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class="site-main" id="main"> <article id="post-89" class="post-89 post type-post status-publish format-standard has-post-thumbnail hentry category-viral-infections tag-chikungunya tag-covid-19 tag-dengue tag-human-medicine tag-one-health tag-pathogenesis tag-sars-cov-2 tag-veterinary-medicine tag-viral-infections tag-zika tag-zoonotic-diseases" itemtype="https://schema.org/CreativeWork" itemscope> <div class="inside-article"> <div class="featured-image page-header-image-single "> <img width="1200" height="628" src="https://infect.blog/archive/wp-content/uploads/2024/09/image-_25_-min-1-scaled-e1726234414491.jpg" class="attachment-full size-full" alt="" itemprop="image" decoding="async" fetchpriority="high" /> </div> <header class="entry-header"> <h1 class="entry-title" itemprop="headline">One Health Approach to Emerging Viral Infections</h1> <div class="entry-meta"> <span class="posted-on"><time class="updated" datetime="2024-09-13T19:03:40+05:30" itemprop="dateModified">September 13, 2024</time><time class="entry-date published" datetime="2024-09-13T17:08:57+05:30" itemprop="datePublished">September 13, 2024</time></span> <span class="byline">by <span class="author vcard" itemprop="author" itemtype="https://schema.org/Person" itemscope><a class="url fn n" href="https://infect.blog/archive/author/infect/" title="View all posts by infect" rel="author" itemprop="url"><span class="author-name" itemprop="name">infect</span></a></span></span> </div> </header> <div class="entry-content" itemprop="text"> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">It is in this struggle that humanity engages in continuous struggles against emerging viral infections, where interdependence most strikingly shows up between human, animal, and environmental health. The way forward in the face of the complex challenges brought about by zoonotic diseases can potentially be offered by a more wholesome, comprehensive One Health approach. The One Health framework could trigger transdisciplinary and intersectoral collaboration, enabling enhancements in prevention, detection, and response to infectious diseases of possible zoonotic origin and thereby enhancing global public health security. This paper reviews and discusses the contribution of a “One Health” approach to fighting emerging viral infections. It aims at providing key points and updates from recent research on the subject at hand, understanding the “One Health” concept.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The concept of one health comes from an appreciation of the fact that human health, animal health, and the environment cannot be separated. One Health is, therefore, multi-disciplinary, integrating human medicine with veterinary medicine together with environmental science in devising effective solutions in cases where challenges are at the interface of all these. Added to that, this integrative approach is further driven home by the fact that the viruses causing COVID-19, SARS, and MERS are of zoonotic origin and have been shown to be capable of producing high levels of morbidity and mortality in humans.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Epidemiologic research remains the keystone to the One Health picture in monitoring, understanding the distribution of infectious diseases, and detecting trends, along with alerting risk factors for the spread of infectious diseases. According to several works, the origin of most emerging zoonoses is usually in wildlife, and only after hosts act as intermediates does the path reach humans—either by direct or aerosol contact. For example, COVID-19 is caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus, presumed to originate from bats and probably entering humans through an intermediate host, like pangolins. An epidemiology study about these diseases presents knowledge for targeted intervention in preventive measures.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The only way to determine methods of treatment and prevention was to investigate how these zoonotic viruses interact with host organisms and what their pathogenesis is. SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV are now known to unveil the intricate mechanisms by which the virus adapts to human hosts; shortly afterward, it can evade the immune responses such hosts develop. The surface proteins on this virus are called spike proteins and are accountable for infecting human cells. Such information regarding the structure and function of these proteins can be applied by scientists in developing vaccines or antiviral therapy that would block the entry and self-replication of viruses.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Yearwise Publication Trend on <b>“<a href="https://infect.blog/publication-trends/index/viral infections" target="_blank" title="viral infections - yearwise publication trends">viral infections</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div><div class="results-container"><div class="chart-block" style="padding:15px;"> <div class="left"> <div id="results" class="results"></div> </div> <div class="right"> <div class="chart-container"><canvas id="publicationChart"></canvas></div> </div> <div class="keywordsdiv"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publication trends on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-stats"></span> </div> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"><style> table { margin: 0 0 1.5em; 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It realizes how early the detection of emerging pathogens and the response to contain outbreaks can be done. Advanced technologies, such as next-generation genetic sequencing and computational modeling, will further increase the capability to identify and track viral mutations and the spread of those mutations. For instance, still newly discovered variants of the SARS-CoV-2 virus have come to be very helpful in the context of forming public health strategies and ways of developing vaccines. Environmental Factors and Viral Emergence Among other conditions, the environment plays the most crucial role in the emergence and transmission of zoonotic diseases.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Destruction of habitats and human incursion into the habitats of wild animals increase the probabilities for the interaction of humans with animals, thus increasing the spillover possibilities for viruses. It will further change the ecology and distribution of vectors, which may include dengue, zika, and chikungunya, some of the diseases that are transmitted through arboviral transmission. This will simultaneously ignite the spread and ecology of the vectors transmitting arboviral diseases like dengue, zika, and chikungunya. It will effectively be checked by adopting proper and sustainable sets of practices and policies for related environmental factors; hence, this will reduce future pandemics. </span></p> <h3><b>One Health Case Study: COVID-19: A Global Problem</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The COVID-19 pandemic has been a rude awakening to the necessity of a one-health approach. This pathogen spread faster than anything seen before and infected a huge number of people, stressing health systems to the extent that it emphasized the need to coordinate actions through government sectors to contain the pathogen. Such measures include not only the oversight of the wild animal trade but also habitat protection and biosecurity practices as they pertain to livestock farming. Some of these critical measures can prevent future zoonotic SARS.</span></p> <h3><b>SARS and MERS: what we have learned</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">Surely, after the horrible events of 2002 about SARS and 2012 about MERS, it has given us insight toward the well-management of zoonotic illness. Besides both of these, other than having an animal origin, SARS was started by bats with cats, and MERS was started by camels. It was also a fact that both caused grave respiratory illnesses in human beings. Therefore, the detection of animal models and studies at the host-pathogen interfaces were highly useful in the course of the diseases and in the development of countermeasures. These lessons and experiences informed the more significant part of the strategies that were set within the present combat against COVID-19.</span></p> <h3><b>Perspective on Mosquito-borne Viral Diseases: The One Health</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">These are all mosquito-borne viruses hailing from the tropical islands, but with distinct ecological surroundings and socio-demographic change combined, the most predisposing place for virus transmission.</span></p> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">This would only further reiterate, from the One Health point of view, the need for integrated vector management, environmental modification, and community engagement in controlling the spread of viruses.</span></p> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Recent Publications on <b>“<a href="https://infect.blog/recent-publications/index/viral infections" target="_blank" rel="noopener" title="viral infections - yearwise publication list">viral infections</a>”</b></h2> </div> </div> <div class="pb-main"><div class="article-scroll"><div id="results_recent" class="results"></div></div><div class="keywordsdiv" style="margin: 0px 15px;margin-top:20px;"> <div style="text-align:center;"><b>Find publications on relevant topics</b> </div> <span class="gp-icon icon-tags"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M20 39.5c-8.836 0-16 7.163-16 16v176c0 4.243 1.686 8.313 4.687 11.314l224 224c6.248 6.248 16.378 6.248 22.626 0l176-176c6.244-6.244 6.25-16.364.013-22.615l-223.5-224A15.999 15.999 0 00196.5 39.5H20zm56 96c0-13.255 10.745-24 24-24s24 10.745 24 24-10.745 24-24 24-24-10.745-24-24z"></path><path d="M259.515 43.015c4.686-4.687 12.284-4.687 16.97 0l228 228c4.686 4.686 4.686 12.284 0 16.97l-180 180c-4.686 4.687-12.284 4.687-16.97 0-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97L479.029 279.5 259.515 59.985c-4.686-4.686-4.686-12.284 0-16.97z"></path></svg></span> <span id="keyword-papers"></span> </div></div></div><div class="inside-article"> <style> .pb-main{ border: solid 1px #ccc; 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var keywordsArray = ["One Health","zoonotic diseases","emerging viral infections","epidemiology","pathogenesis","surveillance","environmental factors","vaccine development","COVID-19","SARS","MERS","arboviral"]; displayResults_recent(recent_papers); displayKeywordPapers(keywordsArray); // function stripslashes(str) { // if (typeof str === 'string') { // return str.replace(/\/g, ''); // } // } </script></p> <h3><b>Vaccine Development Update</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">No less an example of the ability to work quickly under the One Health approach is the rapid development of vaccines against such emerging viral diseases. At the forefront of those taking place, only a few would be genetic sequencing, synthetic biology, and platform technologies right there for accelerating that process. It’s very much put across that, in the case of COVID-19, mRNA vaccines put volcanology on a different curve. These technologies now enable fast vaccine design and production and are hence a critical tool in combating rapidly emerging infectious diseases.</span></p> <h3><b>Future Perspectives</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">“So an interdisciplinary approach involving various stakeholder collaborations from the government, healthcare providers, veterinarians, environmentalists, and the public is very key,” he said. Increasing the culture of conducting interdisciplinary research and action will be essential for responding to the complex challenges of zoonotic diseases. Of note, investing in education and traineeships where One Health concepts are propagated will also be important in setting up a resilient world health system.</span></p> <h3><b>Conclusion</b></h3> <p><span style="font-weight: 400;">The One Health approach offers an integrative framework for dealing with the difficult challenges of emerging viral infections, and it’s a way forward for the prevention, detection, and response to zoonotic diseases. It recognizes the intrinsic interdependence between humans, animals, and their environments in the field of surveillance and research while applying interventions. Integrated surveillance and research are indispensable in meeting future pandemics.</span></p> <p></p> <h3><b>References</b></h3> <ol> <li> <div class="citation-text">Guo G, Ye L, Pan K, Chen Y, Xing D, Yan K, Chen Z, Ding N, Li W, Huang H, Zhang L, Li X, Xue X. New <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32574318/">Insights of Emerging SARS-CoV-2: Epidemiology, Etiology, Clinical Features, Clinical Treatment, and Prevention.</a> Front Cell Dev Biol. 2020 May 22;8:410. doi: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00410. PMID: 32574318; PMCID: PMC7256189.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Zhao Y, Cui C, Zhang K, Liu J, Xu J, Nisenbaum E, Huang Y, Qin G, Chen B, Hoffer M, Blanton SH, Telischi F, Hare JM, Daunert S, Shukla B, Pahwa SG, Jayaweera DT, Farmer PE, Del Rio C, Liu X, Shu Y. COVID19: <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7248242/">A Systematic Approach to Early Identification and Healthcare Worker Protection.</a> Front Public Health. 2020 May 19;8:205. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2020.00205. PMID: 32574296; PMCID: PMC7248242.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Ali S, Noreen S, Farooq I, Bugshan A, Vohra F. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32582323/">Risk Assessment of Healthcare Workers at the Frontline against COVID-19.</a> Pak J Med Sci. 2020 May;36(COVID19-S4):S99-S103. doi: 10.12669/pjms.36.COVID19-S4.2790. PMID: 32582323; PMCID: PMC7306961.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Shi Q, Zhou Q, Wang X, Liao J, Yu Y, Wang Z, Lu S, Ma Y, Xun Y, Luo X, Li W, Fukuoka T, Ahn HS, Lee MS, Luo Z, Liu E, Chen Y, Li Q, Yang K, Guan Q; <a href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7290634/">COVID-19 Evidence and Recommendations Working Group. Potential effectiveness and safety of antiviral agents in children with coronavirus disease 2019: a rapid review and meta-analysis.</a> Ann Transl Med. 2020 May;8(10):624. doi: 10.21037/atm-20-3301. PMID: 32566561; PMCID: PMC7290634.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Liu Z, Gao L, Xue C, Zhao C, Liu T, Tia A, Wang L, Sun J, Li Z, Harding D. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35844842/">Epidemiological Trends of Coronavirus Disease 2019 in Sierra Leone From March 2020 to October 2021.</a> Front Public Health. 2022 Jun 29;10:949425. doi: 10.3389/fpubh.2022.949425. PMID: 35844842; PMCID: PMC9276960.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Song Z, Xu Y, Bao L, Zhang L, Yu P, Qu Y, Zhu H, Zhao W, Han Y, Qin C. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30646565/">From SARS to MERS, Thrusting Coronaviruses into the Spotlight.</a> Viruses. 2019 Jan 14;11(1):59. doi: 10.3390/v11010059. PMID: 30646565; PMCID: PMC6357155.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Mavian C, Dulcey M, Munoz O, Salemi M, Vittor AY, Capua I. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30585228/">Islands as Hotspots for Emerging Mosquito-Borne Viruses: A One-Health Perspective.</a> Viruses. 2018 Dec 25;11(1):11. doi: 10.3390/v11010011. PMID: 30585228; PMCID: PMC6356932.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Graham BS, Mascola JR, Fauci AS. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29566112/">Novel Vaccine Technologies: Essential Components of an Adequate Response to Emerging Viral Diseases.</a> JAMA. 2018 Apr 10;319(14):1431-1432. doi: 10.1001/jama.2018.0345. PMID: 29566112.</div> </li> <li> <div class="citation-text">Ahmad A, Eze K, Noulin N, Horvathova V, Murray B, Baillet M, Grey L, Mori J, Adda N. <a href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35172056/">EDP-938, a Respiratory Syncytial Virus Inhibitor, in a Human Virus Challenge.</a> N Engl J Med. 2022 Feb 17;386(7):655-666. doi: 10.1056/NEJMoa2108903. PMID: 35172056.</div> <div class="citation-actions"></div> </li> </ol> <p></div></div> <div style="background: #f7f7f7;border: 1px solid rgba(0, 0, 0, 0.07);"> <div style="padding: 30px;"><div class="Adblock-main"> <div class="Adblock-head"> <h2>Top Experts on “<b style="color:#000;font-size:22px;">viral infections</b>“</h2> </div> </div><div class="author-main"><div id="results_author"></div><div style="text-align: center;"><a class="register-button" href="https://infect.blog/expert-search" target="_blank" rel="noopener">Find experts on any field</a></div></div><div class="inside-article" style="background: none;border: none;box-shadow: none;margin-top: -70px;"> <style> .author-block { padding: 15px; margin-bottom: 10px; text-align: left; font-size: 15px; line-height: 1.2; background: #FFF; border-bottom: solid 1px #ccc; margin-left: 15px; margin-right: 15px; } .author-block h3 { margin: 0 0 10px; color: #227cdc; } .author-block p { margin: 5px 0; } .author-b { display: flex; justify-content: space-between; flex-wrap: wrap; margin-bottom:10px; } .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 30%; box-sizing: border-box; text-align: left; background: #dcdcdc; padding: 7px 14px; border-radius: 5px; margin-top: 3px; margin-right: 10px; } @media (max-width: 768px) { .author-b .ainfo { flex: 1 1 100%; margin: 10px 0; } } </style> <script> function displayResults_author(authors) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('results_author'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!authors || Object.keys(authors).length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No authors found.</p>'; return; } Object.values(authors).slice(0, 10).forEach(author => { if (author.affiliation.length > 400) { return; } var authorBlock = document.createElement('div'); authorBlock.className = 'author-block'; var author_name=author.name; let key_replace = author_name.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); var authorHTML = ` <h3><a href="https://infect.blog/author/index/${key_replace}\/${author.aid}" target="_blank" title="${author.name}">${author.name}</a></h3> <div class="author-b"> <div class="ainfo"><strong>H-Index:</strong> ${author.hindex}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Publication Count:</strong> ${author.paper_count}</div> <div class="ainfo"><strong>Citation Count:</strong> ${author.citation_count}</div> </div> <p><strong>Affiliation:</strong> ${author.affiliation}</p> `; authorBlock.innerHTML = authorHTML; resultsContainer.appendChild(authorBlock); }); } function displayKeywordAuthors(keywords) { var resultsContainer = document.getElementById('keyword-authors'); resultsContainer.innerHTML = ''; if (!keywords || keywords.length === 0) { resultsContainer.innerHTML = '<p>No data found.</p>'; return; } var keywordHTML = ''; keywords.forEach(key => { let key_replace = key.replace(/ /g, '-'); key_replace = key_replace.toLowerCase(); keywordHTML += `<a href="https://infect.blog/expert-search/index/${key_replace}" target="_blank" title="${key}">${key}</a>`; }); resultsContainer.innerHTML = keywordHTML; } // Call the function with the PHP data var authors_data = { "6BgFK4wBWBy50K-re05v": { "aid": "6BgFK4wBWBy50K-re05v", "name": "H. 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", "email": "z.takats@imperial.ac.uk", "slug_tail": "z-takats" } }; //console.log(authors_data); displayResults_author(authors_data); var keywordsArray = ["One Health","zoonotic diseases","emerging viral infections","epidemiology","pathogenesis","surveillance","environmental factors","vaccine development","COVID-19","SARS","MERS","arboviral"]; displayKeywordAuthors(keywordsArray); </script></p> </div> <footer class="entry-meta" aria-label="Entry meta"> <span class="cat-links"><span class="gp-icon icon-categories"><svg viewBox="0 0 512 512" aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" width="1em" height="1em"><path d="M0 112c0-26.51 21.49-48 48-48h110.014a48 48 0 0143.592 27.907l12.349 26.791A16 16 0 00228.486 128H464c26.51 0 48 21.49 48 48v224c0 26.51-21.49 48-48 48H48c-26.51 0-48-21.49-48-48V112z" /></svg></span><span class="screen-reader-text">Categories </span><a href="https://infect.blog/archive/category/viral-infections/" rel="category tag">Viral infections</a></span> 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