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Smith, 1834)</title> <link rel="schema.DCTERMS" href="http://purl.org/dc/terms/" /> <link rel="schema.DC" href="http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="Nicolson, Sue W." xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="Jackson, S." xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.dateAccepted" content="2013-09-07T11:41:09Z" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.available" content="2006-08-24" xml:lang="en" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.available" content="2013-09-07T11:41:09Z" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.created" content="2006-05-02" xml:lang="en" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.issued" content="2007-08-24" xml:lang="en" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DC.date" content="2006-08-24" xml:lang="en" scheme="DCTERMS.W3CDTF" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.bibliographicCitation" content="Johnson, S 2006, Physiological and microbiological studies of nectar xylose metabolism in the Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834), PhD thesis, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, viewed yymmdd < http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27501 >" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" content="http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27501" scheme="DCTERMS.URI" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="Thesis (PhD (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007." xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DCTERMS.abstract" content="Xylose is an unusual nectar sugar found in the nectar of Protea and Faurea (Proteaceae). Since nectar composition is an important floral characteristic in plant strategies for ensuring reproductive success, the unexplained presence of xylose in Protea nectar prompted this study of the interaction between pollinators and Protea species. Among pollinators that visit Proteaflowers in the south-western Cape Floral Kingdom, South Africa, insects and birds show an aversion to, and are poor assimilators of, xylose, whereas rodents such as Namaqua rock mice Aethomys namaquensis are the only pollinators so far shown to consume xylose willingly, and are able to obtain metabolic energy from this sugar. Mammalian tissues are not capable of catabolizing xylose efficiently, but certain gastrointestinal microflora are, through a process of fermentation which produces short-chain fatty acids used by host animals in oxidative metabolism. I explored mechanisms enabling Aethomys namaquensis to utilize xylose, in particular, the role of resident intestinal microflora in this process. Chapter One discusses pollination syndromes and the definitions thereof, mammal pollination, with particular reference to Australia and South Africa, and explains the rationale behind the questions addressed in this thesis. To assess xylose utilization in wild-caught mice with and without their natural gastrointestinal microflora, an antibiotic treatment was developed (Chapter Two). The veterinary antimicrobial agent, Baytril 10% oral solution, was found to be effective in significantly reducing gut microflora in animals on a four-day treatment protocol. The protocol developed here reduced the gut microflora sufficiently for subsequent experiments comparing xylose utilization in mice with and without intact microflora. Xylose utilization was assessed using 14C-labelled xylose (Chapter Three). Rock mice were caught during Protea humifloraflowering and non-flowering seasons, and fed 14C-labelled xylose. Exhaled CO 2 and excreted urine and faeces were collected, and label recovery determined. These experiments showed that xylose-utilizing bacteria in the rock mouse gut are very important for xylose utilization. More efficient xylose utilization during the flowering season suggests that this component of the gut microflora is inducible. Culturable gut microflora were then isolated from rock mouse faecal and caecal samples, assessed for xylose utilization to identify positive xylose-fermenters and classified by 16S rRNA based taxonomy (Chapter Four). Faecal isolates were Lactobacillus murinus and Enterococcus faecium, and caecal isolates were three Bacillus species, Shigella boydii, one Arthrobacter species and two fungal isolates from Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The types and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids arising from xylose fermentation by caecal microflora were measured using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profile produced by rock mouse gut microflora is similar to that for other animals that rely on gut microbial fermentation to produce fatty acids then used in oxidative metabolism. Chapter Five concludes with a discussion of possible explanations for the presence of xylose as a nectar sugar, its ecological significance, and the relevance of the fermentative capacity of pollinator digestive systems for xylose utilization in animals." xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.language" content="" xml:lang="en" scheme="DCTERMS.RFC1766" /> <meta name="DC.publisher" content="University of Pretoria" xml:lang="en_ZA" /> <meta name="DC.rights" content="© 2006, University of Pretoria. All rights reserved. The copyright in this work vests in the University of Pretoria. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, without the prior written permission of the University of Pretoria." xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis)" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Rodents -- digestive organs" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Pollination by animals" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Animal-plant relationships" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Nectar" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Proteaceae" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Aethomys namaquensis (a.smith" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="1834)" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="Nectar xylose" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.subject" content="UCTD" xml:lang="en_US" /> <meta name="DC.title" content="Physiological and microbiological studies of nectar xylose metabolism in the Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834)" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.type" content="Thesis" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="Zoology and Entomology" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="shelley@drumba.net" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.identifier" content="http://upetd.up.ac.za/thesis/available/etd-08242006-130404/" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.description" content="unrestricted" xml:lang="en" /> <meta name="DC.contributor" content="Johnson, Shelley Anne" xml:lang="en" /> <meta content="Namaqua rock mouse (Micaelamys namaquensis); Rodents -- digestive organs; Pollination by animals; Animal-plant relationships; Nectar; Proteaceae; Aethomys namaquensis (a.smith; 1834); Nectar xylose; UCTD; Thesis" name="citation_keywords" /> <meta content="University of Pretoria" name="citation_dissertation_institution" /> <meta content="Physiological and microbiological studies of nectar xylose metabolism in the Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. 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Smith, 1834)" name="citation_dissertation_name" /> <meta content="Johnson, Shelley Anne" name="citation_author" /> <meta content="https://repository.up.ac.za/bitstream/2263/27501/2/01thesis.pdf" name="citation_pdf_url" /> <meta content="2007-08-24" name="citation_date" /> <meta content="https://repository.up.ac.za/handle/2263/27501" name="citation_abstract_html_url" /> <link href="/themes/Mirage/lib/css/fonts.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" /> <link href="/themes/Mirage/lib/css/bootstrap-3.3.6/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" type="text/css" rel="stylesheet" /> <script xmlns:oreatom="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/atom/" xmlns:ore="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" src="/themes/Mirage/lib/js/jquery-1.12.0.min.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <script xmlns:oreatom="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/atom/" xmlns:ore="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" src="/themes/Mirage/lib/js/jquery.easing.1.3.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> <script xmlns:oreatom="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/atom/" xmlns:ore="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" src="/themes/Mirage/lib/js/icons_and_fixedmenu.js" type="text/javascript"> </script> </head>    <body> <div id="ds-main"> <div id="ds-header-wrapper"> <div class="clearfix" id="ds-header"> <ul id="social_media"> <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.facebook.com/up.ac.za/" target="_blank"> <li class="socialM"> <img src="/themes/Mirage/images/icons/facebook-icon.jpg" alt="facebook" /> </li> </a> <a rel="noopener" href="https://twitter.com/uptuks/" target="_blank"> <li class="socialM lst_changes"> <img src="/themes/Mirage/images/icons/twitter-icon.jpg" alt="twitter" /> </li> </a> <a rel="noopener" href="https://www.youtube.com/user/UPvideolibrary?ob=0&feature=results_main/" target="_blank"> <li class="socialM last_images"> <img src="/themes/Mirage/images/icons/youtube-icon.jpg" alt="youtube" /> </li> </a> </ul> <h1 class="pagetitle visuallyhidden">Physiological and microbiological studies of nectar xylose metabolism in the Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834)</h1> <div id="ds-user-box"> <p> <a href="/login">Login</a> </p> </div> </div> </div> <div xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1" id="ds-trail-wrapper"> <ul id="ds-trail"> <li class="ds-trail-link first-link "> <a href="/">UPSpace Home</a> </li> <li xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1" xmlns="http://di.tamu.edu/DRI/1.0/" class="ds-trail-arrow">→</li> <li class="ds-trail-link "> <a href="/handle/2263/76">University of Pretoria: Research Output</a> </li> <li class="ds-trail-arrow">→</li> <li class="ds-trail-link "> <a href="/handle/2263/31741">Theses and Dissertations (University of Pretoria)</a> </li> <li class="ds-trail-arrow">→</li> <li class="ds-trail-link last-link">View Item</li> </ul> </div> <div xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1" xmlns="http://di.tamu.edu/DRI/1.0/" class="hidden" id="no-js-warning-wrapper"> <div id="no-js-warning"> <div class="notice failure">JavaScript is disabled for your browser. Some features of this site may not work without it.</div> </div> </div> <div id="ds-content-wrapper"> <div class="clearfix" id="ds-content"> <div id="ds-body"> <div id="aspect_artifactbrowser_ItemViewer_div_item-view" class="ds-static-div primary">  <div xmlns:oreatom="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/atom/" xmlns:ore="http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom" class="item-summary-view-metadata"> <h1>Physiological and microbiological studies of nectar xylose metabolism in the Namaqua rock mouse, Aethomys namaquensis (A. Smith, 1834)</h1> <div class="simple-item-view-authors"> <span>Johnson, Shelley Anne</span> </div> <div class="simple-item-view-other"> <span class="bold">URI:</span> <span xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1"> <a href="http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27501">http://hdl.handle.net/2263/27501</a> </span> </div> <div class="simple-item-view-other"> <span class="bold">Date:</span> <span xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1">2007-08-24</span> </div> <div class="simple-item-view-description"> <h3>Abstract:</h3> <div xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1">Xylose is an unusual nectar sugar found in the nectar of Protea and Faurea (Proteaceae). Since nectar composition is an important floral characteristic in plant strategies for ensuring reproductive success, the unexplained presence of xylose in Protea nectar prompted this study of the interaction between pollinators and Protea species. Among pollinators that visit Proteaflowers in the south-western Cape Floral Kingdom, South Africa, insects and birds show an aversion to, and are poor assimilators of, xylose, whereas rodents such as Namaqua rock mice Aethomys namaquensis are the only pollinators so far shown to consume xylose willingly, and are able to obtain metabolic energy from this sugar. Mammalian tissues are not capable of catabolizing xylose efficiently, but certain gastrointestinal microflora are, through a process of fermentation which produces short-chain fatty acids used by host animals in oxidative metabolism. I explored mechanisms enabling Aethomys namaquensis to utilize xylose, in particular, the role of resident intestinal microflora in this process. Chapter One discusses pollination syndromes and the definitions thereof, mammal pollination, with particular reference to Australia and South Africa, and explains the rationale behind the questions addressed in this thesis. To assess xylose utilization in wild-caught mice with and without their natural gastrointestinal microflora, an antibiotic treatment was developed (Chapter Two). The veterinary antimicrobial agent, Baytril 10% oral solution, was found to be effective in significantly reducing gut microflora in animals on a four-day treatment protocol. The protocol developed here reduced the gut microflora sufficiently for subsequent experiments comparing xylose utilization in mice with and without intact microflora. Xylose utilization was assessed using 14C-labelled xylose (Chapter Three). Rock mice were caught during Protea humifloraflowering and non-flowering seasons, and fed 14C-labelled xylose. Exhaled CO 2 and excreted urine and faeces were collected, and label recovery determined. These experiments showed that xylose-utilizing bacteria in the rock mouse gut are very important for xylose utilization. More efficient xylose utilization during the flowering season suggests that this component of the gut microflora is inducible. Culturable gut microflora were then isolated from rock mouse faecal and caecal samples, assessed for xylose utilization to identify positive xylose-fermenters and classified by 16S rRNA based taxonomy (Chapter Four). Faecal isolates were Lactobacillus murinus and Enterococcus faecium, and caecal isolates were three Bacillus species, Shigella boydii, one Arthrobacter species and two fungal isolates from Aspergillus and Penicillium genera. The types and concentrations of short-chain fatty acids arising from xylose fermentation by caecal microflora were measured using gas chromatography. The fatty acid profile produced by rock mouse gut microflora is similar to that for other animals that rely on gut microbial fermentation to produce fatty acids then used in oxidative metabolism. Chapter Five concludes with a discussion of possible explanations for the presence of xylose as a nectar sugar, its ecological significance, and the relevance of the fermentative capacity of pollinator digestive systems for xylose utilization in animals.</div> </div> <div class="simple-item-view-description"> <h3 class="bold">Description:</h3> <div xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1">Thesis (PhD (Zoology))--University of Pretoria, 2007.</div> </div> <div style="margin-top: 5px"> <p class="ds-paragraph item-view-toggle item-view-toggle-bottom" style="float: left"> <a href="/handle/2263/27501?show=full">Show full item record</a> </p> <span xmlns:i18n="http://apache.org/cocoon/i18n/2.1" style="height: 80px;float: right; visibility: hidden" id="custom-altmetrics"> <script type="text/javascript"> $(document).ready(function() { var possibleDOI = ''; var pattern = /^10\.\d{4}\/.+/; if(pattern.test(possibleDOI)) $("#custom-altmetrics").html('<div data-doi="'+possibleDOI+'" data-badge-popover="right" data-badge-type="medium-donut" data-link-target="_blank" class="altmetric-embed" />').css('visibility', 'visible'); 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