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searchaux" style="display:none">American conductor</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox biography vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:125%;"><div class="fn">Robert Armbruster</div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg/220px-Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="278" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg/330px-Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/30/Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg/440px-Robert_Armbruster_1937.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1064" data-file-height="1343" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data">October 9, 1897<br /><div style="display:inline" class="birthplace"><a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Died</th><td class="infobox-data">June 20, 1994<br /><div style="display:inline" class="deathplace"><a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a>, U.S.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupations</th><td class="infobox-data role"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Composer</li><li>conductor</li><li>pianist</li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>John Robert Sommers Armbruster</b> (October 9, 1897 – June 20, 1994) was an American composer, conductor, pianist and songwriter. He also recorded <a href="/wiki/Piano_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano rolls">piano rolls</a> under the pseudonyms of Henri Bergman, Edwin Gabriel, Robert Romayne, and Robert Summers.<sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Biography">Biography</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Armbruster&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Biography"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Armbruster was born in <a href="/wiki/Philadelphia,_Pennsylvania" class="mw-redirect" title="Philadelphia, Pennsylvania">Philadelphia, Pennsylvania</a>. When he was 8 years old, Armbruster began performing professionally in Philadelphia.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>After studying with <a href="/w/index.php?title=Constantin_von_Sternberg&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Constantin von Sternberg (page does not exist)">Constantin von Sternberg</a><span class="noprint" style="font-size:85%; font-style: normal;"> [<a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%82%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%BD%D0%B1%D0%B5%D1%80%D0%B3,_%D0%9A%D0%BE%D0%BD%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BD%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%BD_%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2%D0%B8%D1%87_%D1%84%D0%BE%D0%BD" class="extiw" title="ru:Штернберг, Константин Иванович фон">ru</a>]</span> he became a concert pianist, then branched out into conducting and a composing for radio, then television and film. He debuted as a pianist with the Philadelphia Orchestra at the age of eight. In his teenage years, he started recording <a href="/wiki/Piano_rolls" class="mw-redirect" title="Piano rolls">piano rolls</a> for the <a href="/wiki/Aeolian_Company" title="Aeolian Company">Aeolian Company's</a> <a href="/wiki/Duo-Art" title="Duo-Art">Duo-Art</a> reproducing pianos and turned out hundreds of classical and salon-type performances for them. He attracted particular notice as orchestra leader of <i><a href="/wiki/The_Voice_of_Firestone" title="The Voice of Firestone">The Voice of Firestone</a></i>, the songs "Cuddle Up" and "High Barbaree" and his compositions "Western Ballet" and "Variations in Miniature on Chopsticks". </p><p>During the 1940s, Armbruster was the conductor of the NBC Hollywood Orchestra for many charitable specials.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (March 2020)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> Other radio programs on which he worked included <i>Blue Ribbon Time</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Blue_Ribbon_Town" title="Blue Ribbon Town">Blue Ribbon Town</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 47">: 47 </span></sup> <i>The Cass Daley Show</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 67">: 67 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Cavalcade_of_America" title="Cavalcade of America">Cavalcade of America</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 67">: 67 </span></sup> <i>The Charlie McCarthy Show</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 72">: 72 </span></sup> <i>Coronet on the Air</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 83">: 83 </span></sup> <i>Cousin Willie</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 84-85">: 84-85 </span></sup>, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Cuckoo_Hour" title="The Cuckoo Hour">The Cuckoo Hour</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 88">: 88 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/A_Day_in_the_Life_of_Dennis_Day" title="A Day in the Life of Dennis Day">A Day in the Life of Dennis Day</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 94">: 94 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Electric_Hour" title="The Electric Hour">The Electric Hour</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 108">: 108 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Great_Gildersleeve" title="The Great Gildersleeve">The Great Gildersleeve</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 136-138">: 136-138 </span></sup> <i>The Groucho Marx Show</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 139">: 139 </span></sup> <i>Hawthorne TBA</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 147">: 147 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_Kraft_Music_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="The Kraft Music Hall">The Kraft Music Hall</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 191">: 191 </span></sup> <i>The Nelson Eddy Show</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 254">: 254 </span></sup> <i>The Old Gold Program</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 259">: 259 </span></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/Red_Ryder" title="Red Ryder">Red Ryder</a></i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 282">: 282 </span></sup> <i>Sara's Private Caper</i>,<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 294">: 294 </span></sup> and <i>Western Caravan</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-rp_3-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-rp-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page: 350">: 350 </span></sup> </p><p>In 1948, Armbruster was musical director, conductor and solo pianist for the Kraft Music Hall program starring <a href="/wiki/Nelson_Eddy" title="Nelson Eddy">Nelson Eddy</a>. A fine pianist, he was featured each week in classical piano solos. The program had an excellent orchestra of about 35. Regular arrangers included Billy May and Nelson Riddle. In the sixties, Armbruster was head of the music department at MGM Studios. </p><p>He died in <a href="/wiki/Santa_Monica,_California" title="Santa Monica, California">Santa Monica, California</a> on June 20, 1994, at age 97.<sup id="cite_ref-:0_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Armbruster&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The Billings Rollography: Pianists Ginny Billings, Bob Billings - 1990 p36 "Henri Bergman, Edwin Gabriel, Robert Romayne, Robert Summers (Rolls listed under pseudonyms) Robert Armbruster was born in Philadelphia in 1896, and received his ..."</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20200311191254/https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-25-mn-8217-story.html">"Robert Armbruster; Conductor, Composer"</a>. <i>The Los Angeles Times</i>. California, Los Angeles. June 25, 1994. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-1994-06-25-mn-8217-story.html">the original</a> on March 11, 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 11,</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Los+Angeles+Times&rft.atitle=Robert+Armbruster%3B+Conductor%2C+Composer&rft.date=1994-06-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.latimes.com%2Farchives%2Fla-xpm-1994-06-25-mn-8217-story.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Armbruster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-rp-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-7"><sup><i><b>h</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-8"><sup><i><b>i</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-9"><sup><i><b>j</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-10"><sup><i><b>k</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-11"><sup><i><b>l</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-12"><sup><i><b>m</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-13"><sup><i><b>n</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-14"><sup><i><b>o</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-15"><sup><i><b>p</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-16"><sup><i><b>q</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-17"><sup><i><b>r</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-rp_3-18"><sup><i><b>s</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTerrace1999" class="citation book cs1">Terrace, Vincent (1999). <i>Radio Programs, 1924-1984: A Catalog of More Than 1800 Shows</i>. McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 46. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4513-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7864-4513-4"><bdi>978-0-7864-4513-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Radio+Programs%2C+1924-1984%3A+A+Catalog+of+More+Than+1800+Shows&rft.pages=46&rft.pub=McFarland+%26+Company%2C+Inc.&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=978-0-7864-4513-4&rft.aulast=Terrace&rft.aufirst=Vincent&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ARobert+Armbruster" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Robert_Armbruster&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.naxos.com/orchestrainfo/811.htm">http://www.naxos.com/orchestrainfo/811.htm</a></li> <li>DeLong, Thomas A. (1996). Radio Stars: An Illustrated Biographical Dictionary of 953 Performers, 1920 through 1960. Jefferson, NC: McFarland & Company, Inc. p. 15, entry 36.</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output 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style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/135262267">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n92039737">United States</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14150687g">France</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://data.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/cb14150687g">BnF data</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX1276951">Spain</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dbn.bn.org.pl/descriptor-details/9810651193205606">Poland</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007459569705171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Artists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/106517">Discography of American Historical Recordings</a></span><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://adp.library.ucsb.edu/names/106518">2</a></span></li></ul></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/135262267">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/158303776">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6gt9kx0">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" 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