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<span>Overview</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Overview-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Native_territory" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Native_territory"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Native territory</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Native_territory-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>History</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle History subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Otomi_peoples_in_pre-Hispanic_times" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Otomi_peoples_in_pre-Hispanic_times"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Otomi peoples in pre-Hispanic times</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Otomi_peoples_in_pre-Hispanic_times-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Conquest" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Conquest"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Conquest</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Conquest-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Colonial_period" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Colonial_period"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Colonial period</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Colonial_period-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nineteenth_and_twentieth_centuries" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nineteenth_and_twentieth_centuries"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.4</span> <span>Nineteenth and twentieth centuries</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nineteenth_and_twentieth_centuries-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Language" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Language"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Language</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Language-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Notable people</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Notes</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" 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Available in 25 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-25" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">25 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%ADs" title="Otomís – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Otomís" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomiov%C3%A9" title="Otomiové – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Otomiové" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%AD" title="Otomí – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Otomí" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pueblo_otom%C3%AD" title="Pueblo otomí – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Pueblo otomí" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomioj" title="Otomioj – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Otomioj" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomis" title="Otomis – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Otomis" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%AD" title="Otomí – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Otomí" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9D%E1%83%97%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98" title="ოთომი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ოთომი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Отоми – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Отоми" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomiai" title="Otomiai – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Otomiai" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%AD_(volk)" title="Otomí (volk) – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Otomí (volk)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AA%E3%83%88%E3%83%9F%E6%97%8F" title="オトミ族 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="オトミ族" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otom%C3%AD" title="Otomí – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Otomí" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomis" title="Otomis – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Otomis" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Отоми – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Отоми" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomi" title="Otomi – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Otomi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otomiler" title="Otomiler – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Otomiler" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9E%D1%82%D0%BE%D0%BC%D1%96" title="Отомі – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Отомі" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%A7%E6%89%98%E7%B1%B3%E4%BA%BA" title="奧托米人 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="奧托米人" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q1132647#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> 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i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">For the language, see <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi language</a>. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Otomi_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Otomi (disambiguation)">Otomi (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Ethnic group</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">Otomi<br /><i><b>Hñähñu, Hñähño, Ñuhu, Ñhato, Ñuhmu</b></i></caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><figure class="mw-halign-center" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Arrieros_acazulco.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrieros_acazulco.JPG/220px-Arrieros_acazulco.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrieros_acazulco.JPG/330px-Arrieros_acazulco.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/Arrieros_acazulco.JPG/440px-Arrieros_acazulco.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2056" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure><div class="infobox-caption">Otomi dancers from <a href="/wiki/San_Jer%C3%B3nimo_Acazulco" title="San Jerónimo Acazulco">San Jerónimo Acazulco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico state">Mexico state</a> performing the traditional <i><span title="Spanish-language text"><i lang="es">danza de los arrieros</i></span></i></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Total population</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">>300,000</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Regions with significant populations</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">Edomex</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD" title="San Luis Potosí">San Luis Potosí</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Languages</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Primary: <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi</a>; second: Spanish</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Religion</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Predominantly <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Animism" title="Animism">animism</a>; minority: <a href="/wiki/Protestantism" title="Protestantism">Protestantism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judaism" title="Judaism">Judaism</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color:#b0c4de;">Related ethnic groups</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_people" title="Matlatzinca people">Matlatzinca</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The <b>Otomi</b> (<span class="rt-commentedText nowrap"><span class="IPA nopopups noexcerpt" lang="en-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/<span style="border-bottom:1px dotted"><span title="/ˌ/: secondary stress follows">ˌ</span><span title="/oʊ/: 'o' in 'code'">oʊ</span><span title="'t' in 'tie'">t</span><span title="/ə/: 'a' in 'about'">ə</span><span title="/ˈ/: primary stress follows">ˈ</span><span title="'m' in 'my'">m</span><span title="/iː/: 'ee' in 'fleece'">iː</span></span>/</a></span></span>; <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>: <i lang="es">Otomí</i> <span class="IPA nowrap" lang="es-Latn-fonipa"><a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Spanish" title="Help:IPA/Spanish">[otoˈmi]</a></span>) are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of Mexico">Indigenous people of Mexico</a> inhabiting the central <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Plateau" title="Mexican Plateau">Mexican Plateau</a> (Altiplano) region. </p><p>The Otomi are an <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_people_of_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous people of the Americas">Indigenous people of the Americas</a> who inhabit a discontinuous territory in central <a href="/wiki/Mexico" title="Mexico">Mexico</a>. They are linguistically related to the rest of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Otomanguean</a>-speaking peoples, whose ancestors have occupied the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt</a> for several thousand years.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Currently, the Otomi inhabit a fragmented territory ranging from northern <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, to eastern <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> and southeastern <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>. However, most of them are concentrated in the states of <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, Mexico and <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro.</a> According to the National Institute of Indigenous Peoples of Mexico, the Otomi ethnic group totaled 667,038 people in the Mexican Republic in 2015,<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> making them the fifth largest indigenous people in the country.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Of these, only a little more than half spoke Otomi. In this regard, the Otomi language presents a high degree of internal diversification, so that speakers of one variety often have difficulty understanding those who speak another language. Hence, the names by which the Otomi call themselves are numerous: ñätho (<a href="/wiki/Toluca_Valley" title="Toluca Valley">Toluca Valley</a>), hñähñu (<a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a>), ñäñho (<a href="/wiki/Santiago_Mexquititl%C3%A1n_raid" title="Santiago Mexquititlán raid">Santiago Mexquititlán</a> in southern <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>) and ñ'yühü (Northern highlands of Puebla, <a href="/wiki/Pahuatl%C3%A1n" title="Pahuatlán">Pahuatlán</a>) are some of the names the Otomi use to refer to themselves in their own languages, although it is common that, when speaking in Spanish, they use the native Otomi, originating from the <a href="/wiki/Nahuatl" title="Nahuatl">Nahuatl</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Etymology"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The word <i>Otomi,</i> is used to describe the larger Otomi <a href="/wiki/Ethnicity#Ethnicity_and_race" title="Ethnicity">ethnic</a> group and the <a href="/wiki/Dialect_continuum" title="Dialect continuum">dialect continuum</a>. From Spanish, the word <i>Otomi</i> has become entrenched in linguistic and anthropological literature. Among linguists, the suggestion has been made to change the academic designation from <i>Otomi</i> to <i><a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Hñähñú</a></i>, the <a href="/wiki/Endonym" class="mw-redirect" title="Endonym">endonym</a> used by the Otomi of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a>, but no common endonym exists for all dialects of the language.<sup id="cite_ref-lastra5658_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-lastra5658-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr2005_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr2005-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most of the native names used to refer to the indigenous peoples of Mexico, the term Otomi is not native to the people to which it refers. Otomi is a term of Nahuatl origin that derives from <a href="/wiki/Otomitl" title="Otomitl">otómitl</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez_de_Silva2001_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez_de_Silva2001-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a word that in the language of the ancient <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> means "one who walks with arrows",<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrientos_López20046_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientos_López20046-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> although authors such as Wigberto Jimenez Moreno have translated it as "bird arrowman". The Otomi language belonging to the Oto-Pamean branch of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean language family</a> is spoken in many different varieties, some of which are not mutually intelligible. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Overview"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg/220px-OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg/330px-OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg/440px-OtomiEmbroideryTequis.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Otomi woman selling traditional Otomi embroidered cloths in <a href="/wiki/Tequisquiapan" title="Tequisquiapan">Tequisquiapan</a></figcaption></figure> <p>The Otomi traditionally worshipped the moon as their highest deity. Even in modern times, many Otomi populations practice <a href="/wiki/Shamanism" title="Shamanism">shamanism</a> and hold pre-Hispanic beliefs such as <a href="/wiki/Nagualism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nagualism">Nagualism</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECajero2009_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECajero2009-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Like most sedentary Mesoamerican peoples, the Otomi traditionally subsisted on maize, beans and squash, but the <a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">maguey</a> (century plant) was also an important <a href="/wiki/Cultigen" title="Cultigen">cultigen</a> used for production of alcohol (<a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>) and fiber (<a href="/wiki/Henequen" class="mw-redirect" title="Henequen">henequen</a>). Although the Otomi people rarely eat what <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">Westerners</a> would consider a balanced diet, they maintain reasonably good health by eating <a href="/wiki/Tortilla" title="Tortilla">tortillas</a>, drinking <a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>, and eating most fruits available around them.<sup id="cite_ref-ajph.aphapublications.org_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajph.aphapublications.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1943 to 1944, a report about a nutritional study about the Otomi villages located in the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a> of Mexico, recorded that despite the arid climate and land unfit for agriculture without irrigation, the Otomi people chiefly depended on the production of <a href="/wiki/Maguey" title="Maguey">maguey</a>. <a href="/wiki/Maguey" title="Maguey">Maguey</a> (century plant) is used to produce weaving fibers and “<a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>”, a fermented unfiltered juice that played an important part in the Otomi's economy and nutrition. However, this practice has begun to decline due to its new large-scale production. The <a href="/wiki/Maguey" title="Maguey">maguey</a> plant was so heavily depended on that <a href="/wiki/Hut" title="Hut">huts</a> were constructed out of the plant's leaves. During this time, most of the region was vastly underdeveloped and most agriculture was low-yielding. Often densely settled areas would be confused as locations devoid of habitation, as dispersed dwellings are built low and concealed.<sup id="cite_ref-ajph.aphapublications.org_11-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ajph.aphapublications.org-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Otomi were <a href="/wiki/Blacksmith" title="Blacksmith">blacksmiths</a> and traded valuable metal items with other indigenous confederations, including the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Triple_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="Aztec Triple Alliance">Aztec Triple Alliance</a>. Their metal crafts included ornaments and weaponry, although metal weaponry was not as useful as <a href="/wiki/Obsidian" title="Obsidian">obsidian</a> weaponry (obsidian being sharper than a modern-day razor, abundant, and light in weight). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Native_territory">Native territory</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Native territory"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The ethnic territory of the Otomi has historically been central Mexico. Since pre-Hispanic times, the Otomi people have inhabited that region and are considered native peoples of the Mexican highlands. The Otomi may have been found in <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a> at least since the beginning of the <a href="/wiki/Sedentism" title="Sedentism">sedentism</a>, or the settling of the <a href="/wiki/Nomad" title="Nomad">nomadic</a> population, which took place in the eighth millennium B.C.E.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuverger200740_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuverger200740-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Occupation of the Otomi in central Mexico then refers to the fact that the linguistic chains between the Otomanguean languages are more or less intact, so that the linguistically closest members of the family are also close in the spatial sense. The first separation of the Otomi group occurred when the eastern languages separated from the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">western</a> languages. The western branch is composed of two major branches: the <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapaneco</a>-<a href="/wiki/Manguean_languages" title="Manguean languages">Manguean</a>-speaking peoples and the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pame</a>-speaking peoples. Among the latter are the Otomi, settled in the Mexican <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Neovolcanic Axis</a> along with the rest of the peoples that form part of the same Otomanguean branch: <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahuas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzincas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlahuicas" class="mw-redirect" title="Tlahuicas">Tlahuicas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimecas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200526_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200526-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Otomi currently occupy a fragmented territory that extends through the states of <a href="/wiki/Mexico_(state)" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexico (state)">Mexico</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>, <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a> and <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>. All these states are located in the heart of the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_Republic" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican Republic">Mexican Republic</a> and concentrate most of the country's population. The areas with the highest concentrations of Otomi population are the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highland_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highland Otomi">Eastern Highlands</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Semi_desert" class="mw-redirect" title="Semi desert">Semi-desert</a> at <a href="/wiki/Pe%C3%B1a_de_Bernal" title="Peña de Bernal">Peña de Bernal</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a> and the north of the state of Mexico. Isolated from these large groups that concentrate around 80% of the total number of members of this indigenous people are the Otomi of <a href="/wiki/Zit%C3%A1cuaro" title="Zitácuaro">Zitácuaro</a> (<a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a>), those of <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Blanca,_Guanajuato" title="Tierra Blanca, Guanajuato">Tierra Blanca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>) and those that still remain in <a href="/wiki/Ixtenco" title="Ixtenco">Ixtenco</a> (<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>). Due to the territory in which they are located, the Otomi live in an intense relationship with large metropolitan areas such as the <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City_Metropolitan_Cathedral" title="Mexico City Metropolitan Cathedral">Metropolitan Zone of Mexico City</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toluca" title="Toluca">Toluca</a> and <a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Quer%C3%A9taro" class="mw-redirect" title="Santiago de Querétaro">Santiago de Querétaro</a>, places where many of them have had to emigrate in search of better job opportunities. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Historiographical texts on the Mesoamerican peoples of the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_era" title="Pre-Columbian era">pre-Hispanic</a> era have paid very little attention to the history of the Otomi. Many centuries ago, great cities such as <a href="/wiki/Cuicuilco" title="Cuicuilco">Cuicuilco</a>, <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a> flourished in the territory occupied by the Otomi at the arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a>. Even in the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Triple Alliance</a> that dominated, the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Mexica_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexica Empire">Mexica Empire</a>", <a href="/wiki/Tlacopan" title="Tlacopan">Tlacopan</a> inherited the domains of <a href="/wiki/Azcapotzalco" title="Azcapotzalco">Azcapotzalco</a>, with a majority Otomi population. However, the Otomi are almost never mentioned as protagonists of <a href="/wiki/Pre-Columbian_Mexico" title="Pre-Columbian Mexico">pre-Hispanic</a> Mesoamerican history, perhaps because the ethnic complexity of central Mexico at that time does not allow us to distinguish the contributions of the ancient Otomi from those produced by their neighbors.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200528_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200528-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Only in recent years has interest begun to appear in the role played by these people in the development of the cultures living in the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Mexican_Volcanic_Belt" title="Trans-Mexican Volcanic Belt">Neovolcanic Axis</a>, from the <a href="/wiki/Pre-Colonial_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Pre-Colonial America">pre-colonial</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Conquest of Mexico">conquest.</a> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Otomi_peoples_in_pre-Hispanic_times">Otomi peoples in pre-Hispanic times</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Otomi peoples in pre-Hispanic times"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>By the fifth millennium B.C.E., the Otomi people formed a large group. The diversification of the languages and their geographic expansion from the valley of <a href="/wiki/Tehuac%C3%A1n" title="Tehuacán">Tehuacán</a> (currently in the state of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>)<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> must have occurred after the domestication of the Mesoamerican agricultural, composed of <a href="/wiki/Maize" title="Maize">maize</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bean" title="Bean">beans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Chili_pepper" title="Chili pepper">chili</a>. This is established on the basis that there is a large number of cognates that exist in the Otomi languages in the repertoire of words alluding to agriculture. After the development of emerging agriculture, the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">proto-Otomanguean</a> legion gave rise to two distinct languages that constitute the antecedents of the present-day eastern and western groups of the Otomi family. Following the linguistic evidence, it seems likely that the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pames</a>—members of the western branch—arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Valley_of_Mexico" title="Valley of Mexico">Valley of Mexico</a> around the fourth millennium B.C.E. and that, contrary to what some authors maintain, they did not migrate from the north but from the south. </p><p>Some historians believe that the Otomi were the first inhabitants of the Valley of Mexico, nevertheless, they were later expelled from the valley by the <a href="/wiki/Tepanec" title="Tepanec">Tepanec</a> in 1418.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Otomi were one of various ethnic groups present within the city of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacán</a>; one of the largest and most important cities of ancient Mexico. The fall of <a href="/wiki/Teotihuacan" title="Teotihuacan">Teotihuacan</a> is a milestone that signals the end of the <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerican_chronology" title="Mesoamerican chronology">Classic Period</a> in Mesoamerica. Changes in political networks at the Mesoamerican level, disputes between small rival states and population movements resulting from prolonged droughts in northern Mesoamerica facilitated the arrival of new settlers in central Mexico. Around this time, large <a href="/wiki/Nahuan_languages" title="Nahuan languages">Nahuatl</a>-speaking groups arrived and began to displace the Otomi to the east. They then arrived in the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highland_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highland Otomi">Eastern Highlands</a> and some areas of the <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>-<a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a> valley. In the following centuries, large states developed in the Otomi territory, led by the <a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a> peoples. Around the 9th century, the <a href="/wiki/Toltec" title="Toltec">Toltecs</a> turned <a href="/wiki/Tula_(Mesoamerican_site)" title="Tula (Mesoamerican site)">Tula</a> (Mähñem'ì in Otomi) into one of the main cities of Mesoamerica. This city constructed a large part of the population of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a>, although many of them continued to live to the south and east, in the state of Mexico and the <a href="/wiki/Eastern_Highland_Otomi" class="mw-redirect" title="Eastern Highland Otomi">Eastern Highlands</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around the year 1100 AD, Otomi-speaking peoples formed their capital city-state, <a href="/wiki/Xaltocan" title="Xaltocan">Xaltocan</a>. Xaltocan soon acquired power—enough power to demand tribute from nearby communities up until its subjugation. Thereafter, the Otomi kingdom was conquered during the 14th century by the <a href="/wiki/Mexica" title="Mexica">Mexica</a> and its alliances. The Otomi people then were subject to pay a tribute to the <a href="/wiki/Triple_Alliance_(1596)" title="Triple Alliance (1596)">Triple-Alliance</a> as their empire grew; subsequently, Otomi people resettled in lands to the east and south of their former territory. While some Otomi resettled elsewhere, other Otomi still resided near current-day <a href="/wiki/Mexico_City" title="Mexico City">Mexico City</a>, but most settled in areas near the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a> in <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, the highlands of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, areas between <a href="/wiki/Texcoco,_State_of_Mexico" class="mw-redirect" title="Texcoco, State of Mexico">Tetzcoco</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tulancingo" title="Tulancingo">Tulancingo</a>, and as far as <a href="/wiki/Colima" title="Colima">Colima</a> and <a href="/wiki/Jalisco" title="Jalisco">Jalisco</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Conquest">Conquest</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Conquest"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:MuralIglesiaIxmiqui1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/MuralIglesiaIxmiqui1.jpg/220px-MuralIglesiaIxmiqui1.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/47/MuralIglesiaIxmiqui1.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="400" /></a><figcaption>Mural Iglesia <a href="/wiki/Church_of_San_Miguel_Arc%C3%A1ngel" title="Church of San Miguel Arcángel">Church of San Miguel Arcángel</a>, Ixmiquilpan, Hidalgo</figcaption></figure> <p>A sizable portion of the Otomi resided in the state of <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>. Although there are reports that <a href="/wiki/Spanish_conquistador" class="mw-redirect" title="Spanish conquistador">Spanish Conquistador</a> <a href="/wiki/Hern%C3%A1n_Cort%C3%A9s" title="Hernán Cortés">Hernán Cortés</a> originally attacked and "annihilated the Otomis at <a href="/wiki/Tecoaque" title="Tecoaque">Tecoac</a>, who were destroyed completely",<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> they eventually joined forces with him when he fought the <a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec Triple-Alliance</a>, eventually defeating it. This allowed the <a href="/wiki/Ixtenco" title="Ixtenco">Ixtenco</a> Otomi or (<i>Yųhmų</i>) to once again expand. They founded the City of <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro_City" class="mw-redirect" title="Querétaro City">Querétaro</a> and settled in many towns in the state now known as <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>. The Otomi of <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Municipality" title="Mezquital Municipality">Mezquital</a> or (<i>Hñähñu</i>) maintained a state of war upon the Spanish and their <a href="/wiki/Ixtenco" title="Ixtenco">Ixtenco</a> otomi allies with records indicating that the <a href="/wiki/H%C3%B1a_H%C3%B1u" class="mw-redirect" title="Hña Hñu">hñähñu</a> (Otomi of <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Municipality" title="Mezquital Municipality">Mezquital</a>) resisted assimilation and maintained nomadic raiding parties that attacked any Spanish settlement within <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a> maintaining a state of war that lasted until the first silver mines were opened. The <a href="/wiki/Ixtenco" title="Ixtenco">Ixtenco</a> Otomi allegiance with the Spanish led to many converting to <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholic">Roman Catholicism</a>, but they also held onto their ancient customs. While being colonized, the <a href="/wiki/Ixtenco" title="Ixtenco">Ixtenco</a> Otomi language was dispersed to various other states such as <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>, <a href="/wiki/Quer%C3%A9taro" title="Querétaro">Querétaro</a>, that included the states of <a href="/wiki/Puebla" title="Puebla">Puebla</a>, <a href="/wiki/Veracruz" title="Veracruz">Veracruz</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Michoac%C3%A1n" title="Michoacán">Michoacán</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcala</a>, where most remained farmers. In the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a> a traditional homeland to the Otomi, the terrain was not well suited for farming as the land was dry and many Otomi people hired each other as laborers and relied heavily on the <a href="/wiki/Agave_americana" title="Agave americana">maguey</a>-based drink, <a href="/wiki/Pulque" title="Pulque">pulque</a>. Originally, the Spanish banned the drink but soon attempted to manage a business through its production which led to the Otomi people solely using the drink for their own consumption. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Colonial_period">Colonial period</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Colonial period"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The arrival of the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Empire" title="Spanish Empire">Spanish</a> in Mesoamerica meant the subjugation of the indigenous peoples to the dominion of the newcomers. By the 1530s, all the Otomi communities of the <a href="/wiki/Mezquital_Valley" title="Mezquital Valley">Mezquital Valley</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Barranca_de_Metztitl%C3%A1n" title="Barranca de Metztitlán">Barranca de Meztitlán</a> had been divided into <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomiendas</a>. Subsequently, when Spanish legislation was modified, the so-called Indian republics appeared, systems of political organization that allowed a certain autonomy of the Otomi communities with respect to the <a href="/wiki/Hispanic" title="Hispanic">Hispanic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Mestizo" title="Mestizo">mestizo</a> populations. The creation of these republics, the strengthening of the indigenous <a href="/wiki/Cabildo_(council)" title="Cabildo (council)">cabildos</a> (council) and the recognition of the possession of communal lands by the Spanish state were elements that allowed the Otomi to preserve their language and, to a certain extent, their indigenous culture. However, especially with regard to land possession, the indigenous communities suffered dispossession throughout the three centuries of <a href="/wiki/Spanish_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="Spanish colonization of the Americas">Spanish colonization.</a><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántaraothers20027–10_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántaraothers20027–10-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At the same time that the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> were occupying the ancient Otomi settlements, as is the case of the present-day city of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca" title="Salamanca">Salamanca</a> (<a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a>), founded in the Otomi settlement of <a href="/wiki/Salamanca,_Guanajuato" title="Salamanca, Guanajuato">Xidóo ("Place of tepetates)</a>") in 1603 by decree of <a href="/wiki/Gaspar_de_Z%C3%BA%C3%B1iga_y_Avellaneda" title="Gaspar de Zúñiga y Avellaneda">Gaspar de Zúñiga</a> y Acevedo, viceroy of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some Otomi families were forced to accompany the <a href="/wiki/Spaniards" title="Spaniards">Spaniards</a> in the conquest of the northern territories of <a href="/wiki/Mesoamerica" title="Mesoamerica">Mesoamerica</a>, occupied by the warlike <a href="/wiki/Aridoamerica" title="Aridoamerica">Arido-American</a> peoples. The Otomi were colonizers who settled in cities such as <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_El_Grande" title="San Miguel El Grande">San Miguel el Grande</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oaxaca" title="Oaxaca">Oaxaca</a> and other cities of <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">El Bajio</a>. In fact, the colonization process of this territory was essentially the work of the Otomi, with the lordship of <a href="/wiki/Xicotepec_Totonac" title="Xicotepec Totonac">Xilotepec</a> as the spearhead. In <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">El Bajío</a>, the Otomí served as a bridge for the sedentism, or the settling of the nomadic population and <a href="/wiki/Christianization" title="Christianization">Christianization</a> of the nomadic peoples, who ended up being assimilated or exterminated by force. The importance of <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">El Bajío</a> in the economy of <a href="/wiki/New_Spain" title="New Spain">New Spain</a> turned it into a scenario where different ethnic groups later converged, including the <a href="/wiki/Tlaxcala" title="Tlaxcala">Tlaxcalan</a> migrants, the <a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purepecha</a> and the Spanish, who would finally end up overcoming all the indigenous groups that supported them in the conquest of this territory that had been the habitat of numerous peoples classified as <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca" title="Chichimeca">Chichimeca</a>. However, until the nineteenth century, the Otomi population in <a href="/wiki/Baj%C3%ADo" title="Bajío">El Bajío</a> was still a major component, and some of their descendants remain in municipalities such as <a href="/wiki/Tierra_Blanca,_Guanajuato" title="Tierra Blanca, Guanajuato">Tierra Blanca</a>, <a href="/wiki/San_Jos%C3%A9_Iturbide" title="San José Iturbide">San José Iturbide</a> and <a href="/wiki/San_Miguel_de_Allende" title="San Miguel de Allende">San Miguel de Allende</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr1999_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr1999-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Otomí population movements continued throughout the colonial era. For example, in <a href="/wiki/San_Luis_Potos%C3%AD_City" class="mw-redirect" title="San Luis Potosí City">San Luis Potosí</a>, a total of 35 Otomi families were forcibly taken to occupy the periphery of the city and defend it from attacks by the nomadic people of the region in 1711.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In several places, the Otomi population was decimated not only by forced or consensual migrations, but also by the constant epidemics suffered by the Mesoamerican tribes after the <a href="/wiki/Conquest" title="Conquest">Conquest</a>. Numerous communities were wiped out between the sixteenth and eighteenth centuries due to disease.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántara200210_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántara200210-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nineteenth_and_twentieth_centuries">Nineteenth and twentieth centuries</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Nineteenth and twentieth centuries"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg/220px-Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg/330px-Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg/440px-Tlachiqueros_otom%C3%ADes_de_Tequixquiac.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2828" data-file-height="2136" /></a><figcaption>Tlachiqueros otomíes de Tequixquiac</figcaption></figure> <p>During <a href="/wiki/Mexican_War_of_Independence" title="Mexican War of Independence">Mexico's War of Independence</a>, the Otomi sided with the rebellion as they wanted their land back that was taken from them under the <a href="/wiki/Encomienda" title="Encomienda">encomienda</a> system.<sup id="cite_ref-:1_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:1-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Around 1940–1950, government agencies had promised to assist the indigenous people by helping them gain access to better education and economic advancements but failed to do so. In turn, the people continued to farm and work as laborers within their minor subsistence economy within a larger capitalistic economy where the indigenous people was able to be exploited by those who are in control of the economy.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Since gaining independence, the <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> government has adopted an adoring attitude towards the pre-Hispanic history and works of the <a href="/wiki/Aztecs" title="Aztecs">Aztecs</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mayans" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayans">Mayans</a>; meanwhile, it has disregarded the living indigenous people, such as the Otomi who are depicted without the same prestige.<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until recently, the Otomi culture and people were not given much attention or focus until recent anthropologist began investigating their ancient way of life. As a result, the <a href="/wiki/Federal_government_of_Mexico" title="Federal government of Mexico">Mexican government</a> has gone as far declaring themselves a <a href="/wiki/Pluriculturalism" title="Pluriculturalism">pluricultural</a> nation that serves to help many of its indigenous populations, like the Otomi. However, this has not been the case with scarce evidence proving that anything is done to truly help them.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Although many of the current descendants of the Otomi have begun to immigrate to other region, there is still a hint of their ancient culture present today. In certain parts of Mexico, such as <a href="/wiki/Guanajuato" title="Guanajuato">Guanajuato</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hidalgo_(state)" title="Hidalgo (state)">Hidalgo</a>, prayer songs in Otomi are heard and elders share tales the youth who understand their native language. Despite this, very little attention has been placed on the Otomi culture, especially through education means where very little is discussed about any indigenous groups. Because of this, many Otomi descendants know very little about their own culture's history.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_18-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Language">Language</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Language"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi language</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><span><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/220px--WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="178" data-mwtitle="WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_Hñähñu.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.1080p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="1080p.vp9.webm" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-width="1920" data-height="1080" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/1/16/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm/WIKITONGUES-_Evan_speaking_H%C3%B1%C3%A4h%C3%B1u.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video></span><figcaption>An Otomi speaker, recorded in <a href="/wiki/Peru" title="Peru">Peru</a></figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Otomi.PNG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/14/Otomi.PNG/220px-Otomi.PNG" decoding="async" width="220" height="148" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/1/14/Otomi.PNG 1.5x" data-file-width="236" data-file-height="159" /></a><figcaption>Otomi-speaking areas in Mexico</figcaption></figure> <p>The <a href="/wiki/Otomi_language" title="Otomi language">Otomi language</a> is in the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Oto-Pamean languages</a> family (which also includes <a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_language" title="Chichimeca Jonaz language">Chichimeca Jonaz</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua</a>, Pame, <a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_language" title="Ocuiltec language">Ocuilteco</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Matlatzinca_language" title="Matlatzinca language">Matlatzinca</a>). The family in turn belongs to the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Oto-Manguean languages</a> (with <a href="/wiki/Amuzgo_language" title="Amuzgo language">Amuzgoan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chinantecan_languages" title="Chinantecan languages">Chinantecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mixtecan_languages" title="Mixtecan languages">Mixtecan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Oto-Pamean_languages" title="Oto-Pamean languages">Otopamean</a>, <a href="/wiki/Popolocan_languages" title="Popolocan languages">Popolocan</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_language" title="Tlapanec language">Tlapanecan</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Zapotec_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Zapotec language">Zapotec language</a> families). </p><p>Otomi languages are part of the <a href="/wiki/Oto-Manguean_languages" title="Oto-Manguean languages">Otomanguean</a> language family, one of the oldest and most diverse in the Mesoamerican area. One of the more than one hundred Otomanguean languages that survive today, the Otomi languages relate closely to the <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_language" title="Mazahua language">Mazahua language</a>, also spoken in the northwest and west of the state of Mexico. Some glottochronological analyses applied to Otomi languages indicate that Otomi split from <a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a> around the 8th century CE. Since then, Otomi has fragmented into the languages known today.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200527_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200527-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The native language of the Otomi is called the Otomi language. In reality, it is a complex of languages, whose number varies according to the sources consulted. According to the <a href="/wiki/SIL_International" title="SIL International">Ethnologue of the Summer Institute of Linguistics</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Lenguas_Ind%C3%ADgenas" title="Instituto Nacional de Lenguas Indígenas">Catalog of Indigenous Languages of the National Institute of Indigenous Languages (Inali) of Mexico</a>, there are nine varieties of Otomi.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTESIL2005_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESIL2005-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInali200841–54_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEInali200841–54-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> David Charles Wright Carr<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> proposes that there are four Otomi languages. According to the <a href="/wiki/National_Commission_for_the_Development_of_Indigenous_People" class="mw-redirect" title="National Commission for the Development of Indigenous People">National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples</a> of Mexico (CDI), only 50.6% of the Otomi population speaks the native language of this group. In 1995, this proportion corresponded to a total of 327,319 speakers of Otomi languages in the entire Mexican Republic.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDI2000_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECDI2000-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The above calculation corresponds to a CDI estimate that is intended to include Otomi-speaking children under the age of five, who are not included in <a href="/wiki/Mexicans" title="Mexicans">Mexican</a> population counts. According to the 1995 First Population Count, Otomi speakers over the age of five totaled 283,263 individuals, which represents a loss of 22,927 speakers compared to the 1980 Population and Housing Census, when 306,190 speakers of Otomi languages were recorded.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarza_CuarónLastra2000165_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarza_CuarónLastra2000165-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> The population of speakers of Otomi languages has declined in recent years.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Manual_of_Style/Dates_and_numbers#Chronological_items" title="Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Dates and numbers"><span title="The time period mentioned near this tag is ambiguous. (July 2024)">when?</span></a></i>]</sup> To some extent, this reduction of Otomi speakers is due to migration from their communities of origin and the <a href="/wiki/Urbanization" title="Urbanization">urbanization</a> of their ethnic territory, which imposes on them the need to coexist with an exclusively <a href="/wiki/Spanish_language" title="Spanish language">Spanish</a>-speaking population for the most part. The contraction of the Otomi linguistic community is also the result of the <a href="/wiki/Hispanicization" title="Hispanicization">Castilianization</a> processes to which all the indigenous peoples of Mexico have been subjected. The Castilianization of indigenous people in Mexico has long been understood as a subtractive process, that is, one that implies the renunciation of the use of the <a href="/wiki/First_language" title="First language">mother tongue</a> in order to obtain <a href="/wiki/Linguistic_competence" title="Linguistic competence">linguistic competence</a> in the Spanish language.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200487_34-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200487-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Castilianization of indigenous people was presented as an alternative to integrate indigenous people into the <a href="/wiki/Mexican_culture" class="mw-redirect" title="Mexican culture">Mexican national culture</a> and to improve their living conditions. However, indigenous education programs in the Spanish language have been discredited by critics because they imply, on the one hand, the loss of the native language and, on the other hand, have not served to improve the quality of life of indigenous communities.<sup id="cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200486_35-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200486-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><div class="thumb tnone" style="margin-left:auto;margin-right:auto;overflow:hidden;width:auto;max-width:808px"><div class="thumbinner"><div class="noresize" style="overflow:auto"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Main stage of the Otomi Ceremonial Center [es] (Otomi Cultural Center) in Temoaya, Mexico state"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg/800px-Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg" decoding="async" width="800" height="194" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg/1200px-Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg/1600px-Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2810" data-file-height="680" /></a></span></div><div class="thumbcaption"><div class="magnify"><a href="/wiki/File:Otomi_cultural_center_006_by_mexikids.jpg" title="File:Otomi cultural center 006 by mexikids.jpg"> </a></div>Main stage of the <a href="/wiki/Otomi_Ceremonial_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Otomi Ceremonial Center">Otomi Ceremonial Center</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centro_Ceremonial_Otom%C3%AD" class="extiw" title="es:Centro Ceremonial Otomí">es</a>]</span> (Otomi Cultural Center) in <a href="/wiki/Temoaya" title="Temoaya">Temoaya</a>, Mexico state</div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Notable people"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Xiye_Bastida" title="Xiye Bastida">Xiye Bastida</a>, environmentalist</li> <li><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martina_Garc%C3%ADa_Cruz" class="extiw" title="es:Martina García Cruz">Martina García Cruz</a>, artisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Blas_Flores" title="Macedonia Blas Flores">Macedonia Blas Flores</a>, human rights activist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macuilxochitzin" title="Macuilxochitzin">Macuilxochitzin</a>, Aztec poet</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jos%C3%A9_Luis_Romo_Mart%C3%ADn" title="José Luis Romo Martín">José Luis Romo Martín</a>, painter</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fortunato_Moreno_Reinoso" title="Fortunato Moreno Reinoso">Fortunato Moreno Reinoso</a>, artisan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adela_Calva_Reyes" title="Adela Calva Reyes">Adela Calva Reyes</a>, writer</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kevin_%C3%81lvarez_(footballer,_born_1999)" title="Kevin Álvarez (footballer, born 1999)">Kevin Álvarez (footballer, born 1999)</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="not mentioned in the article about him (December 2022)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Juventino_Rosas" title="Juventino Rosas">Juventino Rosas</a>, composer Sobre las Olas, violinist</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Otomi_(military)" title="Otomi (military)">Otomi (military)</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Aztec_warfare" title="Aztec warfare">Aztec military order</a> named after, if not composed of, Otomis</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Licence_to_Kill" title="Licence to Kill">Licence to Kill</a>, 1989 James Bond movie shows the Centro Cultural Otomi.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Macedonia_Blas_Flores" title="Macedonia Blas Flores">Macedonia Blas Flores</a>, candidata al Premio Nobel de la Paz en 2005.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cultura.hidalgo.gob.mx/infraestructura/museo-de-la-cultura-hnahnu/">Museo de la Cultura Hñähñu y Centro Cultural del Valle del Mezquital</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFGeorgina.2010" class="citation book cs1">Georgina., Masferrer K., Elio. Mondragón, Jaime. Vences (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://worldcat.org/oclc/664367109"><i>Los pueblos indígenas de Puebla : atlas etnográfico</i></a>. Gobierno del Estado de Puebla. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-607-484-083-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-607-484-083-4"><bdi>978-607-484-083-4</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/664367109">664367109</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas+de+Puebla+%3A+atlas+etnogr%C3%A1fico&rft.pub=Gobierno+del+Estado+de+Puebla&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F664367109&rft.isbn=978-607-484-083-4&rft.aulast=Georgina.&rft.aufirst=Masferrer+K.%2C+Elio.+Mondrag%C3%B3n%2C+Jaime.+Vences&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fworldcat.org%2Foclc%2F664367109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span><span class="cs1-maint citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_multiple_names:_authors_list" title="Category:CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list">link</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">«Otomíes – Estadísticas – Atlas de los Pueblos unidos de México. INPI». <i>Gobierno de México</i>. Archivado desde el original el 24 de octubre de 2019. Consultado el 24 de octubre de 2019.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Por <i>población étnica</i> se entiende a los miembros de las minorías étnicas que habitan en un estado nacional que no se reconoce como pluriétnico. En ese sentido, la población étnica comprende no sólo a los hablantes de una lengua —en este caso, el otomí—, sino también a los que han dejado de hacer uso de la lengua pero se reconocen como miembros del grupo y son reconocidos como tales, sea convencional u oficialmente. De acuerdo con los criterios elegidos por las agencias gubernamentales mexicanas para calcular el número de indígenas, forman parte de la <i>población indígena</i> mexicana los miembros de las familias donde el jefe de familia o su cónyuge son hablantes de lengua indígena</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Últimamente algunos hablantes del Valle de Mezquital han comenzado a considerar el etnónimo "otomí" como despectivo. Esto no ocurre en otras variantes y por lo tanto se debe seguir usando. También es el término de uso más extendido en el mundo de habla hispana en todos los ámbitos. Al respecto, haciendo eco de las palabras de David Charles <a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr2005">Wright Carr (2005</a>, p. 19): "Si bien la palabra 'otomí' ha sido usada en textos que menosprecian a estos antiguos habitantes del Centro de México, creo conveniente usar la misma palabra en los trabajos que intentan recuperar su historia; en lugar de desecharla propongo reivindicarla".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-lastra5658-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-lastra5658_5-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Lastra, <i>Los Otomies</i>, pp. 56–58.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr2005-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr2005_6-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr2005">Wright Carr 2005</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Palancar, "Emergence of Active/Stative alignment in Otomi", p. 357.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGómez_de_Silva2001-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGómez_de_Silva2001_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGómez_de_Silva2001">Gómez de Silva 2001</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarrientos_López20046-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarrientos_López20046_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFBarrientos_López2004">Barrientos López 2004</a>, p. 6.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECajero2009-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECajero2009_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCajero2009">Cajero 2009</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-ajph.aphapublications.org-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-ajph.aphapublications.org_11-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-ajph.aphapublications.org_11-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAndersonCalvoSerranoPayne1946" class="citation journal cs1">Anderson, Richmond K.; Calvo, Jose; Serrano, Gloria; Payne, George C. (1946). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1625980">"A Study of the Nutritional Status and Food Habits of Otomi Indians in the Mezquital Valley of Mexico"</a>. <i>American Journal of Public Health and the Nation's Health</i>. <b>36</b> (8): 883–903. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2105%2Fajph.36.8.883">10.2105/ajph.36.8.883</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1625980">1625980</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/18016399">18016399</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Public+Health+and+the+Nation%27s+Health&rft.atitle=A+Study+of+the+Nutritional+Status+and+Food+Habits+of+Otomi+Indians+in+the+Mezquital+Valley+of+Mexico&rft.volume=36&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=883-903&rft.date=1946&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1625980%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F18016399&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2105%2Fajph.36.8.883&rft.aulast=Anderson&rft.aufirst=Richmond+K.&rft.au=Calvo%2C+Jose&rft.au=Serrano%2C+Gloria&rft.au=Payne%2C+George+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1625980&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuverger200740-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuverger200740_12-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFDuverger2007">Duverger 2007</a>, p. 40.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200526-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200526_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr2005">Wright Carr 2005</a>, p. 26.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200528-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200528_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr2005">Wright Carr 2005</a>, p. 28.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECampbell1997-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECampbell1997_15-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCampbell1997">Campbell 1997</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZillges2013" class="citation journal cs1">Zillges, Haleigh (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://repository.upenn.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1044&context=anthro_seniortheses">"The Genetic History Of The Otomi In The Central Mexican Valley"</a>. <i>University of Pennsylvania Scholarly Commons</i>: 7–8.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=University+of+Pennsylvania+Scholarly+Commons&rft.atitle=The+Genetic+History+Of+The+Otomi+In+The+Central+Mexican+Valley&rft.pages=7-8&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Zillges&rft.aufirst=Haleigh&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Frepository.upenn.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1044%26context%3Danthro_seniortheses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_17-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002">Moreno Alcántara & others 2002</a>, p. 7<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_18-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFishman2001" class="citation book cs1">Fishman, Joshua A. (2001-01-01). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oScUXmAkRXIC&q=otomi%20people&pg=PA143"><i>Can Threatened Languages be Saved?: Reversing Language Shift, Revisited : a 21st Century Perspective</i></a>. Multilingual Matters. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-492-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85359-492-2"><bdi>978-1-85359-492-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Can+Threatened+Languages+be+Saved%3F%3A+Reversing+Language+Shift%2C+Revisited+%3A+a+21st+Century+Perspective&rft.pub=Multilingual+Matters&rft.date=2001-01-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85359-492-2&rft.aulast=Fishman&rft.aufirst=Joshua+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoScUXmAkRXIC%26q%3Dotomi%2520people%26pg%3DPA143&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-19">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaimark2017" class="citation book cs1">Naimark, Norman M. (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=-Ro1DQAAQBAJ&q=tecoac+genocide&pg=PA41"><i>Genocide: A World History</i></a>. Oxford University Press. p. 42. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976526-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-976526-3"><bdi>978-0-19-976526-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genocide%3A+A+World+History&rft.pages=42&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2017&rft.isbn=978-0-19-976526-3&rft.aulast=Naimark&rft.aufirst=Norman+M.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D-Ro1DQAAQBAJ%26q%3Dtecoac%2Bgenocide%26pg%3DPA41&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántaraothers20027–10-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántaraothers20027–10_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002">Moreno Alcántara & others 2002</a>, pp. 7–10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántaraothers2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugenia <a href="#CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d.">Acosta Sol n.d.</a>, p. 62<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d. (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources#What_information_to_include" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources"><span title="A complete citation is needed. (July 2024)">full citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr1999-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr1999_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr1999">Wright Carr 1999</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-23">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">Eugenia <a href="#CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d.">Acosta Sol n.d.</a>, p. 63<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> harvnb error: no target: CITEREFAcosta_Soln.d. (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span>: "Hay que señalar que los otomíes no fueron los únicos indígenas migrantes en la época colonial. Los tlaxcaltecas, aliados de los españoles, accedieron acompañar a éstos en su campaña hacia el norte. Los descendientes de la migración tlaxcalteca se encuentran en varios poblados de los estados fronterizos de México, como Bustamante (Nuevo León). [It should be noted that the Otomí were not the only indigenous migrants in the colonial era. The Tlaxcalans, allies of the Spanish, agreed to accompany them in their campaign to the north. The descendants of the Tlaxcalan migration are found in several towns in the border states of Mexico, such as Bustamante (Nuevo León).]"<sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="This may be an editorial footnote or a summary from Spanish Wikipedia instead of a direct quote. (July 2024)">verification needed</span></a></i>]</sup></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántara200210-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMoreno_Alcántara200210_24-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFMoreno_Alcántara2002">Moreno Alcántara 2002</a>, p. 10.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFMoreno_Alcántara2002 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDow2005" class="citation journal cs1">Dow, James W. (January 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.academia.edu/1987786">"The Sierra Ñähñu (Otomí)"</a>. <i>Native Peoples of the Gulf Coast of Mexico</i>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Native+Peoples+of+the+Gulf+Coast+of+Mexico&rft.atitle=The+Sierra+%C3%91%C3%A4h%C3%B1u+%28Otom%C3%AD%29&rft.date=2005-01&rft.aulast=Dow&rft.aufirst=James+W.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.academia.edu%2F1987786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200527-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEWright_Carr200527_26-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFWright_Carr2005">Wright Carr 2005</a>, p. 27.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESIL2005-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESIL2005_27-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFSIL2005">SIL 2005</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFSIL2005 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEInali200841–54-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEInali200841–54_28-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFInali2008">Inali 2008</a>, pp. 41–54.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFInali2008 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ugto.academia.edu/DavidWright">"David Charles Wright Carr | Universidad de Guanajuato - Academia.edu"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=David+Charles+Wright+Carr+%26%23124%3B+Universidad+de+Guanajuato+-+Academia.edu&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fugto.academia.edu%2FDavidWright&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECDI2000-30"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECDI2000_30-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFCDI2000">CDI 2000</a>.<span class="error harv-error" style="display: none; font-size:100%"> sfn error: no target: CITEREFCDI2000 (<a href="/wiki/Category:Harv_and_Sfn_template_errors" title="Category:Harv and Sfn template errors">help</a>)</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGarza_CuarónLastra2000165-31"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGarza_CuarónLastra2000165_31-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFGarza_CuarónLastra2000">Garza Cuarón & Lastra 2000</a>, p. 165.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-32"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-32">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www2.census.gov/prod2/decennial/documents/1980/1980censusofpop802unse_bw.pdf">1980 Population and Housing Census</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-33">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.census.gov/prod/1/pop/profile/95/p23-189.pdf">1995 First Population Count</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200487-34"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200487_34-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon2004">Hamel et al. 2004</a>, p. 87.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200486-35"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon200486_35-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a href="#CITEREFHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon2004">Hamel et al. 2004</a>, p. 86.</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Carr2005" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wright Carr, David Charles (May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arqueologiamexicana.mx/mexico-antiguo/hnahnu-nuhu-nhato-nuhmu-precisiones-sobre-el-termino-otomi">"Hñahñu, Nuhu, Nhato, Nuhmu: Precisiones sobre el término 'otomí<span style="padding-right:0.15em;">'</span>"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/Arqueolog%C3%ADa_Mexicana" title="Arqueología Mexicana">Arqueología Mexicana</a></i> (in Spanish). <b>13</b> (73): 19.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Arqueolog%C3%ADa+Mexicana&rft.atitle=H%C3%B1ah%C3%B1u%2C+Nuhu%2C+Nhato%2C+Nuhmu%3A+Precisiones+sobre+el+t%C3%A9rmino+%27otom%C3%AD%3Cspan+style%3D%22padding-right%3A0.15em%3B%22%3E%26%2339%3B%3C%2Fspan%3E&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=73&rft.pages=19&rft.date=2005-05&rft.aulast=Wright+Carr&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farqueologiamexicana.mx%2Fmexico-antiguo%2Fhnahnu-nuhu-nhato-nuhmu-precisiones-sobre-el-termino-otomi&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span> Also available in <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20051108014507/http://www.arqueomex.com/S8N5PALABRAotomi.pdf">PDF format</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Carr" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wright Carr, David Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080908074630/http://www.prodigyweb.net.mx/dcwright/mss.htm">"Manuscritos Otomies del Virreinato"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.prodigyweb.net.mx/dcwright/mss.htm">the original</a> on 2008-09-08.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Manuscritos+Otomies+del+Virreinato&rft.aulast=Wright+Carr&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.prodigyweb.net.mx%2Fdcwright%2Fmss.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Carr" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wright Carr, David Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110130060745/http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nPALABRA73.html">"Otomies en las fuentes"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arqueomex.com/S2N3nPALABRA73.html">the original</a> on 2011-01-30.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Otomies+en+las+fuentes&rft.aulast=Wright+Carr&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farqueomex.com%2FS2N3nPALABRA73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Carr" class="citation web cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wright Carr, David Charles. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110226215022/http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nLosOtomies73.html">"Lengua cultura e historia de los Otomíes Paper"</a> (in Spanish). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.arqueomex.com/S2N3nLosOtomies73.html">the original</a> on 2011-02-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lengua+cultura+e+historia+de+los+Otom%C3%ADes+Paper&rft.aulast=Wright+Carr&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.arqueomex.com%2FS2N3nLosOtomies73.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCajero2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Cajero, Mateo Velázquez (January 2009) [2002]. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130412082256/http://uncomp.uwe.ac.uk/genaro/Cultura_Otomi_en_Ixtenco/Historia_files/MateoCajero.pdf"><i>Historia de los Otomíes en Ixtenco</i></a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> (in Spanish) (2nd ed.). San Juan Ixtenco, Tlaxcala, México: Government of Tlaxcala, México. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://uncomp.uwe.ac.uk/genaro/Cultura_Otomi_en_Ixtenco/Historia_files/MateoCajero.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2013-04-12.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Historia+de+los+Otom%C3%ADes+en+Ixtenco&rft.place=San+Juan+Ixtenco%2C+Tlaxcala%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Government+of+Tlaxcala%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2009-01&rft.aulast=Cajero&rft.aufirst=Mateo+Vel%C3%A1zquez&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Funcomp.uwe.ac.uk%2Fgenaro%2FCultura_Otomi_en_Ixtenco%2FHistoria_files%2FMateoCajero.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBello_Maldonado2004" class="citation book cs1">Bello Maldonado, Álvaro (2004). <i>Etnicidad y ciudadanía en América Latina: La acción colectiva de los pueblos indígenas</i>. United Nations Publications.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Etnicidad+y+ciudadan%C3%ADa+en+Am%C3%A9rica+Latina%3A+La+acci%C3%B3n+colectiva+de+los+pueblos+ind%C3%ADgenas&rft.pub=United+Nations+Publications&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Bello+Maldonado&rft.aufirst=%C3%81lvaro&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarrientos_López2004" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Barrientos López, Guadalupe (2004). <i>Otomíes del estado de México</i> (in Spanish). Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Otom%C3%ADes+del+estado+de+M%C3%A9xico&rft.pub=Comisi%C3%B3n+Nacional+para+el+Desarrollo+de+los+Pueblos+Ind%C3%ADgenas+de+M%C3%A9xico+%28CDI%29-Programa+de+las+Naciones+Unidas+para+el+Desarrollo+%28PNUD%29%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Barrientos+L%C3%B3pez&rft.aufirst=Guadalupe&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCampbell1997" class="citation book cs1">Campbell, Lyle (1997). <i>American Indian Languages: The Historical Linguistics of Native America</i>. Oxford Studies in Anthropological Linguistics. Vol. 4. New York: Oxford University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=American+Indian+Languages%3A+The+Historical+Linguistics+of+Native+America&rft.place=New+York&rft.series=Oxford+Studies+in+Anthropological+Linguistics&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Campbell&rft.aufirst=Lyle&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentro_de_Investigaciones_y_Estudios_Superiores_en_Antropología_Social_(CIESAS)n.d." class="citation web cs1">Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090201025645/http://pacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx/fichas/conte37.html">"Otomíes de Michoacán"</a>. <i>CIESAS-Istmo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx/fichas/conte37.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-01<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIESAS-Istmo&rft.atitle=Otom%C3%ADes+de+Michoac%C3%A1n&rft.au=Centro+de+Investigaciones+y+Estudios+Superiores+en+Antropolog%C3%ADa+Social+%28CIESAS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx%2Ffichas%2Fconte37.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentro_de_Investigaciones_y_Estudios_Superiores_en_Antropología_Social_(CIESAS)n.d." class="citation web cs1">Centro de Investigaciones y Estudios Superiores en Antropología Social (CIESAS) (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090224211621/http://pacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx/perfilindigena/otomiesqueretaro/conte03.html">"Otomíes de Querétaro"</a>. <i>CIESAS-Istmo</i>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx/perfilindigena/otomiesqueretaro/conte03.html">the original</a> on 2009-02-24<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=CIESAS-Istmo&rft.atitle=Otom%C3%ADes+de+Quer%C3%A9taro&rft.au=Centro+de+Investigaciones+y+Estudios+Superiores+en+Antropolog%C3%ADa+Social+%28CIESAS%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpacificosur.ciesas.edu.mx%2Fperfilindigena%2Fotomiesqueretaro%2Fconte03.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCollin_Harguindeguyn.d." class="citation web cs1">Collin Harguindeguy, Laura (n.d.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.coltlax.edu.mx/pdf_dra_laura/reflexiones.pdf">"Reflexiones sobre la identidad de los otomíes"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>El Colegio de Tlaxcala</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">11 November</span> 2021</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=El+Colegio+de+Tlaxcala&rft.atitle=Reflexiones+sobre+la+identidad+de+los+otom%C3%ADes&rft.aulast=Collin+Harguindeguy&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.coltlax.edu.mx%2Fpdf_dra_laura%2Freflexiones.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span> (enlace roto disponible en Internet Archive; véase el historial, la primera versión y la última)</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuverger2007" class="citation book cs1">Duverger, Christian (2007). <i>El primer mestizaje. La clave para entender el pasado mesoamericano</i>. Conaculta-INAH-Taurus-UNAM, México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=El+primer+mestizaje.+La+clave+para+entender+el+pasado+mesoamericano&rft.pub=Conaculta-INAH-Taurus-UNAM%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2007&rft.aulast=Duverger&rft.aufirst=Christian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGarza_CuarónLastra2000" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Garza Cuarón, Beatriz; Lastra, Yolanda (2000). "Lenguas en peligro de extinción en México". In Robins, Robert Henry; Uhlenbeck, Eugenius Marius; Garza Cuarón, Beatriz (eds.). <i>Lenguas en peligro</i> [<i>Endangered Languages</i>]. Colección Obra diversa (in Spanish). Mexico: <a href="/wiki/Instituto_Nacional_de_Antropolog%C3%ADa_e_Historia" title="Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia">Instituto Nacional de Antropología e Historia</a>. pp. 139–196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-970-18-2494-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-970-18-2494-8"><bdi>978-970-18-2494-8</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/45367879">45367879</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Lenguas+en+peligro+de+extinci%C3%B3n+en+M%C3%A9xico&rft.btitle=Lenguas+en+peligro&rft.place=Mexico&rft.series=Colecci%C3%B3n+Obra+diversa&rft.pages=139-196&rft.pub=Instituto+Nacional+de+Antropolog%C3%ADa+e+Historia&rft.date=2000&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F45367879&rft.isbn=978-970-18-2494-8&rft.aulast=Garza+Cuar%C3%B3n&rft.aufirst=Beatriz&rft.au=Lastra%2C+Yolanda&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span> Translated from <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobinsUhlenbeckGarza_Cuarón1991" class="citation book cs1">Robins, Robert Henry; Uhlenbeck, Eugenius Marius; Garza Cuarón, Beatriz, eds. (1991). <i>Endangered Languages</i>. Oxford, UK: <a href="/wiki/Berg_Publishers" title="Berg Publishers">Berg Publishers</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-313-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85496-313-3"><bdi>978-0-85496-313-3</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/24628327">24628327</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Endangered+Languages&rft.place=Oxford%2C+UK&rft.pub=Berg+Publishers&rft.date=1991&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F24628327&rft.isbn=978-0-85496-313-3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGómez_de_Silva2001" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gómez de Silva, Guido (2001). <i>Diccionario breve de mexicanismos</i> [<i>Brief dictionary of Mexican jargon</i>] (in Spanish). Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Diccionario+breve+de+mexicanismos&rft.pub=Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=G%C3%B3mez+de+Silva&rft.aufirst=Guido&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHamelBrummCarrillo_AvelarLoncon2004" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Hamel, Rainier Enrique; Brumm, María; Carrillo Avelar, Antonio; Loncon, Elisa; Nieto, Rafael; Silva Castellón, Elías (January 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.redalyc.org/pdf/140/14002006.pdf">"Qué hacemos con la castilla? La enseñanza del español como segunda lengua en el currículo intercultural bilingüe de educación indígena"</a> [What do we do with Castile? Teaching Spanish as a second language in the intercultural bilingual indigenous education curriculum] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Revista Mexicana de Investigación Educativa</i> (in Spanish). <b>9</b> (20): 83–107. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1405-6666">1405-6666</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Revista+Mexicana+de+Investigaci%C3%B3n+Educativa&rft.atitle=Qu%C3%A9+hacemos+con+la+castilla%3F+La+ense%C3%B1anza+del+espa%C3%B1ol+como+segunda+lengua+en+el+curr%C3%ADculo+intercultural+biling%C3%BCe+de+educaci%C3%B3n+ind%C3%ADgena&rft.volume=9&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=83-107&rft.date=2004-01&rft.issn=1405-6666&rft.aulast=Hamel&rft.aufirst=Rainier+Enrique&rft.au=Brumm%2C+Mar%C3%ADa&rft.au=Carrillo+Avelar%2C+Antonio&rft.au=Loncon%2C+Elisa&rft.au=Nieto%2C+Rafael&rft.au=Silva+Castell%C3%B3n%2C+El%C3%ADas&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.redalyc.org%2Fpdf%2F140%2F14002006.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li>Jiménez Moreno, Wigberto (1939): "Origen y significación del nombre otomí", en <i>Revista Mexicana de Estudios Antropológicos</i>, III, México.</li> <li>Mendoza Rico, Mirza; Luis Enrique Ferro Vidal y Eduardo Solorio Santiago (2006): <i>Otomíes del Semidesierto queretano</i>, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.</li> <li>Moreno Alcántara, Beatriz ; María Gabriela Garrett Ríos y Ulises Julio Fierro Alonso (2006): <i>Otomíes del Valle del Mezquital</i>, Comisión Nacional para el Desarrollo de los Pueblos Indígenas de México (CDI)-Programa de las Naciones Unidas para el Desarrollo (PNUD), México.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWright_Carr1999" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Wright Carr, David Charles (1999). <i>La conquista del Bajío y los orígenes de San Miguel de Allende</i> (in Spanish). Universidad del Valle de México-Fondo de Cultura Económica, México.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=La+conquista+del+Baj%C3%ADo+y+los+or%C3%ADgenes+de+San+Miguel+de+Allende&rft.pub=Universidad+del+Valle+de+M%C3%A9xico-Fondo+de+Cultura+Econ%C3%B3mica%2C+M%C3%A9xico&rft.date=1999&rft.aulast=Wright+Carr&rft.aufirst=David+Charles&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Otomi&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <span style="font-weight: bold; font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Otomi_people" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Otomi people">Otomi people</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.mexicantextiles.com/grouppages/groups/otomitemoaya/spedroabajo2/index.htm">Pictures of Otomi weaving styles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513075951/http://uncomp.uwe.ac.uk/genaro/Cultura_Otomi_en_Ixtenco/">Cultura Otomí en Ixtenco, Tlaxcala, México</a>.</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpring2014" class="citation episode cs1">Spring, James (March 14, 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thisamericanlife.org/radio-archives/episode/520/no-place-like-home">"No Place Like Home Act One: Flight Simulation"</a>. <a href="/wiki/This_American_Life" title="This American Life"><i>This American Life</i></a>. Episode 520. Chicago. <a href="/wiki/WBEZ" title="WBEZ">WBEZ</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 8,</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=This+American+Life&rft.place=Chicago&rft.series=Episode+520&rft.date=2014-03-14&rft.aulast=Spring&rft.aufirst=James&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thisamericanlife.org%2Fradio-archives%2Fepisode%2F520%2Fno-place-like-home&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span> About the "Caminata Nocturna" (a simulated illegal border crossing), in the Hñähñú village of El Alberto, Hidalgo.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513084039/http://www.nacionmulticultural.unam.mx/Portal/Derecho/MULTIMEDIA/ppm/04Sagrada_serpiente.html">"Sagrada Serpiente Negra"</a>; video producido por la Coordinación General de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe de la Secretaría de Educación Pública (México) sobre los otomíes del Valle del Mezquital. los otomíes son un pueblo indígena mexicano que,debido a la convivencia en las mismas regiones a lo largo de los siglos,comparte rasgos de cultura material con los nahuas.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.otomi.es.tl/">"Aprende otomí con gramática de un otomí".</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.redindigena.net/">Red de Información Indígena.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130418022202/http://otomimoderno.es.tl/">"Todo sobre los otomies".</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=S6hPu-OmOcI">"Himno Nacional Mexicano en Otomí - Ixtenco".</a> Video producido en la comunidad otomí de Ixtenco, Tlaxcala. Traducido cuidadosamente por el historiador otomí Mateo Cajero, y ejecutado por sus nietas el domingo 3 de mayo de 2010.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110513075951/http://uncomp.uwe.ac.uk/genaro/Cultura_Otomi_en_Ixtenco/">Cultura otomí en Ixtenco.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pueblosindigenas.es/de-mexico/otomi/">Cultura Otomi</a></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20201026234422/https://eib.sep.gob.mx/isbn/9789685927017.pdf">"Cómo obtener mejores cosechas"</a> [How to obtain better harvests] <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Otomí de la Sierra, Coordinación General de Educación Intercultural Bilingüe. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eib.sep.gob.mx/isbn/9789685927017.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 2020-10-26.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=C%C3%B3mo+obtener+mejores+cosechas&rft.pub=Otom%C3%AD+de+la+Sierra%2C+Coordinaci%C3%B3n+General+de+Educaci%C3%B3n+Intercultural+Biling%C3%BCe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feib.sep.gob.mx%2Fisbn%2F9789685927017.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AOtomi" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <p><br /> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline 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href="/wiki/Ch%CA%BCol_people" title="Chʼol people">Chʼol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huastec_people" title="Huastec people">Huastec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_peoples" title="Maya peoples">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazahua_people" title="Mazahua people">Mazahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mazatec" title="Mazatec">Mazatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixe_people" title="Mixe people">Mixe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mixtec" title="Mixtec">Mixtec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nahuas" title="Nahuas">Nahua</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Otomi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pur%C3%A9pecha" title="Purépecha">Purépecha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rar%C3%A1muri" title="Rarámuri">Rarámuri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tlapanec_people" title="Tlapanec people">Tlapanec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Totonac" title="Totonac">Totonac</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzeltal_people" title="Tzeltal people">Tzeltal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tzotzil" title="Tzotzil">Tzotzil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zapotec_peoples" title="Zapotec peoples">Zapotec</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><ul role="navigation" aria-label="Portals" class="noprint portalbox portalborder portalright"> <li class="portalbox-entry"><span class="portalbox-image"><span class="mw-image-border noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/32px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/48px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Flag_of_Mexico.svg/64px-Flag_of_Mexico.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="980" data-file-height="560" /></span></span></span><span class="portalbox-link"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Mexico" title="Portal:Mexico">Mexico portal</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">20,000 – 100,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amuzgos" title="Amuzgos">Amuzgo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chatinos" title="Chatinos">Chatino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chontal_Maya" title="Chontal Maya">Chontal Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cora_people" title="Cora people">Cora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cuicatecs" title="Cuicatecs">Cuicatec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huave_people" title="Huave people">Huave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mam_people" title="Mam people">Mam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayo_people" title="Mayo people">Mayo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Popoluca" title="Popoluca">Popoluca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehu%C3%A1n" title="Tepehuán">Tepehuán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tojolabal_people" title="Tojolabal people">Tojolabal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Triqui" title="Triqui">Triqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huichol" title="Huichol">Wixarika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaqui" title="Yaqui">Yaqui</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zoque_people" title="Zoque people">Zoque</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1,000 – 20,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akatek_people" title="Akatek people">Akatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichimeca_Jonaz_people" title="Chichimeca Jonaz people">Chichimeca Jonaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chocho_people" title="Chocho people">Chocho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chuj_people" title="Chuj people">Chuj</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guarijio_people" title="Guarijio people">Guarijio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jakaltek_people" title="Jakaltek people">Jakaltek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lacandon_people" title="Lacandon people">Lacandon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexicaneros" title="Mexicaneros">Mexicanero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ocuiltec_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Ocuiltec people">Ocuiltec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pame_people" title="Pame people">Pame</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pima_Bajo_people" title="Pima Bajo people">Pima Bajo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCanjob%CA%BCal_people" title="Qʼanjobʼal people">Qʼanjobʼal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Q%CA%BCeqchi%CA%BC" title="Qʼeqchiʼ">Qʼeqchiʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tacuate" title="Tacuate">Tacuate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tepehuas" title="Tepehuas">Tepehua</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Less than 1,000 people</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Awakatek_people" title="Awakatek people">Awakatek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chiricahua" title="Chiricahua">Chiricahua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cochim%C3%AD" title="Cochimí">Cochimí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cucap%C3%A1" class="mw-redirect" title="Cucapá">Cucapá</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixcatecos" title="Ixcatecos">Ixcatecos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ixil_people" title="Ixil people">Ixil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaqchikel_people" title="Kaqchikel people">Kaqchikel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/K%CA%BCiche%CA%BC_people" title="Kʼicheʼ people">Kʼicheʼ</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mexican_Kickapoo" title="Mexican Kickapoo">Kikapú</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiliwa_people" title="Kiliwa people">Kiliwa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumeyaay" title="Kumeyaay">Kumiai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipan_Apache_people" title="Lipan Apache people">Lipán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mescalero" title="Mescalero">Mezcalero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motozintlecos" title="Motozintlecos">Motozintleco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opata_people" title="Opata people">Opata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paipai_people" title="Paipai people">Paipai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seri_people" title="Seri people">Seri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tektitek_people" title="Tektitek people">Teko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tohono_O%CA%BCodham" title="Tohono Oʼodham">Tohono Oʼodham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Apache_people" title="Western Apache people">Western Apache</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-label="Navbox" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a>: National <span 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