opitz%2C+M&rft.au=Nefjodova%2C+MV&rft.au=Berger%2C+M&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3APsychoacoustics" class="Z3988"></span>—Simulation of Free-field Hearing by Head Phones</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://lame.sourceforge.net/gpsycho.php">GPSYCHO—An Open-source Psycho-Acoustic and Noise-Shaping Model for ISO-Based MP3 Encoders.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.pcmag.com/encyclopedia_term/0,2542,t=perceptual+audio+coding&i=49099,00.asp">Definition of: perceptual audio coding</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120307082123/http://people.bath.ac.uk/eespjl/courses/Audio/demo/applets/Masking.html">Java appletdemonstrating masking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ccrma.stanford.edu/~bosse/proj/node21.html">Temporal Masking</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://hyperphysics.phy-astr.gsu.edu/hbase/sound/soucon.html">HyperPhysics Concepts—Sound and Hearing</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="plainlist"><ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="A spectrogram of a violin playing a note and then a perfect fifth above it. The shared partials are highlighted by the white dashes." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/80px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/120px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/26/Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png/160px-Spectrogram_showing_shared_partials.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="250" /></a></span></li><li><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Spectrogram" title="Spectrogram">Spectrogram</a></span></li></ul></div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychoacoustics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bark_scale" title="Bark scale">Bark scale</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mel_scale" title="Mel scale">Mel scale</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Equal-loudness_contour" title="Equal-loudness contour">Equal-loudness contour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Fletcher%E2%80%93Munson_curves" class="mw-redirect" title="Fletcher–Munson curves">Fletcher–Munson curves</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Audio_frequency" title="Audio frequency">Audio frequency</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">pitch</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Beat_(acoustics)" title="Beat (acoustics)">Beat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Formant" title="Formant">Formant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fundamental_frequency" title="Fundamental frequency">Fundamental frequency</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frequency_spectrum" class="mw-redirect" title="Frequency spectrum">Frequency spectrum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_spectrum" title="Harmonic spectrum">harmonic spectrum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonic</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic_series_(music)" title="Harmonic series (music)">Series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inharmonicity" title="Inharmonicity">Inharmonicity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Missing_fundamental" title="Missing fundamental">Missing fundamental</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Combination_tone" title="Combination tone">Combination tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mersenne%27s_laws" title="Mersenne's laws">Mersenne's laws</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Overtone" title="Overtone">Overtone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Acoustic_resonance" title="Acoustic resonance">Resonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standing_wave" title="Standing wave">Standing wave</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Node_(physics)" title="Node (physics)">Node</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Undertone_series" title="Undertone series">Subharmonic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Acousticians</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/John_Backus_(acoustician)" title="John Backus (acoustician)">John Backus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Blauert" title="Jens Blauert">Jens Blauert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernst_Chladni" title="Ernst Chladni">Ernst Chladni</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hermann_von_Helmholtz" title="Hermann von Helmholtz">Hermann von Helmholtz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carleen_Hutchins" title="Carleen Hutchins">Carleen Hutchins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franz_Melde" title="Franz Melde">Franz Melde</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marin_Mersenne" title="Marin Mersenne">Marin Mersenne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Werner_Meyer-Eppler" title="Werner Meyer-Eppler">Werner Meyer-Eppler</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Lord Rayleigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Sauveur" title="Joseph Sauveur">Joseph Sauveur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/D._Van_Holliday" title="D. Van Holliday">D. Van Holliday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Young_(scientist)" title="Thomas Young (scientist)">Thomas Young</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Echo" title="Echo">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Infrasound" title="Infrasound">Infrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sound" title="Sound">Sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ultrasound" title="Ultrasound">Ultrasound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Piano_acoustics" title="Piano acoustics">Piano</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Violin_acoustics" title="Violin acoustics">Violin</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Acoustics" title="Category:Acoustics">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Music_psychology177" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Music_psychology" title="Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Music_psychology" title="Template talk:Music psychology"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Music_psychology" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Music psychology"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Music_psychology177" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Music_psychology" class="mw-redirect" title="Music psychology">Music psychology</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Areas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biomusicology" title="Biomusicology">Biomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cognitive_musicology" title="Cognitive musicology">Cognitive musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroscience_of_music" title="Neuroscience of music">Cognitive neuroscience of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Culture_in_music_cognition" title="Culture in music cognition">Culture in music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Evolutionary_musicology" title="Evolutionary musicology">Evolutionary musicology</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Psychoacoustics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychology" title="Category:Music psychology">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_pitch" title="Absolute pitch">Absolute pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_illusion" title="Auditory illusion">Auditory illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_imagery" title="Auditory imagery">Auditory imagery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Background_music" title="Background music">Background music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consonance_and_dissonance" title="Consonance and dissonance">Consonance and dissonance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deutsch%27s_scale_illusion" title="Deutsch's scale illusion">Deutsch's scale illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Earworm" title="Earworm">Earworm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Embodied_music_cognition" title="Embodied music cognition">Embodied music cognition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Entrainment_(biomusicology)" title="Entrainment (biomusicology)">Entrainment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exercise_and_music" title="Exercise and music">Exercise and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eye_movement_in_music_reading" title="Eye movement in music reading">Eye movement in music reading</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Franssen_effect" title="Franssen effect">Franssen effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Generative_theory_of_tonal_music" title="Generative theory of tonal music">Generative theory of tonal music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glissando_illusion" title="Glissando illusion">Glissando illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedonic_music_consumption_model" title="Hedonic music consumption model">Hedonic music consumption model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Illusory_continuity_of_tones" title="Illusory continuity of tones">Illusory continuity of tones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Levitin_effect" title="Levitin effect">Levitin effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipps%E2%80%93Meyer_law" title="Lipps–Meyer law">Lipps–Meyer law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_expectation" title="Melodic expectation">Melodic expectation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_fission" title="Melodic fission">Melodic fission</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mozart_effect" title="Mozart effect">Mozart effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_and_emotion" title="Music and emotion">Music and emotion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dance" title="Dance">Music and movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_in_psychological_operations" title="Music in psychological operations">Music in psychological operations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_music_preference" title="Psychology of music preference">Music preference</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-related_memory" title="Music-related memory">Music-related memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_gesture" title="Musical gesture">Musical gesture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_semantics" title="Musical semantics">Musical semantics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_syntax" title="Musical syntax">Musical syntax</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Octave_illusion" title="Octave illusion">Octave illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Relative_pitch" title="Relative pitch">Relative pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sharawadji_effect" title="Sharawadji effect">Sharawadji effect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shepard_tone" title="Shepard tone">Shepard tone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech-to-song_illusion" title="Speech-to-song illusion">Speech-to-song illusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Temporal_dynamics_of_music_and_language" title="Temporal dynamics of music and language">Temporal dynamics of music and language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tonal_memory" title="Tonal memory">Tonal memory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tritone_paradox" title="Tritone paradox">Tritone paradox</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Disorders</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amusia" title="Amusia">Amusia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Auditory_arrhythmia" title="Auditory arrhythmia">Auditory arrhythmia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beat_deafness" title="Beat deafness">Beat deafness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_hallucinations" title="Musical hallucinations">Musical hallucinations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Focal_dystonia" title="Focal dystonia">Musician's dystonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music-specific_disorders" title="Music-specific disorders">Music-specific disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tone_deafness" class="mw-redirect" title="Tone deafness">Tone deafness</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related fields</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetics_of_music" title="Aesthetics of music">Aesthetics of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bioacoustics" title="Bioacoustics">Bioacoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnomusicology" title="Ethnomusicology">Ethnomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hearing" title="Hearing">Hearing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melodic_intonation_therapy" class="mw-redirect" title="Melodic intonation therapy">Melodic intonation therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_education" title="Music education">Music education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musical_acoustics" title="Musical acoustics">Musical acoustics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musicology" title="Musicology">Musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_therapy" title="Music therapy">Neurologic music therapy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuronal_encoding_of_sound" class="mw-redirect" title="Neuronal encoding of sound">Neuronal encoding of sound</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Performance_science" title="Performance science">Performance science</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philosophy_of_music" title="Philosophy of music">Philosophy of music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Psychoanalysis_and_music" title="Psychoanalysis and music">Psychoanalysis and music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sociomusicology" title="Sociomusicology">Sociomusicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Systematic_musicology" title="Systematic musicology">Systematic musicology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoomusicology" title="Zoomusicology">Zoomusicology</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Music_psychologists" title="Category:Music psychologists">Researchers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Jamshed_Bharucha" title="Jamshed Bharucha">Jamshed Bharucha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lola_Cuddy" title="Lola Cuddy">Lola Cuddy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Cutietta" title="Robert Cutietta">Robert Cutietta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jane_W._Davidson" title="Jane W. Davidson">Jane W. Davidson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ir%C3%A8ne_Deli%C3%A8ge" title="Irène Deliège">Irène Deliège</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_Deutsch" title="Diana Deutsch">Diana Deutsch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuomas_Eerola" title="Tuomas Eerola">Tuomas Eerola</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henkjan_Honing" title="Henkjan Honing">Henkjan Honing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Huron" title="David Huron">David Huron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nina_Kraus" title="Nina Kraus">Nina Kraus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carol_L._Krumhansl" title="Carol L. Krumhansl">Carol L. Krumhansl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Lerdahl" title="Fred Lerdahl">Fred Lerdahl</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Levitin" title="Daniel Levitin">Daniel Levitin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leonard_B._Meyer" title="Leonard B. Meyer">Leonard B. Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Friedrich_Meyer" title="Max Friedrich Meyer">Max Friedrich Meyer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Mursell" title="James Mursell">James Mursell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Parncutt" title="Richard Parncutt">Richard Parncutt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oliver_Sacks" title="Oliver Sacks">Oliver Sacks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Seashore" title="Carl Seashore">Carl Seashore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Max_Schoen" title="Max Schoen">Max Schoen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Shepard" title="Roger Shepard">Roger Shepard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Sloboda" title="John Sloboda">John Sloboda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carl_Stumpf" title="Carl Stumpf">Carl Stumpf</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Forde_Thompson" title="William Forde Thompson">William Forde Thompson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandra_Trehub" title="Sandra Trehub">Sandra Trehub</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Books and journals</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Music_Perception" title="Music Perception">Music Perception</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicae_Scientiae_(journal)" title="Musicae Scientiae (journal)">Musicae Scientiae (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Musicophilia" title="Musicophilia">Musicophilia</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Music,_Thought,_and_Feeling" title="Music, Thought, and Feeling">Music, Thought, and Feeling</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Psychology_of_Music_(journal)" class="mw-redirect" title="Psychology of Music (journal)">Psychology of Music (journal)</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/The_World_in_Six_Songs" title="The World in Six Songs">The World in Six Songs</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/This_Is_Your_Brain_on_Music" title="This Is Your Brain on Music">This Is Your Brain on Music</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Mental_processes175" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background:#efefef;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Mental_processes" title="Template:Mental processes"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a 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title="Cognitive liberty">Cognitive liberty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forecasting" title="Forecasting">Forecasting</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Affective_forecasting" title="Affective forecasting">affective</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foresight_(psychology)" title="Foresight (psychology)">Foresight</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Understanding" title="Understanding">Comprehension</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Consciousness" title="Consciousness">Consciousness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Critical_thinking" title="Critical thinking">Critical thinking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decision-making" title="Decision-making">Decision-making</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imagination" title="Imagination">Imagination</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Intuition" title="Intuition">Intuition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving" title="Problem solving">Problem solving</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_methods" title="Problem solving">methods</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Problem_solving#Problem-solving_strategies" title="Problem solving">strategies</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prospection" title="Prospection">Prospection</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Perception" title="Perception">Perception</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amodal_perception" title="Amodal perception">Amodal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Color_vision" title="Color vision">Color</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/RGB_color_model" title="RGB color model">RGB model</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Depth_perception" title="Depth perception">Depth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Form_perception" title="Form perception">Form</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Haptic_perception" title="Haptic perception">Haptic</a> (<a href="/wiki/Touch" class="mw-redirect" title="Touch">Touch</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aesthetic_interpretation" title="Aesthetic interpretation">Perception as interpretation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peripheral_vision" title="Peripheral vision">Peripheral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_perception" title="Social perception">Social</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Sound</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Harmonic" title="Harmonic">Harmonics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pitch_(music)" title="Pitch (music)">Pitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_perception" title="Speech perception">Speech</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visual_perception" title="Visual perception">Visual</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background:#efefef;;width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Memory" title="Memory">Memory</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Memory_consolidation" title="Memory 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