CINXE.COM
Category:20th-century American physicists - Wikipedia
<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Category:20th-century American physicists - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-disabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref--excluded vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-not-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""], "wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy","wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"f14d0408-8a3c-4ecb-8d1a-b3480a295d84","wgCanonicalNamespace":"Category","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":14,"wgPageName":"Category:20th-century_American_physicists","wgTitle":"20th-century American physicists","wgCurRevisionId":1218960813,"wgRevisionId":1218960813,"wgArticleId":56771871,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Template Large category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 1,201–2,000 pages","Automatic category TOC generates Large category TOC","20th-century physicists by nationality","20th-century American scientists","American physicists by century"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName": "Category:20th-century_American_physicists","wgRelevantArticleId":56771871,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":[],"wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":60,"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgCentralAuthMobileDomain":false,"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q49847536","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness", "fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false,"wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","mediawiki.action.styles":"ready","mediawiki.helplink":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.tmh.player.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp", "ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher","ext.tmh.player","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.tmh.player.styles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.action.styles%7Cmediawiki.helplink%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.4"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Category:20th-century American physicists - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-14 ns-subject mw-editable page-Category_20th-century_American_physicists rootpage-Category_20th-century_American_physicists skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-menu mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-menu"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Main menu</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z"><span>Main page</span></a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia"><span>Contents</span></a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events"><span>Current events</span></a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x"><span>Random article</span></a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works"><span>About Wikipedia</span></a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia"><span>Contact us</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia"><span>Help</span></a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia"><span>Learn to edit</span></a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors"><span>Community portal</span></a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r"><span>Recent changes</span></a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia"><span>Upload file</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <span class="mw-logo-container skin-invert"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </span> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-search mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-search"></span> <span>Search</span> </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Appearance</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class=""><span>Donate</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Category%3A20th-century+American+physicists&returntoquery=from%3DZe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Create account</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Category%3A20th-century+American+physicists&returntoquery=from%3DZe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Log in</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Personal tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en"><span>Donate</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Category%3A20th-century+American+physicists&returntoquery=from%3DZe" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Create account</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Category%3A20th-century+American+physicists&returntoquery=from%3DZe" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"><!-- CentralNotice --></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-namespace">Category</span><span class="mw-page-title-separator">:</span><span class="mw-page-title-main">20th-century American physicists</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 17 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-17" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">17 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%86%D9%8A%D9%81:%D9%81%D9%8A%D8%B2%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A6%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D8%A3%D9%85%D8%B1%D9%8A%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%88%D9%86_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%82%D8%B1%D9%86_20" title="تصنيف:فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20 – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="تصنيف:فيزيائيون أمريكيون في القرن 20" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D8%A4%D9%84%D9%85%D9%87:%DB%B2%DB%B0.%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B2_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%84_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%84%DB%8C_%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%DA%86%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%B1" title="بؤلمه:۲۰.یوز ایل آمریکالی فیزیکچیلر – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بؤلمه:۲۰.یوز ایل آمریکالی فیزیکچیلر" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%B7%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%B6%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%A3%E0%A7%80:%E0%A7%A8%E0%A7%A6%E0%A6%B6_%E0%A6%B6%E0%A6%A4%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%80%E0%A6%B0_%E0%A6%AE%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%95%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AA%E0%A6%A6%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B0%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%A5%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8%E0%A7%80" title="বিষয়শ্রেণী:২০শ শতাব্দীর মার্কিন পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বিষয়শ্রেণী:২০শ শতাব্দীর মার্কিন পদার্থবিজ্ঞানী" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categori:Ffisegwyr_yr_20fed_ganrif_o%27r_Unol_Daleithiau" title="Categori:Ffisegwyr yr 20fed ganrif o'r Unol Daleithiau – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Categori:Ffisegwyr yr 20fed ganrif o'r Unol Daleithiau" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categor%C3%ADa:F%C3%ADsicos_de_Estados_Unidos_del_siglo_XX" title="Categoría:Físicos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Categoría:Físicos de Estados Unidos del siglo XX" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%AF%D9%87:%D9%81%DB%8C%D8%B2%DB%8C%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D9%86_%D8%B3%D8%AF%D9%87_%DB%B2%DB%B0_(%D9%85%DB%8C%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AF%DB%8C)_%D8%A7%D9%87%D9%84_%D8%A7%DB%8C%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D9%85%D8%AA%D8%AD%D8%AF%D9%87_%D8%A2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%D8%A7" title="رده:فیزیکدانان سده ۲۰ (میلادی) اهل ایالات متحده آمریکا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="رده:فیزیکدانان سده ۲۰ (میلادی) اهل ایالات متحده آمریکا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cat%C3%A9gorie:Physicien_am%C3%A9ricain_du_XXe_si%C3%A8cle" title="Catégorie:Physicien américain du XXe siècle – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Catégorie:Physicien américain du XXe siècle" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:Fisici_statunitensi_del_XX_secolo" title="Categoria:Fisici statunitensi del XX secolo – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Categoria:Fisici statunitensi del XX secolo" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20%E4%B8%96%E7%B4%80%E3%82%A2%E3%83%A1%E3%83%AA%E3%82%AB%E5%90%88%E8%A1%86%E5%9B%BD%E3%81%AE%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E8%80%85" title="Category:20世紀アメリカ合衆国の物理学者 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="Category:20世紀アメリカ合衆国の物理学者" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategoria:Ameryka%C5%84scy_fizycy_XX_wieku" title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy fizycy XX wieku – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Kategoria:Amerykańscy fizycy XX wieku" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categoria:F%C3%ADsicos_dos_Estados_Unidos_do_s%C3%A9culo_XX" title="Categoria:Físicos dos Estados Unidos do século XX – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Categoria:Físicos dos Estados Unidos do século XX" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorie:Fizicieni_americani_din_secolul_al_XX-lea" title="Categorie:Fizicieni americani din secolul al XX-lea – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Categorie:Fizicieni americani din secolul al XX-lea" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:Amerikanska_fysiker_under_1900-talet" title="Kategori:Amerikanska fysiker under 1900-talet – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kategori:Amerikanska fysiker under 1900-talet" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kategori:20._y%C3%BCzy%C4%B1l_Amerikal%C4%B1_fizik%C3%A7ileri" title="Kategori:20. yüzyıl Amerikalı fizikçileri – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kategori:20. yüzyıl Amerikalı fizikçileri" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B2%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%81:%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B3%D9%88%DB%8C%DA%BA_%D8%B5%D8%AF%DB%8C_%DA%A9%DB%92_%D8%A7%D9%85%D8%B1%DB%8C%DA%A9%DB%8C_%D8%B7%D8%A8%DB%8C%D8%B9%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%AA_%D8%AF%D8%A7%D9%86" title="زمرہ:بیسویں صدی کے امریکی طبیعیات دان – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="زمرہ:بیسویں صدی کے امریکی طبیعیات دان" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Th%E1%BB%83_lo%E1%BA%A1i:Nh%C3%A0_v%E1%BA%ADt_l%C3%BD_M%E1%BB%B9_th%E1%BA%BF_k%E1%BB%B7_20" title="Thể loại:Nhà vật lý Mỹ thế kỷ 20 – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Thể loại:Nhà vật lý Mỹ thế kỷ 20" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20%E4%B8%96%E7%BA%AA%E7%BE%8E%E5%9B%BD%E7%89%A9%E7%90%86%E5%AD%A6%E5%AE%B6" title="Category:20世纪美国物理学家 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="Category:20世纪美国物理学家" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><span class="wb-langlinks-edit wb-langlinks-link"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49847536#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></span></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-category" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists" title="View the category page [c]" accesskey="c"><span>Category</span></a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category_talk:20th-century_American_physicists" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">English</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Tools</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists"><span>Read</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Edit</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=history"><span>View history</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Category:20th-century_American_physicists" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j"><span>What links here</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Category:20th-century_American_physicists" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Related changes</span></a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u"><span>Upload file</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Special pages</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&oldid=1218960813" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page"><span>Permanent link</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&action=info" title="More information about this page"><span>Page information</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCategory%3A20th-century_American_physicists%26from%3DZe"><span>Get shortened URL</span></a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fw%2Findex.php%3Ftitle%3DCategory%3A20th-century_American_physicists%26from%3DZe"><span>Download QR code</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Category%3A20th-century_American_physicists&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file"><span>Download as PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Printable version</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_physicists_from_the_United_States" hreflang="en"><span>Wikimedia Commons</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q49847536" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Wikidata item</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-mw-helplink" class="mw-indicator"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" target="_blank" class="mw-helplink"><span class="mw-helplink-icon"></span>Help</a></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1201935656">.mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation{display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation-range{display:table;border-collapse:separate;margin:auto;padding:8px;text-align:center}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation-range,body.skin-minerva .mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation-range{padding:3px}.mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation-range-transparent{border-width:0;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive{color:#72777d}</style><div class="categorySeriesNavigation" role="navigation" aria-label="Range"> <div class="toccolours categorySeriesNavigation-range"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">15th</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">16th</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">17th</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">18th</span></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:19th-century_American_physicists" title="Category:19th-century American physicists">19th</a></li><li><b>20th</b></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:21st-century_American_physicists" title="Category:21st-century American physicists">21st</a></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">22nd</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">23rd</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">24th</span></li><li><span class="categorySeriesNavigation-item-inactive">25th</span></li></ul></div> </div> </div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1130092004">.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;justify-content:center;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-bordered{padding:0 2em;background-color:#fdfdfd;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;clear:both;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;justify-content:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-unbordered{padding:0 1.7em;margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{margin:0 1em 0 0.5em;flex:0 0 auto;min-height:24px}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;flex:0 1 auto;padding:0.15em 0;column-gap:1em;align-items:baseline;margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{margin:0;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-item{display:inline-block;margin:0.15em 0.2em;min-height:24px;line-height:24px}@media screen and (max-width:768px){.mw-parser-output .portal-bar{font-size:88%;font-weight:bold;display:flex;flex-flow:column wrap;align-items:baseline}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-header{text-align:center;flex:0;padding-left:0.5em;margin:0 auto}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-related{font-size:100%;align-items:flex-start}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content{display:flex;flex-flow:row wrap;align-items:center;flex:0;column-gap:1em;border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;margin:0 auto;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output .portal-bar-content-related{border-top:none;margin:0;list-style:none}}.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .navbox+link+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .navbox+style+.portal-bar-bordered,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+link+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .sister-bar+style+.portal-bar,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .portal-bar+.navbox-styles+.sister-bar{margin-top:-1px}</style><div class="portal-bar noprint metadata noviewer portal-bar-bordered" role="navigation" aria-label="Portals"><span class="portal-bar-header"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents/Portals" title="Wikipedia:Contents/Portals">Portals</a>:</span><ul class="portal-bar-content"><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/19px-P_vip.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/28px-P_vip.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/69/P_vip.svg/37px-P_vip.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1911" data-file-height="1944" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Biography" title="Portal:Biography">Biography</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/17px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png" decoding="async" width="17" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/26px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6f/Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg/34px-Stylised_atom_with_three_Bohr_model_orbits_and_stylised_nucleus.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="530" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:Physics" title="Portal:Physics">Physics</a></li><li class="portal-bar-item"><span class="nowrap"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/21px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="21" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/32px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/42px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></span></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Portal:United_States" title="Portal:United States">United States</a></li></ul></div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable selfref">See also: <a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_astronomers" title="Category:20th-century American astronomers">Category:20th-century American astronomers</a></div><div role="navigation" style="margin-top: 1em" id="toc"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1111373778">.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc{box-sizing:border-box;display:block;clear:both}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc-body{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc-scroll{overflow-x:scroll;overflow-y:hidden;white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc.mw-collapsible{padding:4px;text-align:center;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc .mw-collapsible-content{background-color:white;font-family:monospace,monospace}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc .mw-collapsible-content>span{border-bottom:1px solid #eaecf0}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc-jumpy-title{margin:0 4em}.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc.mw-collapsible .toctitle,.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc-title,.mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc-anum{font-weight:bold}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc{padding:7px}body.skin-vector-2022 .mw-parser-output .large-cat-toc .toctitle{text-align:center}</style><div class="large-cat-toc plainlinks toc"><div class="toctitle"><span class="large-cat-toc-title">Contents:</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists">Top</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=0">0–9</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=A">A</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=B">B</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=C">C</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=D">D</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=E">E</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=F">F</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=G">G</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=H">H</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=I">I</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=J">J</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=K">K</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=L">L</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=M">M</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=N">N</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=O">O</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=P">P</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Q">Q</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=R">R</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=S">S</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=T">T</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=U">U</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=V">V</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=W">W</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=X">X</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Y">Y</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Z">Z</a></div><div class="large-cat-toc-body"><span> <span class="large-cat-toc-anum"><a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=*">*</a></span> <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">#</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=0">0</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=1">1</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=2">2</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=3">3</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=4">4</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=5">5</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=6">6</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=7">7</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=8">8</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=9">9</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">A</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Aa">Aa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ae">Ae</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Aj">Aj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ao">Ao</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=At">At</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">B</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ba">Ba</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Be">Be</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Bj">Bj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Bo">Bo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Bt">Bt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">C</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ca">Ca</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ce">Ce</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Cj">Cj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Co">Co</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ct">Ct</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">D</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Da">Da</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=De">De</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Dj">Dj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Do">Do</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Dt">Dt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">E</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ea">Ea</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ee">Ee</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ej">Ej</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Eo">Eo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Et">Et</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">F</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Fa">Fa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Fe">Fe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Fj">Fj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Fo">Fo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ft">Ft</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">G</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ga">Ga</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ge">Ge</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Gj">Gj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Go">Go</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Gt">Gt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">H</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ha">Ha</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=He">He</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Hj">Hj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ho">Ho</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ht">Ht</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">I</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ia">Ia</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ie">Ie</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ij">Ij</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Io">Io</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=It">It</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">J</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ja">Ja</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Je">Je</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Jj">Jj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Jo">Jo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Jt">Jt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">K</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ka">Ka</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ke">Ke</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Kj">Kj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ko">Ko</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Kt">Kt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">L</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=La">La</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Le">Le</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Lj">Lj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Lo">Lo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Lt">Lt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">M</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ma">Ma</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Me">Me</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Mj">Mj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Mo">Mo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Mt">Mt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">N</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Na">Na</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ne">Ne</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Nj">Nj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=No">No</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Nt">Nt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">O</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Oa">Oa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Oe">Oe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Oj">Oj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Oo">Oo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ot">Ot</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">P</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Pa">Pa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Pe">Pe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Pj">Pj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Po">Po</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Pt">Pt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">Q</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Qa">Qa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Qe">Qe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Qj">Qj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Qo">Qo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Qt">Qt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">R</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ra">Ra</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Re">Re</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Rj">Rj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ro">Ro</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Rt">Rt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">S</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Sa">Sa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Se">Se</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Sj">Sj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=So">So</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=St">St</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">T</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ta">Ta</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Te">Te</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Tj">Tj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=To">To</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Tt">Tt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">U</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ua">Ua</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ue">Ue</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Uj">Uj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Uo">Uo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ut">Ut</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">V</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Va">Va</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ve">Ve</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Vj">Vj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Vo">Vo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Vt">Vt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">W</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Wa">Wa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=We">We</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Wj">Wj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Wo">Wo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Wt">Wt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">X</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Xa">Xa</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Xe">Xe</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Xj">Xj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Xo">Xo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Xt">Xt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">Y</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ya">Ya</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ye">Ye</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Yj">Yj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Yo">Yo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Yt">Yt</a> • <span class="large-cat-toc-anum">Z</span> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Za">Za</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Ze">Ze</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Zj">Zj</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Zo">Zo</a> <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_physicists?from=Zt">Zt</a></span></div></div></div><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <!-- NewPP limit report Parsed by mw‐web.codfw.main‐f69cdc8f6‐dfwpk Cached time: 20241124041412 Cache expiry: 2592000 Reduced expiry: false Complications: [vary‐revision‐sha1, no‐toc] CPU time usage: 0.278 seconds Real time usage: 0.381 seconds Preprocessor visited node count: 2024/1000000 Post‐expand include size: 158742/2097152 bytes Template argument size: 18641/2097152 bytes Highest expansion depth: 39/100 Expensive parser function count: 22/500 Unstrip recursion depth: 0/20 Unstrip post‐expand size: 6425/5000000 bytes Lua time usage: 0.150/10.000 seconds Lua memory usage: 3685383/52428800 bytes Number of Wikibase entities loaded: 0/400 --> <!-- Transclusion expansion time report (%,ms,calls,template) 100.00% 351.258 1 -total 100.00% 351.258 1 Template:Physicists_by_nationality_and_century_category_header 98.92% 347.447 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header 97.68% 343.095 3 Template:Category_other 89.37% 313.926 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/outercore 32.50% 114.152 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/nationality 30.34% 106.583 7 Template:Trim 29.96% 105.225 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/nationality/core 21.54% 75.671 1 Template:Navseasoncats 20.93% 73.527 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/portal --> <!-- Saved in parser cache with key enwiki:pcache:idhash:56771871-0!canonical and timestamp 20241124041412 and revision id 1218960813. Rendering was triggered because: page-view --> </div><div class="mw-category-generated" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div id="mw-pages"> <h2><span class="anchor" id="Pages_in_category"></span>Pages in category "20th-century American physicists"</h2> <p>The following 9 pages are in this category, out of approximately 1,255 total. <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization#Why_might_a_category_list_not_be_up_to_date?" title="Wikipedia:FAQ/Categorization">This list may not reflect recent changes</a>. </p>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&subcatfrom=Ze&filefrom=Ze&pageuntil=Ze#mw-pages" title="Category:20th-century American physicists">previous page</a>) (next page)<div lang="en" dir="ltr" class="mw-content-ltr"><div class="mw-category mw-category-columns"><div class="mw-category-group"><h3>Z</h3> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Zeiger" title="Herbert Zeiger">Herbert Zeiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boris_Zeldovich" title="Boris Zeldovich">Boris Zeldovich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mark_Zemansky" title="Mark Zemansky">Mark Zemansky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_Zener" title="Clarence Zener">Clarence Zener</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anatol_Zhabotinsky" title="Anatol Zhabotinsky">Anatol Zhabotinsky</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peter_Zimmerman" title="Peter Zimmerman">Peter Zimmerman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raymond_E._Zirkle" title="Raymond E. Zirkle">Raymond E. Zirkle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wojciech_H._Zurek" title="Wojciech H. Zurek">Wojciech H. Zurek</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ellen_Gould_Zweibel" title="Ellen Gould Zweibel">Ellen Gould Zweibel</a></li></ul></div></div></div>(<a href="/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&subcatfrom=Ze&filefrom=Ze&pageuntil=Ze#mw-pages" title="Category:20th-century American physicists">previous page</a>) (next page) </div></div><!--esi <esi:include src="/esitest-fa8a495983347898/content" /> --><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&oldid=1218960813">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&oldid=1218960813</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_physicists_by_nationality" title="Category:20th-century physicists by nationality">20th-century physicists by nationality</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:20th-century_American_scientists" title="Category:20th-century American scientists">20th-century American scientists</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:American_physicists_by_century" title="Category:American physicists by century">American physicists by century</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-ns-shown">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Template_Large_category_TOC_via_Automatic_category_TOC_on_category_with_1,201%E2%80%932,000_pages" title="Category:Template Large category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 1,201–2,000 pages">Template Large category TOC via Automatic category TOC on category with 1,201–2,000 pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Automatic_category_TOC_generates_Large_category_TOC" title="Category:Automatic category TOC generates Large category TOC">Automatic category TOC generates Large category TOC</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 14 April 2024, at 22:36<span class="anonymous-show"> (UTC)</span>.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Category:20th-century_American_physicists&from=Ze&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-99kdj","wgBackendResponseTime":196,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"0.278","walltime":"0.381","ppvisitednodes":{"value":2024,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":158742,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":18641,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":39,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":22,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":0,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":6425,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":0,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 351.258 1 -total","100.00% 351.258 1 Template:Physicists_by_nationality_and_century_category_header"," 98.92% 347.447 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header"," 97.68% 343.095 3 Template:Category_other"," 89.37% 313.926 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/outercore"," 32.50% 114.152 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/nationality"," 30.34% 106.583 7 Template:Trim"," 29.96% 105.225 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/nationality/core"," 21.54% 75.671 1 Template:Navseasoncats"," 20.93% 73.527 1 Template:Occupation_by_nationality_and_century_category_header/portal"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.150","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":3685383,"limit":52428800}},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-f69cdc8f6-dfwpk","timestamp":"20241124041412","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> </body> </html>