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class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Sajt"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Sadržaj" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Sadržaj</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Početak</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Nauka_o_molekulima" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nauka_o_molekulima"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 Nauka o molekulima </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nauka_o_molekulima-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Istorija_i_etimologija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Istorija_i_etimologija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Istorija i etimologija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Istorija_i_etimologija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Veličina_molekula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Veličina_molekula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Veličina molekula </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Veličina_molekula-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Veličina molekula </button> <ul id="toc-Veličina_molekula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Najmanji_molekulski_prečnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Najmanji_molekulski_prečnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Najmanji molekulski prečnik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Najmanji_molekulski_prečnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Najveći_molekulski_prečnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Najveći_molekulski_prečnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Najveći molekulski prečnik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Najveći_molekulski_prečnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Prečnik" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Prečnik"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Prečnik </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Prečnik-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Formule_molekula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Formule_molekula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Formule molekula </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Formule_molekula-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Uključi/isključi podsekciju Formule molekula </button> <ul id="toc-Formule_molekula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Tipovi_hemijskih_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tipovi_hemijskih_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Tipovi hemijskih formula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tipovi_hemijskih_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Strukturna_formula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Strukturna_formula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Strukturna formula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Strukturna_formula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geometrija_molekula" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geometrija_molekula"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Geometrija molekula </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geometrija_molekula-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Molekulska_spektroskopija" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Molekulska_spektroskopija"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Molekulska spektroskopija </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Molekulska_spektroskopija-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Teoretski_aspekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Teoretski_aspekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Teoretski aspekti </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Teoretski_aspekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Povezano" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Povezano"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Povezano </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Povezano-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Reference" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reference"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Reference </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reference-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Literatura" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literatura"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Literatura </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literatura-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vanjske_veze" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vanjske_veze"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Vanjske veze </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vanjske_veze-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Sadržaj" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Prikaži/sakrij sadržaj </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr">Molekul</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Prijedi na druge jezične varijante članka. Dostupno je na 165 jezika" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-165" aria-hidden="true" > 165 jezika </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuul" title="Molekuul — Afrikanerski" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Molekuul" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikanerski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül — Švajcarsko nemački" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Švajcarsko nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Alemannisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%88%9E%E1%88%88%E1%8A%AA%E1%8B%8D%E1%88%8D" title="ሞለኪውል — Amharski" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ሞለኪውል" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharski" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula — Aragonežanski" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonežanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gemot" title="Gemot — Staroengleski" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Gemot" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Staroengleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु — Angika" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Angika" class="interlanguage-link-target">अंगिका</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AC%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A1" title="جزيء — Arapski" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="جزيء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arapski" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="অণু — Asemijski" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="অণু" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asemijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">অসমীয়া</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula — Asturijski" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Azerbejdžanski" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbejdžanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مولکول — South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="مولکول" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Baškir" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baškir" class="interlanguage-link-target">Башҡортса</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekui" title="Molekui — Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Molekui" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Boarisch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muolekol%C4%97" title="Muolekolė — Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Muolekolė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Žemaitėška</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bikol Central</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула — Beloruski" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малекула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Beloruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Малекула — Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малекула" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Bugarski" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bugarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%85%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%81" title="অণু — Bengalski" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="অণু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bengalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulenn" title="Molekulenn — Bretonski" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Molekulenn" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Bretonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Bosanski" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula — Katalonski" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Molècula" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Katalonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C5%ADng-c%E1%B9%B3%CC%84" title="Hŭng-cṳ̄ — Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Hŭng-cṳ̄" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%93_%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%99%E1%8F%A2%E1%8F%85" title="ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏙᏢᏅ — Čeroki" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᏧᏓᎴᏅᏓ ᏧᏙᏢᏅ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Čeroki" class="interlanguage-link-target">ᏣᎳᎩ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%DB%95%D8%B1%D8%AF" title="گەرد — centralnokurdski" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="گەرد" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centralnokurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Češki" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Češki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Čuvaški" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Čuvaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moleciwl" title="Moleciwl — Velški" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Moleciwl" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Velški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyle" title="Molekyle — Danski" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Molekyle" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül — Nemački" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://dsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Niski Sorbijanski" lang="dsb" hreflang="dsb" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Dolnoserbski" data-language-local-name="Niski Sorbijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dolnoserbski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%B9%CE%BF" title="Μόριο — Grčki" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μόριο" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Grčki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A8cula" title="Molècula — Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Molècula" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Emiliàn e rumagnòl</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Engleski" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Engleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulo" title="Molekulo — Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Molekulo" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula — Španski" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Španski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Estonski" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Baskijski" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Baskijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula — Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مولکول — Persijski" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="مولکول" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyyli" title="Molekyyli — Finski" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Molekyyli" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%B5kul" title="Molõkul — Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Molõkul" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target">Võro</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%BDl" title="Mýl — Farski" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mýl" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Farski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cule" title="Molécule — Francuski" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Molécule" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Francuski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BC%C3%BCl" title="Moleküül — Severno-frizijski" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moleküül" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Severno-frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekule" title="Molekule — Frizijski" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molekule" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Frizijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Móilín — Irski" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Móilín" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9kil" title="Molékil — Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Molékil" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kriyòl gwiyannen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moileciuil" title="Moileciuil — Škotski Galski" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Moileciuil" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Škotski Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula — Galski" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9kula" title="Molékula — Gvarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Molékula" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Gvarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Gorontalo" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorontalo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Hulontalo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Co-vreneen" title="Co-vreneen — Manks" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Co-vreneen" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manks" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C%D7%94" title="מולקולה — Hebrejski" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="מולקולה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु — Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Fiji Hindi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Hrvatski" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Hrvatski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Gornji sorbijski" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Gornji sorbijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekil" title="Molekil — Haićanski" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Molekil" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haićanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Mađarski" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Mađarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%84%D5%B8%D5%AC%D5%A5%D5%AF%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%AC" title="Մոլեկուլ — Jermenski" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Մոլեկուլ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Jermenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula — Interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Indonezijski" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonezijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul" title="Molecul — Interlingve" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Molecul" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingve" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Iloko" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Iloko" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ilokano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekulo" title="Molekulo — Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Molekulo" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sameind" title="Sameind — Islandski" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Sameind" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Islandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecola" title="Molecola — Italijanski" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Molecola" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italijanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 — Japanski" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malikyuul" title="Malikyuul — Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Malikyuul" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Patois</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xumsle" title="xumsle — Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xumsle" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target">La .lojban.</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Javanski" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულა — Gruzijski" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="მოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Gruzijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Kara-kalpaški" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Kara-kalpaški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Qaraqalpaqsha</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taxeclawt" title="Taxeclawt — Kabile" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Taxeclawt" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabile" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Kozački" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kozački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%98%E1%9F%89%E1%9E%BC%E1%9E%9B%E1%9F%81%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%BB%E1%9E%9B" title="ម៉ូលេគុល — Kmerski" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="ម៉ូលេគុល" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Kmerski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ភាសាខ្មែរ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%85%E0%B2%A3%E0%B3%81" title="ಅಣು — Kanada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಅಣು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kanada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B6%84%EC%9E%90" title="분자 — Korejski" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="분자" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korejski" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%86%D9%95%D9%88%D9%8E%D9%B9" title="کنٕوَٹ — Kašmiri" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="کنٕوَٹ" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Kašmiri" class="interlanguage-link-target">कॉशुर / کٲشُر</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Kurdski" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Kirgiski" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kirgiski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula — Latinski" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCll" title="Moleküll — Luksemburški" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Moleküll" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Luksemburški" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lëtzebuergesch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyo" title="Molekyo — Ganda" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Molekyo" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Ganda" class="interlanguage-link-target">Luganda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul — Limburgiš" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Molecuul" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mulecula" title="Mulecula — lombardski" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Mulecula" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="lombardski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lombard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul%C4%97" title="Molekulė — Litvanski" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Molekulė" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Litvanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Letonski" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Letonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Молекулась — Mokša" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Молекулась" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mokša" class="interlanguage-link-target">Мокшень</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B4lekiola" title="Môlekiola — Malagazijski" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Môlekiola" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagazijski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malagasy</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Makedonski" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Makedonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%AE%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0" title="തന്മാത്ര — Malajalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="തന്മാത്ര" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malajalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул — Mongolski" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%82" title="रेणू — Marati" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रेणू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marati" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Malajski" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malajski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%99%E1%80%B1%E1%80%AC%E1%80%BA%E1%80%9C%E1%80%AE%E1%80%80%E1%80%BB%E1%80%B0%E1%80%B8" title="မော်လီကျူး — Burmanski" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="မော်လီကျူး" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül — Niski nemački" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Niski nemački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Plattdüütsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%85%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81" title="अणु — Nepalski" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="अणु" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Nepalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">नेपाली</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecuul" title="Molecuul — Holandski" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Molecuul" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Holandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl — Norveški njorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norveški njorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl — Norveški bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norveški bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekule" title="Molekule — Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Molekule" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target">Novial</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9tchule" title="Molétchule — Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Molétchule" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecula" title="Molecula — Provansalski" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Molecula" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Provansalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maddarroo(molakiyulii)" title="Maddarroo(molakiyulii) — Oromo" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Maddarroo(molakiyulii)" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oromo" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oromoo</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%C3%A6" title="Молекулæ — Osetski" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Молекулæ" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Osetski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%85%E0%A8%A3%E0%A9%82" title="ਅਣੂ — Pandžabski" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਅਣੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Pandžabski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pam mw-list-item"><a href="https://pam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Pampanga" lang="pam" hreflang="pam" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Kapampangan" data-language-local-name="Pampanga" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kapampangan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cz%C4%85steczka" title="Cząsteczka — Poljski" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Cząsteczka" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Poljski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cola" title="Molécola — Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Molécola" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکیول — Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="مالیکیول" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکول — Paštunski" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="مالیکول" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paštunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mol%C3%A9cula" title="Molécula — Portugalski" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Molécula" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portugalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/I%C3%B1uwa" title="Iñuwa — Kvenča" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Iñuwa" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Kvenča" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecul%C4%83" title="Moleculă — Rumunski" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Moleculă" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rumunski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Ruski" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Ruski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русиньскый</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A3%E0%A5%81_:" title="रेणु : — Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रेणु :" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target">संस्कृतम्</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D3%A9%D0%BB%D2%AF%D3%A9%D0%BA%D2%AF%D0%BB%D1%8D" title="Мөлүөкүлэ — Jakut" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Мөлүөкүлэ" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Jakut" class="interlanguage-link-target">Саха тыла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Škotski" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Škotski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%8A%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%84" title="ماليڪيول — Sindi" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="ماليڪيول" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">سنڌي</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-se mw-list-item"><a href="https://se.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyla" title="Molekyla — Severni sami" lang="se" hreflang="se" data-title="Molekyla" data-language-autonym="Davvisámegiella" data-language-local-name="Severni sami" class="interlanguage-link-target">Davvisámegiella</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%85%E0%B6%AB%E0%B7%94%E0%B7%80" title="අණුව — Singaleski" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="අණුව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Singaleski" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Slovački" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%84" title="مالیکیول — Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="مالیکیول" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target">سرائیکی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Slovenački" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenački" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Samoanski" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samoanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gagana Samoa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Albanski" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул — Srpski" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Srpski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Sudanski" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sudanski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sunda</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekyl" title="Molekyl — Švedski" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Molekyl" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Švedski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekuli" title="Molekuli — Svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Molekuli" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tajleczka" title="Tajleczka — Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Tajleczka" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B2%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%95%E0%AF%82%E0%AE%B1%E0%AF%81" title="மூலக்கூறு — Tamilski" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="மூலக்கூறு" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamilski" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%85%E0%B0%A3%E0%B1%81%E0%B0%B5%E0%B1%81" title="అణువు — Telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="అణువు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target">తెలుగు</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Tađik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tađik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%82%E0%B8%A1%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B8%E0%B8%A5" title="โมเลกุล — Tajlandski" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="โมเลกุล" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Tajlandski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Turkmenski" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Turkmenski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkmençe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Tagalski" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekel" title="Molekel — Tok pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Molekel" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tok Pisin</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molek%C3%BCl" title="Molekül — Turski" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Molekül" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Tatarski" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatarski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%85%D9%88%D9%84%DB%90%D9%83%DB%87%D9%84%D8%A7" title="مولېكۇلا — Ujgurski" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="مولېكۇلا" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Ujgurski" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB%D0%B0" title="Молекула — Ukrajinski" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молекула" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrajinski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%DB%81" title="سالمہ — Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="سالمہ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Uzbečki" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbečki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekul" title="Molekul — Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Molekul" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vepsän kel’</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ph%C3%A2n_t%E1%BB%AD" title="Phân tử — Vijetnamski" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Phân tử" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vijetnamski" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecule" title="Molecule — Valun" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Molecule" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Valun" class="interlanguage-link-target">Walon</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molekula" title="Molekula — Varej" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Molekula" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Varej" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 — Wu kineski" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xal mw-list-item"><a href="https://xal.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D1%83%D0%BB" title="Молекул — Kalmik" lang="xal" hreflang="xal" data-title="Молекул" data-language-autonym="Хальмг" data-language-local-name="Kalmik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Хальмг</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/I-Molecule" title="I-Molecule — Khosa" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="I-Molecule" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Khosa" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiXhosa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%9B%E1%83%9D%E1%83%9A%E1%83%94%E1%83%99%E1%83%A3%E1%83%9A%E1%83%90" title="მოლეკულა — Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="მოლეკულა" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%90%D7%9C%D7%A2%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%9C" title="מאלעקול — Jidiš" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מאלעקול" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Jidiš" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 — Kineski" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 — Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">文言</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hun-ch%C3%BA" title="Hun-chú — min nan kineski" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Hun-chú" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="min nan kineski" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%88%86%E5%AD%90" title="分子 — kantonski" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="分子" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantonski" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Imizwayi" title="Imizwayi — Zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Imizwayi" data-language-autonym="IsiZulu" data-language-local-name="Zulu" class="interlanguage-link-target">IsiZulu</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11369#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Uredi međujezične poveznice" class="wbc-editpage">Uredi veze</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Imenski prostori"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molekul" title="Vidi stranicu sadržaja [c]" accesskey="c">Stranica</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="new vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Razgovor:Molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" rel="discussion" class="new" title="Razgovarajte o sadržini ove stranice (stranica ne postoji) [t]" accesskey="t">Razgovor</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Promijeni jezičnu varijantu" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Latinica </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-varlang-0" class="selected ca-variants-sh-Latn mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&variant=sh-latn" lang="sh-Latn" hreflang="sh-Latn">Latinica</a></li><li id="ca-varlang-1" class="ca-variants-sh-Cyrl mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&variant=sh-cyrl" lang="sh-Cyrl" hreflang="sh-Cyrl">Ћирилица</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Teme"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molekul">Prikaži</a></li><li id="ca-ve-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v">Uredi</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="collapsible vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e">Uredi kod</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=history" title="Pogledajte prethodne verzije ove stranice [h]" accesskey="h">Historija</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Alatke" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Alatke </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Alati</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="Više mogućnosti" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Radnje </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Molekul">Prikaži</a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit" title="Uredite ovu stranicu [v]" accesskey="v">Uredi</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit" title="Uredite izvorni kod ove stranice [e]" accesskey="e">Uredi kod</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=history">Historija</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Opšte </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:%C5%A0to_vodi_ovdje/Molekul" title="Pogledajte listu svih stranica koje vode ovamo [j]" accesskey="j">Šta vodi ovamo</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Povezane_izmjene/Molekul" rel="nofollow" title="Prelistajte nedavne izmjene stranica koje su povezane s ovom [k]" accesskey="k">Povezane izmjene</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Posebno:Posebne_stranice" title="Pregledajte listu svih posebnih stranica [q]" accesskey="q">Posebne stranice</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&oldid=42130093" title="Nabavite trajnu vezu do ove verzije stranice">Trajna veza</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=info" title="Pronađite više informacija o ovoj stranici">Podaci o stranici</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Citiraj&page=Molekul&id=42130093&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Saznajte kako da citirate ovu stranicu">Citiraj stranicu</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Skra%C4%87iva%C4%8D_adresa&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMolekul">Skrati URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fsh.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FMolekul">Preuzmi QR kod</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Štampanje/izvoz </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-create_a_book" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:Kolekcija&bookcmd=book_creator&referer=Molekul">Napravi knjigu</a></li><li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Posebno:DownloadAsPdf&page=Molekul&action=show-download-screen">Preuzmi kao PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&printable=yes" title="Odštampajte ovu stranicu [p]" accesskey="p">Odštampaj</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"> <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Na drugim projektima </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molecules" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q11369" title="Pogledajte povezanu stavku u skladištu podataka [g]" accesskey="g">Stavka na Wikipodacima</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Pomagala"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izgled"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izgled</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">premjesti na bočnu traku</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">sakrij</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Izvor: Wikipedija</div> </div> <div id="contentSub" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-content-subtitle" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="sh-Latn" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Atisane3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atisane3.png/400px-Atisane3.png" decoding="async" width="400" height="116" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atisane3.png/600px-Atisane3.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Atisane3.png 2x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Trodimenzionalni_prostor" title="Trodimenzionalni prostor">3D</a> (levo i centar) i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dvodimenzionalni_prostor&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dvodimenzionalni prostor (stranica ne postoji)">2D</a> reprezentacije <a href="/wiki/Terpenoid" title="Terpenoid">terpenoidnog</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a> molekula atisana</figcaption></figure> Molekul ili molekula (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Novolatinski_jezik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Novolatinski jezik (stranica ne postoji)">novolat.</a> molecula: mala masa, od <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">lat.</a> moles: masa), stabilna cjelina udruženih atoma. Molekulu čine <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomi</a> (dva ili više) povezani elektronima u <a href="/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza">kovalentnoj vezi</a>.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-3">[3]</a> Molekul se može sastojati od atoma istih elemenata (molekul elementa) na primjer kiseonik u vazduhu koji udišemo nalazi se u molekuli O2.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-5">[5]</a><a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-7">[7]</a> Može se sastojati i od atoma različitih elemenata (molekul jedinjenja) na primjer vodonik (H) i kiseonik (O) grade vodu H2O. <blockquote><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" alttext="{\displaystyle H2+0=H2O}"> <semantics> <mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"> <mstyle displaystyle="true" scriptlevel="0"> <mi>H</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mo>+</mo> <mn>0</mn> <mo>=</mo> <mi>H</mi> <mn>2</mn> <mi>O</mi> </mstyle> </mrow> <annotation encoding="application/x-tex">{\displaystyle H2+0=H2O}</annotation> </semantics> </math><img src="https://wikimedia.org/api/rest_v1/media/math/render/svg/1f794b2e6b259ab5d9eb515f3d5d6d80eb6458ea" class="mwe-math-fallback-image-inline mw-invert skin-invert" aria-hidden="true" style="vertical-align: -0.505ex; width:15.327ex; height:2.343ex;" alt="{\displaystyle H2+0=H2O}"></blockquote> Molekuli su suviše mali da bi se videli golim okom. Dimenzija su od 0,1 do 100 nanometara (0,0000000001 do 0,00000001 metara) mada ima i izuzetaka. Recimo <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" class="mw-redirect" title="Makromolekul">makromolekul</a> <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a><a href="#cite_note-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> kad bi se izvadio iz jedra ćelije i razmotao dostigao bi dužinu jednog do dva metra. Međutim i tada bi bio nevidljiv jer bi njegovo 'vlakno' bilo prečnika svega 0,000000005 m. Zato se za određivanje veličine i oblika molekula koriste posebne metode <a href="/wiki/Fizi%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Fizička hemija">fizičke hemije</a>,<a href="#cite_note-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[12]</a> a naročito <a href="/wiki/Analiti%C4%8Dka_hemija" title="Analitička hemija">instrumentalne metode</a>.<a href="#cite_note-isbn0-03-002078-6-13">[13]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid6353577-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9008869-15">[15]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid9253184-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12462614-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-pmid12462615-18">[18]</a> <a href="/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija">Odnos elemenata</a> koji grade jedinjenje,<a href="#cite_note-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> izražava se <a href="/wiki/Empirijska_formula" title="Empirijska formula">empirijskom formulom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[21]</a> Na primer, vodu grade <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonik</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonik</a> u odnosu 2:1, H2O, a etil <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a>, (<a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a><a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a>) <a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">ugljenik</a>, vodonik i kiseonik u odnosu 2:6:1, C2H6O. Ovaj odnos ne mora uvek da određuje jedinstveni molekul - <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_etar" title="Dimetil etar">dimetil etar</a><a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> ima isti odnos kao etanol, na primer. Molekuli koji se sastoje od istih atoma ali u različitom rasporedu se zovu <a href="/wiki/Izomer_(hemijski)" class="mw-redirect" title="Izomer (hemijski)">izomeri</a>.<a href="#cite_note-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Eliel-25">[25]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska formula">Hemijska</a> ili molekulska formula određuje tačnije redosled atoma koji grade molekul pa je formula <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanola</a> CH3CH2OH a dimetiletra CH3OCH3. Za predstavljanje složenijih molekula gde atomi mogu biti različito raspoređeni u prostoru koriste se strukturne formule. <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa">Molekulska masa</a> je zbir masa atoma koji čine molekul, i poput atomske, izražava se u atomskim jedinicama mase (atomska jedinica mase = 1/12 mase <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a> 12C).<a href="#cite_note-26">[26]</a><a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> Dugo se mislilo da su dužine hemijski veza i njihovi uglovi u molekulu konstantni. Međutim, modernim strukturnim metodama nađeno je da se geometrija hemijske veze neznatno menja, naročito kod složenijih molekula. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Nauka_o_molekulima">Nauka o molekulima</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Uredi odjeljak Nauka o molekulima" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=1" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Nauka o molekulima">uredi kod</a>]</div> Nauka o molekulima se naziva molekulskom hemijom ili <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekulska_fizika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekulska fizika (stranica ne postoji)">molekulskom fizikom</a>,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-29">[29]</a> u zavisnosti od toga da li je focus na hemiji ili fizici. Molekulska hemija se bavi zakonima koji vladaju nad interakcijama između molekula koje dovode do formiranja i razlaganja <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijskih veza</a>, dok se molekulska fizika bavi zakonima o molekulskim strukturama i njihovim svojstvima. Međutim, u praksi razlika nije jasno definisana. U naukama o molekulima, molekul se sastoji od stabilnog sistema sa dva ili više <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atoma</a>. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Poliatomiski_jon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Poliatomiski jon (stranica ne postoji)">Poliatomiski joni</a> se mogu smatrati naelektrisanim molekulima. Termin nestabilni molekul se koristi za veoma <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaktivnost_(hemija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaktivnost (hemija) (stranica ne postoji)">reaktivne</a> vrste, i.e., kratkotrajne konstrakte (<a href="/wiki/Rezonancija_(hemija)" title="Rezonancija (hemija)">rezonancije</a>) elektrona i <a href="/wiki/Atomsko_jezgro" title="Atomsko jezgro">jezgara</a>, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Radikal_(hemija)" title="Radikal (hemija)">radikali</a>,<a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a> molekulski <a href="/wiki/Jon" title="Jon">joni</a>,<a href="#cite_note-lenntech.com-32">[32]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Rajdbergov_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Rajdbergov molekul (stranica ne postoji)">Rajdbergovi molekuli</a>,<a href="#cite_note-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prelazno_stanje&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prelazno stanje (stranica ne postoji)">prelazna stanja</a>,<a href="#cite_note-35">[35]</a><a href="#cite_note-36">[36]</a> <a href="/wiki/Van_der_Valsova_veza" class="mw-redirect" title="Van der Valsova veza">van der Valsovi kompleksi</a>,<a href="#cite_note-YF-37">[37]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-39">[39]</a> ili sistemi kolizirajućih atoma kao u <a href="/w/index.php?title=Boze%E2%80%93Ajn%C5%A1tajnov_kondenzat&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Boze–Ajnštajnov kondenzat (stranica ne postoji)">Boze-Ajnštajnovom kondenzatu</a>.<a href="#cite_note-40">[40]</a><a href="#cite_note-41">[41]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Istorija_i_etimologija">Istorija i etimologija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Uredi odjeljak Istorija i etimologija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=2" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Istorija i etimologija">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Istorija_molekulske_teorije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Istorija molekulske teorije (stranica ne postoji)">Istorija molekulske teorije</a></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Dalton_John_desk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/130px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg" decoding="async" width="130" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/195px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Dalton_John_desk.jpg/260px-Dalton_John_desk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2170" data-file-height="2880" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">Džon Dalton</a><a href="#cite_note-42">[42]</a><a href="#cite_note-43">[43]</a></figcaption></figure> U <a href="/w/index.php?title=Merriam-Webster&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Merriam-Webster (stranica ne postoji)">Merriam-Webster</a> rečniku<a href="#cite_note-44">[44]</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Onlajn_etimolo%C5%A1ki_re%C4%8Dnik&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Onlajn etimološki rečnik (stranica ne postoji)">Onlajn etimološkom rečniku</a><a href="#cite_note-Ohio_U-45">[45]</a>, reč "molekul" je izvedena iz <a href="/wiki/Latinski_jezik" title="Latinski jezik">latinske reči</a> "<a href="/wiki/Mol_(jedinica)" title="Mol (jedinica)">mol</a>" ili mala jedinica mase. Molekul (1794) – „ekstremno mala čestica“, od fr. molécule (1678), iz modernog latinskog molecula, diminutiva latinke reči moles „masa, barijera“. Ovo naizgled neprecizno značenje reči (korišćeno do kasnog <a href="/wiki/18._vek" class="mw-redirect" title="18. vek">18. veka</a> samo u latinskoj formi) proističe iz <a href="/wiki/Ren%C3%A9_Descartes" title="René Descartes">Dekartesove</a> filozofije.<a href="#cite_note-Russell2004p516-46">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-Britannica-47">[47]</a> Definicija molekula je evoluirala sa povećanjem znanja o strukturi molekula. Rane definicije su bile manje precizne, i definisale su molekule kao najmanje <a href="/w/index.php?title=Spisak_%C4%8Destica&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Spisak čestica (stranica ne postoji)">čestice</a> čistih <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_supstanca" title="Hemijska supstanca">hemijskih supstanci</a> koje zadržavaju svoju <a href="/wiki/Hemijsko_jedinjenje" title="Hemijsko jedinjenje">kompoziciju</a> i hemijska svojstva.<a href="#cite_note-48">[48]</a> Ta definicija često nije održiva, pošto mnoge supstance, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Stijena" title="Stijena">stene</a>, <a href="/wiki/So" class="mw-redirect" title="So">soli</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Metal" title="Metal">metali</a>, sastavljene od velikih kristalnih mreža <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijski vezanih</a> atoma ili <a href="/wiki/Jon" title="Jon">jona</a>, i ne sastoje se od zasebnih molekula. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Veličina_molekula">Veličina molekula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Uredi odjeljak Veličina molekula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=3" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Veličina molekula">uredi kod</a>]</div> Većina molekula je suviše mala da bi se mogla videti golim okom, mada postoje izuzeci. <a href="/wiki/DNK" title="DNK">DNK</a> <a href="/wiki/Makromolekul" class="mw-redirect" title="Makromolekul">makromolekul</a> može da dosegne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Makroskopske&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Makroskopske (stranica ne postoji)">makroskopske</a> veličine,<a href="#cite_note-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> kao i molekuli mnogih <a href="/wiki/Polimer" title="Polimer">polimera</a>. Molekuli koji su uobičajeni gradivni blokovi u organskoj sintezi imaju dimenzije od nekoliko <a href="/wiki/Angstrem" class="mw-redirect" title="Angstrem">angstrema</a> (Å) do nekoliko desetina Å. Pojedinačni molekuli se obično ne mogu uočiti putem običnog <a href="/wiki/Svetlo" class="mw-redirect" title="Svetlo">svetla</a> (kao što je gore pomenuto), ali se mali molekuli i čak obrisi pojedinačnih atoma mogu nazreti u pojedinim okolnostima upotrebom <a href="/wiki/Mikroskop_atomskih_sila" title="Mikroskop atomskih sila">mikroskopa atomskih sila</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Lang_et._al.-51">[51]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Najmanji_molekulski_prečnik">Najmanji molekulski prečnik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Uredi odjeljak Najmanji molekulski prečnik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=4" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Najmanji molekulski prečnik">uredi kod</a>]</div> Najmanji molekul je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatomski_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diatomski molekul (stranica ne postoji)">diatomski</a> <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonik</a> (H2), sa dužinom veze od 0,74 Å.<a href="#cite_note-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-53">[53]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Najveći_molekulski_prečnik">Najveći molekulski prečnik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Uredi odjeljak Najveći molekulski prečnik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=5" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Najveći molekulski prečnik">uredi kod</a>]</div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mezoporozna_silika&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mezoporozna silika (stranica ne postoji)">Mezoporozna silika</a> je proizvedena sa dijametrom od 1000 Å (100 nm)<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-katiyar-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-trewyn-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Prečnik">Prečnik</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Uredi odjeljak Prečnik" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=6" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Prečnik">uredi kod</a>]</div> Efektivni molekulski prečnik je veličina koji molekul ima u rastvoru.<a href="#cite_note-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-58">[58]</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tabela_permselektivnosti_za_razne_supstance&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tabela permselektivnosti za razne supstance (stranica ne postoji)">Tabela permselektivnosti za razne supstance</a> sadrži primere.<a href="#cite_note-boron-59">[59]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Formule_molekula">Formule molekula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Uredi odjeljak Formule molekula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=7" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Formule molekula">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tipovi_hemijskih_formula">Tipovi hemijskih formula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Uredi odjeljak Tipovi hemijskih formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=8" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Tipovi hemijskih formula">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska formula">Hemijska formula</a></div></dd></dl> <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska formula">Hemijska formula</a> molekula se sastoji od niza simbola <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">hemijskih elemenata</a>, brojeva, a ponekad i drugih simbola, kao što su male, srednje i vitičaste zagrade, crtice, plus (+) i minus (−) znaci. Formule su ograničene na pojedinačne tipografske linije simbola, koje mogu da obuhvate subskripte i superskripte. <a href="/wiki/Empirijska_formula" title="Empirijska formula">Empirijska formula</a> jedinjenja je veoma jednostavni tip hemijske fromule. Ona je najjednostavniji <a href="/wiki/Cijeli_broj" title="Cijeli broj">celobrojni</a> <a href="/wiki/Odnos" title="Odnos">odnos</a> <a href="/wiki/Hemijski_element" title="Hemijski element">hemijskih elemenata</a> od kojih se jedinjenje sastoji. Na primer, voda se uvek sastoji od atoma <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonika</a> i <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonika</a> u odnosu 2:1, a etil <a href="/wiki/Alkohol" class="mw-redirect" title="Alkohol">alkohol</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Etanol" title="Etanol">etanol</a> se uvek sastoji od <a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">ugljenika</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vodonik" class="mw-redirect" title="Vodonik">vodonika</a>, i <a href="/wiki/Kiseonik" title="Kiseonik">kiseonika</a> u odnosu 2:6:1. Međutim, to jedistveno ne određuje vrstu molekula – na primer <a href="/wiki/Dimetil_etar" title="Dimetil etar">dimetil etar</a> ima isti odnos atoma kao etanol. Molekuli sa istim <a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">atomima</a> u različitim aranžmanima se nazivaju <a href="/wiki/Izomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Izomer">izomerima</a>. Takođe <a href="/wiki/Ugljeni_hidrati" title="Ugljeni hidrati">ugljeni hidrati</a>, na primer, imaju isti odnos (ugljenik:vodonik:kiseonik = 1:2:1) (i stoga istu empirijsku formulu), ali različite totalne brojeve atoma u molekulu. <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekulska formula">Molekulska formula</a> odražava precizan broj atoma od kojih se molekul sastoji i tako karakteriše različite molekule. Različiti izomeri mogu da imaju isti atomski sastav, mada su različiti molekuli. <a href="/wiki/Empirijska_formula" title="Empirijska formula">Empirijska formula</a> je obično ista kao i molekulska formula, iako to nije uvek slučaj. Na primer, molekul <a href="/wiki/Acetilen" title="Acetilen">acetilena</a> ima molekulsku formulu C2H2, dok je najjednostavniji celobrojni odnos elemenata CH. <a href="/wiki/Molekulska_masa" title="Molekulska masa">Molekulska masa</a> se može izračunati iz <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska formula">hemijske formule</a> i izražava se u konvencijalnoj <a href="/wiki/Atomska_jedinica_mase" class="mw-redirect" title="Atomska jedinica mase">atomskoj jedinici mase</a> jednakoj 1/12 mase neutralnog atoma ugljenika-12 (12<a href="/wiki/Ugljenik" title="Ugljenik">C</a> <a href="/wiki/Izotop" title="Izotop">izotopa</a>). Za umrežene čvrste materije se koristi termin <a href="/w/index.php?title=Formula_jedinice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Formula jedinice (stranica ne postoji)">formula jedinice</a> u <a href="/wiki/Stehiometrija" title="Stehiometrija">stehiometrijskim</a> proračunima. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Strukturna_formula">Strukturna formula</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Uredi odjeljak Strukturna formula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=9" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Strukturna formula">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula">Strukturna formula</a></div></dd></dl> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Cobalamin_skeletal.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cobalamin_skeletal.svg/200px-Cobalamin_skeletal.svg.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="236" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cobalamin_skeletal.svg/300px-Cobalamin_skeletal.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Cobalamin_skeletal.svg/400px-Cobalamin_skeletal.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="605" /></a><figcaption>Skeletalna strukturna formula <a href="/wiki/Vitamin_B12" title="Vitamin B12">vitamina B12</a>.<a href="#cite_note-AJCN-60">[60]</a><a href="#cite_note-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> Mnogi <a href="/wiki/Organsko_jedinjenje" title="Organsko jedinjenje">organski molekuli</a> su suviše komplikovani da bi se specificirali hemijskom formulom (molekulskom formulom).</figcaption></figure> Za molekule sa komplikovanom trodimenzionom strukturom, posebno kod molekula koji sadrže atome sa četiri različita supstituenta, jednostavna molekulska formula ili čak polustrukturna <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_formula" class="mw-redirect" title="Hemijska formula">hemijska formula</a>, nije dovoljna da potpuno opiše molekul. U tom slučaju se koristi grafički tip formule koji se naziva <a href="/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula">strukturnom formulom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-2006-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-IUPAC-2006-63">[63]</a> Strukturne formule mogu da se predstave jednodimenzionim hemijskim imenom, mada takva <a href="/wiki/IUPAC_nomenklatura" title="IUPAC nomenklatura">hemijska nomenklatura</a> zahteva znatan broj reči i članova koji nisu deo hemijskih formula.<a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a><a href="#cite_note-blue_book-65">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[66]</a> <table class="wikitable centered" style="text-align:center"> <caption>Poređenje različitih formula na različitim nivoima apstrakcije. </caption> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2" style="height:30px; width: 12.5%"> </th> <th colspan="4" style="height:15px"><a href="/wiki/Strukturna_formula" title="Strukturna formula">Strukturne formule</a> </th> <th colspan="3" style="height:15px">Ostali oblici </th></tr> <tr> <th style="width: 12.5%"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Luisova_struktura&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Luisova struktura (stranica ne postoji)">Luisova struktura</a> </th> <th style="width: 12.5%">Valentna formula </th> <th style="width: 12.5%">Nata projekcija </th> <th style="width: 12.5%">Skeletalna formula </th> <th style="width: 12.5%">Konstituciona formula </th> <th style="width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Kemijska_formula" title="Kemijska formula">Molekulska formula</a> </th> <th style="width: 12.5%"><a href="/wiki/Empirijska_formula" title="Empirijska formula">Empirijska formula</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EFEFEF"><a href="/wiki/Metan" title="Metan">Metan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Methan_Elektronenformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Methan_Elektronenformel.svg/80px-Methan_Elektronenformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Methan_Elektronenformel.svg/120px-Methan_Elektronenformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/01/Methan_Elektronenformel.svg/160px-Methan_Elektronenformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="99" data-file-height="125" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Methan_Lewis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Methan_Lewis.svg/80px-Methan_Lewis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="83" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Methan_Lewis.svg/120px-Methan_Lewis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/56/Methan_Lewis.svg/160px-Methan_Lewis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="103" data-file-height="107" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Methan_Struktur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Methan_Struktur.svg/80px-Methan_Struktur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="84" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Methan_Struktur.svg/120px-Methan_Struktur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Methan_Struktur.svg/160px-Methan_Struktur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="124" data-file-height="130" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">ne postoji </td> <td>CH4 </td> <td>CH4 </td> <td>CH4 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EFEFEF"><a href="/wiki/Propan" title="Propan">Propan</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Propan_Elektronenformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Propan_Elektronenformel.svg/80px-Propan_Elektronenformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="59" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Propan_Elektronenformel.svg/120px-Propan_Elektronenformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Propan_Elektronenformel.svg/160px-Propan_Elektronenformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="171" data-file-height="126" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Propan_Lewis.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Propan_Lewis.svg/80px-Propan_Lewis.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="47" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Propan_Lewis.svg/120px-Propan_Lewis.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9b/Propan_Lewis.svg/160px-Propan_Lewis.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="182" data-file-height="107" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Propan_Struktur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Propan_Struktur.svg/80px-Propan_Struktur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="58" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Propan_Struktur.svg/120px-Propan_Struktur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c4/Propan_Struktur.svg/160px-Propan_Struktur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="206" data-file-height="149" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Propan_Skelettformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Propan_Skelettformel.svg/60px-Propan_Skelettformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Propan_Skelettformel.svg/90px-Propan_Skelettformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/12/Propan_Skelettformel.svg/120px-Propan_Skelettformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="93" data-file-height="34" /></a> </td> <td>CH3–CH2–CH3 </td> <td>C3H8 </td> <td>C3H8 </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EFEFEF"><a href="/wiki/Sir%C4%87etna_kiselina" title="Sirćetna kiselina">Sirćetna kiselina</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg/80px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="60" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg/120px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg/160px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Elektronenformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="166" data-file-height="125" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg/80px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="51" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg/120px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg/160px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Valenzstrichformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="201" data-file-height="128" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg/80px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="53" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg/120px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/13/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg/160px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Struktur.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="198" data-file-height="130" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF"><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg/60px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="61" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg/90px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg/120px-Essigs%C3%A4ure_Skelettformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="113" data-file-height="114" /></a> </td> <td>CH3–COOH </td> <td>C2H4O2 </td> <td>CH2O </td></tr> <tr> <td style="background-color:#EFEFEF"><a href="/wiki/Voda" title="Voda">Voda</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg/60px-Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg/90px-Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/27/Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg/120px-Wasser_Elektronenformel.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="71" data-file-height="100" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:WasserValenz.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/WasserValenz.svg/60px-WasserValenz.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/WasserValenz.svg/90px-WasserValenz.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/WasserValenz.svg/120px-WasserValenz.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="78" data-file-height="103" /></a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Datoteka:WasserKonstitution.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/WasserKonstitution.svg/60px-WasserKonstitution.svg.png" decoding="async" width="60" height="85" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/WasserKonstitution.svg/90px-WasserKonstitution.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7a/WasserKonstitution.svg/120px-WasserKonstitution.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="73" data-file-height="103" /></a> </td> <td style="background-color:#FFFFFF">ne postoji </td> <td>ne postoji </td> <td>H2O </td> <td>H2O </td></tr></tbody></table> Opšti prostorni molekularni modeli su <a href="/w/index.php?title=Prostorno-punjavaju%C4%87i_model&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Prostorno-punjavajući model (stranica ne postoji)">prostorno-punjavajući</a> i <a href="/w/index.php?title=Model_%C5%A1tapi%C4%87a_i_kugle&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Model štapića i kugle (stranica ne postoji)">štapićasti</a> model. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geometrija_molekula">Geometrija molekula</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Uredi odjeljak Geometrija molekula" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=10" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Geometrija molekula">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Geometrija_molekula" title="Geometrija molekula">Geometrija molekula</a></div></dd></dl> Molekuli imaju fiksne <a href="/w/index.php?title=Mehani%C4%8Dka_ravnote%C5%BEa&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Mehanička ravnoteža (stranica ne postoji)">ravnotežne</a> geometrije — dužine veza i uglova — oko kojih oni neprestano osciluju putem vibracionih i rotacionih kretanja. Čiste supstance se sastoje od molekula sa istim prosečnim geometrijskim strukturama. Hemijska formula i struktura molekula su dva važna faktora koji određuju njegova svojstva, posebno njegovu <a href="/w/index.php?title=Reaktivnost_(hemija)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Reaktivnost (hemija) (stranica ne postoji)">reaktivnost</a>. <a href="/wiki/Izomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Izomer">Izomeri</a> imaju istu hemijsku formulu ali normalno imaju veoma različite osobine usled njihovih različitih struktura. <a href="/wiki/Stereoizomer" class="mw-redirect" title="Stereoizomer">Stereoizomeri</a>, specifični tip izomera, mogu da imaju veoma slična fizičko-hemijska svojstva, a istovremeno različite <a href="/wiki/Biohemija" title="Biohemija">biohemijske</a> aktivnosti.<a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-68">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Molekulska_spektroskopija">Molekulska spektroskopija</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Uredi odjeljak Molekulska spektroskopija" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=11" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Molekulska spektroskopija">uredi kod</a>]</div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle">Glavni članak: <a href="/wiki/Spektroskopija" title="Spektroskopija">Spektroskopija</a></div></dd></dl> Molekulska spektroskopija se bavi responsom (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Frekventni_spektar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Frekventni spektar (stranica ne postoji)">spektrom</a>) molekula koji interaguju sa testnim signalima poznate <a href="/wiki/Energija" title="Energija">energije</a> (ili <a href="/wiki/Frekvencija" title="Frekvencija">frekvencije</a>, u skladu sa <a href="/wiki/Plankova_konstanta" class="mw-redirect" title="Plankova konstanta">Plankovom formulom</a>). Molekuli imaju kvantizovane energijske nivoe, koji se mogu analizirati detektovanjem molekulske energije razmene putem <a href="/wiki/Apsorbancija" class="mw-redirect" title="Apsorbancija">apsorbancije</a> ili <a href="/wiki/Emisioni_spektar" title="Emisioni spektar">emisije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-iupac2-69">[69]</a> Spektroskopija se generano ne odnosi na <a href="/wiki/Difrakcija" title="Difrakcija">difrakcione</a> studije gde čestice poput <a href="/wiki/Neutron" title="Neutron">neutrona</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, ili visoko energetskih <a href="/wiki/X-zrake" title="X-zrake">X-zraka</a> formiraju interakcije sa regularnim aranžmanom molekula (kao što je to slučaj sa kristalima). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Teoretski_aspekti">Teoretski aspekti</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Uredi odjeljak Teoretski aspekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=12" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Teoretski aspekti">uredi kod</a>]</div> Izučavanje molekula u molekulskoj fizici i <a href="/wiki/Teoretska_hemija" title="Teoretska hemija">teoretskoj hemiji</a> je uglavnom bazirano na <a href="/wiki/Kvantna_mehanika" title="Kvantna mehanika">kvantnoj mehanici</a> i esencijalno je za razumevanje <a href="/wiki/Hemijska_veza" title="Hemijska veza">hemijske veze</a>. Najjednostavniji molekul je <a href="/w/index.php?title=Vodoni%C4%8Dni_molekulski_jon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Vodonični molekulski jon (stranica ne postoji)">vodonični molekulski jon</a>, H2+, i najjednostavnija od svih hemijskih veza je <a href="/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza">jednoelektronska veza</a>. H2+ se sastoji od dva pozitivno naelektrisana <a href="/wiki/Proton" title="Proton">protona</a> i jednog negativno naelektrisanog <a href="/wiki/Elektron" title="Elektron">elektrona</a>, što znači da se <a href="/wiki/%C5%A0redingerova_jedna%C4%8Dina" class="mw-redirect" title="Šredingerova jednačina">Šredingerova jednačina</a> sistema može lakše rešiti usled nedostatka elektron–elektron repulzije. Sa razvojem brzih digitalnih računara, aproksimativna rešenja za komplikovanije molekule su postala moguća i jedan su od glavnih aspekata <a href="/wiki/Ra%C4%8Dunarska_hemija" title="Računarska hemija">računarske hemije</a>.<a href="#cite_note-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-71">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-72">[72]</a> U pokušaju da rigorozno definiše aranžman atoma koji je dovoljno stabilan da bi se smatrao molekulom, IUPAC sugeriše da on mora da odgovara „udubljenju na <a href="/w/index.php?title=Pov%C5%A1ina_potencijalne_energije&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Povšina potencijalne energije (stranica ne postoji)">površini potencijalne energije</a> koje je dovoljno duboko da ograniči bar jedno vibraciono stanje“.<a href="#cite_note-iupac-4">[4]</a> Ova definicija nije zavisna od prirode interakcije između atoma, nego samo od jačine interakcije. Zapravo, ona obuhvata samo slabo vezane vrste aranžmana koji se tradicionalno ne bi smatrali molekulima, kao što su <a href="/wiki/Helijum" class="mw-redirect" title="Helijum">helijumski</a> <a href="/wiki/Dimer_(hemija)" title="Dimer (hemija)">dimer</a>, He2, koji ima jedno vibraciono <a href="/wiki/Vezano_stanje" title="Vezano stanje">vezano stanje</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> i u toj meri je labavo vezan da se jedino može uočiti na veoma niskim temperaturama. Da li je ili ne aranžman atoma „dovoljno stabilan“ da bi se smatrao molekulom je inherentno operaciona definicija. Filozofski, stoga, molekul nije fundamentalni entitet (u kontrastu, na primer sa <a href="/wiki/Elementarna_%C4%8Destica" class="mw-redirect" title="Elementarna čestica">elementarnom česticom</a><a href="#cite_note-PFIp1-3-74">[74]</a>); već je koncept molekula hemičarski način pravljenja korisnih izjava o jačini interakcija na atomskoj skali. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Povezano">Povezano</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Uredi odjeljak Povezano" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=13" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Povezano">uredi kod</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atom" title="Atom">Atom</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Van_der_Valsov_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Van der Valsov molekul (stranica ne postoji)">Van der Valsov molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Diatomski_molekul&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Diatomski molekul (stranica ne postoji)">Diatomski molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geometrija_molekula" title="Geometrija molekula">Geometrija molekula</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_molekul" title="Mali molekul">Mali molekul</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Efuzija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Efuzija (stranica ne postoji)">Efuzija</a>, vrsta protoka gasnih molekula</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hemijska_polarnost" title="Hemijska polarnost">Hemijska polarnost</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekulska_geometrija" class="mw-redirect" title="Molekulska geometrija">Molekulska geometrija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kovalentna_veza" title="Kovalentna veza">Kovalentna veza</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nekovalentno_vezivanje" title="Nekovalentno vezivanje">Nekovalentno vezivanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_Hamiltonijan&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni Hamiltonijan (stranica ne postoji)">Molekularni Hamiltonijan</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekularni_jon&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Molekularni jon (stranica ne postoji)">Molekularni jon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekulska_orbitala" title="Molekulska orbitala">Molekulska orbitala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Molekulsko_modelovanje" title="Molekulsko modelovanje">Molekulsko modelovanje</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Softver_za_molekulski_dezajn&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Softver za molekulski dezajn (stranica ne postoji)">Softver za molekulski dezajn</a></li> <li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Periodni_sistem_malih_molekula&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Periodni sistem malih molekula (stranica ne postoji)">Periodni sistem malih molekula</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reference">Reference</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Uredi odjeljak Reference" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=14" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Reference">uredi kod</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41556849">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">↑</a> Firn, Richard (2010). Nature's Chemicals. Oxford: Biology.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nature%27s+Chemicals&rft.aulast=Firn&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft.au=Firn%2C%26%2332%3BRichard&rft.date=2010&rft.pub=Oxford%3A+Biology&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a> March, Jerry (1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/advancedorganicc04edmarc">Advanced organic chemistry: reactions, mechanisms, and structure</a>. John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-60180-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-60180-2">0-471-60180-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advanced+organic+chemistry%3A+reactions%2C+mechanisms%2C+and+structure&rft.aulast=March&rft.aufirst=Jerry&rft.au=March%2C%26%2332%3BJerry&rft.date=1992&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.isbn=0-471-60180-2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fadvancedorganicc04edmarc&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a> Gary L. Miessler; Donald Arthur Tarr (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/solutionsmanuali0000mies">Inorganic chemistry</a>. Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-13-035471-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-13-035471-6">0-13-035471-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Inorganic+chemistry&rft.aulast=Gary+L.+Miessler&rft.au=Gary+L.+Miessler&rft.au=Donald+Arthur+Tarr&rft.date=2004&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0-13-035471-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsolutionsmanuali0000mies&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac-4">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-iupac_4-0">4,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-iupac_4-1">4,1</a> <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_za_%C4%8Distu_i_primenjenu_hemiju" title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju">Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju</a> (1994). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/M04002.html">molecule</a>". Kompendijum Hemijske Terminologije Internet edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a> Puling, Linus (1970). General Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-486-65622-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-486-65622-5">0-486-65622-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Puling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Puling%2C%26%2332%3BLinus&rft.date=1970&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=0-486-65622-5&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a> Ebbin, Darrell, D. (1990). General Chemistry, 3rd Ed.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-395-43302-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-395-43302-9">0-395-43302-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.aulast=Ebbin%2C+Darrell%2C+D.&rft.au=Ebbin%2C+Darrell%2C+D.&rft.date=1990&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.isbn=0-395-43302-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a> Brown, T.L.; Kenneth C. Kemp, Theodore L. Brown, Harold Eugene LeMay, Bruce Edward Bursten (2003). Chemistry – the Central Science, 9th Ed.. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-13-066997-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-13-066997-0">0-13-066997-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%E2%80%93+the+Central+Science%2C+9th+Ed.&rft.aulast=Brown%2C+T.L.&rft.au=Brown%2C+T.L.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=0-13-066997-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a> Mount DM (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.ca/books?hl=en&lr=&id=bvY21DGa1OwC&oi=fnd&pg=PA1&dq=Bioinformatics:+Sequence+and+Genome+Analysis&ots=gKWF4_Nbrw&sig=62dBP2V9bVzolK4yvEgYVbuQSjY#v=onepage&q=Bioinformatics%3A%20Sequence%20and%20Genome%20Analysis&f=false">Bioinformatics: Sequence and Genome Analysis</a> (2 izd.). Cold Spring Harbor, NY: Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-87969-712-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-87969-712-1">0-87969-712-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Online_Computer_Library_Center" class="mw-redirect" title="Online Computer Library Center">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/oclc/55106399">55106399</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Bioinformatics%3A+Sequence+and+Genome+Analysis&rft.aulast=Mount+DM&rft.au=Mount+DM&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=2&rft.place=Cold+Spring+Harbor%2C+NY&rft.pub=Cold+Spring+Harbor+Laboratory+Press&rft.isbn=0-87969-712-1&rft_id=info:oclcnum/55106399&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.ca%2Fbooks%3Fhl%3Den%26lr%3D%26id%3DbvY21DGa1OwC%26oi%3Dfnd%26pg%3DPA1%26dq%3DBioinformatics%3A%2BSequence%2Band%2BGenome%2BAnalysis%26ots%3DgKWF4_Nbrw%26sig%3D62dBP2V9bVzolK4yvEgYVbuQSjY%23v%3Donepage%26q%3DBioinformatics%253A%2520Sequence%2520and%2520Genome%2520Analysis%26f%3Dfalse&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://jhered.oxfordjournals.org/content/96/6/725.full">From DNA to Diversity: Molecular Genetics and the Evolution of Animal Design</a> (Second izd.). Oxford: Blackwell Publishing. 2005. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4051-1950-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4051-1950-0">1-4051-1950-0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+DNA+to+Diversity%3A+Molecular+Genetics+and+the+Evolution+of+Animal+Design&rft.date=2005&rft.edition=Second&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Publishing&rft.isbn=1-4051-1950-0&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fjhered.oxfordjournals.org%2Fcontent%2F96%2F6%2F725.full&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a> Benjamin Lewin (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/genesvi0000lewi_n1p0">Genes</a> (6th ed. izd.). Oxford University Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-19-857779-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-19-857779-6">0-19-857779-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Genes&rft.aulast=Benjamin+Lewin&rft.au=Benjamin+Lewin&rft.date=1997&rft.edition=6th+ed.&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.isbn=0-19-857779-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fgenesvi0000lewi_n1p0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a> P. Atkins, J. de Paula (2013). Physikalische Chemie. 5.. Weinheim: Wiley-VCH. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/3-527-33247-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/3-527-33247-2">3-527-33247-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Physikalische+Chemie&rft.aulast=P.+Atkins%2C+J.+de+Paula&rft.au=P.+Atkins%2C+J.+de+Paula&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=5.&rft.place=Weinheim&rft.pub=Wiley-VCH&rft.isbn=3-527-33247-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a> Peter Jomo Walla (8 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=ej__AwAAQBAJ&pg=PA1">Modern Biophysical Chemistry: Detection and Analysis of Biomolecules</a>. Wiley. str. 1–. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-3-527-68354-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-3-527-68354-3">978-3-527-68354-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Biophysical+Chemistry%3A+Detection+and+Analysis+of+Biomolecules&rft.aulast=Peter+Jomo+Walla&rft.au=Peter+Jomo+Walla&rft.date=8+July+2014&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%93&rft.pub=Wiley&rft.isbn=978-3-527-68354-3&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dej__AwAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-isbn0-03-002078-6-13"><a href="#cite_ref-isbn0-03-002078-6_13-0">↑</a> Nieman, Timothy A.; Skoog, Douglas A.; Holler, F. James (1998). Principles of instrumental analysis. Pacific Grove, CA: Brooks/Cole. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-03-002078-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-03-002078-6">0-03-002078-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+instrumental+analysis&rft.aulast=Nieman%2C+Timothy+A.%3B+Skoog%2C+Douglas+A.%3B+Holler%2C+F.+James&rft.au=Nieman%2C+Timothy+A.%3B+Skoog%2C+Douglas+A.%3B+Holler%2C+F.+James&rft.date=1998&rft.place=Pacific+Grove%2C+CA&rft.pub=Brooks%2FCole&rft.isbn=0-03-002078-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid6353577-14"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid6353577_14-0">↑</a> Wilkins, C. (1983). „Hyphenated techniques for analysis of complex organic mixtures”. Science 222 (4621): 291–6. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1983Sci...222..291W">1983Sci...222..291W</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.6353577">10.1126/science.6353577</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Serial_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Serial Number">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.worldcat.org/issn/0036-8075">0036-8075</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/6353577">6353577</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hyphenated+techniques+for+analysis+of+complex+organic+mixtures&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=Wilkins&rft.aufirst=C.&rft.au=Wilkins%2C%26%2332%3BC.&rft.date=1983&rft.volume=222&rft.issue=4621&rft.pages=291%E2%80%936&rft_id=info:bibcode/1983Sci...222..291W&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.6353577&rft.issn=0036-8075&rft_id=info:pmid/6353577&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9008869-15"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9008869_15-0">↑</a> Holt, R. M.; Newman, M. J.; Pullen, F. S.; Richards, D. S.; Swanson, A. G. (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_journal-of-mass-spectrometry_1997-01_32_1/page/64">„High-performance Liquid Chromatography/NMR Spectrometry/Mass Spectrometry:Further Advances in Hyphenated Technology”</a>. Journal of Mass Spectrometry 32 (1): 64–70. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9888%28199701%2932%3A1%3C64%3A%3AAID-JMS450%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7">10.1002/(SICI)1096-9888(199701)32:1<64::AID-JMS450>3.0.CO;2-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9008869">9008869</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=High-performance+Liquid+Chromatography%2FNMR+Spectrometry%2FMass+Spectrometry%3AFurther+Advances+in+Hyphenated+Technology&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Mass+Spectrometry&rft.aulast=Holt&rft.aufirst=R.+M.&rft.au=Holt%2C%26%2332%3BR.+M.&rft.au=Newman%2C%26%2332%3BM.+J.&rft.au=Pullen%2C%26%2332%3BF.+S.&rft.au=Richards%2C%26%2332%3BD.+S.&rft.au=Swanson%2C%26%2332%3BA.+G.&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=64%E2%80%9370&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F%28SICI%291096-9888%28199701%2932%3A1%3C64%3A%3AAID-JMS450%3E3.0.CO%3B2-7&rft_id=info:pmid/9008869&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_journal-of-mass-spectrometry_1997-01_32_1%2Fpage%2F64&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid9253184-16"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid9253184_16-0">↑</a> Ellis, Lyndon A; Roberts, David J (1997). „Chromatographic and hyphenated methods for elemental speciation analysis in environmental media”. Journal of Chromatography A 774 (1–2): 3–19. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2897%2900325-7">10.1016/S0021-9673(97)00325-7</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/9253184">9253184</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Chromatographic+and+hyphenated+methods+for+elemental+speciation+analysis+in+environmental+media&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Ellis&rft.aufirst=Lyndon+A&rft.au=Ellis%2C%26%2332%3BLyndon+A&rft.au=Roberts%2C%26%2332%3BDavid+J&rft.date=1997&rft.volume=774&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=3%E2%80%9319&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2897%2900325-7&rft_id=info:pmid/9253184&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12462614-17"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12462614_17-0">↑</a> Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Highley, M.S; Van Oosterom, A.T; De Bruijn, E.A i dr.. (2002). „Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring”. Journal of Chromatography A 976 (1–2): 229–38. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2802%2901228-1">10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01228-1</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462614">12462614</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hyphenated+techniques+in+anticancer+drug+monitoring&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Guetens&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Guetens%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=De+Boeck%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=Wood%2C%26%2332%3BM&rft.au=Maes%2C%26%2332%3BR.A.A&rft.au=Eggermont%2C%26%2332%3BA.A.M&rft.au=Highley%2C%26%2332%3BM.S&rft.au=Van+Oosterom%2C%26%2332%3BA.T&rft.au=De+Bruijn%2C%26%2332%3BE.A&rft.au=Tjaden%2C%26%2332%3BU.R&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=976&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=229%E2%80%9338&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2802%2901228-1&rft_id=info:pmid/12462614&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-pmid12462615-18"><a href="#cite_ref-pmid12462615_18-0">↑</a> Guetens, G; De Boeck, G; Highley, M.S; Wood, M; Maes, R.A.A; Eggermont, A.A.M; Hanauske, A; De Bruijn, E.A i dr.. (2002). „Hyphenated techniques in anticancer drug monitoring”. Journal of Chromatography A 976 (1–2): 239–47. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2802%2901227-X">10.1016/S0021-9673(02)01227-X</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/12462615">12462615</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Hyphenated+techniques+in+anticancer+drug+monitoring&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography+A&rft.aulast=Guetens&rft.aufirst=G&rft.au=Guetens%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=De+Boeck%2C%26%2332%3BG&rft.au=Highley%2C%26%2332%3BM.S&rft.au=Wood%2C%26%2332%3BM&rft.au=Maes%2C%26%2332%3BR.A.A&rft.au=Eggermont%2C%26%2332%3BA.A.M&rft.au=Hanauske%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=De+Bruijn%2C%26%2332%3BE.A&rft.au=Tjaden%2C%26%2332%3BU.R&rft.date=2002&rft.volume=976&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=239%E2%80%9347&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0021-9673%2802%2901227-X&rft_id=info:pmid/12462615&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a> Zumdahl, Steven S. Chemical Principles. Houghton Mifflin, New York, 2005, pp 148–150. </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a> Internal Combustion Engine Fundamentals, John B. Heywood </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_za_%C4%8Distu_i_primenjenu_hemiju" title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju">Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju</a>. "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/E02063.html">Empirical formula</a>". Kompendijum Hemijske Terminologije Internet edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-22"><a href="#cite_ref-22">↑</a> González, Begoña; Calvar, Noelia; Gómez, Elena; Domínguez, Ángeles (2007). „Density, dynamic viscosity, and derived properties of binary mixtures of methanol or ethanol with water, ethyl acetate, and methyl acetate at T = (293.15, 298.15, and 303.15) K”. The Journal of Chemical Thermodynamics 39 (12): 1578–1588. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.jct.2007.05.004">10.1016/j.jct.2007.05.004</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Density%2C+dynamic+viscosity%2C+and+derived+properties+of+binary+mixtures+of+methanol+or+ethanol+with+water%2C+ethyl+acetate%2C+and+methyl+acetate+at+T+%3D+%28293.15%2C+298.15%2C+and+303.15%29+K&rft.jtitle=The+Journal+of+Chemical+Thermodynamics&rft.aulast=Gonz%C3%A1lez&rft.aufirst=Bego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Gonz%C3%A1lez%2C%26%2332%3BBego%C3%B1a&rft.au=Calvar%2C%26%2332%3BNoelia&rft.au=G%C3%B3mez%2C%26%2332%3BElena&rft.au=Dom%C3%ADnguez%2C%26%2332%3B%C3%81ngeles&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=39&rft.issue=12&rft.pages=1578%E2%80%931588&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.jct.2007.05.004&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-23"><a href="#cite_ref-23">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/summary/summary.cgi?cid=8254&loc=ec_rcs">„dimethyl ether - PubChem Public Chemical Database”</a>. The PubChem Project. USA: National Center for Biotechnology Information.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=dimethyl+ether+-+PubChem+Public+Chemical+Database&rft.atitle=The+PubChem+Project&rft.place=USA&rft.pub=National+Center+for+Biotechnology+Information&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubchem.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fsummary%2Fsummary.cgi%3Fcid%3D8254%26loc%3Dec_rcs&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">↑</a> Petrucci R.H., Harwood R.S. and Herring F.G. "General Chemistry" (8th ed., Prentice-Hall 2002), p.91 </li> <li id="cite_note-Eliel-25"><a href="#cite_ref-Eliel_25-0">↑</a> Ernest L. Eliel and Samuel H. Wilen, Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds (Wiley Interscience 1994), pp.52-53 </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><a href="#cite_ref-26">↑</a> Choppin, G.; Liljenzin, J. O. and Rydberg, J.　（1995） Radiochemistry and Nuclear Chemistry (2nd ed.) Butterworth-Heinemann, pp. 3–5 </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">↑</a> Soddy, Frederick (1913). „The Radio-Elements and the Periodic Law”. Nature 91 (2264): 57. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1913Natur..91...57S">1913Natur..91...57S</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F091057a0">10.1038/091057a0</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=The+Radio-Elements+and+the+Periodic+Law&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.aulast=Soddy&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft.au=Soddy%2C%26%2332%3BFrederick&rft.date=1913&rft.volume=91&rft.issue=2264&rft.pages=57&rft_id=info:bibcode/1913Natur..91...57S&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F091057a0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">↑</a> A.R. Leach, Molecular Modelling: Principles and Applications, 2001, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-582-38210-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-582-38210-6">0-582-38210-6</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">↑</a> Daan Frenkel, Berend Smit Understanding Molecular Simulation: From Algorithms to Applications, 1996, <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-12-267370-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-12-267370-0">0-12-267370-0</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">↑</a> Oakley, Richard T. (1988) (PDF). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150923202507/http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/oakley/papers/rto_086.pdf">Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. Cyclic and Heterocyclic Thiazenes</a>. Progress in Inorganic Chemistry. 36. pp. 299–391. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1002%2F9780470166376.ch4">10.1002/9780470166376.ch4</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-470-16637-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-470-16637-6">978-0-470-16637-6</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chembio.uoguelph.ca/oakley/papers/rto_086.pdf">originala</a> na datum 2015-09-23. Pristupljeno 2015-06-10.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Progress+in+Inorganic+Chemistry.+Cyclic+and+Heterocyclic+Thiazenes&rft.aulast=Oakley&rft.aufirst=Richard+T.&rft.au=Oakley%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+T.&rft.date=1988&rft.series=Progress+in+Inorganic+Chemistry&rft.volume=36&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B299%E2%80%93391&rft_id=info:doi/10.1002%2F9780470166376.ch4&rft.isbn=978-0-470-16637-6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20150923202507%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.chembio.uoguelph.ca%2Foakley%2Fpapers%2Frto_086.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">↑</a> Rawson, J; Banister, A; Lavender, I (1995). Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry Volume 62. The Chemistry of Dithiadiazolylium and Dithiadiazolyl Rings. Advances in Heterocyclic Chemistry. 62. pp. 137–247. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0065-2725%2808%2960422-5">10.1016/S0065-2725(08)60422-5</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-12-020762-6" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-12-020762-6">978-0-12-020762-6</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Advances+in+Heterocyclic+Chemistry+Volume+62.+The+Chemistry+of+Dithiadiazolylium+and+Dithiadiazolyl+Rings&rft.aulast=Rawson&rft.aufirst=J&rft.au=Rawson%2C%26%2332%3BJ&rft.au=Banister%2C%26%2332%3BA&rft.au=Lavender%2C%26%2332%3BI&rft.date=1995&rft.series=Advances+in+Heterocyclic+Chemistry&rft.volume=62&rft.pages=pp.%26nbsp%3B137%E2%80%93247&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0065-2725%2808%2960422-5&rft.isbn=978-0-12-020762-6&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-lenntech.com-32"><a href="#cite_ref-lenntech.com_32-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lenntech.com/Periodic-chart-elements/ionization-energy.htm">Chemical elements listed by ionization energy</a>. Lenntech.com </li> <li id="cite_note-33"><a href="#cite_ref-33">↑</a> Molecular Spectra and Molecular Structure, Vol. I, II and III Gerhard Herzberg, Krieger Pub. Co, revised ed. 1991. </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">↑</a> Atoms and Molecules: An Introduction for Students of Physical Chemistry, Martin Karplus and Richard N. Porter, Benjamin & Company, Inc., 1970. </li> <li id="cite_note-35"><a href="#cite_ref-35">↑</a> Solomons, T.W. Graham & Fryhle, Craig B. (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/organicchemistry00solo_0">Organic Chemistry</a> (8th izd.). John Wiley & Sons, Inc.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-41799-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-41799-8">0-471-41799-8</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Organic+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Solomons%2C+T.W.+Graham+%26+Fryhle%2C+Craig+B.&rft.au=Solomons%2C+T.W.+Graham+%26+Fryhle%2C+Craig+B.&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=8th&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=0-471-41799-8&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Forganicchemistry00solo_0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-36"><a href="#cite_ref-36">↑</a> Frank Jensen (1999). Introduction to Computational Chemistry. England: John Wiley and Sons Ltd.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Computational+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Frank+Jensen&rft.au=Frank+Jensen&rft.date=1999&rft.place=England&rft.pub=John+Wiley+and+Sons+Ltd&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-YF-37"><a href="#cite_ref-YF_37-0">↑</a> Sears, Francis Weston; Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, A. G. (2004). Sears and Zemansky's university physics with modern physics (11th Edition izd.). San Francisco: Pearson Addison Wesley. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-8053-8684-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-8053-8684-X">0-8053-8684-X</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+university+physics+with+modern+physics&rft.aulast=Sears%2C+Francis+Weston%3B+Young%2C+Hugh+D.%3B+Freedman%2C+Roger+A.%3B+Ford%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Sears%2C+Francis+Weston%3B+Young%2C+Hugh+D.%3B+Freedman%2C+Roger+A.%3B+Ford%2C+A.+G.&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=11th+Edition&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Pearson+Addison+Wesley&rft.isbn=0-8053-8684-X&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">↑</a> Iver Brevik, V. N. Marachevsky, Kimball A. Milton, Identity of the Van der Waals Force and the Casimir Effect and the Irrelevance of these Phenomena to Sonoluminescence, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://arxiv.org/abs/hep-th/9901011">hep-th/9901011</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-39"><a href="#cite_ref-39">↑</a> Sears, Francis Weston; Young, Hugh D.; Freedman, Roger A.; Ford, A. G. (2004). Sears and Zemansky's university physics with modern physics (11th Edition izd.). San Francisco: Pearson Addison Wesley.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Sears+and+Zemansky%27s+university+physics+with+modern+physics&rft.aulast=Sears%2C+Francis+Weston%3B+Young%2C+Hugh+D.%3B+Freedman%2C+Roger+A.%3B+Ford%2C+A.+G.&rft.au=Sears%2C+Francis+Weston%3B+Young%2C+Hugh+D.%3B+Freedman%2C+Roger+A.%3B+Ford%2C+A.+G.&rft.date=2004&rft.edition=11th+Edition&rft.place=San+Francisco&rft.pub=Pearson+Addison+Wesley&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-40"><a href="#cite_ref-40">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" class="mw-redirect" title="Lev Landau">L. Landau</a> (1941). „Theory of the Superfluidity of Helium II”. Physical Review 60 (4): 356–358. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1941PhRv...60..356L">1941PhRv...60..356L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRev.60.356">10.1103/PhysRev.60.356</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Theory+of+the+Superfluidity+of+Helium+II&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review&rft.aulast=%5B%5BLev+Landau%7CL.+Landau%5D%5D&rft.au=%5B%5BLev+Landau%7CL.+Landau%5D%5D&rft.date=1941&rft.volume=60&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=356%E2%80%93358&rft_id=info:bibcode/1941PhRv...60..356L&rft_id=info:doi/10.1103%2FPhysRev.60.356&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">↑</a> M.H. Anderson, J.R. Ensher, M.R. Matthews, C.E. Wieman, and E.A. Cornell (1995). „Observation of Bose–Einstein Condensation in a Dilute Atomic Vapor”. Science 269 (5221): 198–201. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1995Sci...269..198A">1995Sci...269..198A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1126%2Fscience.269.5221.198">10.1126/science.269.5221.198</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR" title="JSTOR">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.jstor.org/stable/2888436">2888436</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/17789847">17789847</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Observation+of+Bose%E2%80%93Einstein+Condensation+in+a+Dilute+Atomic+Vapor&rft.jtitle=Science&rft.aulast=M.H.+Anderson%2C+J.R.+Ensher%2C+M.R.+Matthews%2C+C.E.+Wieman%2C+and+E.A.+Cornell&rft.au=M.H.+Anderson%2C+J.R.+Ensher%2C+M.R.+Matthews%2C+C.E.+Wieman%2C+and+E.A.+Cornell&rft.date=1995&rft.volume=269&rft.issue=5221&rft.pages=198%E2%80%93201&rft_id=info:bibcode/1995Sci...269..198A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1126%2Fscience.269.5221.198&rft.jstor=2888436&rft_id=info:pmid/17789847&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-42"><a href="#cite_ref-42">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chemheritage.org/discover/online-resources/chemistry-in-history/themes/the-path-to-the-periodic-table/dalton.aspx">„John Dalton”</a>. Chemical Heritage Foundation. Pristupljeno 19 January 2014.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=John+Dalton&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=Chemical+Heritage+Foundation&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.chemheritage.org%2Fdiscover%2Fonline-resources%2Fchemistry-in-history%2Fthemes%2Fthe-path-to-the-periodic-table%2Fdalton.aspx&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">↑</a> Smith, R. Angus (1856). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=ZOsAAAAAYAAJ&pg=PP17&dq=angus+smith+john+dalton">Memoir of John Dalton and History of the Atomic Theory</a>. London: H. Bailliere. str. 279. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4021-6437-8" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4021-6437-8">1-4021-6437-8</a>. Pristupljeno 24 December 2007.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Memoir+of+John+Dalton+and+History+of+the+Atomic+Theory&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=R.+Angus&rft.au=Smith%2C%26%2332%3BR.+Angus&rft.date=1856&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B279&rft.place=London&rft.pub=H.+Bailliere&rft.isbn=1-4021-6437-8&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3DZOsAAAAAYAAJ%26pg%3DPP17%26dq%3Dangus%2Bsmith%2Bjohn%2Bdalton&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-44"><a href="#cite_ref-44">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100127023200/http://www.wbrookfieldlibrary.org/charles.html">„About Charles Merriam”</a>. wbrookfieldlibrary.org. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbrookfieldlibrary.org/charles.html">originala</a> na datum 2010-01-27. Pristupljeno 2010-02-04.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=About+Charles+Merriam&rft.atitle=&rft.pub=wbrookfieldlibrary.org&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20100127023200%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbrookfieldlibrary.org%2Fcharles.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Ohio_U-45"><a href="#cite_ref-Ohio_U_45-0">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070211224701/http://infotree.library.ohiou.edu/single-records/2705.html">„Online Etymology Dictionary”</a>. Ohio University. 2003. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://infotree.library.ohiou.edu/single-records/2705.html">originala</a> na datum 2007-02-11. Pristupljeno 2007-01-05.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Online+Etymology+Dictionary&rft.atitle=&rft.date=2003&rft.pub=Ohio+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweb.archive.org%2Fweb%2F20070211224701%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Finfotree.library.ohiou.edu%2Fsingle-records%2F2705.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Russell2004p516-46"><a href="#cite_ref-Russell2004p516_46-0">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Bertrand_Russell" title="Bertrand Russell">Bertrand Russell</a> (2004) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=Ey94E3sOMA0C&pg=PA516">History of western philosophy</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Britannica-47"><a href="#cite_ref-Britannica_47-0">↑</a> Watson, Richard A. (31 March 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/158787/Rene-Descartes">„René Descartes”</a>. Encyclopædia Britannica (Encyclopædia Britannica Online. Encyclopædia Britannica Inc). Pristupljeno 31 March 2012.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Ren%C3%A9+Descartes&rft.jtitle=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft.aulast=Watson&rft.aufirst=Richard+A.&rft.au=Watson%2C%26%2332%3BRichard+A.&rft.date=31+March+2012&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Online.+Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica+Inc&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F158787%2FRene-Descartes&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-48"><a href="#cite_ref-48">↑</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antoine.frostburg.edu/chem/senese/101/glossary/m.shtml#molecule">Molecule Definition</a> (Frostburg State University) </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">↑</a> Reif, F. (1965). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofst00fred">Fundamentals of Statistical and Thermal Physics</a> (International student edition. izd.). Boston: McGraw-Hill. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/fundamentalsofst00fred/page/2">2</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/007-051800-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/007-051800-9">007-051800-9</a>. »we shall call a system "macroscopic" (i.e., "large scale") when it is large enough to be visible in the ordinary sense (say greater than 1 micron, so that it can at least be observed with a microscope using ordinary light).«<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fundamentals+of+Statistical+and+Thermal+Physics&rft.aulast=Reif&rft.aufirst=F.&rft.au=Reif%2C%26%2332%3BF.&rft.date=1965&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofst00fred%2Fpage%2F2+2%5D&rft.edition=International+student+edition.&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=McGraw-Hill&rft.isbn=007-051800-9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Ffundamentalsofst00fred&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">↑</a> Jaeger, Gregg (September 2014). „What in the (quantum) world is macroscopic?”. American Journal of Physics 82 (9): 896–905. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2014AmJPh..82..896J">2014AmJPh..82..896J</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1119%2F1.4878358">10.1119/1.4878358</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=What+in+the+%28quantum%29+world+is+macroscopic%3F&rft.jtitle=American+Journal+of+Physics&rft.aulast=Jaeger&rft.aufirst=Gregg&rft.au=Jaeger%2C%26%2332%3BGregg&rft.date=September+2014&rft.volume=82&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=896%E2%80%93905&rft_id=info:bibcode/2014AmJPh..82..896J&rft_id=info:doi/10.1119%2F1.4878358&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-Lang_et._al.-51"><a href="#cite_ref-Lang_et._al._51-0">↑</a> Lang, K.M.; D. A. Hite; R. W. Simmonds; R. McDermott; D. P. Pappas; John M. Martinis (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130223113907/http://rsi.aip.org/resource/1/rsinak/v75/i8/p2726_s1">„Conducting atomic force microscopy for nanoscale tunnel barrier characterization”</a>. Review of Scientific Instruments 75 (8): 2726–2731. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004RScI...75.2726L">2004RScI...75.2726L</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1777388">10.1063/1.1777388</a>. Arhivirano iz <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rsi.aip.org/resource/1/rsinak/v75/i8/p2726_s1">originala</a> na datum 2013-02-23. Pristupljeno 2015-06-10.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Conducting+atomic+force+microscopy+for+nanoscale+tunnel+barrier+characterization&rft.jtitle=Review+of+Scientific+Instruments&rft.aulast=Lang&rft.aufirst=K.M.&rft.au=Lang%2C%26%2332%3BK.M.&rft.au=D.+A.+Hite&rft.au=R.+W.+Simmonds&rft.au=R.+McDermott&rft.au=D.+P.+Pappas&rft.au=John+M.+Martinis&rft.date=2004&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=8&rft.pages=2726%E2%80%932731&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004RScI...75.2726L&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.1777388&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.today%2F20130223113907%2Fhttp%3A%2F%2Frsi.aip.org%2Fresource%2F1%2Frsinak%2Fv75%2Fi8%2Fp2726_s1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">↑</a> Roger L. DeKock; Harry B. Gray; Harry B. Gray (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/?id=q77rPHP5fWMC&pg=PA199">Chemical structure and bonding</a>. University Science Books. str. 199. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-935702-61-X" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-935702-61-X">0-935702-61-X</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemical+structure+and+bonding&rft.aulast=Roger+L.+DeKock&rft.au=Roger+L.+DeKock&rft.au=Harry+B.+Gray&rft.au=Harry+B.+Gray&rft.date=1989&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B199&rft.pub=University+Science+Books&rft.isbn=0-935702-61-X&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2F%3Fid%3Dq77rPHP5fWMC%26pg%3DPA199&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">↑</a> Hammond, C.R. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hbcpnetbase.com//articles/04_01_91.pdf">„Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic Compounds”</a>. Handbook of Chemistry and Physics.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.btitle=Section+4%3A+Properties+of+the+Elements+and+Inorganic+Compounds&rft.atitle=Handbook+of+Chemistry+and+Physics&rft.aulast=Hammond&rft.aufirst=C.R.&rft.au=Hammond%2C%26%2332%3BC.R.&rft.date=2012&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hbcpnetbase.com%2F%2Farticles%2F04_01_91.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">↑</a> Benjamin F. Mann , Amanda K. P. Mann , Sara E. Skrabalak , and Milos V. Novotny (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/ac303274w">„Sub 2-μm Macroporous Silica Particles Derivatized for Enhanced Lectin Affinity Enrichment of Glycoproteins”</a>. Anal. Chem. 85 (3): 1905–1912. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1021%2Fac303274">10.1021/ac303274</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sub+2-%CE%BCm+Macroporous+Silica+Particles+Derivatized+for+Enhanced+Lectin+Affinity+Enrichment+of+Glycoproteins&rft.jtitle=Anal.+Chem.&rft.aulast=Benjamin+F.+Mann+%2C+Amanda+K.+P.+Mann+%2C+Sara+E.+Skrabalak+%2C+and+Milos+V.+Novotny&rft.au=Benjamin+F.+Mann+%2C+Amanda+K.+P.+Mann+%2C+Sara+E.+Skrabalak+%2C+and+Milos+V.+Novotny&rft.date=2013&rft.volume=85&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=1905%E2%80%931912&rft_id=info:doi/10.1021%2Fac303274&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpubs.acs.org%2Fdoi%2Fabs%2F10.1021%2Fac303274w&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-katiyar-55"><a href="#cite_ref-katiyar_55-0">↑</a> Katiyar, Amit; Yadav, Santosh; G, Panagiotis; Neville, Smirniotis; Pinto, G (2006). „Synthesis of ordered large pore SBA-15 spherical particles for adsorption of biomolecules”. Journal of Chromatography 1122 (1–2): 13–20 doi=10.1016/j.chroma.2006.04.055. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/16716334">16716334</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Synthesis+of+ordered+large+pore+SBA-15+spherical+particles+for+adsorption+of+biomolecules&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Chromatography&rft.aulast=Katiyar%2C+Amit%3B+Yadav%2C+Santosh%3B+G%2C+Panagiotis%3B+Neville%2C+Smirniotis%3B+Pinto%2C+G&rft.au=Katiyar%2C+Amit%3B+Yadav%2C+Santosh%3B+G%2C+Panagiotis%3B+Neville%2C+Smirniotis%3B+Pinto%2C+G&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=1122&rft.issue=1%E2%80%932&rft.pages=13%E2%80%9320+doi%3D10.1016%2Fj.chroma.2006.04.055&rft_id=info:pmid/16716334&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-trewyn-56"><a href="#cite_ref-trewyn_56-0">↑</a> Trewyn, Brian G; Nieweg, Jennifer A; Zhao, Yannan; Lin, Victor S.-Y. (2007). „Biocompatible mesoporous silica nanoparticles with different morphologies for animal cell membrane penetration”. Chemical Engineering Journal 137 (137): 23–29. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2007.09.045">10.1016/j.cej.2007.09.045</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Biocompatible+mesoporous+silica+nanoparticles+with+different+morphologies+for+animal+cell+membrane+penetration&rft.jtitle=Chemical+Engineering+Journal&rft.aulast=Trewyn%2C+Brian+G%3B+Nieweg%2C+Jennifer+A%3B+Zhao%2C+Yannan%3B+Lin%2C+Victor+S.-Y.&rft.au=Trewyn%2C+Brian+G%3B+Nieweg%2C+Jennifer+A%3B+Zhao%2C+Yannan%3B+Lin%2C+Victor+S.-Y.&rft.date=2007&rft.volume=137&rft.issue=137&rft.pages=23%E2%80%9329&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2Fj.cej.2007.09.045&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">↑</a> Chang RL; Deen WM; Robertson CR; Brenner BM. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_kidney-international_1975-10_8_4/page/212">„Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall: III. Restricted transport of polyanions”</a>. Kidney Int. 8 (4): 212–218. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2Fki.1975.104">10.1038/ki.1975.104</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1202253">1202253</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Permselectivity+of+the+glomerular+capillary+wall%3A+III.+Restricted+transport+of+polyanions&rft.jtitle=Kidney+Int.&rft.aulast=Chang+RL&rft.au=Chang+RL&rft.au=Deen+WM&rft.au=Robertson+CR&rft.au=Brenner+BM.&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=212%E2%80%93218&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2Fki.1975.104&rft_id=info:pmid/1202253&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_kidney-international_1975-10_8_4%2Fpage%2F212&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">↑</a> Chang RL; Ueki IF; Troy JL; Deen WM i dr.. (1975). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/sim_biophysical-journal_1975-09_15_9/page/887">„Permselectivity of the glomerular capillary wall to macromolecules. II. Experimental studies in rats using neutral dextran”</a>. Biophys J. 15 (9): 887–906. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1975BpJ....15..887C">1975BpJ....15..887C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2875%2985863-2">10.1016/S0006-3495(75)85863-2</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Central" title="PubMed Central">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1334749">1334749</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/1182263">1182263</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Permselectivity+of+the+glomerular+capillary+wall+to+macromolecules.+II.+Experimental+studies+in+rats+using+neutral+dextran&rft.jtitle=Biophys+J.&rft.aulast=Chang+RL&rft.au=Chang+RL&rft.au=Ueki+IF&rft.au=Troy+JL&rft.au=Deen+WM&rft.au=Robertson+CR&rft.au=Brenner+BM.&rft.date=1975&rft.volume=15&rft.issue=9&rft.pages=887%E2%80%93906&rft_id=info:bibcode/1975BpJ....15..887C&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2FS0006-3495%2875%2985863-2&rft_id=info:pmc/1334749&rft_id=info:pmid/1182263&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fsim_biophysical-journal_1975-09_15_9%2Fpage%2F887&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-boron-59"><a href="#cite_ref-boron_59-0">↑</a> Walter F. Boron, Emile L. Boulpaep (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/medicalphysiolog0000boro">Medical Physiology: A Cellular And Molecular Approach</a>. Elsevier/Saunders. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/1-4160-2328-3" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/1-4160-2328-3">1-4160-2328-3</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Medical+Physiology%3A+A+Cellular+And+Molecular+Approach&rft.aulast=Walter+F.+Boron%2C+Emile+L.+Boulpaep&rft.au=Walter+F.+Boron%2C+Emile+L.+Boulpaep&rft.date=2005&rft.pub=Elsevier%2FSaunders&rft.isbn=1-4160-2328-3&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fmedicalphysiolog0000boro&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  Page 761 </li> <li id="cite_note-AJCN-60"><a href="#cite_ref-AJCN_60-0">↑</a> Herbert, Victor (1988). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ajcn.org/content/48/3/852.full.pdf+html">„Vitamin B-12: Plant sources, requirements, and assay”</a>. The American journal of clinical nutrition 48 (3 Suppl): 852–8. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/3046314">3046314</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vitamin+B-12%3A+Plant+sources%2C+requirements%2C+and+assay&rft.jtitle=The+American+journal+of+clinical+nutrition&rft.aulast=Herbert&rft.aufirst=Victor&rft.au=Herbert%2C%26%2332%3BVictor&rft.date=1988&rft.volume=48&rft.issue=3+Suppl&rft.pages=852%E2%80%938&rft_id=info:pmid/3046314&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ajcn.org%2Fcontent%2F48%2F3%2F852.full.pdf%2Bhtml&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">↑</a> Wakayama EJ, Dillwith JW, Howard RW, Blomquist GJ; Dillwith; Howard; Blomquist (1984). „Vitamin B12 levels in selected insects”. Insect Biochemistry 14 (2): 175–179. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1016%2F0020-1790%2884%2990027-1">10.1016/0020-1790(84)90027-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vitamin+B%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E+levels+in+selected+insects&rft.jtitle=Insect+Biochemistry&rft.aulast=Wakayama+EJ%2C+Dillwith+JW%2C+Howard+RW%2C+Blomquist+GJ&rft.au=Wakayama+EJ%2C+Dillwith+JW%2C+Howard+RW%2C+Blomquist+GJ&rft.au=Dillwith&rft.au=Howard&rft.au=Blomquist&rft.date=1984&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=175%E2%80%93179&rft_id=info:doi/10.1016%2F0020-1790%2884%2990027-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">↑</a> Albert MJ, Mathan VI, Baker SJ; Mathan; Baker (1980). „Vitamin B12 synthesis by human small intestinal bacteria”. INature 283 (5749): 781–782. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1038%2F283781a0">10.1038/283781a0</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/7354869">7354869</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Vitamin+B%3Csub%3E12%3C%2Fsub%3E+synthesis+by+human+small+intestinal+bacteria&rft.jtitle=INature&rft.aulast=Albert+MJ%2C+Mathan+VI%2C+Baker+SJ&rft.au=Albert+MJ%2C+Mathan+VI%2C+Baker+SJ&rft.au=Mathan&rft.au=Baker&rft.date=1980&rft.volume=283&rft.issue=5749&rft.pages=781%E2%80%93782&rft_id=info:doi/10.1038%2F283781a0&rft_id=info:pmid/7354869&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-IUPAC-2006-63">↑ <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-2006_63-0">63,0</a> <a href="#cite_ref-IUPAC-2006_63-1">63,1</a> J. Brecher (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/publications/pac/pdf/2006/pdf/7810x1897.pdf">„Graphical representation of stereochemical configuration (IUPAC Recommendations 2006)”</a>. Pure and Applied Chemistry 78 (10): 1897–1970. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1351%2Fpac200678101897">10.1351/pac200678101897</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Graphical+representation+of+stereochemical+configuration+%28IUPAC+Recommendations+2006%29&rft.jtitle=Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry&rft.aulast=J.+Brecher&rft.au=J.+Brecher&rft.date=2006&rft.volume=78&rft.issue=10&rft.pages=1897%E2%80%931970&rft_id=info:doi/10.1351%2Fpac200678101897&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iupac.org%2Fpublications%2Fpac%2Fpdf%2F2006%2Fpdf%2F7810x1897.pdf&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">↑</a> Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (3rd izd.), London: Butterworths, 1971 [1958 (A: Hydrocarbons, and B: Fundamental Heterocyclic Systems), 1965 (C: Characteristic Groups)], <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-408-70144-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-408-70144-7">0-408-70144-7</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.date=1971&rft.edition=3rd&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Butterworths&rft.isbn=0-408-70144-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-blue_book-65"><a href="#cite_ref-blue_book_65-0">↑</a> Rigaudy, J.; Klesney, S. P., ur. (1979). Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>/Pergamon Press. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-08022-3699" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-08022-3699">0-08022-3699</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry&rft.date=1979&rft.pub=%5B%5BInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%7CIUPAC%5D%5D%2FPergamon+Press&rft.isbn=0-08022-3699&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> . <a href="/wiki/IUPAC" class="mw-redirect" title="IUPAC">IUPAC</a>, A Guide to IUPAC Nomenclature of Organic Compounds (the Blue Book); Oxford: Blackwell Science (1993). <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-632-03488-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-632-03488-2">0-632-03488-2</a>. Online edition: <a rel="nofollow" class="external autonumber" href="http://www.acdlabs.com/iupac/nomenclature/">[1]</a>. . IUPAC, Chemical Nomenclature and Structure Representation Division (27 October 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://old.iupac.org/reports/provisional/abstract04/favre_310305.html">Nomenclature of Organic Chemistry (Provisional Recommendations)</a>. <a href="/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="mw-redirect" title="International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">IUPAC</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nomenclature+of+Organic+Chemistry+%28Provisional+Recommendations%29&rft.aulast=IUPAC%2C+Chemical+Nomenclature+and+Structure+Representation+Division&rft.au=IUPAC%2C+Chemical+Nomenclature+and+Structure+Representation+Division&rft.date=27+October+2004&rft.pub=%5B%5BInternational+Union+of+Pure+and+Applied+Chemistry%7CIUPAC%5D%5D&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fold.iupac.org%2Freports%2Fprovisional%2Fabstract04%2Ffavre_310305.html&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">↑</a> Compendium of Terminology and Nomenclature of Properties in Clinical Laboratory Sciences, IMPACT Recommendations 1995, Oxford: Blackwell Science, <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-86542-612-0" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-86542-612-0">0-86542-612-0</a><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Compendium+of+Terminology+and+Nomenclature+of+Properties+in+Clinical+Laboratory+Sciences&rft.series=IMPACT+Recommendations+1995&rft.place=Oxford&rft.pub=Blackwell+Science&rft.isbn=0-86542-612-0&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> . </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">↑</a> Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=IyfwAAAAMAAJ&q=Stereochemistry+of+Organic+Compounds&dq=Stereochemistry+of+Organic+Compounds&hl=en&sa=X&ei=E_6eUPnoE4jDiwKptYGABg&ved=0CDsQ6AEwAQ">Stereochemistry of Organic Compounds</a> (1 izd.). Wiley, John & Sons, Incorporated. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-01670-5" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-01670-5">0-471-01670-5</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Stereochemistry+of+Organic+Compounds&rft.aulast=Ernest+L.+Eliel%2C+Samuel+H.+Wilen&rft.au=Ernest+L.+Eliel%2C+Samuel+H.+Wilen&rft.date=1994&rft.edition=1&rft.pub=Wiley%2C+John+%26+Sons%2C+Incorporated&rft.isbn=0-471-01670-5&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DIyfwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DStereochemistry%2Bof%2BOrganic%2BCompounds%26dq%3DStereochemistry%2Bof%2BOrganic%2BCompounds%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3DE_6eUPnoE4jDiwKptYGABg%26ved%3D0CDsQ6AEwAQ&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">↑</a> Ernest L. Eliel, Samuel H. Wilen, Michael P. Doyle (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=wSXwAAAAMAAJ&q=Basic+Organic+Stereochemistry&dq=Basic+Organic+Stereochemistry&hl=en&sa=X&ei=zf6eUMO0H-TdigK7oIH4Cg&ved=0CDgQ6AEwAA">Basic Organic Stereochemistry</a>. Wiley-Interscience. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/0-471-37499-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/0-471-37499-7">0-471-37499-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Basic+Organic+Stereochemistry&rft.aulast=Ernest+L.+Eliel%2C+Samuel+H.+Wilen%2C+Michael+P.+Doyle&rft.au=Ernest+L.+Eliel%2C+Samuel+H.+Wilen%2C+Michael+P.+Doyle&rft.date=2001&rft.pub=Wiley-Interscience&rft.isbn=0-471-37499-7&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DwSXwAAAAMAAJ%26q%3DBasic%2BOrganic%2BStereochemistry%26dq%3DBasic%2BOrganic%2BStereochemistry%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX%26ei%3Dzf6eUMO0H-TdigK7oIH4Cg%26ved%3D0CDgQ6AEwAA&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-iupac2-69"><a href="#cite_ref-iupac2_69-0">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Me%C4%91unarodna_unija_za_%C4%8Distu_i_primenjenu_hemiju" title="Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju">Međunarodna unija za čistu i primenjenu hemiju</a> (1997,2006). "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/{{{file}}}.html">spectroscopy</a>". Kompendijum Hemijske Terminologije Internet edition. </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">↑</a> Shankar, R. (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofquan0000shan_x3c9">Principles of Quantum Mechanics</a> (2nd izd.). Kluwer Academic/Plenum Publishers. str. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofquan0000shan_x3c9/page/143">143</a>-. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-306-44790-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-306-44790-7">978-0-306-44790-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.aulast=Shankar&rft.aufirst=R.&rft.au=Shankar%2C%26%2332%3BR.&rft.date=1994&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B%5Bhttps%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofquan0000shan_x3c9%2Fpage%2F143+143%5D-&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Kluwer+Academic%2FPlenum+Publishers&rft.isbn=978-0-306-44790-7&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofquan0000shan_x3c9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-71"><a href="#cite_ref-71">↑</a> <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">P. A. M. Dirac</a> (1958). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/principlesofquan0000dira">Principles of Quantum Mechanics</a> (4th izd.). Oxford University Press.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Principles+of+Quantum+Mechanics&rft.aulast=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.au=P.+A.+M.+Dirac&rft.date=1958&rft.edition=4th&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fprinciplesofquan0000dira&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">↑</a> Müller-Kirsten, H. J. W. (2012). Introduction to Quantum Mechanics: Schrödinger Equation and Path Integral (2nd izd.). World Scientific. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-981-4397-74-2" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-981-4397-74-2">978-981-4397-74-2</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Introduction+to+Quantum+Mechanics%3A+Schr%C3%B6dinger+Equation+and+Path+Integral&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller-Kirsten%2C+H.+J.+W.&rft.au=M%C3%BCller-Kirsten%2C+H.+J.+W.&rft.date=2012&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=World+Scientific&rft.isbn=978-981-4397-74-2&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">↑</a> Anderson JB (May 2004). „Comment on "An exact quantum Monte Carlo calculation of the helium-helium intermolecular potential" [J. Chem. Phys. 115, 4546 (2001)]”. J Chem Phys 120 (20): 9886–7. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode" title="Bibcode">Bibcode</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2004JChPh.120.9886A">2004JChPh.120.9886A</a>. <a href="/wiki/Digitalni_identifikator_objekta" title="Digitalni identifikator objekta">DOI</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dx.doi.org/10.1063%2F1.1704638">10.1063/1.1704638</a>. <a href="/wiki/PubMed_Identifier" class="mw-redirect" title="PubMed Identifier">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15268005">15268005</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Comment+on+%22An+exact+quantum+Monte+Carlo+calculation+of+the+helium-helium+intermolecular+potential%22+%5BJ.+Chem.+Phys.+115%2C+4546+%282001%29%5D&rft.jtitle=J+Chem+Phys&rft.aulast=Anderson+JB&rft.au=Anderson+JB&rft.date=May+2004&rft.volume=120&rft.issue=20&rft.pages=9886%E2%80%937&rft_id=info:bibcode/2004JChPh.120.9886A&rft_id=info:doi/10.1063%2F1.1704638&rft_id=info:pmid/15268005&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> <li id="cite_note-PFIp1-3-74"><a href="#cite_ref-PFIp1-3_74-0">↑</a> Sylvie Braibant; Giorgio Giacomelli; Maurizio Spurio (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://books.google.com/books?id=e8YUUG2pGeIC&pg=PA1">Particles and Fundamental Interactions: An Introduction to Particle Physics</a> (2nd izd.). Springer. str. 1–3. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-94-007-2463-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-94-007-2463-1">978-94-007-2463-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Particles+and+Fundamental+Interactions%3A+An+Introduction+to+Particle+Physics&rft.aulast=Sylvie+Braibant&rft.au=Sylvie+Braibant&rft.au=Giorgio+Giacomelli&rft.au=Maurizio+Spurio&rft.date=2012&rft.pages=str.%26nbsp%3B1%E2%80%933&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Springer&rft.isbn=978-94-007-2463-1&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De8YUUG2pGeIC%26pg%3DPA1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul">  </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Literatura">Literatura</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Uredi odjeljak Literatura" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=15" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Literatura">uredi kod</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41379810">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="refbegin refbegin-columns references-column-count references-column-count-2" style="column-count: 2;"> <ul><li>Zumdahl, Steven S. (1997). Chemistry, 4th ed.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-669-41794-4" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-669-41794-4">978-0-669-41794-4</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%2C+4th+ed.&rft.aulast=Zumdahl&rft.aufirst=Steven+S.&rft.au=Zumdahl%2C%26%2332%3BSteven+S.&rft.date=1997&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin&rft.isbn=978-0-669-41794-4&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> </li> <li>Chang, Raymond (1998). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/chemistry0006chan">Chemistry, 6th Ed.</a>. New York: McGraw Hill. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-07-115221-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-07-115221-1">978-0-07-115221-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry%2C+6th+Ed.&rft.aulast=Chang&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rft.au=Chang%2C%26%2332%3BRaymond&rft.date=1998&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=McGraw+Hill&rft.isbn=978-0-07-115221-1&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fchemistry0006chan&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> </li> <li>Brown, T.L. (2003). Chemistry – the Central Science, 9th Ed.. New Jersey: Prentice Hall. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-13-066997-1" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-13-066997-1">978-0-13-066997-1</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Chemistry+%E2%80%93+the+Central+Science%2C+9th+Ed.&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=T.L.&rft.au=Brown%2C%26%2332%3BT.L.&rft.date=2003&rft.place=New+Jersey&rft.pub=Prentice+Hall&rft.isbn=978-0-13-066997-1&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> </li> <li>Ebbin, Darrell, D. (1990). General Chemistry, 3rd Ed.. Boston: Houghton Mifflin Co.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-395-43302-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-395-43302-7">978-0-395-43302-7</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry%2C+3rd+Ed.&rft.aulast=Ebbin&rft.aufirst=Darrell%2C+D.&rft.au=Ebbin%2C%26%2332%3BDarrell%2C+D.&rft.date=1990&rft.place=Boston&rft.pub=Houghton+Mifflin+Co.&rft.isbn=978-0-395-43302-7&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> </li> <li>Pauling, Linus (1970). General Chemistry. New York: Dover Publications, Inc.. <a href="/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Number" class="mw-redirect" title="International Standard Book Number">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-0-486-65622-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-0-486-65622-9">978-0-486-65622-9</a>.<span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=General+Chemistry&rft.aulast=Pauling&rft.aufirst=Linus&rft.au=Pauling%2C%26%2332%3BLinus&rft.date=1970&rft.place=New+York&rft.pub=Dover+Publications%2C+Inc.&rft.isbn=978-0-486-65622-9&rfr_id=info:sid/en.wikipedia.org:Molekul"> </li> <li>Татевский, Владимир Михайлович Квантовая механика и теория строения молекул. — М.: Изд-во МГУ, <a href="/wiki/1965" title="1965">1965</a>. — 162 с.</li> <li>Бейдер, Ричард Атомы в молекулах. Квантовая теория. — М.: Мир, <a href="/wiki/2001" title="2001">2001</a>. — 532 c. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/5-03-003363-7" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/5-03-003363-7">5-03-003363-7</a></li> <li>Минкин, Владимир Исаакович, Симкин Б. Я., Миняев Р. М. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.odessamore.com/physics-of-molecules/library/books/minkin.djvu">Теория строения молекул.</a> — М.: Высшая школа, <a href="/wiki/1979" title="1979">1979</a>. — 408 с.</li> <li>Кук Д., Квантовая теория молекулярных систем. Единый подход. Пер с англ. М.: Интеллект, 2012. — 256с. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Posebno:Tra%C5%BEi_ISBN/978-5-91559-096-9" title="Posebno:Traži ISBN/978-5-91559-096-9">978-5-91559-096-9</a></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vanjske_veze">Vanjske veze</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Uredi odjeljak Vanjske veze" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor">uredi</a> | <a href="/w/index.php?title=Molekul&action=edit&section=16" title="Uredi kôd odjeljka Vanjske veze">uredi kod</a>]</div> <div class="infobox sisterproject" style="width: 300px"> <div style="float: left;"><figure class="mw-halign-none" typeof="mw:File"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molecules" title="commons:Category:Molecules"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/15px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/23px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure></div> <div style="margin-left: 20px;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Molecules" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Molecules">Molekul</a> na <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Glavna_stranica_-_%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D1%81%D1%82%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B8%D1%86%D0%B0" class="extiw" title="commons:Glavna stranica - Главна страница">Wikimedijinoj ostavi</a> </div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chm.bris.ac.uk/motm/motm.htm">Molecule of the Month</a> – School of Chemistry, University of Bristol</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://interneturok.ru/video/fizika/7_klass/pervonachalnye_svedeniya_o_stroenii_vewestva/molekuly/">Молекулы</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101125204912/http://interneturok.ru/video/fizika/7_klass/pervonachalnye_svedeniya_o_stroenii_vewestva/molekuly/">Arhivirano</a> 2010-11-25 na <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine-u</a> (видеурок, программа 7 класса)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/M04002.html">Molecule // IUPAC Gold Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/M03986.html">Molecular entity // IUPAC Gold Book</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.xumuk.ru/encyklopedia/2650.html">Молекула: Сайт о Химии</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ufn.ru/ru/articles/1927/3/c/">Шредингер Э. Волновая теория механики атомов и молекул. УФН 1927</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.femto.com.ua/articles/part_1/2328.html">Статья «Молекула» в Физической энциклопедии</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles nomobile"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r41348688">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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