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href="#Career_and_research"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Career and research</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Career_and_research-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Honors_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Honors_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Honors and awards</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Honors_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_Energy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#U.S._Secretary_of_Energy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>U.S. Secretary of Energy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-U.S._Secretary_of_Energy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Energy_and_climate_change" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Energy_and_climate_change"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Energy and climate change</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Energy_and_climate_change-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personal_life" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personal_life"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Personal life</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Personal_life-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Steven Chu</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 70 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-70" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">70 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ستيفن تشو – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="ستيفن تشو" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_%C3%87u" title="Stiven Çu – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Stiven Çu" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%AD%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%9A%E0%A7%81" title="স্টিভেন চু – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="স্টিভেন চু" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%8B%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стывен Чу – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Стывен Чу" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D1%8A%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивън Чу – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Стивън Чу" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%BB_Tai-v%C3%B9n" title="Chû Tai-vùn – Hakka Chinese" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Chû Tai-vùn" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Hakka Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%8A%A4%ED%8B%B0%EB%B8%90_%EC%B6%94" title="스티븐 추 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="스티븐 추" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8D%D5%A9%D5%AB%D5%BE%D5%A5%D5%B6_%D5%89%D5%B8%D6%82" title="Սթիվեն Չու – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Սթիվեն Չու" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A1%D7%98%D7%99%D7%91%D7%9F_%D7%A6%27%D7%95" title="סטיבן צ'ו – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="סטיבן צ'ו" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Malagasy" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagasy" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D8%AA%D9%8A%D9%81%D9%86_%D8%AA%D8%B4%D9%88" title="ستيفن تشو – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="ستيفن تشو" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="استیون چو – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="استیون چو" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%AD%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%81" title="स्टेभेन् चु – Newari" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="स्टेभेन् चु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Newari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%B9%E3%83%86%E3%82%A3%E3%83%BC%E3%83%96%E3%83%B3%E3%83%BB%E3%83%81%E3%83%A5%E3%83%BC" title="スティーブン・チュー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="スティーブン・チュー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%9F%E0%A9%80%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%A8_%E0%A8%9A%E0%A9%82" title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਚੂ – Punjabi" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਸਟੀਵਨ ਚੂ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%B9%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%D9%88" title="سٹیون چو – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="سٹیون چو" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Low German" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Low German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A7%D1%83,_%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD" title="Чу, Стивен – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Чу, Стивен" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%9A%E0%A5%82" title="स्टीवन चू – Sanskrit" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="स्टीवन चू" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanskrit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stiven_%C4%8Cu" title="Stiven Ču – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Stiven Ču" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%80%E0%AE%B5%E0%AE%A9%E0%AF%8D_%E0%AE%9A%E0%AF%82" title="ஸ்டீவன் சூ – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="ஸ்டீவன் சூ" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D0%B8%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стивен Чу – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Стивен Чу" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%82%D1%96%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%BD_%D0%A7%D1%83" title="Стівен Чу – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Стівен Чу" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B5%D8%AA%DB%8C%D9%88%D9%86_%DA%86%DA%BE%D9%88" title="صتیون چھو – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="صتیون چھو" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Steven_Chu" title="Steven Chu – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Steven Chu" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%9C%B1%E6%A3%A3%E6%96%87" title="朱棣文 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="朱棣文" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q172466#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div 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data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">American physicist and former U.S. Secretary of Energy (born 1948)</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Steven Zhu" redirects here. For the musician, see <a href="/wiki/Zhu_(musician)" title="Zhu (musician)">Zhu (musician)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size: 100%;"><div class="fn" style="font-size:125%;">Steven Chu</div><div class="honorific-suffix" style="font-weight: normal;"><span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">FREng</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 100%;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics">HonFInstP</a></span></span></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg/220px-Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="297" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg/330px-Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg/440px-Professor_Steven_Chu_ForMemRS_headshot.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3304" /></a></span><div class="infobox-caption" style="line-height:normal;padding-top:0.2em;">Chu in 2014</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender;line-height:normal;padding:0.2em;">12th <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="border-bottom:none"><span class="nowrap"><b>In office</b></span><br />January 21, 2009 – April 22, 2013</td><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">President</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left">Deputy</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Daniel_Poneman" title="Daniel Poneman">Daniel Poneman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Preceded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="text-align:left"><span class="nowrap">Succeeded by</span></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122; background:lavender">Personal details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Born</th><td class="infobox-data"><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday">1948-02-28</span>) </span>February 28, 1948<span class="noprint ForceAgeToShow"> (age 76)</span><br /><a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis, Missouri</a>, U.S.</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Political party</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Democratic_Party_(United_States)" title="Democratic Party (United States)">Democratic</a><sup id="cite_ref-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Verifiability" title="Wikipedia:Verifiability"><span title="The material near this tag failed verification of its source citation(s). (August 2024)">failed verification</span></a></i>]</sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Spouse(s)</th><td class="infobox-data">Lisa Chu-Thielbar (divorced)<br /><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1151524712">.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin2px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-2px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-line-margin3px{line-height:0;margin-bottom:-3px}.mw-parser-output .marriage-display-ws{display:inline;white-space:nowrap}</style> <div class="marriage-display-ws"><div style="display:inline-block;line-height:normal;">Jean Fetter</div> <div style="display:inline-block;"></div>(<abbr title="married">m.</abbr> 1997)<wbr /></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Children</th><td class="infobox-data">2</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Parent</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ju-Chin_Chu" title="Ju-Chin Chu">Ju-Chin Chu</a> (father)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Relatives</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Shu-tian_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu-tian Li">Shu-tian Li</a> (grandfather)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Chu" title="Gilbert Chu">Gilbert Chu</a> (brother)</li><li><a href="/wiki/Morgan_Chu" title="Morgan Chu">Morgan Chu</a> (brother)</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Education</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a> (<a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">BA</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">BS</a>)<br /><a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> (<a href="/wiki/Master_of_Science" title="Master of Science">MS</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">PhD</a>)</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Occupation</th><td class="infobox-data">Politician, writer</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Profession</th><td class="infobox-data">Physicist</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Awards</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Faisal_Prize" title="King Faisal Prize">King Faisal Prize</a> (1993)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> (1997)</li> <li>Golden Plate Award (1998)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><span class="url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://profiles.stanford.edu/steve-chu">University website</a></span></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><b>Scientific career</b></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Fields</th><td class="infobox-data category"><a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">Atomic physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biological_physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Biological physics">biological physics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Institutions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Thesis" title="Thesis">Thesis</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.proquest.com/docview/302807361">Observation of the Forbidden Magnetic Dipole Transition 6<sup>2</sup>P<sub>1/2</sub>→7<sup>2</sup>P<sub>1/2</sub> in Atomic Thallium</a></i> <span style="font-size:97%;">(1976)</span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Doctoral_advisor" title="Doctoral advisor">Doctoral advisor</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Eugene_D._Commins" title="Eugene D. Commins">Eugene D. Commins</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Doctoral students</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michale_Fee" title="Michale Fee">Michale Fee</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="color: #202122;background-color: #b0c4de;">Chinese name</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language text"><span lang="zh-Hani" style="font-size: 1rem;">朱棣文</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="display:none;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Hanyu_Pinyin" class="mw-redirect" title="Hanyu Pinyin">Hanyu Pinyin</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><span title="Chinese-language romanization"><span style="font-style: normal" lang="zh-Latn">Zhū Dìwén</span></span></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-below" style="border-top: 1px solid right;"><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Steven Chu</b><sup id="cite_ref-APS_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-APS-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Fellow_of_the_Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering">FREng</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_Member_of_the_Royal_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Foreign Member of the Royal Society">ForMemRS</a></span> <span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Honorary_Fellows_of_the_Institute_of_Physics" class="mw-redirect" title="Honorary Fellows of the Institute of Physics">HonFInstP</a></span></span> (Chinese: 朱棣文; born February 28, 1948)<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is an American physicist and former government official. He is a Nobel laureate and was the 12th <a href="/wiki/U.S._secretary_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. secretary of energy">U.S. secretary of energy</a>. He is currently the <a href="/wiki/William_R._Kenan_Jr." title="William R. Kenan Jr.">William R. Kenan Jr.</a> Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. He is known for his research at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, and his research at <a href="/wiki/Bell_Laboratories" class="mw-redirect" title="Bell Laboratories">Bell Laboratories</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> regarding the <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">cooling and trapping of atoms with laser light</a>, for which he shared the 1997 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="noprint Inline-Template" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Please_clarify" title="Wikipedia:Please clarify"><span title="Did the Nobel Prize winning research occur at all three institutions, or only the latter two (bell/Stanford)? (May 2023)">ambiguous</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chu served as U.S. Secretary of Energy under the administration of President <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama" title="Barack Obama">Barack Obama</a> from 2009 to 2013. At the time of his appointment as Energy Secretary, Chu was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a>, where his research<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> was concerned primarily with the study of biological systems at the <a href="/wiki/Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single molecule level</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-doe_bio_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-doe_bio-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chu resigned as energy secretary on April 22, 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Dixon_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dixon-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He returned to Stanford as Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular & Cellular Physiology.<sup class="noprint Inline-Template Template-Fact" style="white-space:nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed"><span title="This claim needs references to reliable sources. (July 2023)">citation needed</span></a></i>]</sup> </p><p>Chu is a vocal advocate for more research into <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, arguing that a shift away from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuel" title="Fossil fuel">fossil fuels</a> is essential to combating <a href="/wiki/Climate_change" title="Climate change">climate change</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebert_15-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribble_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribble-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Directors_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has conceived of a global "glucose economy", a form of a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>, in which <a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> from tropical plants is shipped around like <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil</a> is today.<sup id="cite_ref-ontap_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontap-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On February 22, 2019, Chu began a one-year term as president of the <a href="/wiki/American_Association_for_the_Advancement_of_Science" title="American Association for the Advancement of Science">American Association for the Advancement of Science</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Early_life_and_education">Early life and education</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Early life and education"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Chu was born on February 28, 1948, in <a href="/wiki/St._Louis,_Missouri" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Louis, Missouri">St. Louis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Missouri" title="Missouri">Missouri</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Eljera_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eljera-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> with Chinese ancestry from <a href="/wiki/Liuhe,_Taicang" title="Liuhe, Taicang">Liuhe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Taicang" title="Taicang">Taicang</a>, China.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He attended <a href="/wiki/Garden_City_High_School_(New_York)" title="Garden City High School (New York)">Garden City High School</a> in <a href="/wiki/Garden_City,_New_York" title="Garden City, New York">Garden City, New York</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Kerr_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Kerr-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He received both a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Arts" title="Bachelor of Arts">B.A.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mathematics" title="Mathematics">mathematics</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Bachelor_of_Science" title="Bachelor of Science">B.S.</a> in <a href="/wiki/Physics" title="Physics">physics</a> in 1970 from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Rochester" title="University of Rochester">University of Rochester</a><sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and earned his <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Philosophy" title="Doctor of Philosophy">Ph.D.</a> in physics from the <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a>, under <a href="/wiki/Eugene_D._Commins" title="Eugene D. Commins">Eugene D. Commins</a>, in 1976,<sup id="cite_ref-thesis-chu-1976_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-thesis-chu-1976-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> during which he was supported by a <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Foundation" title="National Science Foundation">National Science Foundation</a> <a href="/wiki/NSF-GRF" class="mw-redirect" title="NSF-GRF">Graduate Research Fellowship</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-NSF-GRF_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NSF-GRF-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu comes from a family of highly educated <a href="/wiki/White_collar_worker" class="mw-redirect" title="White collar worker">white collar</a> <a href="/wiki/Professional" title="Professional">professionals</a> and scholars. His father, <a href="/wiki/Ju-Chin_Chu" title="Ju-Chin Chu">Ju-Chin Chu</a>, earned a <a href="/wiki/D.Eng." class="mw-redirect" title="D.Eng.">doctorate</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chemical_engineering" title="Chemical engineering">chemical engineering</a> from <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts_Institute_of_Technology" title="Massachusetts Institute of Technology">MIT</a> and taught at <a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brooklyn_Polytechnic_Institute" class="mw-redirect" title="Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute">Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute</a>, and his mother studied <a href="/wiki/Economics" title="Economics">economics</a> at MIT. His maternal grandfather, <a href="/wiki/Shu-tian_Li" class="mw-redirect" title="Shu-tian Li">Shu-tian Li</a>, was a <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_engineer" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic engineer">hydraulic engineer</a> who earned a Ph.D. from <a href="/wiki/Cornell_University" title="Cornell University">Cornell University</a>, and was a professor and president of Tianjin University. His mother's uncle, <a href="/wiki/Li_Shu-hua" title="Li Shu-hua">Li Shu-hua</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Biophysicist" class="mw-redirect" title="Biophysicist">biophysicist</a>, attended <a href="/wiki/University_of_Paris" title="University of Paris">University of Paris</a> before returning to China.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu's older brother, <a href="/wiki/Gilbert_Chu" title="Gilbert Chu">Gilbert Chu</a>, is a professor of <a href="/wiki/Biochemistry" title="Biochemistry">biochemistry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Medicine" title="Medicine">medicine</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a>. His younger brother, <a href="/wiki/Morgan_Chu" title="Morgan Chu">Morgan Chu</a>, is a <a href="/wiki/Patent_lawyer" class="mw-redirect" title="Patent lawyer">patent lawyer</a> who is the former co-managing partner at the <a href="/wiki/Law_firm" title="Law firm">law firm</a> <a href="/wiki/Irell_%26_Manella" title="Irell & Manella">Irell & Manella</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Irell&Manella_26-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Irell&Manella-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> According to Chu, his two brothers and four cousins have four Ph.D.s, three <a href="/wiki/Doctor_of_Medicine" title="Doctor of Medicine">M.D.s</a>, and a <a href="/wiki/Juris_Doctor" title="Juris Doctor">J.D.</a> among themselves. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Career_and_research">Career and research</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Career and research"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg/220px-Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="184" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d5/Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg/330px-Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d5/Steven_Chu_NSF.jpg 2x" data-file-width="438" data-file-height="367" /></a><figcaption>Chu lecturing</figcaption></figure> <p>After obtaining his doctorate, he remained at Berkeley as a <a href="/wiki/Postdoctoral_researcher" title="Postdoctoral researcher">postdoctoral researcher</a> for two years before joining <a href="/wiki/Bell_Labs" title="Bell Labs">Bell Labs</a>, where he and his several co-workers carried out his Nobel Prize-winning <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> work. He left Bell Labs and became a professor of physics at <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> in 1987,<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> serving as the chair of its physics department from 1990 to 1993 and from 1999 to 2001. At Stanford, Chu and three others initiated the Bio-X program, which focuses on interdisciplinary research in biology and medicine,<sup id="cite_ref-BioX_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BioX-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and played a key role in securing the funding for the <a href="/wiki/Kavli_Institute_for_Particle_Astrophysics_and_Cosmology" title="Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology">Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-chu-77_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-chu-77-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In August 2004, Chu was appointed as the director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, a <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy_National_Laboratories" title="United States Department of Energy National Laboratories">U.S. Department of Energy National Laboratory</a>, and joined UC Berkeley's department of physics and department of molecular and cell biology.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyNews_29-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyNews-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Under Chu's leadership, the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory was a center of research into <a href="/wiki/Biofuel" title="Biofuel">biofuels</a> and <a href="/wiki/Solar_energy" title="Solar energy">solar energy</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebert_15-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He spearheaded the laboratory's Helios project, an initiative to develop methods of harnessing solar power as a source of <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> for transportation.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyNews_29-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyNews-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu's early research focused on <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a> by developing <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">laser cooling</a> techniques and the <a href="/wiki/Magneto-optical_trap" title="Magneto-optical trap">magneto-optical trapping</a> of atoms using <a href="/wiki/Lasers" class="mw-redirect" title="Lasers">lasers</a>. He and his co-workers at Bell Labs developed a way to cool atoms by employing six laser beams opposed in pairs and arranged in three directions at right angles to each other. Trapping atoms with this method allows scientists to study individual atoms with great accuracy. Additionally, the technique can be used to construct an <a href="/wiki/Atomic_clock" title="Atomic clock">atomic clock</a> with great precision.<sup id="cite_ref-NobelPhys_30-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-NobelPhys-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>At Stanford, Chu's research interests expanded into <a href="/wiki/Biophysics" title="Biophysics">biological physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single-molecule level</a>. He studied <a href="/wiki/Enzyme" title="Enzyme">enzyme</a> activity and <a href="/wiki/Protein_folding" title="Protein folding">protein and RNA folding</a> using techniques like <a href="/wiki/Fluorescence_resonance_energy_transfer" class="mw-redirect" title="Fluorescence resonance energy transfer">fluorescence resonance energy transfer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atomic_force_microscopy" title="Atomic force microscopy">atomic force microscopy</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">optical tweezers</a>. His <a href="/wiki/Polymer_physics" title="Polymer physics">polymer physics</a> research used individual <a href="/wiki/DNA" title="DNA">DNA</a> molecules to study polymer dynamics and their <a href="/wiki/Phase_transitions" class="mw-redirect" title="Phase transitions">phase transitions</a>. He continued researching atomic physics as well and developed new methods of laser cooling and trapping.<sup id="cite_ref-BerkeleyBio_31-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-BerkeleyBio-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> As of 2022<sup class="plainlinks noexcerpt noprint asof-tag update" style="display:none;"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit">[update]</a></sup>, he is the President of the Scientific Committee of <a href="/wiki/ESPCI_Paris" title="ESPCI Paris">ESPCI Paris</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Honors_and_awards">Honors and awards</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Honors and awards"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Steven Chu was awarded the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a> in 1997 for the "development of methods to <a href="/wiki/Laser_cooling" title="Laser cooling">cool</a> and trap atoms with laser light", together with <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>He is a member of the <a href="/wiki/United_States_National_Academy_of_Sciences" class="mw-redirect" title="United States National Academy of Sciences">U.S. National Academy of Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Academy_of_Arts_and_Sciences" title="American Academy of Arts and Sciences">American Academy of Arts and Sciences</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/American_Philosophical_Society" title="American Philosophical Society">American Philosophical Society</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the <a href="/wiki/Pontifical_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Pontifical Academy of Sciences">Pontifical Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Academia_Sinica" title="Academia Sinica">Academia Sinica</a> of <a href="/wiki/Taiwan" title="Taiwan">Taiwan</a>, and is a foreign member of the <a href="/wiki/Chinese_Academy_of_Sciences" title="Chinese Academy of Sciences">Chinese Academy of Sciences</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Korean_Academy_of_Science_and_Engineering" class="mw-redirect" title="Korean Academy of Science and Engineering">Korean Academy of Science and Engineering</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MITWorld_37-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MITWorld-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 1994, The Optical Society recognized Chu with the <a href="/wiki/William_F._Meggers_Award_in_Spectroscopy" title="William F. Meggers Award in Spectroscopy">William F. Meggers Award</a>. The Society later elected him an Honorary Member.<sup id="cite_ref-38" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded the <a href="/wiki/Humboldt_Prize" class="mw-redirect" title="Humboldt Prize">Humboldt Prize</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Alexander_von_Humboldt_Foundation" title="Alexander von Humboldt Foundation">Alexander von Humboldt Foundation</a> in 1995. In 1998, Chu received the Golden Plate Award of the <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Achievement" title="Academy of Achievement">American Academy of Achievement</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg/220px-Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg/330px-Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg/440px-Pontifical_Academician_Steven_Chu.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3981" data-file-height="5308" /></a><figcaption>Chu with his medal as a Pontifical Academician, 2018</figcaption></figure> <p>Chu received an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Boston_University" title="Boston University">Boston University</a> when he was the keynote speaker at the 2007 commencement exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is a senior fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Design_Futures_Council" title="Design Futures Council">Design Futures Council</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>Diablo Magazine</i> awarded him an Eco Award in its April 2009 issue,<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> shortly after he was nominated for Energy Secretary. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Washington_University_in_St._Louis" title="Washington University in St. Louis">Washington University in St. Louis</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harvard_University" title="Harvard University">Harvard University</a> awarded him honorary doctorates during their 2010 and 2009 commencement exercises, respectively.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded an honorary degree from <a href="/wiki/Yale_University" title="Yale University">Yale University</a> during its 2010 commencement.<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was also awarded an honorary degree from the <a href="/wiki/Polytechnic_Institute_of_New_York_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Polytechnic Institute of New York University">Polytechnic Institute of New York University</a>, the same institution at which his father taught for several years, during its 2011 commencement.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Penn_State_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Penn State University">Penn State University</a> awarded him an honorary doctorate during their 2012 commencement exercises.<sup id="cite_ref-Penn_State_Live_47-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Penn_State_Live-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2014, Chu was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Williams_College" title="Williams College">Williams College</a>, during which he gave a talk moderated by Williams College Professor Protik Majumder.<sup id="cite_ref-williamscollege_48-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-williamscollege-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He was awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Dartmouth_College" title="Dartmouth College">Dartmouth College</a> during its 2015 commencement.<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chu was also awarded an honorary doctorate from <a href="/wiki/Amherst_College" title="Amherst College">Amherst College</a> in 2017, where he later gave a lecture titled "Climate Change and Needed Technical Solutions for a Sustainable Future" in March 2018.<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu was elected an international fellow of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Academy_of_Engineering" title="Royal Academy of Engineering">Royal Academy of Engineering</a> UK in 2011, and a <a href="/wiki/List_of_Fellows_of_the_Royal_Society_elected_in_2014" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Fellows of the Royal Society elected in 2014">Foreign Member of the Royal Society (ForMemRS) in 2014</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> His nomination reads: </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Steven Chu's development of methods to laser cool and trap atoms was recognized by the award of the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1997. He also pioneered the development of <a href="/wiki/Atom_interferometer" title="Atom interferometer">atom interferometry</a> for precision measurement, and he introduced methods to visualize and manipulate <a href="/wiki/Single-molecule_experiment" title="Single-molecule experiment">single bio-molecules</a> simultaneously with <a href="/wiki/Optical_tweezers" title="Optical tweezers">optical tweezers</a>. Throughout his career, he has sought new solutions to the energy and climate challenges. From January 2009 to April 2013, he was the 12th U.S. Secretary of Energy under President Barack Obama, and initiated the Advanced Research Projects Agency - Energy, the Energy Innovation Hubs, and the <a href="/wiki/Clean_Energy_Ministerial" title="Clean Energy Ministerial">Clean Energy Ministerial</a> meetings.<sup id="cite_ref-royal_53-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-royal-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="U.S._Secretary_of_Energy">U.S. Secretary of Energy</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: U.S. Secretary of Energy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/220px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="264" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/330px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg/440px-Steven_Chu_official_DOE_portrait.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1250" data-file-height="1500" /></a><figcaption>Chu's official portrait as <a href="/wiki/United_States_secretary_of_energy" class="mw-redirect" title="United States secretary of energy">United States secretary of energy</a>, January 21, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Chu's nomination to be Secretary of Energy was unanimously confirmed by the <a href="/wiki/United_States_Senate" title="United States Senate">U.S. Senate</a> on January 20, 2009.<sup id="cite_ref-Bloomberg_54-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Bloomberg-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On January 21, 2009, Chu was sworn in as Secretary of Energy in the <a href="/wiki/Barack_Obama_administration" class="mw-redirect" title="Barack Obama administration">Barack Obama administration</a>. Chu is the first person appointed to the U.S. Cabinet after having won a Nobel Prize.<sup id="cite_ref-FirstNobel_55-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-FirstNobel-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He is also the second Chinese American to be a member of the U.S. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="United States Cabinet">Cabinet</a>, after former <a href="/wiki/U.S._Secretary_of_Commerce" class="mw-redirect" title="U.S. Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a> <a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-._56-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-.-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In February 2009, Chu visited China where he and China's <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Science_and_Technology_(China)" title="Ministry of Science and Technology (China)">Minister of Science and Technology</a> <a href="/wiki/Wan_Gang" title="Wan Gang">Wan Gang</a> announced the <a href="/wiki/US%E2%80%93China_Clean_Energy_Research_Center" title="US–China Clean Energy Research Center">US-China Clean Energy Research Center</a> (CERC).<sup id="cite_ref-:0_57-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-:0-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Pages: 119, 122">: 119, 122 </span></sup> </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:President_Obama_and_Secretary_Chu.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/President_Obama_and_Secretary_Chu.jpg/250px-President_Obama_and_Secretary_Chu.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d1/President_Obama_and_Secretary_Chu.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="322" data-file-height="230" /></a><figcaption>Chu meeting with Obama, February 5, 2009</figcaption></figure> <p>Chu's scientific work continued, however, and he even published a paper on <a href="/wiki/Gravitational_redshift" title="Gravitational redshift">gravitational redshift</a> in <i><a href="/wiki/Nature_(journal)" title="Nature (journal)">Nature</a></i> in February 2010<sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and another one he co-authored in July 2010.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In March 2011 Chu said that regulators at the U.S. <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_Regulatory_Commission" title="Nuclear Regulatory Commission">Nuclear Regulatory Commission</a> should not delay approving construction licenses for planned U.S. nuclear power plants in the wake of the <a href="/wiki/Fukushima_Daiichi_nuclear_disaster" class="mw-redirect" title="Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster">Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster</a> in <a href="/wiki/Japan" title="Japan">Japan</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In August 2011, Chu praised an advisory panel report on curbing the environmental risks of <a href="/wiki/Natural_gas" title="Natural gas">natural gas</a> development. Chu responded to the panel's report on <a href="/wiki/Hydraulic_fracturing" class="mw-redirect" title="Hydraulic fracturing">hydraulic fracturing</a>, the controversial drilling method that is enabling a U.S. gas boom while bringing fears of groundwater contamination. The report called for better data collection of air and water data, as well as "rigorous" air pollution standards and mandatory disclosure of the chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. Chu said that he would "be working closely with my colleagues in the Administration to review the recommendations and to chart a path for continued development of this vital energy resource in a safe manner".<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu faced controversy for a statement he made prior to being appointed, claiming in a September 2008 interview with the Wall Street Journal that "somehow we have to figure out how to boost the price of gasoline to the levels in Europe."<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> However, in March 2012, he retracted this comment, saying "since I walked in the door as secretary of Energy I've been doing everything in my powers to do what we can to … reduce those prices" and that he "no longer shares the view [that we need to figure out how to boost gasoline prices in America]".<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 12, 2013, Chu was the <a href="/wiki/Designated_survivor" title="Designated survivor">designated survivor</a> during the <a href="/wiki/2013_State_of_the_Union_Address" title="2013 State of the Union Address">State of the Union address</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>On February 1, 2013, Chu announced his intent to resign.<sup id="cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-washingtonpost.com-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In his resignation announcement, he warned of the <a href="/wiki/Climate_risk" title="Climate risk">risks of climate change</a> from continued reliance on <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a>, and wrote, "the <a href="/wiki/Stone_Age" title="Stone Age">Stone Age</a> did not end because we ran out of stones; we transitioned to better solutions".<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He resigned on April 22, 2013. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Energy_and_climate_change">Energy and climate change</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Energy and climate change"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg/250px-OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg/375px-OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/98/OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg/500px-OliverInderwildi-FatihBirol-StevenChu-OxfordUniversity.jpg 2x" data-file-width="866" data-file-height="576" /></a><figcaption>Chu (right) with IEA Executive Director <a href="/wiki/Fatih_Birol" title="Fatih Birol">Fatih Birol</a> (middle) and Oliver Inderwildi (left) at the <a href="/wiki/Oxford_Union" title="Oxford Union">Oxford Union</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> <p>Chu has been a vocal advocate for more research into <a href="/wiki/Renewable_energy" title="Renewable energy">renewable energy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_power" title="Nuclear power">nuclear power</a>, arguing that a shift away from <a href="/wiki/Fossil_fuels" class="mw-redirect" title="Fossil fuels">fossil fuels</a> is essential to <a href="/wiki/Climate_change_mitigation" title="Climate change mitigation">combat climate change</a> and <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Hebert_15-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hebert-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Tribble_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Tribble-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Directors_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Directors-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He also spoke at the 2009 and 2011 <a href="/wiki/National_Science_Bowl" title="National Science Bowl">National Science Bowl</a> about the importance of America's science students, emphasizing their future role in <a href="/wiki/Environmental_planning" title="Environmental planning">environmental planning</a> and global initiative. Chu said that a typical <a href="/wiki/Coal_power" class="mw-redirect" title="Coal power">coal power</a> plant emits 100 times more radiation than a nuclear power plant.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu has warned that <a href="/wiki/Global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Global warming">global warming</a> could wipe out California farms within the century.<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu joined the <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen_Climate_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Copenhagen Climate Council">Copenhagen Climate Council</a>, an international collaboration between business and science established to create momentum for the <a href="/wiki/2009_United_Nations_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="2009 United Nations Climate Change Conference">2009 UN Climate Change Conference</a> in <a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Denmark" title="Denmark">Denmark</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Copenhagen_70-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Copenhagen-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2015, Chu signed the <i><a href="/wiki/Mainau_Declaration" title="Mainau Declaration">Mainau Declaration 2015 on Climate Change</a></i> on the final day of the 65th <a href="/wiki/Lindau_Nobel_Laureate_Meetings" title="Lindau Nobel Laureate Meetings">Lindau Nobel Laureate Meeting</a>. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel Laureates and handed to then-President of the French Republic, <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Hollande" title="François Hollande">François Hollande</a>, as part of the successful <a href="/wiki/Paris_Climate_Change_Conference" class="mw-redirect" title="Paris Climate Change Conference">COP21 climate summit</a> in Paris.<sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu was instrumental in submitting a winning bid for the <a href="/wiki/Energy_Biosciences_Institute" title="Energy Biosciences Institute">Energy Biosciences Institute</a>, a <a href="/wiki/BP" title="BP">BP</a>-funded $500 million multidisciplinary collaboration between UC Berkeley, the Lawrence Berkeley Lab, and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Illinois" class="mw-redirect" title="University of Illinois">University of Illinois</a>. This sparked controversy on the Berkeley campus, where some fear the alliance could harm the school's reputation for academic integrity.<sup id="cite_ref-Dalton_72-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Dalton-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Michaels_73-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Michaels-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Gonzalez_74-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Gonzalez-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blumenstylk_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blumenstylk-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Based partially on his research at UC Berkeley, Chu has speculated that a global "glucose economy", a form of a <a href="/wiki/Low-carbon_economy" title="Low-carbon economy">low-carbon economy</a>, could replace the current system. In the future, special varieties of high-<a href="/wiki/Glucose" title="Glucose">glucose</a> plants would be grown in the <a href="/wiki/Tropics" title="Tropics">tropics</a>, processed, and then the chemical would be shipped around like <a href="/wiki/Petroleum" title="Petroleum">oil is today</a> to other countries. <i>The <a href="/wiki/St._Petersburg_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Petersburg Times">St. Petersburg Times</a></i> has stated that Chu's concept "shows vision on the scale needed to deal with global warming".<sup id="cite_ref-ontap_18-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontap-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu has also advocated making the roofs of buildings and the tops of roads around the world white or other light colors, which may <a href="/wiki/Reflective_surfaces_(climate_engineering)" title="Reflective surfaces (climate engineering)">reflect sunlight back into space</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mitigate_global_warming" class="mw-redirect" title="Mitigate global warming">mitigate global warming</a>. The effect would be, according to Chu, similar to taking every car in the world off the roads for about 11 years.<sup id="cite_ref-ontap_18-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-ontap-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Samuel Thernstrom, a resident fellow at the <a href="/wiki/American_Enterprise_Institute" title="American Enterprise Institute">American Enterprise Institute</a> and co-director of its <a href="/wiki/Climate_engineering" title="Climate engineering">Geoengineering</a> Project, expressed support for the idea in <i><a href="/wiki/The_American_(magazine)" title="The American (magazine)">The American</a></i>, praising Chu for "do[ing] the nation a service" with the concept.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chu is on the board of directors of <a href="/wiki/Xyleco" title="Xyleco">Xyleco</a>, a company developing alternate energy.<sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personal_life">Personal life</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Personal life"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1997, he married Jean Fetter, a British-American <a href="/wiki/University_of_Oxford" title="University of Oxford">Oxford</a>-trained physicist.<sup id="cite_ref-Eljera_20-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eljera-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> He has two sons, Geoffrey and Michael, from a previous marriage to Lisa Chu-Thielbar.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Chu is interested in sports such as <a href="/wiki/Baseball" title="Baseball">baseball</a>, <a href="/wiki/Swimming_(sport)" title="Swimming (sport)">swimming</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cycling" title="Cycling">cycling</a>. He taught himself <a href="/wiki/Tennis" title="Tennis">tennis</a>—by reading a book—in the eighth grade and was a second-string substitute for the school team for three years. He also taught himself how to <a href="/wiki/Pole_vault" title="Pole vault">pole vault</a> using bamboo poles obtained from the local <a href="/wiki/Carpet" title="Carpet">carpet</a> store.<sup id="cite_ref-Nobel_5-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Chu said he never learned to speak <a href="/wiki/Chinese_language" title="Chinese language">Chinese</a> because his parents always spoke to their children in <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Eljera_20-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Eljera-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: See 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<div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Steven_Chu&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://politifact.com/personalities/steven-chu/">Steven Chu's file</a>. PolitiFact. Retrieved on 2012-02-04.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120215101019/http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">"Fundraising activities are limited, but star power brings in the bucks"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iwatchnews.org/2012/02/13/8139/four-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs">the original</a> on 2012-02-15<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2012-02-15</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Fundraising+activities+are+limited%2C+but+star+power+brings+in+the+bucks&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.iwatchnews.org%2F2012%2F02%2F13%2F8139%2Ffour-cabinet-members-willing-help-democratic-super-pacs&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-APS-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-APS_3-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aps.org/programs/honors/fellowships/archive-all.cfm?initial=C&year=&unit_id=&institution="><i>Chu, Steven</i> was elected a fellow of the American Physical Society in 1986 for his contributions</a> in <a href="/wiki/Atomic_physics" title="Atomic physics">atomic physics</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laser_spectroscopy" class="mw-redirect" title="Laser spectroscopy">laser spectroscopy</a>, including the first observation of parity non-conservation in atoms, excitation and precision spectroscopy of positronium, and the optical confinement and cooling of atoms.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Shea2008" class="citation journal cs1">O'Shea, Jennifer L. (December 30, 2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.usnews.com/news/obama/articles/2008/12/30/10-things-you-didnt-know-about-steven-chu">"10 Things You Didn't Know About Steven Chu; Steven Chu is President-elect Obama's pick for energy secretary"</a>. <i>U.S. News & World Report</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">December 17,</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=U.S.+News+%26+World+Report&rft.atitle=10+Things+You+Didn%27t+Know+About+Steven+Chu%3B+Steven+Chu+is+President-elect+Obama%27s+pick+for+energy+secretary&rft.date=2008-12-30&rft.aulast=O%27Shea&rft.aufirst=Jennifer+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.usnews.com%2Fnews%2Fobama%2Farticles%2F2008%2F12%2F30%2F10-things-you-didnt-know-about-steven-chu&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Nobel-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Nobel_5-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/152">Steven Chu</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAshkinDziedzicBjorkholmChu1986" class="citation journal cs1">Ashkin, A.; Dziedzic, J. M.; Bjorkholm, J. E.; Chu, S. (1986). "Observation of a single-beam gradient force optical trap for dielectric particles". <i>Optics Letters</i>. <b>11</b> (5): 288. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986OptL...11..288A">1986OptL...11..288A</a>. <a href="/wiki/CiteSeerX_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="CiteSeerX (identifier)">CiteSeerX</a> <span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.205.4729">10.1.1.205.4729</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1364%2FOL.11.000288">10.1364/OL.11.000288</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/19730608">19730608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Optics+Letters&rft.atitle=Observation+of+a+single-beam+gradient+force+optical+trap+for+dielectric+particles&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=288&rft.date=1986&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fciteseerx.ist.psu.edu%2Fviewdoc%2Fsummary%3Fdoi%3D10.1.1.205.4729%23id-name%3DCiteSeerX&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F19730608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1364%2FOL.11.000288&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986OptL...11..288A&rft.aulast=Ashkin&rft.aufirst=A.&rft.au=Dziedzic%2C+J.+M.&rft.au=Bjorkholm%2C+J.+E.&rft.au=Chu%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRaabPrentissCableChu1987" class="citation journal cs1">Raab, E.; Prentiss, M.; Cable, A.; Chu, S.; Pritchard, D. (1987). "Trapping of Neutral Sodium Atoms with Radiation Pressure". <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>59</b> (23): 2631–2634. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1987PhRvL..59.2631R">1987PhRvL..59.2631R</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.59.2631">10.1103/PhysRevLett.59.2631</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10035608">10035608</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Trapping+of+Neutral+Sodium+Atoms+with+Radiation+Pressure&rft.volume=59&rft.issue=23&rft.pages=2631-2634&rft.date=1987&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10035608&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.59.2631&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1987PhRvL..59.2631R&rft.aulast=Raab&rft.aufirst=E.&rft.au=Prentiss%2C+M.&rft.au=Cable%2C+A.&rft.au=Chu%2C+S.&rft.au=Pritchard%2C+D.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-8">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFChuBjorkholmAshkinCable1986" class="citation journal cs1">Chu, S.; Bjorkholm, J.; Ashkin, A.; Cable, A. (1986). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.57.314">"Experimental Observation of Optically Trapped Atoms"</a>. <i>Physical Review Letters</i>. <b>57</b> (3): 314–317. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/1986PhRvL..57..314C">1986PhRvL..57..314C</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<span class="id-lock-free" title="Freely accessible"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.57.314">10.1103/PhysRevLett.57.314</a></span>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/10034028">10034028</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Physical+Review+Letters&rft.atitle=Experimental+Observation+of+Optically+Trapped+Atoms&rft.volume=57&rft.issue=3&rft.pages=314-317&rft.date=1986&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F10034028&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1103%2FPhysRevLett.57.314&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F1986PhRvL..57..314C&rft.aulast=Chu&rft.aufirst=S.&rft.au=Bjorkholm%2C+J.&rft.au=Ashkin%2C+A.&rft.au=Cable%2C+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1103%252FPhysRevLett.57.314&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-doe_bio-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-doe_bio_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.energy.gov/organization/dr_steven_chu.htm">"Dr. Steven Chu, Secretary of Energy"</a>. <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2009-02-24</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Dr.+Steven+Chu%2C+Secretary+of+Energy&rft.pub=United+States+Department+of+Energy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.energy.gov%2Forganization%2Fdr_steven_chu.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-10">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://abcnews.go.com/Blotter/white-house-email-energy-secretary-chu/story?id=14934698">"White House Email: Energy Secretary Chu Must Go 'As Soon As Possible'<span class="cs1-kern-right"></span>"</a>. <i>ABC News</i>. 2011-11-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2017-07-19</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ABC+News&rft.atitle=White+House+Email%3A+Energy+Secretary+Chu+Must+Go+%27As+Soon+As+Possible%27&rft.date=2011-11-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabcnews.go.com%2FBlotter%2Fwhite-house-email-energy-secretary-chu%2Fstory%3Fid%3D14934698&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Dixon-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Dixon_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDixon" class="citation web cs1">Dixon, Darius. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.politico.com/story/2013/02/energy-secretary-steven-chu-to-resign-87073.html?hp=l2">"Energy Secretary Steven Chu to resign"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Politico" title="Politico">Politico</a><span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">1 February</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Energy+Secretary+Steven+Chu+to+resign&rft.pub=Politico&rft.aulast=Dixon&rft.aufirst=Darius&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.politico.com%2Fstory%2F2013%2F02%2Fenergy-secretary-steven-chu-to-resign-87073.html%3Fhp%3Dl2&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-washingtonpost.com-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-washingtonpost.com_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMufson" class="citation news cs1">Mufson, Stevenson. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.washingtonpost.com/business/economy/energy-secretary-steven-chu-resigns/2013/02/01/f6253df6-6cb4-11e2-ada0-5ca5fa7ebe79_story.html">"Energy secretary Steven Chu resigns"</a>. <i>The Washington Post</i><span class="reference-accessdate">. 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"A precision measurement of the gravitational redshift by the interference of matter waves". <i>Nature</i>. <b>463</b> (7283): 926–9. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2010Natur.463..926M">2010Natur.463..926M</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1038%2Fnature08776">10.1038/nature08776</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/20164925">20164925</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:4317164">4317164</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Nature&rft.atitle=A+precision+measurement+of+the+gravitational+redshift+by+the+interference+of+matter+waves&rft.volume=463&rft.issue=7283&rft.pages=926-9&rft.date=2010&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1038%2Fnature08776&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A4317164%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F20164925&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2010Natur.463..926M&rft.aulast=M%C3%BCller&rft.aufirst=H.&rft.au=Peters%2C+A.&rft.au=Chu%2C+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ASteven+Chu" class="Z3988"></span> According to Nature he worked on this "during nights, weekends and on planes – after putting in 70–80 hours a week as energy secretary"</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorestein2010" class="citation news cs1">Borestein, Seth (2010-07-07). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna38130342">"Energy secretary's hobby is nano science"</a>. <i>NBC News</i>. 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font-style: italic;"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Steven_Chu" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Steven Chu">Steven Chu</a></span>.</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aip.org/history-programs/niels-bohr-library/oral-histories/47519">Interview of Steven Chu by David Zierler on May 18 & June 22, 2021, Niels Bohr Library & Archives, American Institute of Physics, College Park, MD USA</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://energy.gov/contributors/secretary-energy-dr-steven-chu">Secretary of Energy Steven Chu</a> at <a href="/wiki/United_States_Department_of_Energy" title="United States Department of Energy">United States Department of Energy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nobelprize.org/laureate/152">Steven Chu</a> on Nobelprize.org <span class="mw-valign-text-top noprint" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q172466#P8024" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090116073002/http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Director/">Bio</a> from <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Berkeley_National_Laboratory" title="Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory">Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Feb-16-2007.html">BP Makes Berkeley World Center for Biofuels</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161230130700/http://www2.lbl.gov/Publications/Currents/Archive/Feb-16-2007.html">Archived</a> 2016-12-30 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> press release on the BP collaboration February 16, 2007</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.lbl.gov/solar/ipfiles/plenary/chu_Solar_to_Chem_Energy_3-28-05.ppt">Alternative Energy Sources</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190601042526/https://www2.lbl.gov/solar/ipfiles/plenary/chu_Solar_to_Chem_Energy_3-28-05.ppt">Archived</a> 2019-06-01 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> March 28, 2005, Chu's PowerPoint presentation</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090123043839/http://www.dailycamera.com/news/2009/jan/18/boulders-physicists-give-chu-thumbs-/">Boulder’s physicists give Chu thumbs-up</a> Article on other Nobel laureates' reactions to Chu as Secretary of Energy</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114020916/http://www.uctv.tv/search-moreresults.asp?contactID=91446&speaker=yes">UCTV Programs with Steven Chu</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113225033/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=11023">Physics Meets Biology</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113212606/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=11197">Berkeley's Nobel Tradition</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130114011650/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8591">Holding on to Atoms and Molecules with Lasers: Laser Cooling – From Atomic Clocks to Watching Biomolecules Move</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130113221304/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8592">What Can Physics Say About Life?</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090104064955/http://www.uctv.tv/search-details.asp?showID=8642">Conversations with History: A Scientist's Random Walk, with Steven Chu</a></li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/chu_steven.html">Bio</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070603030844/http://www.stanford.edu/dept/physics/people/faculty/chu_steven.html">Archived</a> 2007-06-03 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> and <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20081010181119/http://www.stanford.edu/group/chugroup/steve.html">personal page</a> from <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> Department of Physics <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news-service.stanford.edu/news/1997/july16/polymers.html">Steven Chu: Uncovering the secret life of molecules</a> from <i>Stanford [Online] Report</i> (July 16, 1997)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071025010503/http://chu.berkeley.edu/">Chu's biophysics research group</a> at <a href="/wiki/University_of_California,_Berkeley" title="University of California, Berkeley">University of California, Berkeley</a> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://berkeley.edu/news/media/releases/2005/10/03_chu.shtml">Growing energy: Berkeley Lab's Steve Chu on what termite guts have to do with global warming</a> from <i>UC Berkeley News</i> (September 30, 2005)</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pLr4YbStc0M"><span class="plainlinks">Chu's lecture on the Helios Project for renewable energy</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a> March 12, 2008</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.copenhagenclimatecouncil.com/get-informed/news/climate-disasters-a-significant-possibility-says-nobel-laureate-steve-chu.html">"Climate Disasters a 'Significant Possibility'</a> Interview with Steve Chu at <i>Copenhagen Climate Council</i>, November 3, 2008.</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V448U2SYU7U"><span class="plainlinks">Interview with Steven Chu from "Growing Energy" from the PBS series e² energy</span></a> on <a href="/wiki/YouTube_video_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="YouTube video (identifier)">YouTube</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.c-span.org/person/?1031213">Appearances</a> on <a href="/wiki/C-SPAN" title="C-SPAN">C-SPAN</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://charlierose.com/videos/6584">Steven Chu</a> on <a href="/wiki/Charlie_Rose_(talk_show)" title="Charlie Rose (talk show)"><i>Charlie Rose</i></a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.imdb.com/name/nm3703427/">Steven Chu</a> at <a href="/wiki/IMDb_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="IMDb (identifier)">IMDb</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://topics.nytimes.com/top/reference/timestopics/people/c/steven_chu/index.html">Steven Chu</a> collected news and commentary at <i><a href="/wiki/The_New_York_Times" title="The New York Times">The New York Times</a></i> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2009/04/19/magazine/19wwln-q4-t.html?_r=3&ref=energy-environment">Interview</a>, April 19, 2009</li></ul></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=its-almost-science-fiction">"Weird Little Bacteria" in Our Energy Future</a> by Steven Chu on April 16, 2012 <a href="/wiki/Scientific_American" title="Scientific American">Scientific American</a></li></ul> <table class="wikitable succession-box noprint" style="margin:0.5em auto; font-size:small;clear:both;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #ccccff;">Political offices </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Samuel Bodman</a></div> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States Secretary of Energy</a> </b><br />2009–2013 </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a></div> </td></tr> <tr> <th colspan="3" style="border-top: 5px solid #cfc;"><a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">U.S. order of precedence</a> (ceremonial) </th></tr> <tr style="text-align:center;"> <td style="width:30%;" rowspan="1">Preceded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td> <td style="width: 40%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1"><b> <a href="/wiki/United_States_order_of_precedence" title="United States order of precedence">Order of precedence of the United States</a><br /><i><span style="font-size:85%;">as Former US Cabinet Member</span></i> </b> </td> <td style="width: 30%; text-align: center;" rowspan="1">Succeeded by<div style="font-weight: bold"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a></div><i><b>as Former US Cabinet Member </b></i> </td></tr> </tbody></table> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist 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<li><a href="/wiki/Kumar_Bhattacharyya,_Baron_Bhattacharyya" title="Kumar Bhattacharyya, Baron Bhattacharyya">Sushantha Bhattacharyya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ewan_Birney" title="Ewan Birney">Ewan Birney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_V._M._Bishop" title="Dorothy V. M. Bishop">Dorothy Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tom_Bridgeland" title="Tom Bridgeland">Tom Bridgeland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Charlton" title="David Charlton">David Charlton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Colman" title="Peter Colman">Peter Colman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Steven_Cowley" title="Steven Cowley">Steven Cowley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sally_Davies_(doctor)" title="Sally Davies (doctor)">Sally Davies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Marian_Dawkins" title="Marian Dawkins">Marian Dawkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Edgar_Dick" title="John Edgar Dick">John Dick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liam_Dolan" title="Liam Dolan">Liam Dolan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Eglinton" title="Timothy Eglinton">Timothy Eglinton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Fisher" title="Amanda Fisher">Amanda Fisher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Grimmett" title="Geoffrey Grimmett">Geoffrey Grimmett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hairer" title="Martin Hairer">Martin Hairer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Edwin_Hills" title="Richard Edwin Hills">Richard Hills</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Holland" title="Timothy Holland">Tim Holland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martin_Hume_Johnson" title="Martin Hume Johnson">Martin Johnson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Keightley" title="Peter Keightley">Peter Keightley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lazaridis" title="Mike Lazaridis">Mike Lazaridis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Leighton" title="Timothy Leighton">Timothy Leighton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simon_Lilly" title="Simon Lilly">Simon Lilly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mike_Lynch_(businessman)" title="Mike Lynch (businessman)">Michael Lynch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Mackenzie_(businessman)" title="Andrew Mackenzie (businessman)">Andrew Mackenzie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir_Markovic" title="Vladimir Markovic">Vladimir Markovic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irwin_McLean" title="Irwin McLean">Irwin McLean</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paul_Midgley" title="Paul Midgley">Paul Midgley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gareth_A._Morris" title="Gareth A. Morris">Gareth Morris</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Naismith_(chemist)" title="James Naismith (chemist)">Jim Naismith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jenny_Nelson" title="Jenny Nelson">Jenny Nelson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_Nichols" title="Colin Nichols">Colin Nichols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Miles_J._Padgett" class="mw-redirect" title="Miles J. Padgett">Miles Padgett</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Julian_Parkhill" title="Julian Parkhill">Julian Parkhill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karalyn_Patterson" title="Karalyn Patterson">Karalyn Patterson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheena_Radford" title="Sheena Radford">Sheena Radford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Randy_Read" title="Randy Read">Randy Read</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ron" title="David Ron">David Ron</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patrik_Rorsman" title="Patrik Rorsman">Patrik Rorsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Rutherford" title="Bill Rutherford">Bill Rutherford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colin_P._Smith" class="mw-redirect" title="Colin P. Smith">Colin Smith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alan_Soper" title="Alan Soper">Alan Soper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicholas_Stern,_Baron_Stern_of_Brentford" title="Nicholas Stern, Baron Stern of Brentford">Nicholas Stern</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nick_Talbot" title="Nick Talbot">Nick Talbot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demetri_Terzopoulos" title="Demetri Terzopoulos">Demetri Terzopoulos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rajesh_Thakker" title="Rajesh Thakker">Rajesh Thakker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Brian_Watts" title="Anthony Brian Watts">Tony Watts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Foreign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Alley" title="Richard Alley">Richard Alley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Axel" title="Richard Axel">Richard Axel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bai_Chunli" title="Bai Chunli">Chunli Bai</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stephen_C._Harrison" title="Stephen C. Harrison">Stephen Harrison</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vincent_Poor" title="Vincent Poor">Vincent Poor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippe_Sansonetti" title="Philippe Sansonetti">Philippe Sansonetti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joan_A._Steitz" title="Joan A. Steitz">Joan Steitz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifford_Tabin" title="Clifford Tabin">Clifford Tabin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jean-Marie_Tarascon" title="Jean-Marie Tarascon">Jean-Marie Tarascon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239334494">@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output div:not(.notheme)>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output p>.tmp-color,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output table:not(.notheme) .tmp-color{color:inherit!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239334494"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Template talk:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Nobel Prize in Physics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Laureates_of_the_Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates_in_Physics" title="List of Nobel laureates in Physics">Laureates</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Nobel Prize in Physics</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1901–1925</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1901: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_R%C3%B6ntgen" title="Wilhelm Röntgen">Röntgen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1902: <a href="/wiki/Hendrik_Lorentz" title="Hendrik Lorentz">Lorentz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pieter_Zeeman" title="Pieter Zeeman">Zeeman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1903: <a href="/wiki/Henri_Becquerel" title="Henri Becquerel">Becquerel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Curie" title="Pierre Curie">P. Curie</a> / <a href="/wiki/Marie_Curie" title="Marie Curie">M. Curie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1904: <a href="/wiki/John_William_Strutt,_3rd_Baron_Rayleigh" title="John William Strutt, 3rd Baron Rayleigh">Rayleigh</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1905: <a href="/wiki/Philipp_Lenard" title="Philipp Lenard">Lenard</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1906: <a href="/wiki/J._J._Thomson" title="J. J. Thomson">J. J. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1907: <a href="/wiki/Albert_A._Michelson" title="Albert A. Michelson">Michelson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1908: <a href="/wiki/Gabriel_Lippmann" title="Gabriel Lippmann">Lippmann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1909: <a href="/wiki/Guglielmo_Marconi" title="Guglielmo Marconi">Marconi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Karl_Ferdinand_Braun" title="Karl Ferdinand Braun">Braun</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1910: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Diderik_van_der_Waals" title="Johannes Diderik van der Waals">Van der Waals</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1911: <a href="/wiki/Wilhelm_Wien" title="Wilhelm Wien">Wien</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1912: <a href="/wiki/Gustaf_Dal%C3%A9n" title="Gustaf Dalén">Dalén</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1913: <a href="/wiki/Heike_Kamerlingh_Onnes" title="Heike Kamerlingh Onnes">Kamerlingh Onnes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1914: <a href="/wiki/Max_von_Laue" title="Max von Laue">Laue</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1915: <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Bragg" title="Lawrence Bragg">W. L. Bragg</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Henry_Bragg" title="William Henry Bragg">W. H. Bragg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1916</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1917: <a href="/wiki/Charles_Glover_Barkla" title="Charles Glover Barkla">Barkla</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1918: <a href="/wiki/Max_Planck" title="Max Planck">Planck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1919: <a href="/wiki/Johannes_Stark" title="Johannes Stark">Stark</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1920: <a href="/wiki/Charles_%C3%89douard_Guillaume" title="Charles Édouard Guillaume">Guillaume</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1921: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Einstein" title="Albert Einstein">Einstein</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1922: <a href="/wiki/Niels_Bohr" title="Niels Bohr">N. Bohr</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1923: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Andrews_Millikan" title="Robert Andrews Millikan">Millikan</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1924: <a href="/wiki/Manne_Siegbahn" title="Manne Siegbahn">M. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1925: <a href="/wiki/James_Franck" title="James Franck">Franck</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Ludwig_Hertz" title="Gustav Ludwig Hertz">Hertz</a></span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/80px-Nobel_Prize.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/120px-Nobel_Prize.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/ed/Nobel_Prize.png/160px-Nobel_Prize.png 2x" data-file-width="500" data-file-height="492" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1926–1950</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1926: <a href="/wiki/Jean_Baptiste_Perrin" title="Jean Baptiste Perrin">Perrin</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1927: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Compton" title="Arthur Compton">Compton</a> / <a href="/wiki/Charles_Thomson_Rees_Wilson" title="Charles Thomson Rees Wilson">C. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1928: <a href="/wiki/Owen_Willans_Richardson" title="Owen Willans Richardson">O. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1929: <a href="/wiki/Louis_de_Broglie" title="Louis de Broglie">De Broglie</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1930: <a href="/wiki/C._V._Raman" title="C. V. Raman">Raman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1931</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1932: <a href="/wiki/Werner_Heisenberg" title="Werner Heisenberg">Heisenberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1933: <a href="/wiki/Erwin_Schr%C3%B6dinger" title="Erwin Schrödinger">Schrödinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Paul_Dirac" title="Paul Dirac">Dirac</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1934</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1935: <a href="/wiki/James_Chadwick" title="James Chadwick">Chadwick</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1936: <a href="/wiki/Victor_Francis_Hess" title="Victor Francis Hess">Hess</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_David_Anderson" title="Carl David Anderson">C. D. Anderson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1937: <a href="/wiki/Clinton_Davisson" title="Clinton Davisson">Davisson</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Paget_Thomson" title="George Paget Thomson">G. P. Thomson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1938: <a href="/wiki/Enrico_Fermi" title="Enrico Fermi">Fermi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1939: <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Lawrence" title="Ernest Lawrence">Lawrence</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1940</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1941</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><span class="tmp-color" style="color:darkgrey">1942</span></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1943: <a href="/wiki/Otto_Stern" title="Otto Stern">Stern</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1944: <a href="/wiki/Isidor_Isaac_Rabi" title="Isidor Isaac Rabi">Rabi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1945: <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Pauli" title="Wolfgang Pauli">Pauli</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1946: <a href="/wiki/Percy_Williams_Bridgman" title="Percy Williams Bridgman">Bridgman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1947: <a href="/wiki/Edward_Victor_Appleton" title="Edward Victor Appleton">Appleton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1948: <a href="/wiki/Patrick_Blackett" title="Patrick Blackett">Blackett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1949: <a href="/wiki/Hideki_Yukawa" title="Hideki Yukawa">Yukawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1950: <a href="/wiki/C._F._Powell" title="C. F. Powell">Powell</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1951–1975</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1951: <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">Cockcroft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Walton</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1952: <a href="/wiki/Felix_Bloch" title="Felix Bloch">Bloch</a> / <a href="/wiki/Edward_Mills_Purcell" title="Edward Mills Purcell">Purcell</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1953: <a href="/wiki/Frits_Zernike" title="Frits Zernike">Zernike</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1954: <a href="/wiki/Max_Born" title="Max Born">Born</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walther_Bothe" title="Walther Bothe">Bothe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1955: <a href="/wiki/Willis_Lamb" title="Willis Lamb">Lamb</a> / <a href="/wiki/Polykarp_Kusch" title="Polykarp Kusch">Kusch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1956: <a href="/wiki/William_Shockley" title="William Shockley">Shockley</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Walter_Houser_Brattain" title="Walter Houser Brattain">Brattain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1957: <a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">C. N. Yang</a> / <a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">T. D. Lee</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1958: <a href="/wiki/Pavel_Cherenkov" title="Pavel Cherenkov">Cherenkov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ilya_Frank" title="Ilya Frank">Frank</a> / <a href="/wiki/Igor_Tamm" title="Igor Tamm">Tamm</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1959: <a href="/wiki/Emilio_Segr%C3%A8" title="Emilio Segrè">Segrè</a> / <a href="/wiki/Owen_Chamberlain" title="Owen Chamberlain">Chamberlain</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1960: <a href="/wiki/Donald_A._Glaser" title="Donald A. Glaser">Glaser</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1961: <a href="/wiki/Robert_Hofstadter" title="Robert Hofstadter">Hofstadter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Rudolf_M%C3%B6ssbauer" title="Rudolf Mössbauer">Mössbauer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1962: <a href="/wiki/Lev_Landau" title="Lev Landau">Landau</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1963: <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Wigner" title="Eugene Wigner">Wigner</a> / <a href="/wiki/Maria_Goeppert_Mayer" title="Maria Goeppert Mayer">Goeppert Mayer</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Hans_D._Jensen" title="J. Hans D. Jensen">Jensen</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1964: <a href="/wiki/Charles_H._Townes" title="Charles H. Townes">Townes</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nikolay_Basov" title="Nikolay Basov">Basov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Prokhorov" title="Alexander Prokhorov">Prokhorov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1965: <a href="/wiki/Shin%27ichir%C5%8D_Tomonaga" title="Shin'ichirō Tomonaga">Tomonaga</a> / <a href="/wiki/Julian_Schwinger" title="Julian Schwinger">Schwinger</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_Feynman" title="Richard Feynman">Feynman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1966: <a href="/wiki/Alfred_Kastler" title="Alfred Kastler">Kastler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1967: <a href="/wiki/Hans_Bethe" title="Hans Bethe">Bethe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1968: <a href="/wiki/Luis_Walter_Alvarez" title="Luis Walter Alvarez">Alvarez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1969: <a href="/wiki/Murray_Gell-Mann" title="Murray Gell-Mann">Gell-Mann</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1970: <a href="/wiki/Hannes_Alfv%C3%A9n" title="Hannes Alfvén">Alfvén</a> / <a href="/wiki/Louis_N%C3%A9el" title="Louis Néel">Néel</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1971: <a href="/wiki/Dennis_Gabor" title="Dennis Gabor">Gabor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1972: <a href="/wiki/John_Bardeen" title="John Bardeen">Bardeen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Leon_Cooper" title="Leon Cooper">Cooper</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Robert_Schrieffer" title="John Robert Schrieffer">Schrieffer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1973: <a href="/wiki/Leo_Esaki" title="Leo Esaki">Esaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ivar_Giaever" title="Ivar Giaever">Giaever</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Josephson" title="Brian Josephson">Josephson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1974: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Ryle" title="Martin Ryle">Ryle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Antony_Hewish" title="Antony Hewish">Hewish</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1975: <a href="/wiki/Aage_Bohr" title="Aage Bohr">A. Bohr</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ben_Roy_Mottelson" title="Ben Roy Mottelson">Mottelson</a> / <a href="/wiki/James_Rainwater" title="James Rainwater">Rainwater</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">1976–2000</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">1976: <a href="/wiki/Burton_Richter" title="Burton Richter">Richter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Ting</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1977: <a href="/wiki/Philip_W._Anderson" title="Philip W. Anderson">P. W. Anderson</a> / <a href="/wiki/Nevill_Francis_Mott" title="Nevill Francis Mott">Mott</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Hasbrouck_Van_Vleck" title="John Hasbrouck Van Vleck">Van Vleck</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1978: <a href="/wiki/Pyotr_Kapitsa" title="Pyotr Kapitsa">Kapitsa</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arno_Allan_Penzias" title="Arno Allan Penzias">Penzias</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Woodrow_Wilson" title="Robert Woodrow Wilson">R. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1979: <a href="/wiki/Sheldon_Glashow" title="Sheldon Glashow">Glashow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Abdus_Salam" title="Abdus Salam">Salam</a> / <a href="/wiki/Steven_Weinberg" title="Steven Weinberg">Weinberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1980: <a href="/wiki/James_Cronin" title="James Cronin">Cronin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Val_Logsdon_Fitch" title="Val Logsdon Fitch">Fitch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1981: <a href="/wiki/Nicolaas_Bloembergen" title="Nicolaas Bloembergen">Bloembergen</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Leonard_Schawlow" title="Arthur Leonard Schawlow">Schawlow</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kai_Siegbahn" title="Kai Siegbahn">K. Siegbahn</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1982: <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_G._Wilson" title="Kenneth G. Wilson">K. Wilson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1983: <a href="/wiki/Subrahmanyan_Chandrasekhar" title="Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar">Chandrasekhar</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Alfred_Fowler" title="William Alfred Fowler">Fowler</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1984: <a href="/wiki/Carlo_Rubbia" title="Carlo Rubbia">Rubbia</a> / <a href="/wiki/Simon_van_der_Meer" title="Simon van der Meer">Van der Meer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1985: <a href="/wiki/Klaus_von_Klitzing" title="Klaus von Klitzing">von Klitzing</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1986: <a href="/wiki/Ernst_Ruska" title="Ernst Ruska">Ruska</a> / <a href="/wiki/Gerd_Binnig" title="Gerd Binnig">Binnig</a> / <a href="/wiki/Heinrich_Rohrer" title="Heinrich Rohrer">Rohrer</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1987: <a href="/wiki/Georg_Bednorz" title="Georg Bednorz">Bednorz</a> / <a href="/wiki/K._Alex_M%C3%BCller" title="K. Alex Müller">Müller</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1988: <a href="/wiki/Leon_M._Lederman" title="Leon M. Lederman">Lederman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Melvin_Schwartz" title="Melvin Schwartz">Schwartz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Steinberger" title="Jack Steinberger">Steinberger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1989: <a href="/wiki/Norman_Foster_Ramsey_Jr." class="mw-redirect" title="Norman Foster Ramsey Jr.">Ramsey</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hans_Georg_Dehmelt" title="Hans Georg Dehmelt">Dehmelt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Paul" title="Wolfgang Paul">Paul</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1990: <a href="/wiki/Jerome_Isaac_Friedman" title="Jerome Isaac Friedman">Friedman</a> / <a href="/wiki/Henry_Way_Kendall" title="Henry Way Kendall">Kendall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Richard_E._Taylor" title="Richard E. Taylor">R. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1991: <a href="/wiki/Pierre-Gilles_de_Gennes" title="Pierre-Gilles de Gennes">de Gennes</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1992: <a href="/wiki/Georges_Charpak" title="Georges Charpak">Charpak</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1993: <a href="/wiki/Russell_Alan_Hulse" title="Russell Alan Hulse">Hulse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Joseph_Hooton_Taylor_Jr." title="Joseph Hooton Taylor Jr.">J. Taylor</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1994: <a href="/wiki/Bertram_Brockhouse" title="Bertram Brockhouse">Brockhouse</a> / <a href="/wiki/Clifford_Shull" title="Clifford Shull">Shull</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1995: <a href="/wiki/Martin_Lewis_Perl" title="Martin Lewis Perl">Perl</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Reines" title="Frederick Reines">Reines</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1996: <a href="/wiki/David_Lee_(physicist)" title="David Lee (physicist)">D. Lee</a> / <a href="/wiki/Douglas_Osheroff" title="Douglas Osheroff">Osheroff</a> / <a href="/wiki/Robert_Coleman_Richardson" title="Robert Coleman Richardson">R. Richardson</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1997: <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Cohen-Tannoudji</a> / <a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">Phillips</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1998: <a href="/wiki/Robert_B._Laughlin" title="Robert B. Laughlin">Laughlin</a> / <a href="/wiki/Horst_Ludwig_St%C3%B6rmer" title="Horst Ludwig Störmer">Störmer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Tsui</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">1999: <a href="/wiki/Gerard_%27t_Hooft" title="Gerard 't Hooft">'t Hooft</a> / <a href="/wiki/Martinus_J._G._Veltman" title="Martinus J. G. Veltman">Veltman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2000: <a href="/wiki/Zhores_Alferov" title="Zhores Alferov">Alferov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Kroemer" title="Herbert Kroemer">Kroemer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Jack_Kilby" title="Jack Kilby">Kilby</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">2001–<br />present</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap">2001: <a href="/wiki/Eric_Allin_Cornell" title="Eric Allin Cornell">Cornell</a> / <a href="/wiki/Wolfgang_Ketterle" title="Wolfgang Ketterle">Ketterle</a> / <a href="/wiki/Carl_Wieman" title="Carl Wieman">Wieman</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2002: <a href="/wiki/Raymond_Davis_Jr." title="Raymond Davis Jr.">Davis</a> / <a href="/wiki/Masatoshi_Koshiba" title="Masatoshi Koshiba">Koshiba</a> / <a href="/wiki/Riccardo_Giacconi" title="Riccardo Giacconi">Giacconi</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2003: <a href="/wiki/Alexei_Abrikosov_(physicist)" title="Alexei Abrikosov (physicist)">Abrikosov</a> / <a href="/wiki/Vitaly_Ginzburg" title="Vitaly Ginzburg">Ginzburg</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anthony_James_Leggett" title="Anthony James Leggett">Leggett</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2004: <a href="/wiki/David_Gross" title="David Gross">Gross</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hugh_David_Politzer" title="Hugh David Politzer">Politzer</a> / <a href="/wiki/Frank_Wilczek" title="Frank Wilczek">Wilczek</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2005: <a href="/wiki/Roy_J._Glauber" title="Roy J. Glauber">Glauber</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_L._Hall" title="John L. Hall">Hall</a> / <a href="/wiki/Theodor_W._H%C3%A4nsch" title="Theodor W. Hänsch">Hänsch</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2006: <a href="/wiki/John_C._Mather" title="John C. Mather">Mather</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_Smoot" title="George Smoot">Smoot</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2007: <a href="/wiki/Albert_Fert" title="Albert Fert">Fert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Gr%C3%BCnberg" title="Peter Grünberg">Grünberg</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2008: <a href="/wiki/Yoichiro_Nambu" title="Yoichiro Nambu">Nambu</a> / <a href="/wiki/Makoto_Kobayashi_(physicist)" class="mw-redirect" title="Makoto Kobayashi (physicist)">Kobayashi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Toshihide_Maskawa" title="Toshihide Maskawa">Maskawa</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2009: <a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Kao</a> / <a href="/wiki/Willard_Boyle" title="Willard Boyle">Boyle</a> / <a href="/wiki/George_E._Smith" title="George E. Smith">Smith</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2010: <a href="/wiki/Andre_Geim" title="Andre Geim">Geim</a> / <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Novoselov" title="Konstantin Novoselov">Novoselov</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2011: <a href="/wiki/Saul_Perlmutter" title="Saul Perlmutter">Perlmutter</a> / <a href="/wiki/Brian_Schmidt" title="Brian Schmidt">Schmidt</a> / <a href="/wiki/Adam_Riess" title="Adam Riess">Riess</a> </span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2012: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Wineland" title="David J. Wineland">Wineland</a> / <a href="/wiki/Serge_Haroche" title="Serge Haroche">Haroche</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2013: <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Englert" title="François Englert">Englert</a> / <a href="/wiki/Peter_Higgs" title="Peter Higgs">Higgs</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2014: <a href="/wiki/Isamu_Akasaki" title="Isamu Akasaki">Akasaki</a> / <a href="/wiki/Hiroshi_Amano" title="Hiroshi Amano">Amano</a> / <a href="/wiki/Shuji_Nakamura" title="Shuji Nakamura">Nakamura</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2015: <a href="/wiki/Takaaki_Kajita" title="Takaaki Kajita">Kajita</a> / <a href="/wiki/Arthur_B._McDonald" title="Arthur B. McDonald">McDonald</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2016: <a href="/wiki/David_J._Thouless" title="David J. Thouless">Thouless</a> / <a href="/wiki/Duncan_Haldane" title="Duncan Haldane">Haldane</a> / <a href="/wiki/J._Michael_Kosterlitz" title="J. Michael Kosterlitz">Kosterlitz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2017: <a href="/wiki/Rainer_Weiss" title="Rainer Weiss">Weiss</a> / <a href="/wiki/Barry_Barish" title="Barry Barish">Barish</a> / <a href="/wiki/Kip_Thorne" title="Kip Thorne">Thorne</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2018: <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ashkin" title="Arthur Ashkin">Ashkin</a> / <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A9rard_Mourou" title="Gérard Mourou">Mourou</a> / <a href="/wiki/Donna_Strickland" title="Donna Strickland">Strickland</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2019: <a href="/wiki/Jim_Peebles" title="Jim Peebles">Peebles</a> / <a href="/wiki/Michel_Mayor" title="Michel Mayor">Mayor</a> / <a href="/wiki/Didier_Queloz" title="Didier Queloz">Queloz</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2020: <a href="/wiki/Roger_Penrose" title="Roger Penrose">Penrose</a> / <a href="/wiki/Reinhard_Genzel" title="Reinhard Genzel">Genzel</a> / <a href="/wiki/Andrea_M._Ghez" title="Andrea M. Ghez">Ghez</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2021: <a href="/wiki/Giorgio_Parisi" title="Giorgio Parisi">Parisi</a> / <a href="/wiki/Klaus_Hasselmann" title="Klaus Hasselmann">Hasselmann</a> / <a href="/wiki/Syukuro_Manabe" title="Syukuro Manabe">Manabe</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2022: <a href="/wiki/Alain_Aspect" title="Alain Aspect">Aspect</a> / <a href="/wiki/John_Clauser" title="John Clauser">Clauser</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anton_Zeilinger" title="Anton Zeilinger">Zeilinger</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2023: <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Agostini" title="Pierre Agostini">Agostini</a> / <a href="/wiki/Ferenc_Krausz" title="Ferenc Krausz">Krausz</a> / <a href="/wiki/Anne_L%27Huillier" title="Anne L'Huillier">L'Huillier</a></span></li> <li><span class="nowrap">2024: <a href="/wiki/John_Hopfield" title="John Hopfield">Hopfield</a> / <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Hinton" title="Geoffrey Hinton">Hinton</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="1997_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template talk:1997 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1997_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1997 Nobel Prize winners"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="1997_Nobel_Prize_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">1997 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize" title="Nobel Prize">Nobel Prize</a> laureates</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Paul_D._Boyer" title="Paul D. Boyer">Paul D. Boyer</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_E._Walker" title="John E. Walker">John E. Walker</a> (United Kingdom)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jens_Christian_Skou" title="Jens Christian Skou">Jens C. Skou</a> (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a> (<a href="/wiki/1997_Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="1997 Nobel Prize in Literature">1997</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Dario_Fo" title="Dario Fo">Dario Fo</a> (Italy)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/International_Campaign_to_Ban_Landmines" title="International Campaign to Ban Landmines">International Campaign to Ban Landmines</a> (Switzerland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jody_Williams" title="Jody Williams">Jody Williams</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Chu</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Claude_Cohen-Tannoudji" title="Claude Cohen-Tannoudji">Claude Cohen-Tannoudji</a> (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Daniel_Phillips" title="William Daniel Phillips">William Daniel Phillips</a> (United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Stanley_B._Prusiner" title="Stanley B. Prusiner">Stanley B. Prusiner</a> (United States)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Memorial_Prize_in_Economic_Sciences" title="Nobel Memorial Prize in Economic Sciences">Economic Sciences</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Robert_C._Merton" title="Robert C. Merton">Robert C. Merton</a> (United States)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Myron_Scholes" title="Myron Scholes">Myron Scholes</a> (Canada/United States)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dt><span class="nobold"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Nobel laureates">Nobel Prize recipients</a></span></dt> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1992_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1992 Nobel Prize winners">1992</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1993_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1993 Nobel Prize winners">1993</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1994_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1994 Nobel Prize winners">1994</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1995_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1995 Nobel Prize winners">1995</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1996_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1996 Nobel Prize winners">1996</a></dd> <dd><b>1997 </b></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1998_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1998 Nobel Prize winners">1998</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:1999_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:1999 Nobel Prize winners">1999</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2000_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2000 Nobel Prize winners">2000</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2001_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2001 Nobel Prize winners">2001</a></dd> <dd><a href="/wiki/Template:2002_Nobel_Prize_winners" title="Template:2002 Nobel Prize winners">2002</a></dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Template talk:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Ethnic Chinese Nobel laureates"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Han_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Han_Chinese" title="Han Chinese">Han Chinese</a> <a href="/wiki/List_of_Chinese_Nobel_laureates" title="List of Chinese Nobel laureates">Nobel laureates</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Chemistry" title="Nobel Prize in Chemistry">Chemistry</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yuan_T._Lee" title="Yuan T. Lee">Yuan T. Lee</a> (1986)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roger_Y._Tsien" title="Roger Y. Tsien">Roger Y. Tsien</a> (2008)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/80px-NobelP2.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/120px-NobelP2.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/NobelP2.png/160px-NobelP2.png 2x" data-file-width="539" data-file-height="542" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physics" title="Nobel Prize in Physics">Physics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yang_Chen-Ning" title="Yang Chen-Ning">Chen-Ning Yang</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsung-Dao_Lee" title="Tsung-Dao Lee">Tsung-Dao Lee</a> (1957)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_C._C._Ting" title="Samuel C. C. Ting">Samuel C. C. Ting</a> (1976)</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Chu</a> (1997)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daniel_C._Tsui" title="Daniel C. Tsui">Daniel C. Tsui</a> (1998)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_K._Kao" title="Charles K. Kao">Charles K. Kao</a> (2009)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Peace" class="mw-redirect" title="Nobel Prize in Peace">Peace</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Liu_Xiaobo" title="Liu Xiaobo">Liu Xiaobo</a> (2010)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Literature</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gao_Xingjian" title="Gao Xingjian">Gao Xingjian</a> (2000)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mo_Yan" title="Mo Yan">Mo Yan</a> (2012)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Physiology_or_Medicine" title="Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine">Physiology or Medicine</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Tu_Youyou" title="Tu Youyou">Tu Youyou</a> (2015)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="United_States_secretaries_of_energy" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Template:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Template talk:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:United_States_Secretaries_of_Energy" title="Special:EditPage/Template:United States Secretaries of Energy"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="United_States_secretaries_of_energy" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">United States secretaries of energy</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/James_R._Schlesinger" title="James R. Schlesinger">Schlesinger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Duncan_Jr." title="Charles Duncan Jr.">Duncan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_B._Edwards" title="James B. Edwards">Edwards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donald_P._Hodel" title="Donald P. Hodel">Hodel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_S._Herrington" title="John S. Herrington">Herrington</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_D._Watkins" title="James D. Watkins">Watkins</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hazel_R._O%27Leary" title="Hazel R. O'Leary">O'Leary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federico_Pe%C3%B1a" title="Federico Peña">Peña</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Richardson" title="Bill Richardson">Richardson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_Abraham" title="Spencer Abraham">Abraham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Bodman" title="Samuel Bodman">Bodman</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Chu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Moniz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rick_Perry" title="Rick Perry">Perry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dan_Brouillette" title="Dan Brouillette">Brouillette</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jennifer_Granholm" title="Jennifer Granholm">Granholm</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="1" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Seal_of_the_United_States_Department_of_Energy.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Seal of the United States Department of Energy"><img alt="Seal of the United States 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role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cabinet_of_President_Barack_Obama_(2009–2017)" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Obama_cabinet" title="Template talk:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Obama_cabinet" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Obama cabinet"><abbr title="Edit this 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style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Joe_Biden" title="Joe Biden">Joe Biden</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="16" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/100px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg" decoding="async" width="100" height="130" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/150px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/55/President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg/200px-President_Barack_Obama%2C_2012_portrait_crop.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1338" data-file-height="1739" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_State" title="United States Secretary of State">Secretary of State</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton" title="Hillary Clinton">Hillary Clinton</a> (2009–2013)</span> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hillary_Clinton%27s_tenure_as_Secretary_of_State" title="Hillary Clinton's tenure as Secretary of State">tenure</a></span></li></ul></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Kerry" title="John Kerry">John Kerry</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Treasury" title="United States Secretary of the Treasury">Secretary of the Treasury</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Timothy_Geithner" title="Timothy Geithner">Timothy Geithner</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Defense" title="United States Secretary of Defense">Secretary of Defense</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Robert_Gates" title="Robert Gates">Robert Gates</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Leon_Panetta" title="Leon Panetta">Leon Panetta</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Chuck_Hagel" title="Chuck Hagel">Chuck Hagel</a> (2013–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ash_Carter" title="Ash Carter">Ash Carter</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Attorney_General" title="United States Attorney General">Attorney General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Holder" title="Eric Holder">Eric Holder</a> (2009–2015)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Loretta_Lynch" title="Loretta Lynch">Loretta Lynch</a> (2015–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_the_Interior" title="United States Secretary of the Interior">Secretary of the Interior</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ken_Salazar" title="Ken Salazar">Ken Salazar</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sally_Jewell" title="Sally Jewell">Sally Jewell</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Agriculture" title="United States Secretary of Agriculture">Secretary of Agriculture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Vilsack" title="Tom Vilsack">Tom Vilsack</a> (2009–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Commerce" title="United States Secretary of Commerce">Secretary of Commerce</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gary_Locke" title="Gary Locke">Gary Locke</a> (2009–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_Bryson" title="John Bryson">John Bryson</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Penny_Pritzker" title="Penny Pritzker">Penny Pritzker</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Labor" title="United States Secretary of Labor">Secretary of Labor</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Hilda_Solis" title="Hilda Solis">Hilda Solis</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Tom_Perez" title="Tom Perez">Tom Perez</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Health_and_Human_Services" title="United States Secretary of Health and Human Services">Secretary of Health and Human Services</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Kathleen_Sebelius" title="Kathleen Sebelius">Kathleen Sebelius</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Housing_and_Urban_Development" title="United States Secretary of Housing and Urban Development">Secretary of Housing and Urban Development</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Julian_Castro" title="Julian Castro">Julian Castro</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Transportation" title="United States Secretary of Transportation">Secretary of Transportation</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ray_LaHood" title="Ray LaHood">Ray LaHood</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Anthony_Foxx" title="Anthony Foxx">Anthony Foxx</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Energy" title="United States Secretary of Energy">Secretary of Energy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Steven Chu</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Moniz" title="Ernest Moniz">Ernest Moniz</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Education" title="United States Secretary of Education">Secretary of Education</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Arne_Duncan" title="Arne Duncan">Arne Duncan</a> (2009–2016)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/John_King_Jr." title="John King Jr.">John King Jr.</a> (2016–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Veterans_Affairs" title="United States Secretary of Veterans Affairs">Secretary of Veterans Affairs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Eric_Shinseki" title="Eric Shinseki">Eric Shinseki</a> (2009–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Bob_McDonald_(businessman)" title="Bob McDonald (businessman)">Bob McDonald</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_States_Secretary_of_Homeland_Security" title="United States Secretary of Homeland Security">Secretary of Homeland Security</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Janet_Napolitano" title="Janet Napolitano">Janet Napolitano</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jeh_Johnson" title="Jeh Johnson">Jeh Johnson</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><div id="Cabinet-level" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Cabinet-level</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Environmental_Protection_Agency" title="Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency">Administrator of the Environmental Protection Agency</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Lisa_P._Jackson" title="Lisa P. Jackson">Lisa P. Jackson</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Gina_McCarthy" title="Gina McCarthy">Gina McCarthy</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="7" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/100px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="100" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/150px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5e/US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg/200px-US-WhiteHouse-Logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="83" data-file-height="58" /></span></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_Management_and_Budget" title="Office of Management and Budget">Director of the Office of Management and Budget</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Peter_R._Orszag" title="Peter R. Orszag">Peter R. Orszag</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2010–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Sylvia_Mathews_Burwell" title="Sylvia Mathews Burwell">Sylvia Mathews Burwell</a> (2013–2014)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Shaun_Donovan" title="Shaun Donovan">Shaun Donovan</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_United_States_Trade_Representative" title="Office of the United States Trade Representative">Trade Representative</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Ron_Kirk" title="Ron Kirk">Ron Kirk</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Froman" title="Michael Froman">Michael Froman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_ambassadors_of_the_United_States_to_the_United_Nations" title="List of ambassadors of the United States to the United Nations">Ambassador to the United Nations</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Susan_Rice" title="Susan Rice">Susan Rice</a> (2009–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Samantha_Power" title="Samantha Power">Samantha Power</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Council_of_Economic_Advisers" title="Council of Economic Advisers">Chair of the Council of Economic Advisers</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Christina_Romer" title="Christina Romer">Christina Romer</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Austan_Goolsbee" title="Austan Goolsbee">Austan Goolsbee</a> (2010–2011)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Alan_Krueger" title="Alan Krueger">Alan Krueger</a> (2011–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jason_Furman" title="Jason Furman">Jason Furman</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Administrator_of_the_Small_Business_Administration" title="Administrator of the Small Business Administration">Administrator of the Small Business Administration</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Karen_Mills" title="Karen Mills">Karen Mills</a> (2012–2013)*</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Maria_Contreras-Sweet" title="Maria Contreras-Sweet">Maria Contreras-Sweet</a> (2014–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/White_House_Chief_of_Staff" title="White House Chief of Staff">White House Chief of Staff</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Rahm_Emanuel" title="Rahm Emanuel">Rahm Emanuel</a> (2009–2010)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/William_M._Daley" title="William M. Daley">William M. Daley</a> (2011–2012)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Jack_Lew" title="Jack Lew">Jack Lew</a> (2012–2013)</span></li> <li><span class="nowrap"><a href="/wiki/Denis_McDonough" title="Denis McDonough">Denis McDonough</a> (2013–2017)</span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>* took office in 2009, raised to cabinet-rank in 2012<br /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Confirmations_of_Barack_Obama%27s_Cabinet" class="mw-redirect" title="Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet">Confirmations of Barack Obama's Cabinet</a></div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output 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href="https://isni.org/isni/0000000374501476">ISNI</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/78456254">VIAF</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/486675/">FAST</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJm4V3PGqQ9kwjhrqVQg8C">WorldCat</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/141983523">Germany</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><span class="rt-commentedText tooltip tooltip-dotted" title="Chu, Steven"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/no2002105390">United States</a></span></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007347452905171">Israel</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Academics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4572-0154">ORCID</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.mathgenealogy.org/id.php?id=239349">Mathematics Genealogy Project</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.scopus.com/authid/detail.uri?authorId=56327779000">Scopus</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scholar.google.com/citations?user=b9Bod2MAAAAJ">Google Scholar</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.deutsche-digitale-bibliothek.de/person/gnd/141983523">DDB</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.idref.fr/083716351">IdRef</a></span></li><li><span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://snaccooperative.org/ark:/99166/w6fb6fdb">SNAC</a></span></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img 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