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href="#Interpretation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 Interpretation </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Interpretation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Historical_basis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Historical_basis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Historical basis </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Historical_basis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_art_and_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_art_and_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 In art and culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_art_and_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Political_use" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Political_use"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Political use </div> </a> <button 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class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Breakup of Yugoslavia </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Breakup_of_Yugoslavia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Usage_of_the_myth_abroad" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Usage_of_the_myth_abroad"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Usage of the myth abroad </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Usage_of_the_myth_abroad-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Further reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button 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data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%82" title="Косовски мит – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Косовски мит" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mit_kosowski" title="Mit kosowski – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mit kosowski" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%84" title="Косовский миф – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Косовский миф" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legjenda_e_Kosov%C3%ABs" title="Legjenda e Kosovës – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Legjenda e Kosovës" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B8_%D0%B7%D0%B0%D0%B2%D0%B5%D1%82" title="Косовски завет – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Косовски завет" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosovski_mit" title="Kosovski mit – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Kosovski mit" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kosova_Efsanesi" title="Kosova Efsanesi – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kosova Efsanesi" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D1%8C%D0%BA%D0%B8%D0%B9_%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%84" title="Косовський міф – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Косовський міф" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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searchaux" style="display:none">Serbian nation-building myth</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:438px;max-width:438px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg/190px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg" decoding="async" width="190" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg/285px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg/380px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Vidovdanski_hram.jpg 2x" data-file-width="564" data-file-height="600" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:242px;max-width:242px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg/240px-Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg" decoding="async" width="240" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d7/Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg/360px-Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d7/Kosovski_mit-ikona_SPC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="409" data-file-height="346" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: The proposed Vidovdan Temple by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a> Right: The Battle of Kosovo, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>'s icon</div></div></div></div> The Kosovo Myth (<a href="/wiki/Serbian_language" title="Serbian language">Serbian</a>: Косовски мит / Kosovski mit), also known as the Kosovo Cult (Косовски култ / Kosovski kult) and the Kosovo Legend (Косовска легенда / Kosovska legenda), is a Serbian <a href="/wiki/National_myth" title="National myth">national myth</a> based on legends about events related to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> (1389). It has been a major subject in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_folklore" title="Serbian folklore">Serbian folklore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">literary tradition</a> and has been cultivated through <a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">oral epic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">guslar poems</a>. The final form of the legend was not created immediately after the battle but evolved from different originators into various versions. In its modern form it emerged in 19th-century <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> and served as an important constitutive element of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">national identity</a> of modern Serbia and its politics. The Serbian ruler <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Prince Lazar</a> was challenged by the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a> to the battle at the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a>. According to the Myth, Lazar chose to die as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyr</a>, with the aim of providing <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> with a place in the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of Heaven</a>, instead of the "earthly kingdom" and victory in the battle. In the myth, as opposed to what actually happened in reality, <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a> withdrew his troops at crucial moments, thus becoming a symbol of a betrayal, while <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a> assassinated Murad I and then was executed. In fact, Branković fought valiantly to the end. In <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman Serbia</a>, the myth was interpreted as a fatalistic ideological acceptance of the Ottoman Empire and originally was not linked to the <a href="/wiki/Serbs" title="Serbs">Serbs</a> as a people, but to the downfall of <a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">Serbian feudal society</a>. In the modern narratives of the myth, defeat in battle was characterized as the downfall of the glorious <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">medieval Serbian Kingdom</a> and a subsequent long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman occupation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">slavery</a>. According to legend the sacrifice of Prince Lazar and his knights resulted in the defeat, while the Serbs were presented as the <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> who signed a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a> with God. The Kosovo Myth is modeled on well-known <a href="/wiki/Christian_mythology" title="Christian mythology">Christian symbols</a>, such as the biblical <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot#Betrayal_of_Jesus" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas' betrayal of Jesus</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Biblical_numerology#Christian_numerology" title="Biblical numerology">numbers</a> that have religious associations. It pictures Serbia as essentially a variant of the <a href="/wiki/Antemurale_Christianitatis" title="Antemurale Christianitatis">Antemurale Christianitatis</a> motif as a bulwark of <a href="/wiki/Christendom" title="Christendom">Christendom</a> against the Ottoman Empire. One of the earliest records that contributed to the cult of Lazar's martyrdom was found in the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, primarily written by <a href="/wiki/Danilo_III_(patriarch)" title="Danilo III (patriarch)">Danilo III</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Patriarch</a> (1390–1396) and a nun <a href="/wiki/Jefimija" title="Jefimija">Jefimija</a>. Over the following centuries, many writers and chroniclers wrote down the oral legends they heard in the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a>. In 1601, <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Ragusan</a> chronicler <a href="/wiki/Mavro_Orbini" title="Mavro Orbini">Mavro Orbini</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Slavs" title="Kingdom of the Slavs">Kingdom of the Slavs</a>, which was important for the reconstruction and development of the myth, combining the records of historians and folk legends, while the <a href="/wiki/Trono%C5%A1a_Chronicle" title="Tronoša Chronicle">Tronoša Chronicle</a> (1791) also significantly contributed to the preservation of the legend. The development of myth was also influenced by French <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a>. The final form of the Kosovo Myth was constructed by philologist <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a>, who published the "Kosovo Cycle" after collecting traditional epic poems. Many <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavic</a> literary and visual artists were influenced by Kosovo legends, including some highly internationally recognized. The most significant ones who have perpetuated the Kosovo Myth are the poet <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a> with his epic drama <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a> (1847) and the sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a>, while one of the main artistic representation is the painting <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>. Since its establishment, the myth and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exposition was intertwined with political and ideological agendas. It became a central myth of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a> used in the 19th century, and its importance was especially raised since the <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878). The myth was widely promulgated in <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> as well and it served advocates of <a href="/wiki/Pan-Slavism" title="Pan-Slavism">Pan-Slavism</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a> before <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">the creation of Yugoslavia</a> in early 20th century. It was evoked at times of major historic events such as the <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassination</a> of <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">creation of Yugoslavia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">Yugoslav coup d'état</a>, and especially to bolster a Serbian victimization narrative during the rise of Serbian nationalism in the 1980s, the <a href="/wiki/Breakup_of_Yugoslavia" title="Breakup of Yugoslavia">breakup of Yugoslavia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Overview">Overview</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Overview">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG/180px-Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG" decoding="async" width="180" height="240" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG/270px-Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG/360px-Gazimestan_na_Vidovdan_2009._godine.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2448" data-file-height="3264" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan" title="Gazimestan">Gazimestan</a> memorial site commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> covered by an image of <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Lazar of Serbia</a></figcaption></figure> The central events in the myth are related to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> that took place in 1389, about which numerous details are not actually known.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269–70-3">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> According to legend, the Serbian ruler <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Prince Lazar</a>, who was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a> ("<a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a>") Lazar, was offered an ultimatum to pay homage to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_sultans_of_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="List of sultans of the Ottoman Empire">Ottoman sultan</a> <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>, leaving the control of Serbian lands to the sultan and <a href="/wiki/Timar" title="Timar">taxation</a>, or to lead his army into the battle on the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Polje" title="Kosovo Polje">Kosovo Polje</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269-5">[5]</a> On the last supper before the battle hosted by Lazar, he told his knights that one of them would betray him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">[6]</a> Deceived by his son-in-law <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a>, he accused <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a>, which Obilić opposed, claiming that he would kill Murаd I.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200149-7">[7]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20144-8">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a> Per legend, Lazar was visited the night before battle by a <a href="/wiki/Gray_hawk" title="Gray hawk">grey hawk</a> or <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a> from <a href="/wiki/Jerusalem" title="Jerusalem">Jerusalem</a> who offered a choice between an "earthly kingdom", implying victory at the Battle, or the <a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of Heaven</a>, where the Serbs would be defeated.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah20026–7-10">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269-5">[5]</a> It is sometimes said that the <a href="/wiki/Biblical_prophet" class="mw-redirect" title="Biblical prophet">biblical prophet</a> <a href="/wiki/Elijah" title="Elijah">Elijah</a> appeared in the form of a falcon.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20097-11">[11]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200157-12">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201347-13">[13]</a> Lazar chose to die as a <a href="/wiki/Christian_martyr" title="Christian martyr">Christian martyr</a>, thus achieving a special status for Serbs as a heavenly people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011269-14">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201348-15">[15]</a> The warriors accepted his words, stating that the Serbs would get freedom in heaven, but that they would never be enslaved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20142-16">[16]</a> Lazar also <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_curse" title="Kosovo curse">cursed</a> those Serbs who refuse to join him on the battlefield.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000167-17">[17]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201468-18">[18]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989230-19">[19]</a> He and the Serbian army received <a href="/wiki/Eucharist" title="Eucharist">communion</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_St_John_the_Baptist,_Samodre%C5%BEa" title="Church of St John the Baptist, Samodreža">Church of St. John the Baptist</a> in <a href="/wiki/Samodre%C5%BEa" class="mw-redirect" title="Samodreža">Samodreža</a>.<a href="#cite_note-20">[20]</a> The battle took place on the Christian <a href="/wiki/St._Vitus_Day" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Vitus Day">St. Vitus Day</a>, known in Serbia as <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a>. After an agreement with the Ottoman sultan, in order to preserve his positions, Vuk Branković withdrew his troops at crucial moments of the battle, thus becoming symbol of a betrayal.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000185-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201468-18">[18]</a> Pretending to surrender after the abandon of Lazar, Obilić came to the sultan's tent and after kneeling to allegedly kiss Murad's feet, took out a dagger and mortally wounded him.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200150-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000185-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1996-23">[23]</a> The dying sultan ordered Obilić's execution, while this sacrifice showed his loyalty to Lazar and heroism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200150-22">[22]</a> Defeat in battle was characterized as the downfall of the glorious <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">medieval Serbian Kingdom</a> and subsequent a long-lasting <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman occupation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Devshirme" title="Devshirme">slavery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200150-22">[22]</a> In the Serbian tradition, the red color of the <a href="/wiki/Paeonia_peregrina" title="Paeonia peregrina">Paeonia peregrina</a> has become a symbol of "bloodshed in the Battle of Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20142-16">[16]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Rycaut1694bd1_0193_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="163" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-Rycaut1694bd1_0193_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1614" data-file-height="1196" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a> assassinated <a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a>; illustration from the German version of the Present State of the Ottoman Empire (1694) by <a href="/wiki/Paul_Rycaut" title="Paul Rycaut">Paul Rycaut</a>.</figcaption></figure> On the other hand, Lazar was captured by the <a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Turks" title="Ottoman Turks">Ottoman Turks</a> and beheaded.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000182-25">[25]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989164-26">[26]</a> The sacrifice of Lazar and his knights for the sake of the Kingdom of Heaven resulted in the defeat of the Serbian army by the Turks, while the Serbs were presented as the <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a> who signed a <a href="/wiki/Covenant_(biblical)" title="Covenant (biblical)">Covenant</a> with God.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000186–187-27">[27]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201468-18">[18]</a> Other famous knights who, according to legends, took part in the battle are <a href="/wiki/Milan_Toplica" title="Milan Toplica">Milan Toplica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Ivan Kosančić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Orlovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Orlović">Pavle Orlović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stevo_Vasojevi%C4%87" title="Stevo Vasojević">Stevo Vasojević</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Musi%C4%87_noble_family" title="Musić noble family">Musić brothers</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989133-28">[28]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovic201479-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-30">[30]</a> There are also key female characters in the Kosovo Myth, who symbolize the great losses and isolation in which Serbs, especially women, lived during Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">[6]</a> <a href="/wiki/Princess_Milica_of_Serbia" title="Princess Milica of Serbia">Princess Milica</a>, who was referred to as <a href="/wiki/Tsarina" title="Tsarina">Tsaritsa</a> ("Empress") Milica, was Lazar's wife and member of the <a href="/wiki/Nemanji%C4%87_dynasty" title="Nemanjić dynasty">Nemanjić dynasty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovic201473-31">[31]</a> She begged Lazar to keep his youngest brother Boško so that one of the nine <a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a> would surely survive, which Boško himself refused and then became a <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">flag-bearer</a> during the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200910-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200239-33">[33]</a> Their mother died of a broken heart after losing all nine sons in battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200910-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000185-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005104-34">[34]</a> Another female character is a <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a>, a girl who came to Kosovo Polje the morning after the battle and cared for the wounded Serbian warriors, giving them water and wine.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200910-32">[32]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000185-21">[21]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005104-34">[34]</a> Also, birds often appear in the legend, which should symbolize the connection between the earth and the heaven.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201353,_60-35">[35]</a> <a href="/wiki/Raven" title="Raven">Ravens</a> can speak and play the role of messengers, and so can <a href="/wiki/Swallow" title="Swallow">swallows</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357-36">[36]</a> The mother of nine Jugović asked God for "eyes of a <a href="/wiki/Falcon" title="Falcon">falcon</a>, white wings of a <a href="/wiki/Swan" title="Swan">swan</a>" which was fulfilled for her, so she could fly over the battlefield and see her sons and <a href="/wiki/Vratko_Nemanji%C4%87" title="Vratko Nemanjić">husband</a> fighting.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201353-37">[37]</a> Then, the raven gave her a confirmation of the death of her family members.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201356-38">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005104-34">[34]</a> In addition to the transformation of Elijah, the falcon represented warriors.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357-36">[36]</a> Contrary to common symbols, <a href="/wiki/Columbidae" title="Columbidae">doves</a> were called cowardly and weak enemies, and <a href="/wiki/Eagle" title="Eagle">eagles</a> were depicted as <a href="/wiki/Scavenger" title="Scavenger">scavengers</a> the flesh of the victims.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357-36">[36]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Basic_elements_of_the_myth">Basic elements of the myth</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Basic elements of the myth">edit</a>]</div> Ljubinka Trgovčević described the elements and symbolism of the myth:<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera,_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87,_1871.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg/220px-Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg/330px-Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg/440px-Kne%C5%BEeva_ve%C4%8Dera%2C_Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87%2C_1871.jpg 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="563" /></a><figcaption>Prince's Supper (1871) by <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87" title="Adam Stefanović">Adam Stefanović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%8Cortanovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Čortanović">Pavle Čortanović</a>; many parts of the myth are modeled on well-known <a href="/wiki/Christian_symbolism" title="Christian symbolism">Christian symbols</a>, such as the <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a> and <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot#Betrayal_of_Jesus" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas' betrayal</a>.</figcaption></figure> <ul><li>Vengeance – to restore the <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">medieval Serbian Kingdom</a> on the territories where it once existed</li> <li>Martyrdom – to sacrifice for the freedom and faith of the Serbs</li> <li>Betrayal – justifies defeat and warns those who do not support the Serbian cause, such as Vuk Branković</li> <li>Glory – those who sacrifice themselves are promised "<a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">the Kingdom of Heaven</a>" and eternal glory, such as Lazar and Miloš Obilić</li></ul> Many parts and characters in the myth are modeled on well-known Christian symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200623-39">[39]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200236–37-40">[40]</a> While Lazar is portrayed as <a href="/wiki/Jesus" title="Jesus">Jesus</a> and faith, the dinner that he headed the night before the battle has the attributes of the biblical <a href="/wiki/Last_Supper" title="Last Supper">Last Supper</a>, including the presence of his <a href="/wiki/Disciple_(Christianity)" title="Disciple (Christianity)">disciples</a> and Vuk Branković, the traitor or <a href="/wiki/Judas_Iscariot" title="Judas Iscariot">Judas</a> figure.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">[6]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20142-16">[16]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah200236–37-40">[40]</a> Like Jesus, Lazar died so that his people could live.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">[6]</a> Also, numbers that have religious associations such as <a href="/wiki/Apostles_in_the_New_Testament" title="Apostles in the New Testament">Twelve Apostles</a> and <a href="/wiki/Trinity" title="Trinity">Trinity</a> are often used in the legend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201353-37">[37]</a> The Kosovo Myth presents the battle as "a titanic contest between Christian Europe and the Islamic East" in which Lazar renounced "the earthly kingdom for a heavenly one".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2005149-41">[41]</a> The Kosovo Myth pictures Serbia as <a href="/wiki/Antemurale_Christianitatis" title="Antemurale Christianitatis">Antemurale Christianitatis</a> (Bulwark of Christianity), similarly to constructions of the other nations in the Balkans.<a href="#cite_note-VankovskaWiberg2003-42">[42]</a> It is sometimes propagated to evoke a sense of pride and national grievance among Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaufman200116-43">[43]</a> Since the battle on Kosovo Polje, this hill came to be seen as the "cradle of Serbia" and one of the most Serb nation's most <a href="/wiki/Holy_place" class="mw-redirect" title="Holy place">holy places</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200620-44">[44]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sabrina_P._Ramet" title="Sabrina P. Ramet">Sabrina P. Ramet</a> compared the myths about Prince Lazar with the myths about the knighthood of the <a href="/wiki/King_Arthur" title="King Arthur">King Arthur</a> and the martyrdom of <a href="/wiki/Olaf_II_of_Norway" title="Olaf II of Norway">Olaf II of Norway</a>, as well as the legends about <a href="/wiki/Stephen_I_of_Hungary" title="Stephen I of Hungary">Stephen I of Hungary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011267–281-45">[45]</a> Gerlachlus Duijzings noted that, in a similar way, <a href="/wiki/Naim_Frash%C3%ABri" title="Naim Frashëri">Naim Frashëri</a> tried through <a href="/wiki/Bektashism_in_Albania" title="Bektashism in Albania">Bektashism</a> to promote the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Karbala" title="Battle of Karbala">Battle of Karbala</a> myth among <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanians</a> as a source of inspiration in <a href="/wiki/Albanian_uprisings_in_the_Ottoman_Empire" title="Albanian uprisings in the Ottoman Empire">their struggle against Ottoman domination</a>, although that myth has a similar contest and style as the Serbian-Orthodox Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000157–158-46">[46]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources_and_development">Sources and development</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Sources and development">edit</a>]</div> The Kosovo Myth has for a long time been a central subject in <a href="/wiki/Serbian_folklore" title="Serbian folklore">Serbian folklore</a> and Serbian <a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">literary tradition</a>, and for centuries was cultivated mostly in the form of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">oral epic poetry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">guslar</a> poems.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings184-47">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005100-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUğurlu2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-50">[50]</a> The mythologization of the battle occurred shortly after the event.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUğurlu2011-49">[49]</a><a href="#cite_note-Wakounig2012-51">[51]</a> The legend was not fully formed immediately after the battle but evolved from different originators into various versions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200152-52">[52]</a> Many sources from 14th to 18th century have preserved oral narration of the Kosovo Battle, such as chronicles, genealogies, annals, religious cult texts and travellers' tales.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovic201467–68-53">[53]</a> Epic poetry was well developed among Serbs and represented a cultural source of pride, identity and a strong connection to the past.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201349-54">[54]</a> One of the earliest records that contributed to the development of the cult of martyrdom and God's special favor for Lazar are the Narration about Prince Lazar by <a href="/wiki/Danilo_III_(patriarch)" title="Danilo III (patriarch)">Danilo III</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Patriarch</a> (1390–1396), and the Encomium of Prince Lazar by a nun <a href="/wiki/Jefimija" title="Jefimija">Jefimija</a>, a widow of the despot <a href="/wiki/Uglje%C5%A1a_Mrnjav%C4%8Devi%C4%87" title="Uglješa Mrnjavčević">Uglješa Mrnjavčević</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005107-55">[55]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg/220px-Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg/330px-Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg/440px-Pohvala_knezu_Lazaru.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="800" /></a><figcaption>The Encomium of Prince Lazar (14th century) by <a href="/wiki/Jefimija" title="Jefimija">Jefimija</a></figcaption></figure> The first Serbian record of the assassination of the Ottoman Sultan Murad I was the <a href="/wiki/Life_of_Despot_Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević">Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Kostenets" title="Constantine of Kostenets">Constantine of Kostenets</a>, although the name of the executor was not mentioned.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a> The heroic image of the Battle of Kosovo and the cult of Lazar's martyrdom has lost its force over time. The epic expression of the Battle was cultivated in the emigration of Serbs to the mountainous regions of <a href="/wiki/Old_Serbia" title="Old Serbia">Old Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegro</a> and <a href="/wiki/Herzegovina" title="Herzegovina">Herzegovina</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_Constantinople" title="Fall of Constantinople">Fall of Constantinople</a> (1453), three thousand Serbs began a nomadic life. In these regions, the image of the Kosovo hero was cultivated and preserved.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a> The figure of Murad's assassin probably originated in the culture of exile, where his heroic deed could inspire constant resistance to the Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Byzantine_Empire" title="Byzantine Empire">Byzantine</a> historians from the 15th century, <a href="/wiki/Doukas_(historian)" title="Doukas (historian)">Doukas</a> and <a href="/wiki/Laonikos_Chalkokondyles" title="Laonikos Chalkokondyles">Laonikos Chalkokondyles</a> also wrote about the Battle and about "sacrifice of a Christian nobleman who killed the Sultan in his tent".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1996-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989162-57">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayantis20048-58">[58]</a> Serbian soldier and author of a memoir <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a> was the first to mention the name of Miloš Obilić in his work the Memoirs of a Janissary (ca. 1497), while he also described the betrayal of Vuk Branković.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> An anonymous resident of <a href="/wiki/Dubrovnik" title="Dubrovnik">Dubrovnik</a> or <a href="/wiki/Dalmatia" title="Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a> translated Doukas' parts about the Battle of Kosovo, citing the moment of the betrayal, but attributed it to Dragoslav Pribišić.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a> <a href="/wiki/Italian_literature" title="Italian literature">Italian literature</a> and popular poetry in <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ragusa" title="Republic of Ragusa">Republic of Ragusa</a> influenced educated Serbian exiles to produce the first <a href="/wiki/Bugar%C5%A1tica" title="Bugarštica">bugarštice</a> based on the accumulation of oral history in the late 15th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198713-59">[59]</a> Some of the bugarštice cultivated the Kosovo Legend.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200152-52">[52]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198714-60">[60]</a> According to <a href="/wiki/Miodrag_Popovi%C4%87" title="Miodrag Popović">Miodrag Popović</a>, in the Ottoman Serbia of the 16th and 17th century, the local population was "<a href="/wiki/Turkophilia" title="Turkophilia">Turkophilic</a>" in accordance with the general climate of necessary adaptation to Ottoman rule.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011282-61">[61]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153-62">[62]</a> Тhey did not give the legend of the Battle of Kosovo an interpretation unfavorable or hostile to the Ottoman Turks.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011282-61">[61]</a> During the 16th century, <a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Kuripe%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Benedikt Kuripečič">Benedikt Kuripečič</a> wrote a travel description of the <a href="/wiki/Balkans" title="Balkans">Balkans</a> and recorded the legends he heard, including Lazar's Last Supper and Obilić's heroism.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198995-63">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-64">[64]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible">Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible</a> (1567) contains nine <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniatures</a> about the events from the Kosovo legends, mostly related to the battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198978-65">[65]</a> In 1601, Ragusan chronicler <a href="/wiki/Mavro_Orbini" title="Mavro Orbini">Mavro Orbini</a> published the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Slavs" title="Kingdom of the Slavs">Kingdom of the Slavs</a> in <a href="/wiki/Italian_language" title="Italian language">Italian</a>, which was important for the reconstruction and development of the myth, combining the records of historians and folk legends.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200153-66">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUğurlu2011-49">[49]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_(127).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg/250px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg/375px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a2/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg/500px-Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau_-_int%C3%A9rieur_%28127%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Renaissance_art" title="Renaissance art">Renaissance tapestry</a> with motifs of the Battle of Kosovo (16th century) in the <a href="/wiki/Ch%C3%A2teau_de_Chenonceau" title="Château de Chenonceau">Château de Chenonceau</a>, France. The development of myth structure was also influenced by French <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a>.</figcaption></figure> In the following period, many stories were published by anonymous authors in Ragusa and <a href="/wiki/Bay_of_Kotor" title="Bay of Kotor">Bay of Kotor</a>, the most significant and most comprehensive was the Life of Prince Lazar, also known as the Tale of the Battle of Kosovo, from the beginning of the 18th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1996-23">[23]</a> At the request of <a href="/wiki/Peter_the_Great" title="Peter the Great">Peter the Great</a>, <a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_All_Russia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emperor of All Russia">Russian Emperor</a>, a diplomat <a href="/wiki/Sava_Vladislavich" title="Sava Vladislavich">Sava Vladislavich</a> translated the Orbini's Kingdom of the Slavs into <a href="/wiki/Russian_language" title="Russian language">Russian</a> in 1722.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a> In the middle of the 18th century, under the influence of previous manuscripts, the <a href="/wiki/Trono%C5%A1a_Chronicle" title="Tronoša Chronicle">Tronoša Chronicle</a> (1791) was compiled which contributed to the further preservation of the Kosovo legend.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[67]</a> Characters of the myth have been also recorded in the works of <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Brankovi%C4%87_(count)" title="Đorđe Branković (count)">Đorđe Branković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vasilije_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Vasilije Petrović">Vasilije Petrović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Julinac" title="Pavle Julinac">Pavle Julinac</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> During the 18th century, anti-Ottoman sentiments increased, and more comprehensive Kosovo legend became an integral part of the oral tradition.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153-62">[62]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a> (1804–1813), a fresco of Miloš as a <a href="/wiki/Halo_(religious_iconography)" title="Halo (religious iconography)">haloed</a>, sword-bearing <a href="/wiki/Saint" title="Saint">saint</a> was painted in Lazar's <a href="/wiki/Narthex" title="Narthex">narthex</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Hilandar" title="Hilandar">Hilandar</a> Monastery on <a href="/wiki/Mount_Athos" title="Mount Athos">Mount Athos</a>, Greece.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert1996-23">[23]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198988-68">[68]</a> Philologist <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a> collected traditional epic poems related to the topic of the Battle of Kosovo and released the so-called "Kosovo cycle", which became the final version of the transformation of the myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153-62">[62]</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[69]</a> Karadžić's work was influenced by <a href="/wiki/Jernej_Kopitar" title="Jernej Kopitar">Jernej Kopitar</a>, who introduced him to the literature of <a href="/wiki/Romantic_nationalism" title="Romantic nationalism">Romantic nationalism</a>, as well as by <a href="/wiki/Jacob_Grimm" title="Jacob Grimm">Jacob Grimm</a>, who became his reviewer and translator.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200159-70">[70]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovićAtanasovski2016-71">[71]</a> Kopitar's ideology was rooted in <a href="/wiki/Johann_Gottfried_Herder" title="Johann Gottfried Herder">Herder</a>'s view that each group possesses a unique culture that manifests itself through the language and tradition of the common people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200159-70">[70]</a> Karadžić mostly published oral songs, with special reference to the heroic deeds of <a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a> and the Kosovo Battle-related events, just like the singers sang without changes or additions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMiles_FoleyChao2012-72">[72]</a> He collected most of the poems about Lazar near the monasteries on <a href="/wiki/Fru%C5%A1ka_Gora" title="Fruška Gora">Fruška Gora</a>, mostly because the seat of the Serbian Orthodox Church was <a href="/wiki/Patriarchate_of_Karlovci" title="Patriarchate of Karlovci">moved there</a> after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Migrations_of_the_Serbs" title="Great Migrations of the Serbs">Great Migrations of the Serbs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPavlovićAtanasovski2016-71">[71]</a> The folk poems about the Kosovo legend can also be found in the collections of <a href="/wiki/Avram_Mileti%C4%87" title="Avram Miletić">Avram Miletić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Franjo_Juki%C4%87" title="Ivan Franjo Jukić">Ivan Franjo Jukić</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franz_Miklosich" title="Franz Miklosich">Franz Miklosich</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valtazar_Bogi%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Valtazar Bogišić">Valtazar Bogišić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Grgo_Marti%C4%87" title="Grgo Martić">Grgo Martić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> The development of myth structure was also influenced by French <a href="/wiki/Chanson_de_geste" title="Chanson de geste">chanson de geste</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[73]</a> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10,_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_(1389).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png/210px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png" decoding="async" width="210" height="364" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png/315px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png/420px-Facial_Chronicle_-_b.10%2C_p.299_-_Battle_of_Kosovo_%281389%29.png 2x" data-file-width="1651" data-file-height="2860" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Miniature_(illuminated_manuscript)" title="Miniature (illuminated manuscript)">miniature</a> of the Battle of Kosovo, the <a href="/wiki/Illustrated_Chronicle_of_Ivan_the_Terrible" title="Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible">Illustrated Chronicle of Ivan the Terrible</a> (1567)</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Kosovo_Cycle">The Kosovo Cycle</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: The Kosovo Cycle">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></div> The Kosovo Cycle consists of the following epic poems:<a href="#cite_note-74">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic19875-75">[75]</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Strahinja_Banovi%C4%87" title="Strahinja Banović">Banović Strahinja</a> (Бановић Страхиња, Banović Strahinja)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_curse" title="Kosovo curse">The Prince's Curse</a> (Клетва кнежева, Kletva kneževa)</li> <li>Tsar Lazar and Tsaritsa Milica (Цар Лазар и царица Милица, Car Lazar i carica Milica)</li> <li>The Prince's Supper (Кнежева вечера, Kneževa večera)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Kosančić Ivan</a> Spying the Turks (Косанчић Иван уходи Турке, Kosančić Ivan uhodi Turke)</li> <li>The Fall of the Serbian Empire (Пропаст царства српскога, Propast carstva srpskoga)</li> <li>The Three Good Heroes (Три добра јунака, Tri dobra junaka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi%C4%87_noble_family" title="Musić noble family">Musić Stefan</a> (Мусић Стеван, Musić Stevan)</li> <li>Tsaritsa Milica and Duke Vladeta (Царица Милица и Владета војвода, Carica Milica i Vladeta vojvoda)</li> <li>Servant Milutin (Слуга Милутин, Sluga Milutin)</li> <li>The Death of Miloš Dragilović (Obilić) (Смрт Милоша Драгиловића (Обилића), Smrt Miloša Dragilovića (Obilića))</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a> (Косовка девојка, Kosovka devojka)</li> <li>The Death of <a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugovićs'</a> Mother (Смрт мајке Југовића, Smrt majke Jugovića)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a> and the Eagle (Марко Краљевић и орао, Marko Kraljević i orao)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Interpretation">Interpretation</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Interpretation">edit</a>]</div> The scale of interpretations of the Kosovo Myth is undeniably one of the richest. It can be interpreted as "democratic, anti-feudal, with a love for justice and social equality".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009163-76">[76]</a> The myth never referred in those early versions to the "destiny of Serbs as a nation", but to the collapse of Serbian feudal society and its rulers.<a href="#cite_note-Duijzings184-47">[47]</a> The myth can be interpreted in different ways in connection with other myths like: myth of military valor, myth of victimhood, myth of salvation and myth of <a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">chosen people</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009101-77">[77]</a> It is a myth of Golden Age and Fall.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a> Since its late 19th century ideological construction,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtonGonzalez199972-79">[79]</a> the Kosovo myth describes Kosovo as the metaphorical cradle of the Serb nation, and the Serbs as a chosen people.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200620-44">[44]</a><a href="#cite_note-TurtonGonzález1999-80">[80]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009102-81">[81]</a> The Kosovo myth is incorporated into the Serb national identity's multifaceted <a href="/wiki/Mythomoteur" title="Mythomoteur">mythomoteur</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoianovich1994303-82">[82]</a> Military defeat in the Kosovo Battle was portrayed as a moral victory.<a href="#cite_note-SchnabelThakur2000-83">[83]</a> The centrality of the Kosovo Myth was one of the main causes for merging ethnic and Orthodox Christian religious identity of Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-84">[84]</a> The division of earthly and heavenly power and the choice of the latter by Lazar was meant by the church as a tool of legitimization of Ottoman power among Orthodox Slavs, while at the same time the myth enforced the primacy of the Serbian Orthodox Church over religious affairs.<a href="#cite_note-Ognjenovic-85">[85]</a> Albanian nationalism in Kosovo has its own narratives, that counter with the Serb Kosovo myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199855–80-86">[86]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Historical_basis">Historical basis</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Historical basis">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg/170px-Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="252" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg/255px-Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/91/Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg/340px-Bo%C5%A1ko_Jugovi%C4%87_by_%C4%90or%C4%91e_Putnik.jpg 2x" data-file-width="834" data-file-height="1236" /></a><figcaption>Boško Jugović (19th century) by Đorđe Putnik, one of the mythological <a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Standard-bearer" title="Standard-bearer">flag-bearer</a> during the battle</figcaption></figure> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Serbia in the Middle Ages</a>, and <a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History of Kosovo</a></div> The lack of eyewitnesses accounts of the battle and the early development of the legend made it difficult to comprehend the facts related to the Battle of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> What is reliably known are the journey of the Turks from <a href="/wiki/Plovdiv" title="Plovdiv">Plovdiv</a> to Gazimestan, the time and place of the event, as well as the deaths of both rulers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> Lazar's Christian coalition also included the unit of the <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Bosnia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Bosnia">King of Bosnia</a> <a href="/wiki/Tvrtko_I_of_Bosnia" title="Tvrtko I of Bosnia">Tvrtko I</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Albanians" title="Albanians">Albanian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bulgarians" title="Bulgarians">Bulgarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Croatians" class="mw-redirect" title="Croatians">Croatian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Czechs" title="Czechs">Czech</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greeks" title="Greeks">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hungarians" title="Hungarians">Hungarian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Frankish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Vlachs" title="Vlachs">Wallachian</a> forces.<a href="#cite_note-Somel_2010_p._36-87">[87]</a><a href="#cite_note-Humphreys46a2-88">[88]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cox29a-89">[89]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199859–62-90">[90]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">[4]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a> began to break-up soon after the death of <a href="/wiki/Stefan_Du%C5%A1an" title="Stefan Dušan">Stefan Dušan</a> (1355) and it had already <a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">collapsed</a> long before the Kosovo Battle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">[1]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199848-91">[91]</a> The outcome of the battle is not clear from the source either.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269-5">[5]</a> There are different conclusions, but the most common are those about the Ottoman victory.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUğurlu2011-49">[49]</a> <a href="/wiki/Tim_Judah" title="Tim Judah">Tim Judah</a> cites the possibility of a Serbian victory, while <a href="/wiki/Noel_Malcolm" title="Noel Malcolm">Noel Malcolm</a> claims that the outcome was a draw.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269-5">[5]</a> Although Serbia's strategic fall was the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Maritsa" title="Battle of Maritsa">Battle of Maritsa</a> in 1371, Kosovo was the spiritual fall of Serbia and a beginning of a new era for the Serbs. The real Kosovo Battle was not as decisive as presented by the myth because the final downfall of medieval Serbian state happened 70 years after it, in 1459, when the Ottomans captured <a href="/wiki/Smederevo" title="Smederevo">Smederevo</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">[9]</a><a href="#cite_note-VankovskaWiberg2003-42">[42]</a> Historians cannot reliably establish the identity of Murad's assassin, as well as the existence of betrayal by Vuk Branković or anyone else.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013170-92">[92]</a> There are various theories about the death of the sultan.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEUğurlu2011-49">[49]</a> Noel Malcolm explained that the story of the betrayal arose of confusion with the narratives related to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(1448)" title="Battle of Kosovo (1448)">Second Battle of Kosovo</a> (1448), when <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura%C4%91_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Đurađ Branković">Đurađ Branković</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despot of Serbia</a> and the son of Vuk Branković, refused to join <a href="/wiki/John_Hunyadi" title="John Hunyadi">John Hunyadi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Regent_of_Hungary" title="Regent of Hungary">Regent of Hungary</a>, in the fight against the Ottomans.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199889-93">[93]</a> The Jugovići family and the Kosovo Maiden are fictionalized characters.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096-2">[2]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199872-94">[94]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013172-95">[95]</a> Brendan Humphreys noted that the part of the story of Lazar's choice is a metaphysical narrative added to a historical event by the most religious literalist.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013172-95">[95]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_art_and_culture">In art and culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: In art and culture">edit</a>]</div> In the first half of the 19th century, plays about the characters of the Kosovo Myth have been published by Serbian authors educated in the <a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austrian Empire</a>, who adopted ideas combining <a href="/wiki/Age_of_Enlightenment" title="Age of Enlightenment">Enlightenment</a> <a href="/wiki/Rationalism" title="Rationalism">rationalism</a> and Romantic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> Some of the dramas were works by <a href="/wiki/Zaharije_Orfelin" title="Zaharije Orfelin">Zaharije Orfelin</a>, the Miloš Obilić (1828) by <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Sterija_Popovi%C4%87" title="Jovan Sterija Popović">Jovan Sterija Popović</a>, Tsar Lazar or the Fall of the Serbian Empire (1835) by Isidor Nikolić and the Miloš Obilić (1858) by <a href="/wiki/Jovan_Suboti%C4%87" title="Jovan Subotić">Jovan Subotić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000187-96">[96]</a> <a href="/wiki/Matija_Ban" title="Matija Ban">Matija Ban</a>, a Serbian poet, dramatist, and playwright from Dubrovnik, included the motives of the Kosovo myth in the drama Tsar Lazar or the Defeat at Kosovo (1858), gradually giving them the values of Romantic nationalism.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_Maiden,_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87,_1919.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/220px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="156" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/330px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e2/Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg/440px-Kosovo_Maiden%2C_Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87%2C_1919.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3738" data-file-height="2656" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>, is one of the main artistic representation of the Kosovo Myth</figcaption></figure> The poet <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Montenegro" class="mw-redirect" title="List of rulers of Montenegro">Prince-Bishop of Montenegro</a> (1830–1851), and his epic drama <a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a> (1847), which is considered as masterpiece and one of the most celebrated works in the South Slavic literature, represents a prominent example that glorifies the heroic ideals and spirit of the Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000188-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200160-98">[98]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384-99">[99]</a> It covers a fictional struggle to extermination against converted Muslim Slavs and Ottoman domination.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200913-100">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000188-97">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200161-101">[101]</a> Petrović-Njegoš often referred to the characters of the Kosovo Myth, cursing Vuk Branković and celebrating Miloš Obilić, and also used birds as symbols.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357,_59-102">[102]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200161-101">[101]</a> At the 500th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo (1889), <a href="/wiki/Franjo_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Franjo Rački">Franjo Rački</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tomislav_Mareti%C4%87" title="Tomislav Maretić">Tomislav Maretić</a>, the key people of the <a href="/wiki/Croatian_Academy_of_Sciences_and_Arts" title="Croatian Academy of Sciences and Arts">Yugoslav Academy of Sciences and Arts</a> in <a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, gave lectures on the Battle of Kosovo and epic songs dedicated to it.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> During the 19th century, the Serbian government financed painters such as <a href="/wiki/%C4%90or%C4%91e_Krsti%C4%87" title="Đorđe Krstić">Đorđe Krstić</a> and <a href="/wiki/Nikola_Aleksi%C4%87" title="Nikola Aleksić">Nikola Aleksić</a> to decorate churches and monasteries with paintings and <a href="/wiki/Fresco" title="Fresco">frescoes</a> with motifs of Kosovo martyrs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991237-103">[103]</a> Many significant Serbian painters, <a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87" title="Adam Stefanović">Adam Stefanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%8Cortanovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Čortanović">Pavle Čortanović</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paja_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Paja Jovanović">Paja Jovanović</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anastas_Jovanovi%C4%87" title="Anastas Jovanović">Anastas Jovanović</a>, portrayed the heroes and motifs of epic poems from the Kosovo cycle, while the most prominent painting became the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a> (1919) by <a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991242–252-104">[104]</a> One of the most notable Serbian artists <a href="/wiki/%C4%90ura_Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87" title="Đura Jakšić">Đura Jakšić</a> wrote and painted inspired by the Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-105">[105]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Andri%C4%87grad,_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg/220px-Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg/330px-Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1e/Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg/440px-Andri%C4%87grad%2C_Vi%C5%A1egrad_012.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>Monument to <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a> in <a href="/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad" title="Andrićgrad">Andrićgrad</a> (<a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a>) founded by <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a>, with the <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>'s quote "Tragic hero of Kosovo thought"</figcaption></figure> In the early 20th century, several concerts and plays in the <a href="/wiki/National_Theatre_in_Belgrade" title="National Theatre in Belgrade">National Theatre in Belgrade</a> were dedicated to the Battle of Kosovo and heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201367-106">[106]</a> The play "Death of the Mother of the Jugović" by <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Vojnovi%C4%87" title="Ivo Vojnović">Ivo Vojnović</a>, a poet and playwright from Dubrovnik, was first performed in Belgrade in 1906 and in Zagreb in 1907.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> The first Serbian film, <a href="/wiki/The_Life_and_Deeds_of_the_Immortal_Leader_Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Leader Karađorđe">The Life and Deeds of the Immortal Leader Karađorđe</a> (1911) directed by <a href="/wiki/Ilija_Stanojevi%C4%87" title="Ilija Stanojević">Ilija Stanojević</a>, which portrays <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a>'s leadership of the <a href="/wiki/First_Serbian_Uprising" title="First Serbian Uprising">First Serbian Uprising</a> of 1804–1813, also features a famous guslar <a href="/wiki/Filip_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87" title="Filip Višnjić">Filip Višnjić</a> who sings about the events of the Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201368-107">[107]</a> Croatian sculptor <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a> contributed to the Myth when in 1907–11, he was commissioned to design the Vidovdan Temple as "the eternal ideal of heroism, loyalty and sacrifice, from which our race draws its faith and moral strength" and "collective ideal of the Serbian people". The temple's actual construction on the Field of Kosovo was postponed because of the <a href="/wiki/Balkan_Wars" title="Balkan Wars">Balkan Wars</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, and eventually shelved.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> Many of Meštrović's works dedicated to the Kosovo legends and heroes attracted much attention and were exhibited in many European cities, including in the <a href="/wiki/Grafton_Galleries" title="Grafton Galleries">Grafton Galleries</a> in <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a> and at the <a href="/wiki/Venice_Biennale" title="Venice Biennale">Venice Biennale</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> Croatian painter <a href="/wiki/Mirko_Ra%C4%8Dki" title="Mirko Rački">Mirko Rački</a>, also adopted the mythos and painted numerous paintings within Kosovo cycle, including The Mother of the Jugović, Nine Jugović brothers, Kosovo Maiden and Miloš Obilić.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> French translation of Serbian epic songs of the Kosovo cycle Chants de guerre de la Serbie, étude, traductions, commentaires (1916) by <a href="/w/index.php?title=L%C3%A9o_d%27Orfer&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Léo d'Orfer (page does not exist)">Léo d'Orfer</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A9o_d%27Orfer" class="extiw" title="fr:Léo d'Orfer">fr</a>] was awarded an <a href="/wiki/Former_prizes_awarded_by_the_Acad%C3%A9mie_fran%C3%A7aise#Translation" title="Former prizes awarded by the Académie française">Prix Langlois</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Acad%C3%A9mie_Fran%C3%A7aise" title="Académie Française">Académie Française</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> Shortly after the <a href="/wiki/Great_Retreat_(Serbian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Retreat (Serbian)">withdrawal</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Serbian_Army" title="Royal Serbian Army">Serbian Army</a> through Kosovo and Albania during <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>, the poets began writing on Kosovo topics again.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> In 1917, <a href="/wiki/Milutin_Boji%C4%87" title="Milutin Bojić">Milutin Bojić</a> published the Poems of pain and pride, a lyrical depiction of the torture of people during the war, and deeply affected by the events he wrote: "We bravely sow our new graves... O, Lord, haven't we had enough punishment... It is time to lift the gravestones".<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> The same year, poet <a href="/wiki/Milosav_Jeli%C4%87" title="Milosav Jelić">Milosav Jelić</a> wrote the Serbian sequence and <a href="/wiki/Rastko_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Rastko Petrović">Rastko Petrović</a> published the "Kosovo Sonnet".<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> Serbian scholar and <a href="/wiki/Hellenist" class="mw-redirect" title="Hellenist">Hellenist</a> <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_N._%C4%90uri%C4%87" title="Miloš N. Đurić">Miloš N. Đurić</a> explored some elements of the Kosovo Myth from the standpoint of <a href="/wiki/Ethics" title="Ethics">ethics</a>.<a href="#cite_note-108">[108]</a><a href="#cite_note-109">[109]</a> Works of <a href="/wiki/Ivo_Andri%C4%87" title="Ivo Andrić">Ivo Andrić</a>, who won the <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Prize_in_Literature" title="Nobel Prize in Literature">Nobel Prize in Literature</a> in 1961, are sometimes associated with the Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198722-110">[110]</a><a href="#cite_note-Vucinich-111">[111]</a> He wrote an essay about Petrović Njegoš called the "Tragic hero of Kosovo thought". The martyrdom of Radisav, a character from Andrić's most famous novel <a href="/wiki/The_Bridge_on_the_Drina" title="The Bridge on the Drina">The Bridge on the Drina</a> (1945), has been described by some scholars as the reworking of Kosovo legacy and a <a href="/wiki/Origin_myth#Founding_myth" title="Origin myth">founding myth</a> of the Serbian nation.<a href="#cite_note-Vucinich-111">[111]</a><a href="#cite_note-112">[112]</a> In 1953, the <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Serbia" title="League of Communists of Serbia">Serbian communist government</a> hired <a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Deroko" title="Aleksandar Deroko">Aleksandar Deroko</a> to design the <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan" title="Gazimestan">Gazimestan</a> monument commemorating the Kosovo's heroes and <a href="/wiki/Petar_Lubarda" title="Petar Lubarda">Petar Lubarda</a> to decorate the ceremonial hall of the <a href="/wiki/Novi_dvor" class="mw-redirect" title="Novi dvor">Republican Executive Council</a> with a large wall painting depicting the Battle of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG/220px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG/330px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG/440px-Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87_Karyatide_Vidovdanski_hram.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4032" data-file-height="3024" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> designed by <a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a>, which were supposed to be in his proposed Vidovdan Temple, <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Serbia" title="National Museum of Serbia">National Museum of Serbia</a> in Belgrade</figcaption></figure> On the occasion of the 600th anniversary (1989), the film <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(film)" title="Battle of Kosovo (film)">Battle of Kosovo</a> directed <a href="/wiki/Zdravko_%C5%A0otra" title="Zdravko Šotra">Zdravko Šotra</a>, based on the drama written by poet <a href="/wiki/Ljubomir_Simovi%C4%87" title="Ljubomir Simović">Ljubomir Simović</a>, was released.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201468-18">[18]</a> In the same year, the poet and writer <a href="/wiki/Matija_Be%C4%87kovi%C4%87" title="Matija Bećković">Matija Bećković</a> cointed the famous phrase "Kosovo, the Most Expensive Serbian Word" (Kosovo, najskuplja srpska reč; Косово, најскупља српска реч), while a popular folk song <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_(song)" title="Vidovdan (song)">Vidovdan</a> performed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gordana_Lazarevi%C4%87&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gordana Lazarević (page does not exist)">Gordana Lazarević</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gordana_Lazarevi%C4%87" class="extiw" title="sr:Gordana Lazarević">sr</a>] and composed by <a href="/w/index.php?title=Milutin_Popovi%C4%87_Zahar&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Milutin Popović Zahar (page does not exist)">Milutin Popović Zahar</a> [<a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milutin_Popovi%C4%87_Zahar" class="extiw" title="sr:Milutin Popović Zahar">sr</a>] was published.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-113">[113]</a> In his documentary the Serbian Epics (1992), the <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a>-winning director <a href="/wiki/Pawe%C5%82_Pawlikowski" title="Paweł Pawlikowski">Paweł Pawlikowski</a> portrayed members of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a> chanting traditional epic songs about the Battle of Kosovo during the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201350-114">[114]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Pulitzer_Prize" title="Pulitzer Prize">Pulitzer Prize</a>-winning poet <a href="/wiki/Charles_Simic" title="Charles Simic">Charles Simic</a> was strongly influenced by the narrative and <a href="/wiki/Magic_realism" class="mw-redirect" title="Magic realism">magic realism</a> of the Kosovo Cycle.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMijuk200243-115">[115]</a> Although <a href="/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad" title="Andrićgrad">Andrićgrad</a>, founded in <a href="/wiki/Vi%C5%A1egrad" title="Višegrad">Višegrad</a> in 2014 by the two-time <a href="/wiki/Palme_d%27Or" title="Palme d'Or">Palme d'Or</a>-winning filmmaker <a href="/wiki/Emir_Kusturica" title="Emir Kusturica">Emir Kusturica</a>, is named after Ivo Andrić, it is believed that its purpose is to maintain the Kosovo Myth and the Serbian national consciousness.<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-Melichárek-116">[116]</a> The main church of Andrićgrad is a copy of the <a href="/wiki/Visoki_De%C4%8Dani" title="Visoki Dečani">Visoki Dečani</a> in Kosovo and is dedicated to the Holy Emperor Lazar and the Kosovo martyrs.<a href="#cite_note-Melichárek-116">[116]</a> After 15 years of renovation, the <a href="/wiki/National_Museum_of_Serbia" title="National Museum of Serbia">National Museum of Serbia</a> in Belgrade was re-opened on Vidovdan, 28 June 2018.<a href="#cite_note-117">[117]</a> Among others, the museum exhibits <a href="/wiki/Caryatid" title="Caryatid">caryatids</a> designed by Ivan Meštrović, which were supposed to be in his proposed Vidovdan Temple.<a href="#cite_note-118">[118]</a> In 2017, Russian <a href="/wiki/Heavy_metal_music" title="Heavy metal music">heavy metal</a> band <a href="/wiki/Kipelov" title="Kipelov">Kipelov</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Valery_Kipelov" title="Valery Kipelov">Valery Kipelov</a> released the song "Kosovsko Pole" (Косово Поле; English: Kosovo Field) about "Serbia's national tragedy", dwelling on the historic battle in 1389.<a href="#cite_note-119">[119]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Political_use">Political use</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Political use">edit</a>]</div> Since its establishment, the Kosovo Myth and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exposition was intertwined with political and ideological agendas.<a href="#cite_note-Ognjenovic-85">[85]</a><a href="#cite_note-Živković2011-120">[120]</a> It has had a large impact on Serbian society, and has served as the most powerful Serbian cultural myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201467-121">[121]</a> The Myth served as an important constitutive element of the <a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">national identity</a> of modern Serbia and its politics.<a href="#cite_note-Ognjenovic-85">[85]</a> Historian <a href="/wiki/Sima_%C4%86irkovi%C4%87" title="Sima Ćirković">Sima Ćirković</a> criticised what he called "Vidovdan mythology" on the notion that it was overshadowing the real traditions about the historical Kosovo battle, which were incorrectly labeled as "Kosovo Myth".<a href="#cite_note-122">[122]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="19th_and_early_20th_century">19th and early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 19th and early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> The Kosovo Myth became a central myth of <a href="/wiki/Serbian_nationalism" title="Serbian nationalism">Serbian nationalism</a> used in the 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch200595-123">[123]</a> Like other European nationalisms, the Serbian one searched for a "glorious past" and a "golden age".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200910-32">[32]</a> Writers on nationalism often conclude the golden age with a national catastrophe.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201345-124">[124]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg/220px-Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="173" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg/330px-Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg/440px-Kosovski_bo%C5%BEuri.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3261" data-file-height="2565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Gra%C4%8Danica_Monastery" title="Gračanica Monastery">Gračanica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Paeonia_peregrina" title="Paeonia peregrina">Kosovski božuri</a>) (1913) by <a href="/wiki/Nade%C5%BEda_Petrovi%C4%87" title="Nadežda Petrović">Nadežda Petrović</a>; the red color of flowers has become a symbol of "bloodshed in the Battle of Kosovo"</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Kara%C4%91or%C4%91e" title="Karađorđe">Karađorđe</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_monarchs" title="List of Serbian monarchs">Grand Vožd of Serbia</a> (1804–1813) and the leader of the First Serbian Uprising, declared himself the <a href="/wiki/Godparent" title="Godparent">godfather</a> of every 9th child in the family, alluding to the nine Jugović brothers.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201392-125">[125]</a> Throughout most of the 19th century it didn't carry its later importance, as the <a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality of Serbia</a> saw the region of Bosnia as its core, not Kosovo. The <a href="/wiki/Congress_of_Berlin" title="Congress of Berlin">Congress of Berlin</a> (1878) was the event which caused the elevation of the Kosovo myth in its modern status. The region of Bosnia was effectively handed out to Austria-Hungary and Serbian expansion towards that area was blocked, which in turn left southwards expansion towards Kosovo as the only available geopolitical alternative for the Serbian state.<a href="#cite_note-Ognjenovic-85">[85]</a> In the 1860s, the Kosovo myth was used as a theme to freedom and democracy among Serbia <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_(Kingdom_of_Serbia)" title="Liberal Party (Kingdom of Serbia)">Liberals</a> and <a href="/wiki/People%27s_Radical_Party" title="People's Radical Party">Radicals</a>, while the ruling <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_(Kingdom_of_Serbia)" title="Conservative Party (Kingdom of Serbia)">Conservatives</a> and the Court used it to compare the opposition with the "treacherous Vuk Branković".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200916-126">[126]</a> The 500th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo (1889) was massively celebrated, with the main commemoration ceremonies in <a href="/wiki/Kru%C5%A1evac" title="Kruševac">Kruševac</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Lazar's</a> former capital, and <a href="/wiki/Ravanica" title="Ravanica">Ravanica</a>, Lazar's burial place.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">[127]</a> One year later, <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a> became a state holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">[127]</a> There was a deep belief among <a href="/wiki/Montenegro" title="Montenegro">Montenegrin</a> people that they descended from Serb knights who fled after the battle and settled in the unreachable mountains.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200912-128">[128]</a> The Kosovo Myth was present among the people in Montenegro before the time of <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a>, in the form of folk legends and especially <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Montenegro#Epic_songs" title="Culture of Montenegro">folk songs</a>.<a href="#cite_note-PopovGojković2000-129">[129]</a> He introduced the traditional <a href="/wiki/Montenegrin_cap" title="Montenegrin cap">Montenegrin cap</a> with the aim of strengthening the presence of the Kosovo Myth in everyday life and emphasizing the direct connection with <a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">medieval Serbia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200913-100">[100]</a> <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I of Montenegro</a> (Prince 1860–1910 and King 1910–1918) successfully used the motives of the Kosovo Myth with the aim of strengthening Montenegrin patriotism, dreaming of restoring the Serbian Empire.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201423-130">[130]</a> The messages of the Kosovo Myth were used for the idea of <a href="/wiki/Creation_of_Yugoslavia" title="Creation of Yugoslavia">Yugoslav unity</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917,_19-131">[131]</a> The commemoration of the 500th anniversary was also held in Croatia despite restrictions imposed by the <a href="/wiki/Habsburg_monarchy" title="Habsburg monarchy">Habsburg authorities</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917-132">[132]</a> At the beginning of the 20th century, with the Yugoslav idea spreading, the Kosovo Myth also became a trope in common culture of <a href="/wiki/Croats" title="Croats">Croats</a> and <a href="/wiki/Slovenes" title="Slovenes">Slovenes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917,_19-131">[131]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="World_War_I_and_Yugoslavia">World War I and Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: World War I and Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> On Vidovdan in 1914, <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_Princip" title="Gavrilo Princip">Gavrilo Princip</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Serbs_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Serbs of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnian Serb</a> member of <a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Young Bosnia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Assassination_of_Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand" title="Assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand">assassinated</a> <a href="/wiki/Archduke_Franz_Ferdinand_of_Austria" title="Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria">Archduke Franz Ferdinand of Austria</a> which initiated the <a href="/wiki/July_Crisis" title="July Crisis">July Crisis</a> and led to the outbreak of <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">World War I</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">[127]</a> Princip, <a href="/wiki/Nedeljko_%C4%8Cabrinovi%C4%87" title="Nedeljko Čabrinović">Nedeljko Čabrinović</a> and other members of the Young Bosnia were inspired by the heroism of Miloš Obilić, reenacting the Kosovo Myth.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">[127]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200150-22">[22]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384-99">[99]</a> Princip knew the entire Njegoš's The Mountain Wreath.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384-99">[99]</a> In 1916, the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_Committee" title="Yugoslav Committee">Yugoslav Committee</a> declared Vidovdan as a national holiday of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201423-130">[130]</a> The Myth was used by main advocates of the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslav ideology</a> as a pan-Yugoslav myth in the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200919-133">[133]</a> In 1920, Vidovdan became one of the three public holidays called "St. Vitus' Day Heroes", aimg to the symbolic integration of the member of the 'nation with three names', while on 28 June 1921, the <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">Vidovdan Constitution</a> was adopted.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201424,_26-134">[134]</a> The Kosovo Myth was used by Serbian nationalists before WWI as an ideological tool in order to argue for a Serbian-led Yugoslavia instead of Yugoslavia as state of all <a href="/wiki/South_Slavs" title="South Slavs">South Slavs</a> equally. The government moved graves of the Balkan war dead to graveyards and monuments of national creation. This was to further establish the leaders' narrative of glory, sacrifice, and the hopeful unification of Southern Slavs (Kosovo). The graves were used to uphold the narrative that many Serbians believed to be true: that the land was destined to be theirs.<a href="#cite_note-135">[135]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011181-136">[136]</a> The Kosovo Myth also played a role and ideologically shaped the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_coup_d%27%C3%A9tat" title="Yugoslav coup d'état">coup d'état</a> (27 March 1941) provoked by the <a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_accession_to_the_Tripartite_Pact" title="Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact">Yugoslav accession to the Tripartite Pact</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">[127]</a> <a href="/wiki/Gavrilo_V,_Serbian_Patriarch" title="Gavrilo V, Serbian Patriarch">Gavrilo V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="List of heads of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church</a>, who strongly opposed the signing, used the motives of the Kosovo Myth in his radio speech.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191–192-137">[137]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201388-138">[138]</a> <a href="/wiki/Milan_Nedi%C4%87" title="Milan Nedić">Milan Nedić</a> and his <a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">puppet government</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German-occupied territory of Serbia</a> also evoked the Myth, insisting that what the Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/Resistance_during_World_War_II" title="Resistance during World War II">resistance movements</a> are direct opponents of the values and legacy of Kosovo heroes.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201389-139">[139]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Usta%C5%A1e" title="Ustaše">Ustaše</a> used Vidovdan as an excuse for the massacre during the <a href="/wiki/Genocide_of_Serbs_in_the_Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Genocide of Serbs in the Independent State of Croatia">Genocide of Serbs</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Independent_State_of_Croatia" title="Independent State of Croatia">Independent State of Croatia</a>, stating that the Serbs would start a rebellion on that holiday.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201390-140">[140]</a> Following the <a href="/wiki/Tito%E2%80%93Stalin_split" title="Tito–Stalin split">SFR Yugoslavia's expulsion</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Cominform" title="Cominform">Cominform</a> on Vidovdan in 1948, a government minister <a href="/wiki/Milovan_%C4%90ilas" class="mw-redirect" title="Milovan Đilas">Milovan Đilas</a> commented that the expelling resolution "cut into the minds and hearts of all us Serbs" and noted "the coincidence in dates between ancient calamities and living threats and onslaughts".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000192-141">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Josip_Broz_Tito" title="Josip Broz Tito">Josip Broz Tito</a> made little use of the Kosovo Cult, focusing more on self-serving heroic narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201391-142">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Breakup_of_Yugoslavia">Breakup of Yugoslavia</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Breakup of Yugoslavia">edit</a>]</div> The Kosovo Myth was used to create a Serbian victimization narrative.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009180-143">[143]</a> This myth and its connection to the Serbian victim-centered position was used to legitimize reincorporation of the whole Kosovo into Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009180-143">[143]</a> The Kosovo Myth was activated and linked to the metaphors of 'genocide'.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a> Albanians were presented by Serb writers as a treacherous and violent people who were settled in Kosovo to collaborate with Ottoman occupiers and terrorize Christian Serbs.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a> They were at times accused of persecution and genocide of Kosovo Serbs since the Middle Ages.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a> This portrayal included claims of a centuries-long genocide of Serbs continued in the 19th century through the forcible expulsion of up to 150,000 Serbs, and also in Tito's Yugoslavia that 'morally disqualified' Albanians to claim any control of Kosovo at the expense of Serbs. There was little statistical information to support these Serbian claims of genocide, nor was rape as frequent an occurrence there as the Serbian nationalists alleged it to be. According to <a href="/wiki/David_Bruce_MacDonald" title="David Bruce MacDonald">David Bruce MacDonald</a>, this style of "paranoid rhetoric" demonstrates both the perseverance and versatility of Serbian writers when faced with the reality that Serbs had not been victims of genocide in any conventional sense.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">[78]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:192px;max-width:192px"><div class="thumbimage"><a href="/wiki/File:Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG/190px-Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG" decoding="async" width="190" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG/285px-Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG/380px-Battle_of_Kosovo_1989_commemorationn_coin_kosovo_heros.JPG 2x" data-file-width="535" data-file-height="465" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Left: <a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Bravery_(Serbia)" title="Medal for Bravery (Serbia)">Medal of Miloš Obilić</a>, a state medal awarded by <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Republic of Serbia</a> Right: Commemorative coin for the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo</div></div></div></div> Yugoslav <a href="/wiki/League_of_Communists_of_Yugoslavia" title="League of Communists of Yugoslavia">Communist authorities</a>, who downplayed the national histories of the country's communities, worked to suppress the Kosovo myth in Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-Sell2003-144">[144]</a> In the context of the Kosovo myth, <a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Greater Serbian</a> propagandists have produced various slogans regarding Kosovo in contemporary Serbia.<a href="#cite_note-Elsie1997-145">[145]</a> The myth was used by the Milošević government and Serbian Orthodox Church to create a narrative of superior Serbdom in conflict with barbarian forces, in order to justify violent actions that were being planned at the time.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200620-44">[44]</a> This way, the myth was utilized as an ideological instrument which fueled policies that led to the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a> along with other political decisions.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200620-44">[44]</a> However, the causes of the war were complex and could not be reduced to the existence of a national myth, but it was used to legitimize Milošević's reign.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEKnudsenLaustsen200620-44">[44]</a> Leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War</a>, the contemporary <a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Albanian" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Albanian">Kosovo Albanian</a> political mythology clashed with the Kosovo Myth.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Accuracy_dispute#Disputed_statement" title="Wikipedia:Accuracy dispute">dubious</a> – <a href="/wiki/Talk:Kosovo_Myth#Dubious" title="Talk:Kosovo Myth">discuss</a>]<a href="#cite_note-146">[146]</a> During the Yugoslav wars, the Kosovo myth was prevalent, with new war commanders and politicians being compared to heroes from the battle of Kosovo, some of which were later suspected of war crimes.<a href="#cite_note-demokratija2009-147">[147]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_War" title="Bosnian War">Bosnian War</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bosnian_genocide" title="Bosnian genocide">Bosnian genocide</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ratko_Mladi%C4%87" title="Ratko Mladić">Ratko Mladić</a>, Commander of the <a href="/wiki/Army_of_Republika_Srpska" title="Army of Republika Srpska">Army of Republika Srpska</a>, often called <a href="/wiki/Bosniaks" title="Bosniaks">Bosniaks</a> "Turks", calling on his troops for revenge and "<a href="/wiki/The_Beginning_of_the_Revolt_against_the_Dahijas" title="The Beginning of the Revolt against the Dahijas">the Revolt against the Dahijas</a>".<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013103-148">[148]</a> The important role of the Kosovo myth in Republika Srpska is most clearly manifested in the fact that <a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a> was declared in 1992 as an official <a href="/wiki/Slava_(tradition)" title="Slava (tradition)">Slava</a> of the Bosnian Serb army, while for most of Bosnian Serbs, Ratko Mladić was considered the <a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Lazar</a> of modern times who with his soldiers was fighting the <a href="/wiki/Turkish_people" title="Turkish people">Turks</a>.<a href="#cite_note-demokratija2009-147">[147]</a> Vidovdan was also a date that symbolized the rise and fall of Milošević, as he gave a <a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">speech</a> in the presence of about а million people in 1989 to mark the 600th anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo, and later was arrested and extradited to the <a href="/wiki/International_Criminal_Tribunal_for_the_former_Yugoslavia" title="International Criminal Tribunal for the former Yugoslavia">ICTY</a> on 28 June 2001 to stand <a href="/wiki/Trial_of_Slobodan_Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87" title="Trial of Slobodan Milošević">trial for charges of war crimes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20092–3-149">[149]</a> Kosovo remained high on the agenda of <a href="/wiki/Vojislav_Ko%C5%A1tunica" title="Vojislav Koštunica">Vojislav Koštunica</a>, who served as the <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="President of Serbia and Montenegro">President of FR Yugoslavia</a> (2000–2003) and <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Prime Minister of Serbia</a> (2004–2008).<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011292-150">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> He commented, among other things, that a new fight is being waged for control of Kosovo, this time with the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and that "the key question is whether force will prevail over justice in the new Battle of Kosovo".<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011292-150">[150]</a> After the election victory of the <a href="/wiki/For_a_European_Serbia" title="For a European Serbia">For a European Serbia</a> coalition in 2008, they announced that they would not give up their "Kosovo orientation".<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> Оn the anniversary of the Battle of Kosovo in 2009, <a href="/wiki/Boris_Tadi%C4%87" title="Boris Tadić">Boris Tadić</a>, <a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President of Serbia</a> (2004–2012), said  :"Nobody can take Vidovdan from Serbia and from Serbs", but that it should not be celebrated as in 1989, which led to wars and sanctions, while <a href="/wiki/Vuk_Jeremi%C4%87" title="Vuk Jeremić">Vuk Jeremić</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Serbia)" title="Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Serbia)">Ministry of Foreign Affairs</a>, characterized Vidovdan as a "symbol of defence of Serbian national identity".<a href="#cite_note-Colovic-56">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Usage_of_the_myth_abroad">Usage of the myth abroad</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Usage of the myth abroad">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kosovo_day.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/eb/Kosovo_day.jpg/220px-Kosovo_day.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="284" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/e/eb/Kosovo_day.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="311" data-file-height="402" /></a><figcaption>A British poster marking the celebration of "Kossovo Day" on 28 June 1916. This was done to show solidarity with their Serbian allies.</figcaption></figure> Upon <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">Britain</a>'s entry into the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">First World War</a> on 4 August 1914, the British aimed to show solidarity with their new allies, <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a> included. On 28 June, "Kossovo Day" was proclaimed in Britain, with celebrations held across the country, with "Kossovo" being an intentional reference to the famous myth. In <a href="/wiki/French_Third_Republic" title="French Third Republic">France</a>, folk poems concerning the Kosovo epic were published during the war while some French authors emphasized the importance of the Kosovo Myth in strengthening the "energy for revenge".<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002XXXIV–XXV-151">[151]</a> In 1915, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_France" title="Government of France">French government</a> ordered schools to modify their curricula to include lessons on Serbia and Serbian history, while posters in support of Serbia were pasted in <a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a> and <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, including calls for prayer during Kossovo Day.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200920-152">[152]</a> The pro-Serbian Kosovo Committee was established in London in 1916, headed by <a href="/wiki/Elsie_Inglis" title="Elsie Inglis">Elsie Inglis</a>, and its members included <a href="/wiki/Robert_Seton-Watson" title="Robert Seton-Watson">Robert Seton-Watson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Evans" title="Arthur Evans">Arthur Evans</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_Oman" title="Charles Oman">Charles Oman</a>.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917-132">[132]</a> They organized a gathering in support of Serbia in <a href="/wiki/St_Paul%27s_Cathedral" title="St Paul's Cathedral">St Paul's Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> Serbian historian and <a href="/wiki/University_of_Belgrade" title="University of Belgrade">University of Belgrade</a> professor <a href="/wiki/Pavle_Popovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Popović">Pavle Popović</a> gave a speech at the celebration of the day in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a>.<a href="#cite_note-harvnb|Trgovčević|1996-24">[24]</a> Seton-Watson wrote an essay about Serbia and its history, which was read in schools across Britain. Several eminent historians soon began contributing to the pro-Serbian feeling in Britain, often recalling the Kosovo Myth while doing so.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200920-152">[152]</a> Pro-Serbian events along with Kossovo Day were also held in the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, and in a speech given by American lawyer <a href="/wiki/James_M._Beck" title="James M. Beck">James M. Beck</a>, references were made to Lazar and the Battle of Kosovo.<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200921-153">[153]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88-1">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEEmmert199161–88_1-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFEmmert1991">Emmert 1991</a>, pp. 61–88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096_2-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20096_2-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 6. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269–70-3"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269–70_3-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2002">Macdonald 2002</a>, pp. 69–70. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012-4">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPitulić2012_4-6">g</a> <a href="#CITEREFPitulić2012">Pitulić 2012</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269_5-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269_5-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200269_5-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2002">Macdonald 2002</a>, p. 69. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099-6">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099_6-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099_6-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099_6-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099_6-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20099_6-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 9. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200149-7"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200149_7-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20144-8"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20144_8-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2014">Cohen 2014</a>, p. 4. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEReđep1991-9">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEReđep1991_9-11">l</a> <a href="#CITEREFReđep1991">Ređep 1991</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah20026–7-10"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah20026–7_10-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, pp. 6–7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20097-11"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20097_11-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 7. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200157-12"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200157_12-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 57. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201347-13"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201347_13-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 47. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011269-14"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011269_14-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2011">Ramet 2011</a>, p. 269. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201348-15"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201348_15-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTECohen20142-16">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20142_16-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20142_16-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTECohen20142_16-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFCohen2014">Cohen 2014</a>, p. 2. </li> <li 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LIT Verlag Münster. p. 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90287-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-643-90287-0"><bdi>978-3-643-90287-0</bdi></a>. <q>... the great amount of mythologization that followed shortly after it.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=From+Collective+Memories+to+Intercultural+Exchanges&rft.pages=78&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2012-11-28&rft.isbn=978-3-643-90287-0&rft.au=Milica+Cime%C5%A1a&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5e5w8T1DNWwC%26pg%3DPA79&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200152-52">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200152_52-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200152_52-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 52. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPetrovic201467–68-53"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPetrovic201467–68_53-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPetrovic2014">Petrovic 2014</a>, pp. 67–68. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201349-54"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201349_54-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 49. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005107-55"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005107_55-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005">Kaser & Katschnig-Fasch 2005</a>, p. 107. </li> <li id="cite_note-Colovic-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-5">f</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-6">g</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-7">h</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-8">i</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-9">j</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-10">k</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-11">l</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-12">m</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-13">n</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-14">o</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-15">p</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-16">q</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-17">r</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-18">s</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-19">t</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-20">u</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Colovic_56-21">v</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFIvan_Čolović" class="citation web cs1">Ivan Čolović. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yuhistorija.com/wars_91_99_txt01c6.html">"The Kosovo Myth"</a>. yuhistorija.com. Retrieved 9 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=yuhistorija.com&rft.atitle=The+Kosovo+Myth&rft.au=Ivan+%C4%8Colovi%C4%87&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yuhistorija.com%2Fwars_91_99_txt01c6.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989162-57"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić1989162_57-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMihaljčić1989">Mihaljčić 1989</a>, p. 162. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDayantis20048-58"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDayantis20048_58-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDayantis2004">Dayantis 2004</a>, p. 8. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198713-59"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198713_59-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiasVuckovic1987">Matthias & Vuckovic 1987</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198714-60"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198714_60-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiasVuckovic1987">Matthias & Vuckovic 1987</a>, p. 14. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011282-61">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011282_61-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011282_61-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2011">Ramet 2011</a>, p. 282. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153-62">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153_62-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153_62-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200153_62-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198995-63"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198995_63-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMihaljčić1989">Mihaljčić 1989</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSamardžićDuškov1993" class="citation book cs1">Samardžić, Radovan; Duškov, Milan (1993). Serbs in European Civilization. Nova. p. 152. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788675830153" title="Special:BookSources/9788675830153"><bdi>9788675830153</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbs+in+European+Civilization&rft.pages=152&rft.pub=Nova&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=9788675830153&rft.aulast=Samard%C5%BEi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radovan&rft.au=Du%C5%A1kov%2C+Milan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198978-65"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMihaljčić198978_65-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMihaljčić1989">Mihaljčić 1989</a>, p. 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERoudometof200153-66"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERoudometof200153_66-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRoudometof2001">Roudometof 2001</a>, p. 53. </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilović2003" class="citation journal cs1">Gavrilović, Danijela (2003). 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Partitions: Reshaping States and Minds. <a href="/wiki/Routledge" title="Routledge">Routledge</a>. p. 140. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781134276547" title="Special:BookSources/9781134276547"><bdi>9781134276547</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Partitions%3A+Reshaping+States+and+Minds&rft.pages=140&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=9781134276547&rft.aulast=Bianchini&rft.aufirst=Stefano&rft.au=Chaturvedi%2C+Sanjay&rft.au=Ivekovic%2C+Rada&rft.au=Samaddar%2C+Ranabir&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĐurić2001" class="citation book cs1">Đurić, Vojislav (2001). Antologija srpskih narodnih junačkih pesama. Istočnik.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Antologija+srpskih+narodnih+juna%C4%8Dkih+pesama&rft.pub=Isto%C4%8Dnik&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=%C4%90uri%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Vojislav&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic19875-75"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic19875_75-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiasVuckovic1987">Matthias & Vuckovic 1987</a>, p. 5. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009163-76"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegesten2009163_76-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegesten2009">Segesten 2009</a>, p. 163. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009101-77"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegesten2009101_77-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegesten2009">Segesten 2009</a>, p. 101. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78-78">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMacdonald200275,_76,_78_78-5">f</a> <a href="#CITEREFMacdonald2002">Macdonald 2002</a>, pp. 75, 76, 78. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTETurtonGonzalez199972-79"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTETurtonGonzalez199972_79-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFTurtonGonzalez1999">Turton & Gonzalez 1999</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-TurtonGonzález1999-80"><a href="#cite_ref-TurtonGonzález1999_80-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDavid_TurtonJulia_González1999" class="citation book cs1">David Turton; Julia González (1999). Cultural Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Europe. University of Deusto. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Identities+and+Ethnic+Minorities+in+Europe&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=University+of+Deusto&rft.date=1999&rft.au=David+Turton&rft.au=Julia+Gonz%C3%A1lez&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009102-81"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegesten2009102_81-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegesten2009">Segesten 2009</a>, p. 102. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEStoianovich1994303-82"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEStoianovich1994303_82-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFStoianovich1994">Stoianovich 1994</a>, p. 303. </li> <li id="cite_note-SchnabelThakur2000-83"><a href="#cite_ref-SchnabelThakur2000_83-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchnabelThakur2000" class="citation book cs1">Schnabel, Albrecht; Thakur, Ramesh Chandra (1 January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=e9VrHQ5ZVacC&pg=PA22">Kosovo and the Challenge of Humanitarian Intervention: Selective Indignation, Collective Action, and International Citizenship</a>. United Nations University Press. p. 23. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1050-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-92-808-1050-9"><bdi>978-92-808-1050-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+and+the+Challenge+of+Humanitarian+Intervention%3A+Selective+Indignation%2C+Collective+Action%2C+and+International+Citizenship&rft.pages=23&rft.pub=United+Nations+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01-01&rft.isbn=978-92-808-1050-9&rft.aulast=Schnabel&rft.aufirst=Albrecht&rft.au=Thakur%2C+Ramesh+Chandra&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3De9VrHQ5ZVacC%26pg%3DPA22&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍] </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> (<a href="#CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002">Schwandner-Sievers & Fischer 2002</a>, p. 60): "Unlike, for instance, Serbian nationalism, where ethnic and religious identities have merged (especially through the centrality of the Kosovo myth),..." </li> <li id="cite_note-Ognjenovic-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Ognjenovic_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ognjenovic_85-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ognjenovic_85-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Ognjenovic_85-3">d</a> <a href="#CITEREFOgnjenović2014">Ognjenović 2014</a>, p. 137 </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199855–80-86"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199855–80_86-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 55–80. </li> <li id="cite_note-Somel_2010_p._36-87"><a href="#cite_ref-Somel_2010_p._36_87-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSomel2010" class="citation book cs1">Somel, S.A. (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UU8iCY0OZmcC&pg=PA36">The A to Z of the Ottoman Empire</a>. The A to Z Guide Series. Scarecrow Press. p. 36. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4617-3176-4"><bdi>978-1-4617-3176-4</bdi></a>. <q>The coalition consisted of Serbians, Bosnians, Croatians, Hungarians, Wallachians, Bulgarians, and Albanians.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+A+to+Z+of+the+Ottoman+Empire&rft.series=The+A+to+Z+Guide+Series&rft.pages=36&rft.pub=Scarecrow+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-4617-3176-4&rft.aulast=Somel&rft.aufirst=S.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUU8iCY0OZmcC%26pg%3DPA36&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Humphreys46a2-88"><a href="#cite_ref-Humphreys46a2_88-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 46: "Both armies – and this is a fact that is ignored by the hagiographic telling – contained soldiers of various origins; Bosnians, Albanians, Hungarians, Greeks, Bulgars, perhaps even Catalans (on the Ottoman side)." </li> <li id="cite_note-Cox29a-89"><a href="#cite_ref-Cox29a_89-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCox2002" class="citation book cs1">Cox, John K. (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=U765FGDfbPoC&pg=PA30">The History of Serbia</a>. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 29. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31290-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-313-31290-8"><bdi>978-0-313-31290-8</bdi></a>. <q>But there were also certainly Bosnians and Albanians, who were Christian at the time, among the Christian fighters</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+History+of+Serbia&rft.pages=29&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-313-31290-8&rft.aulast=Cox&rft.aufirst=John+K.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DU765FGDfbPoC%26pg%3DPA30&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199859–62-90"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199859–62_90-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, pp. 59–62. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199848-91"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199848_91-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 48. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013170-92"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013170_92-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 170. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199889-93"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199889_93-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199872-94"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMalcolm199872_94-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMalcolm1998">Malcolm 1998</a>, p. 72. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013172-95">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013172_95-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013172_95-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 172. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000187-96"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000187_96-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 187. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000188-97">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000188_97-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000188_97-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 188. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200160-98"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200160_98-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 60. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384-99">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384_99-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384_99-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201384_99-2">c</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 84. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200913-100">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200913_100-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200913_100-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 13. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200161-101">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200161_101-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEGreenawalt200161_101-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFGreenawalt2001">Greenawalt 2001</a>, p. 61. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357,_59-102"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201357,_59_102-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, pp. 57, 59. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991237-103"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991237_103-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopovich1991">Popovich 1991</a>, p. 237. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991242–252-104"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEPopovich1991242–252_104-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFPopovich1991">Popovich 1991</a>, pp. 242–252. </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scindeks.ceon.rs/Error.aspx?aspxerrorpath=/article.aspx">"Kosovski mit u poeziji Đure Jakšića"</a>. scindeks.ceon.rs. 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Retrieved 26 January 2020 – via Scribd.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Vidovdanska+Etika+Milos+Djuric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.scribd.com%2Fdoc%2F228568421%2FVidovdanska-Etika-Milos-Djuric&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-109"><a href="#cite_ref-109">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.vreme.com/cms/view.php?id=541869">"Na helenskim izvorima"</a>. Nedeljnik Vreme. 5 December 2007. Retrieved 26 January 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Nedeljnik+Vreme&rft.atitle=Na+helenskim+izvorima&rft.date=2007-12-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.vreme.com%2Fcms%2Fview.php%3Fid%3D541869&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198722-110"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEMatthiasVuckovic198722_110-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFMatthiasVuckovic1987">Matthias & Vuckovic 1987</a>, p. 22. </li> <li id="cite_note-Vucinich-111">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vucinich_111-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vucinich_111-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWayne_S._Vucinich1995" class="citation book cs1">Wayne S. Vucinich (1995). Ivo Andric Revisited: The Bridge Still Stands. 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The Unsteady Representation of Violence in Ivo Andrić's The Bridge on the Drina"</a> (PDF). Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 21 (1). Bloomington, Indiana: Slavica Publishers: 69–86. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0742-3330">0742-3330</a>. 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Retrieved 10 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Russian+Band+Turns+Serbia%27s+Kosovo+%27Tragedy%27+Into+Song&rft.pub=Balkan+Insight&rft.date=2017-06-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbalkaninsight.com%2F2017%2F06%2F14%2Frussian-musician-made-a-song-about-kosovo-06-14-2017%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Živković2011-120"><a href="#cite_ref-Živković2011_120-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFŽivković2011" class="citation book cs1">Živković, Marko (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=fn_F3uZ7DTEC&pg=PA189">Serbian Dreambook: National Imaginary in the Time of Milošević</a>. Indiana University Press. p. 189. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22306-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-253-22306-7"><bdi>978-0-253-22306-7</bdi></a>. <q>From its very inception the myth of Kosovo and its poetic, literary, religious, and philosophical exegesis was intertwined with political agendas and ideologies....</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Serbian+Dreambook%3A+National+Imaginary+in+the+Time+of+Milo%C5%A1evi%C4%87&rft.pages=189&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-253-22306-7&rft.aulast=%C5%BDivkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Marko&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dfn_F3uZ7DTEC%26pg%3DPA189&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERadovic201467-121"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERadovic201467_121-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRadovic2014">Radovic 2014</a>, p. 67. </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFĆirković2020" class="citation book cs1">Ćirković, Sima (2020). Živeti sa istorijom. Belgrade: Helsinški odbor za ljudska prava u Srbiji. p. 173.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=%C5%BDiveti+sa+istorijom&rft.place=Belgrade&rft.pages=173&rft.pub=Helsin%C5%A1ki+odbor+za+ljudska+prava+u+Srbiji&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=%C4%86irkovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Sima&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch200595-123"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEKaserKatschnig-Fasch200595_123-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005">Kaser & Katschnig-Fasch 2005</a>, p. 95. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201345-124"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201345_124-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 45. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201392-125"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201392_125-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 92. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200916-126"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200916_126-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 16. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191-127">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191_127-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191_127-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191_127-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191_127-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191_127-4">e</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 191. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200912-128"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200912_128-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 12. </li> <li id="cite_note-PopovGojković2000-129"><a href="#cite_ref-PopovGojković2000_129-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZirojevićPopovGojković2000" class="citation book cs1">Zirojević, Olga; Popov, Nebojša; Gojković, Drinka (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=GkBmdCwHuDsC&pg=PA196">"Kosovo myth (cult) in Montenegro"</a>. The Road to War in Serbia: Trauma and Catharsis. Central European University Press. p. 196. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-56-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-9116-56-6"><bdi>978-963-9116-56-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Kosovo+myth+%28cult%29+in+Montenegro&rft.btitle=The+Road+to+War+in+Serbia%3A+Trauma+and+Catharsis&rft.pages=196&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-963-9116-56-6&rft.aulast=Zirojevi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft.au=Popov%2C+Neboj%C5%A1a&rft.au=Gojkovi%C4%87%2C+Drinka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DGkBmdCwHuDsC%26pg%3DPA196&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201423-130">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201423_130-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201423_130-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnaPovedák2014">Barna & Povedák 2014</a>, p. 23. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917,_19-131">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917,_19_131-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917,_19_131-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, pp. 17, 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200917_132-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 17. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200919-133"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200919_133-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 19. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201424,_26-134"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEBarnaPovedák201424,_26_134-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFBarnaPovedák2014">Barna & Povedák 2014</a>, pp. 24, 26. </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaria_Bucur_and_Nancy_M._Wingfield2001" class="citation book cs1">Maria Bucur and Nancy M. Wingfield (2001). Staging the Past: The Politics of Commemoration in Habsburg Central Europe. Purdue University Press. pp. 236–254.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Staging+the+Past%3A+The+Politics+of+Commemoration+in+Habsburg+Central+Europe&rft.pages=236-254&rft.pub=Purdue+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.au=Maria+Bucur+and+Nancy+M.+Wingfield&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011181-136"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011181_136-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2011">Ramet 2011</a>, p. 181. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191–192-137"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000191–192_137-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, pp. 191–192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201388-138"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201388_138-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 88. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201389-139"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201389_139-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 89. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201390-140"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201390_140-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 90. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000192-141"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDuijzings2000192_141-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDuijzings2000">Duijzings 2000</a>, p. 192. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201391-142"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys201391_142-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 91. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTESegesten2009180-143">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegesten2009180_143-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTESegesten2009180_143-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFSegesten2009">Segesten 2009</a>, p. 180. </li> <li id="cite_note-Sell2003-144"><a href="#cite_ref-Sell2003_144-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLouis_Sell2003" class="citation book cs1">Louis Sell (2003). Slobodan Milosevic and the Destruction of Yugoslavia. Duke University Press. p. 72.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Slobodan+Milosevic+and+the+Destruction+of+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=72&rft.pub=Duke+University+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.au=Louis+Sell&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Elsie1997-145"><a href="#cite_ref-Elsie1997_145-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRobert_Elsie1997" class="citation book cs1">Robert Elsie (1997). Kosovo: In the Heart of the Powder Keg. East European Monographs. p. 211.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+In+the+Heart+of+the+Powder+Keg&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=East+European+Monographs&rft.date=1997&rft.au=Robert+Elsie&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVedran_Obućina2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vedran Obućina (2011). "A War of Myths: Creation of the Founding Myth of Kosovo Albanians". Contemporary Issues. 4/1: 41. <q>Contemporary Albanian political mythology is very similar in power, focus and methods to Serbian political mythology about Kosovo. Combined, they make a powerful clash point, a war of the myths which ended in violence and armed conflict. The Albanian myth prevailed.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Contemporary+Issues&rft.atitle=A+War+of+Myths%3A+Creation+of+the+Founding+Myth+of+Kosovo+Albanians&rft.volume=4%2F1&rft.pages=41&rft.date=2011&rft.au=Vedran+Obu%C4%87ina&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-demokratija2009-147">^ <a href="#cite_ref-demokratija2009_147-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-demokratija2009_147-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGavrilovićDespotovićPericaSrđan2009" class="citation book cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Gavrilović, Darko; Despotović, Ljubiša; Perica, Vjekoslav; Srđan, Šljukić (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210120155117/https://www.chdr-ns.com/pdf/mitovi_nacionalizma_i_demokratija.pdf">Mitovi nacionalizma i demokratija</a> (PDF) (in Serbian). Centar za isoriju, demokratiju i pomirenje. p. 65. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-8-68660-107-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-8-68660-107-0"><bdi>978-8-68660-107-0</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.chdr-ns.com/pdf/mitovi_nacionalizma_i_demokratija.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 20 January 2021. Retrieved 28 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mitovi+nacionalizma+i+demokratija&rft.pages=65&rft.pub=Centar+za+isoriju%2C+demokratiju+i+pomirenje&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-8-68660-107-0&rft.aulast=Gavrilovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Darko&rft.au=Despotovi%C4%87%2C+Ljubi%C5%A1a&rft.au=Perica%2C+Vjekoslav&rft.au=Sr%C4%91an%2C+%C5%A0ljuki%C4%87&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.chdr-ns.com%2Fpdf%2Fmitovi_nacionalizma_i_demokratija.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013103-148"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEHumphreys2013103_148-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFHumphreys2013">Humphreys 2013</a>, p. 103. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic20092–3-149"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic20092–3_149-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, pp. 2–3. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTERamet2011292-150">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011292_150-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTERamet2011292_150-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFRamet2011">Ramet 2011</a>, p. 292. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEJudah2002XXXIV–XXV-151"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEJudah2002XXXIV–XXV_151-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFJudah2002">Judah 2002</a>, pp. XXXIV–XXV. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200920-152">^ <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200920_152-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200920_152-1">b</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 20. </li> <li id="cite_note-FOOTNOTEDjokic200921-153"><a href="#cite_ref-FOOTNOTEDjokic200921_153-0">^</a> <a href="#CITEREFDjokic2009">Djokic 2009</a>, p. 21. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sources">Sources</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Sources">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBarnaPovedák2014" class="citation book cs1">Barna, Gábor; Povedák, István (2014). Politics, Feasts, Festivals: Yearbook of the sief working group on the ritual year. University of Szeged. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-963-306-254-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-963-306-254-8"><bdi>978-963-306-254-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politics%2C+Feasts%2C+Festivals%3A+Yearbook+of+the+sief+working+group+on+the+ritual+year&rft.pub=University+of+Szeged&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-963-306-254-8&rft.aulast=Barna&rft.aufirst=G%C3%A1bor&rft.au=Poved%C3%A1k%2C+Istv%C3%A1n&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuijzings2000" class="citation book cs1">Duijzings, Gerlachlus (January 2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=5HPvGOHR2RsC&pg=PA206">Religion and the Politics of Identity in Kosovo</a>. C. Hurst & Co. Publishers. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-392-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85065-392-9"><bdi>978-1-85065-392-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Religion+and+the+Politics+of+Identity+in+Kosovo&rft.pub=C.+Hurst+%26+Co.+Publishers&rft.date=2000-01&rft.isbn=978-1-85065-392-9&rft.aulast=Duijzings&rft.aufirst=Gerlachlus&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D5HPvGOHR2RsC%26pg%3DPA206&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreenawalt2001" class="citation journal cs1">Greenawalt, Alexander (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorku.ca/soi/Vol_3/_PDF/Greenawalt.pdf">"Kosovo Myths: Karadžić, Njegoš, and the Transformation of Serb Memory"</a> (PDF). Spaces of Identity. 3: 51. Retrieved 22 October 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaces+of+Identity&rft.atitle=Kosovo+Myths%3A+Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87%2C+Njego%C5%A1%2C+and+the+Transformation+of+Serb+Memory&rft.volume=3&rft.pages=51&rft.date=2001&rft.aulast=Greenawalt&rft.aufirst=Alexander&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorku.ca%2Fsoi%2FVol_3%2F_PDF%2FGreenawalt.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaufman2001" class="citation book cs1">Kaufman, Stuart J. (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=2Plw98pTk5wC">Modern Hatreds: The Symbolic Politics of Ethnic War</a>. Cornell University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8736-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8014-8736-1"><bdi>978-0-8014-8736-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Hatreds%3A+The+Symbolic+Politics+of+Ethnic+War&rft.pub=Cornell+University+Press&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=978-0-8014-8736-1&rft.aulast=Kaufman&rft.aufirst=Stuart+J.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D2Plw98pTk5wC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKnudsenLaustsen2006" class="citation book cs1">Knudsen, Tonny Brems; Laustsen, Carsten Bagge (2006). Kosovo Between War and Peace: Nationalism, Peacebuilding and International Trusteeship. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo+Between+War+and+Peace%3A+Nationalism%2C+Peacebuilding+and+International+Trusteeship&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Knudsen&rft.aufirst=Tonny+Brems&rft.au=Laustsen%2C+Carsten+Bagge&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFOgnjenović2014" class="citation book cs1">Ognjenović, Gorana (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kwS4BgAAQBAJ&pg=PT137">Politicization of Religion, the Power of Symbolism: The Case of Former Yugoslavia and its Successor States</a>. Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1137477897" title="Special:BookSources/978-1137477897"><bdi>978-1137477897</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Politicization+of+Religion%2C+the+Power+of+Symbolism%3A+The+Case+of+Former+Yugoslavia+and+its+Successor+States&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1137477897&rft.aulast=Ognjenovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Gorana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkwS4BgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPT137&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDjokic2009" class="citation book cs1">Djokic, Dejan (2009). "Whose Myth? Which Nation? The Serbian Kosovo Myth Revisited". In Bak, Janos; Jarnut, Jörg; Monnet, Pierre; Schneidmueller, Bernd (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.gold.ac.uk/3455/1/Kosovomyth2.pdf">Uses and Abuses of the Middle Ages: 19th–21st Century</a> (PDF). Wilhelm Fink. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4701-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-7705-4701-2"><bdi>978-3-7705-4701-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Whose+Myth%3F+Which+Nation%3F+The+Serbian+Kosovo+Myth+Revisited&rft.btitle=Uses+and+Abuses+of+the+Middle+Ages%3A+19th%E2%80%9321st+Century&rft.pub=Wilhelm+Fink&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-3-7705-4701-2&rft.aulast=Djokic&rft.aufirst=Dejan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.gold.ac.uk%2F3455%2F1%2FKosovomyth2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2005" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (8 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jSc6lOY1M2YC&pg=PA149">Thinking about Yugoslavia: Scholarly Debates about the Yugoslav Breakup and the Wars in Bosnia and Kosovo</a>. Cambridge University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61690-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-521-61690-4"><bdi>978-0-521-61690-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Thinking+about+Yugoslavia%3A+Scholarly+Debates+about+the+Yugoslav+Breakup+and+the+Wars+in+Bosnia+and+Kosovo&rft.pub=Cambridge+University+Press&rft.date=2005-12-08&rft.isbn=978-0-521-61690-4&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjSc6lOY1M2YC%26pg%3DPA149&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRamet2011" class="citation book cs1">Ramet, Sabrina P. (2011). Civic and Uncivic Values: Serbia in the Post-Milo?evi? Era. Central European University Press.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Civic+and+Uncivic+Values%3A+Serbia+in+the+Post-Milo%3Fevi%3F+Era&rft.pub=Central+European+University+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Ramet&rft.aufirst=Sabrina+P.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSchwandner-SieversFischer2002" class="citation book cs1">Schwandner-Sievers, Stephanie; Fischer, Bernd Jürgen (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=oRASDq3rc-YC&pg=PA60">Albanian Identities: Myth and History</a>. Indiana University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-253-34189-2" title="Special:BookSources/0-253-34189-2"><bdi>0-253-34189-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Albanian+Identities%3A+Myth+and+History&rft.pub=Indiana+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=0-253-34189-2&rft.aulast=Schwandner-Sievers&rft.aufirst=Stephanie&rft.au=Fischer%2C+Bernd+J%C3%BCrgen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DoRASDq3rc-YC%26pg%3DPA60&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSegesten2009" class="citation book cs1">Segesten, Anamaria Dutceac (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=Yyg0XvRlfuIC">Myth, Identity and Conflict: A Comparative Analysis of Romanian and Serbian Textbooks</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-109-19838-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-109-19838-6"><bdi>978-1-109-19838-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Myth%2C+Identity+and+Conflict%3A+A+Comparative+Analysis+of+Romanian+and+Serbian+Textbooks&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-109-19838-6&rft.aulast=Segesten&rft.aufirst=Anamaria+Dutceac&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYyg0XvRlfuIC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988">[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" title="Wikipedia:Link rot">permanent dead link</a>‍]</li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStoianovich1994" class="citation book cs1">Stoianovich, Traian (1994). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kxKBMhz3e7AC&pg=PA303">Balkan Worlds: The First and Last Europe</a>. M.E. Sharpe. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3851-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7656-3851-9"><bdi>978-0-7656-3851-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Worlds%3A+The+First+and+Last+Europe&rft.pub=M.E.+Sharpe&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-7656-3851-9&rft.aulast=Stoianovich&rft.aufirst=Traian&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkxKBMhz3e7AC%26pg%3DPA303&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrgovčević1996" class="citation cs2">Trgovčević, Ljubinka (1996), "The Kosovo Myth in the First World War", in Konev, Ilija (ed.), Sveti mesta na Balkanite, Blagoevgrad: UNESCO, pp. 331–338, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789548317429" title="Special:BookSources/9789548317429"><bdi>9789548317429</bdi></a>, <a href="/wiki/OCLC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="OCLC (identifier)">OCLC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/oclc/52405733">52405733</a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Kosovo+Myth+in+the+First+World+War&rft.btitle=Sveti+mesta+na+Balkanite&rft.place=Blagoevgrad&rft.pages=331-338&rft.pub=UNESCO&rft.date=1996&rft_id=info%3Aoclcnum%2F52405733&rft.isbn=9789548317429&rft.aulast=Trgov%C4%8Devi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ljubinka&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTurtonGonzalez1999" class="citation book cs1">Turton, David; Gonzalez, Julia (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=3CgSAQAAIAAJ">Cultural Identities and Ethnic Minorities in Europe</a>. University of Deusto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9788474856309" title="Special:BookSources/9788474856309"><bdi>9788474856309</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Cultural+Identities+and+Ethnic+Minorities+in+Europe&rft.pub=University+of+Deusto&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=9788474856309&rft.aulast=Turton&rft.aufirst=David&rft.au=Gonzalez%2C+Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D3CgSAQAAIAAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacdonald2002" class="citation book cs1">Macdonald, David Bruce (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=kBjrJyen4FEC&pg=PA75">Balkan Holocausts?: Serbian and Croatian Victim Centered Propaganda and the War in Yugoslavia</a>. Manchester University Press. pp. 75, 76, 78. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7190-6467-8"><bdi>978-0-7190-6467-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Balkan+Holocausts%3F%3A+Serbian+and+Croatian+Victim+Centered+Propaganda+and+the+War+in+Yugoslavia&rft.pages=75%2C+76%2C+78&rft.pub=Manchester+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-7190-6467-8&rft.aulast=Macdonald&rft.aufirst=David+Bruce&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DkBjrJyen4FEC%26pg%3DPA75&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJudah2002" class="citation book cs1">Judah, Tim (2002). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=sVf1na3FN_UC">Kosovo: War and Revenge</a>. Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-09725-2"><bdi>978-0-300-09725-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+War+and+Revenge&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-300-09725-2&rft.aulast=Judah&rft.aufirst=Tim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DsVf1na3FN_UC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCohen2014" class="citation book cs1">Cohen, Paul (2014). History and Popular Memory: The Power of Story in Moments of Crisis. Columbia University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780231537292" title="Special:BookSources/9780231537292"><bdi>9780231537292</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=History+and+Popular+Memory%3A+The+Power+of+Story+in+Moments+of+Crisis&rft.pub=Columbia+University+Press&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9780231537292&rft.aulast=Cohen&rft.aufirst=Paul&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmert1991" class="citation book cs1">Emmert, Thomas Allan (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo: Early Reports of Victory and Defeat". In Vucinich, Wayne S.; Emmert, Thomas Allan (eds.). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925224232/https://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/3a.%20Background%20-Battle%20of%20Kosovo%20poetry.pdf">Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle</a> (PDF). University of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789992287552" title="Special:BookSources/9789992287552"><bdi>9789992287552</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cmes.arizona.edu/sites/cmes.arizona.edu/files/3a.%20Background%20-Battle%20of%20Kosovo%20poetry.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 25 September 2020. Retrieved 2 August 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Kosovo%3A+Early+Reports+of+Victory+and+Defeat&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Legacy+of+a+Medieval+Battle&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789992287552&rft.aulast=Emmert&rft.aufirst=Thomas+Allan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcmes.arizona.edu%2Fsites%2Fcmes.arizona.edu%2Ffiles%2F3a.%2520Background%2520-Battle%2520of%2520Kosovo%2520poetry.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPopovich1991" class="citation book cs1">Popovich, Ljubica (1991). "The Battle of Kosovo and Battle Themes in Serbian Art". In Vucinich, Wayne S.; Emmert, Thomas Allan (eds.). Kosovo: Legacy of a Medieval Battle. University of Minnesota. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789992287552" title="Special:BookSources/9789992287552"><bdi>9789992287552</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Battle+of+Kosovo+and+Battle+Themes+in+Serbian+Art&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+Legacy+of+a+Medieval+Battle&rft.pub=University+of+Minnesota&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=9789992287552&rft.aulast=Popovich&rft.aufirst=Ljubica&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRadovic2014" class="citation book cs1">Radovic, Milja (2014). Transnational Cinema and Ideology: Representing Religion, Identity and Cultural Myths. Routledge.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Transnational+Cinema+and+Ideology%3A+Representing+Religion%2C+Identity+and+Cultural+Myths&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Radovic&rft.aufirst=Milja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMihaljčić1989" class="citation book cs1">Mihaljčić, Rade (1989). The Battle of Kosovo in History and in Popular Tradition. Beogradski izdavačko-grafički zavod.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kosovo+in+History+and+in+Popular+Tradition&rft.pub=Beogradski+izdava%C4%8Dko-grafi%C4%8Dki+zavod&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Mihalj%C4%8Di%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Rade&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMatthiasVuckovic1987" class="citation book cs1">Matthias, John; Vuckovic, Vladeta (1987). The Battle of Kosovo. Swallow Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780804008976" title="Special:BookSources/9780804008976"><bdi>9780804008976</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Battle+of+Kosovo&rft.pub=Swallow+Press&rft.date=1987&rft.isbn=9780804008976&rft.aulast=Matthias&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Vuckovic%2C+Vladeta&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKaserKatschnig-Fasch2005" class="citation book cs1">Kaser, Karl; Katschnig-Fasch, Elisabeth (2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=km132J3KYFQC&pg=PA95">Gender and Nation in South Eastern Europe</a>. LIT Verlag Münster. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8802-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-8258-8802-2"><bdi>978-3-8258-8802-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Gender+and+Nation+in+South+Eastern+Europe&rft.pub=LIT+Verlag+M%C3%BCnster&rft.date=2005&rft.isbn=978-3-8258-8802-2&rft.aulast=Kaser&rft.aufirst=Karl&rft.au=Katschnig-Fasch%2C+Elisabeth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dkm132J3KYFQC%26pg%3DPA95&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoudometof2001" class="citation book cs1">Roudometof, Victor (2001). Nationalism, Globalization, and Orthodoxy: The Social Origins of Ethnic Conflict in the Balkans. Greenwood Publishing Group. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780313319495" title="Special:BookSources/9780313319495"><bdi>9780313319495</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Nationalism%2C+Globalization%2C+and+Orthodoxy%3A+The+Social+Origins+of+Ethnic+Conflict+in+the+Balkans&rft.pub=Greenwood+Publishing+Group&rft.date=2001&rft.isbn=9780313319495&rft.aulast=Roudometof&rft.aufirst=Victor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPetrovic2014" class="citation book cs1">Petrovic, Sonja (2014). "Serbian folk legends and traditions of the Battle of Kosovo". In Polymerou-Kamēlakē, Aikaterinē (ed.). Narratives Across Space and Time: Transmissions and Adaptations : Proceedings of the 15th Congress of the International Society for Folk Narrative Research (June 21–27, 2009, Athens). <a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Athens_(modern)" title="Academy of Athens (modern)">Academy of Athens</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9789604042869" title="Special:BookSources/9789604042869"><bdi>9789604042869</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Serbian+folk+legends+and+traditions+of+the+Battle+of+Kosovo&rft.btitle=Narratives+Across+Space+and+Time%3A+Transmissions+and+Adaptations+%3A+Proceedings+of+the+15th+Congress+of+the+International+Society+for+Folk+Narrative+Research+%28June+21%E2%80%9327%2C+2009%2C+Athens%29&rft.pub=Academy+of+Athens&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=9789604042869&rft.aulast=Petrovic&rft.aufirst=Sonja&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMalcolm1998" class="citation book cs1">Malcolm, Noel (1998). Kosovo: A Short History. Macmillan. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9780333666128" title="Special:BookSources/9780333666128"><bdi>9780333666128</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Kosovo%3A+A+Short+History&rft.pub=Macmillan&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=9780333666128&rft.aulast=Malcolm&rft.aufirst=Noel&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReđep1991" class="citation journal cs1">Ređep, Jelka (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://journal.oraltradition.org/wp-content/uploads/files/articles/6ii-iii/11_redep.pdf">"The Legend of Kosovo"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oral_Tradition_(journal)" title="Oral Tradition (journal)">Oral Tradition</a>. 6/2: 253–265.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=The+Legend+of+Kosovo&rft.volume=6%2F2&rft.pages=253-265&rft.date=1991&rft.aulast=Re%C4%91ep&rft.aufirst=Jelka&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjournal.oraltradition.org%2Fwp-content%2Fuploads%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2F6ii-iii%2F11_redep.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEmmert1996" class="citation journal cs1">Emmert, Thomas A. (1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170810132353/http://serbianstudies.org/publications/pdf/SS_Vol%2010_1996_No%202.pdf">"Milos Obilic and the Hero Myth"</a> (PDF). Journal of the North American Society for Serbian Studies. 10. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://serbianstudies.org/publications/pdf/SS_Vol%2010_1996_No%202.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 10 August 2017. Retrieved 2 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+the+North+American+Society+for+Serbian+Studies&rft.atitle=Milos+Obilic+and+the+Hero+Myth&rft.volume=10&rft.date=1996&rft.aulast=Emmert&rft.aufirst=Thomas+A.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fserbianstudies.org%2Fpublications%2Fpdf%2FSS_Vol%252010_1996_No%25202.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDayantis2004" class="citation thesis cs1 cs1-prop-foreign-lang-source">Dayantis, Jean (2004). Doukas, histoire turco-byzantine : introduction, traduction et commentaire (PhD) (in French). <a href="/wiki/Paul_Val%C3%A9ry_University,_Montpellier_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III">Paul Valéry University, Montpellier III</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Doukas%2C+histoire+turco-byzantine+%3A+introduction%2C+traduction+et+commentaire&rft.inst=Paul+Val%C3%A9ry+University%2C+Montpellier+III&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Dayantis&rft.aufirst=Jean&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPavlovićAtanasovski2016" class="citation journal cs1">Pavlović, Aleksandar; Atanasovski, Srđan (2016). "From Myth to Territory: Vuk Karadžić, Kosovo Epics and the Role of Nineteenth-Century Intellectuals in Establishing National Narratives". Hungarian Historical Review. 2: 357–376. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:209475358">209475358</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hungarian+Historical+Review&rft.atitle=From+Myth+to+Territory%3A+Vuk+Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87%2C+Kosovo+Epics+and+the+Role+of+Nineteenth-Century+Intellectuals+in+Establishing+National+Narratives&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=357-376&rft.date=2016&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A209475358%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.aulast=Pavlovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Aleksandar&rft.au=Atanasovski%2C+Sr%C4%91an&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMiles_FoleyChao2012" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/John_Miles_Foley" title="John Miles Foley">Miles Foley, John</a>; Chao, Gejin (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210922214344/http://archive.journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/27ii/08_27.2.pdf">"Challenges in Comparative Oral Epic"</a> (PDF). <a href="/wiki/Oral_Tradition_(journal)" title="Oral Tradition (journal)">Oral Tradition</a>. 27/2: 381–418. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.journal.oraltradition.org/files/articles/27ii/08_27.2.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 22 September 2021. Retrieved 16 September 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oral+Tradition&rft.atitle=Challenges+in+Comparative+Oral+Epic&rft.volume=27%2F2&rft.pages=381-418&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Miles+Foley&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Chao%2C+Gejin&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.journal.oraltradition.org%2Ffiles%2Farticles%2F27ii%2F08_27.2.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPitulić2012" class="citation journal cs1">Pitulić, Valentina (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://scindeks.ceon.rs/article.aspx?artid=0354-32931202099P">"Kosovska bitka između istorijskih izvora i epske legende"</a>. Zbornik radova Filozofskog fakulteta u Prištini. 42 (2): 481–491.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Zbornik+radova+Filozofskog+fakulteta+u+Pri%C5%A1tini&rft.atitle=Kosovska+bitka+izme%C4%91u+istorijskih+izvora+i+epske+legende&rft.volume=42&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=481-491&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Pituli%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Valentina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fscindeks.ceon.rs%2Farticle.aspx%3Fartid%3D0354-32931202099P&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFUğurlu2011" class="citation journal cs1">Uğurlu, Mesut (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://dergipark.org.tr/en/download/article-file/637050">"Kosova Efsanesi"</a>. Hacettepe Üniversitesi Türkiyat Araştırmaları (HÜTAD). 14 (14): 241–252.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hacettepe+%C3%9Cniversitesi+T%C3%BCrkiyat+Ara%C5%9Ft%C4%B1rmalar%C4%B1+%28H%C3%9CTAD%29&rft.atitle=Kosova+Efsanesi&rft.volume=14&rft.issue=14&rft.pages=241-252&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=U%C4%9Furlu&rft.aufirst=Mesut&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdergipark.org.tr%2Fen%2Fdownload%2Farticle-file%2F637050&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHumphreys2013" class="citation thesis cs1">Humphreys, Brendan (2013). The Battle Backwards A Comparative Study of the Battle of Kosovo Polje (1389) and the Munich Agreement (1938) as Political Myths (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Helsinki" title="University of Helsinki">University of Helsinki</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9085-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-952-10-9085-1"><bdi>978-952-10-9085-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=The+Battle+Backwards+A+Comparative+Study+of+the+Battle+of+Kosovo+Polje+%281389%29+and+the+Munich+Agreement+%281938%29+as+Political+Myths&rft.inst=University+of+Helsinki&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-952-10-9085-1&rft.aulast=Humphreys&rft.aufirst=Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMijuk2002" class="citation thesis cs1">Mijuk, Goran (2002). Orphan of Silence: The Poetry of Charles Simic (PhD). <a href="/wiki/University_of_Fribourg" title="University of Fribourg">University of Fribourg</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Adissertation&rft.title=Orphan+of+Silence%3A+The+Poetry+of+Charles+Simic&rft.inst=University+of+Fribourg&rft.date=2002&rft.aulast=Mijuk&rft.aufirst=Goran&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Kosovo_Myth&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Further reading">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239549316">.mw-parser-output .refbegin{margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul{margin-left:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{margin-left:0;padding-left:3.2em;text-indent:-3.2em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul,.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents ul li{list-style:none}@media(max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .refbegin-hanging-indents>ul>li{padding-left:1.6em;text-indent:-1.6em}}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .refbegin-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .refbegin{font-size:90%}}</style><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKonstantinović2005" class="citation journal cs1">Konstantinović, Zoran (27–29 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Izdanja/SrbiNaKosovu/02KonstantinovicZoran.pdf">"КОСОВСКИ КУЛТ У САВРЕМЕНОМ СРПСКОМ МЕНТАЛИТЕТУ"</a> (PDF). СРБИ НА КОСОВУ И У МЕТОХИЈИ. SANU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%98+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A3+%D0%98+%D0%A3+%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%88%D0%98&rft.atitle=%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%98+%D0%9A%D0%A3%D0%9B%D0%A2+%D0%A3+%D0%A1%D0%90%D0%92%D0%A0%D0%95%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%9F%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%9C+%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%9D%D0%A2%D0%90%D0%9B%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%A3&rft.date=2005-05-27%2F2005-05-29&rft.aulast=Konstantinovi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Zoran&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanu.ac.rs%2FIzdanja%2FSrbiNaKosovu%2F02KonstantinovicZoran.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFProšić-Dvornić1992" class="citation journal cs1">Prošić-Dvornić, Mirjana (1992). "Изложба Косовска легенда y народном стваралаштву". Гласник Етнографског музеја, књ. 56.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%93%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%81%D0%BD%D0%B8%D0%BA+%D0%95%D1%82%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B3%D1%80%D0%B0%D1%84%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%BE%D0%B3+%D0%BC%D1%83%D0%B7%D0%B5%D1%98%D0%B0%2C+%D0%BA%D1%9A.+56&rft.atitle=%D0%98%D0%B7%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%B6%D0%B1%D0%B0+%D0%9A%D0%BE%D1%81%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0+%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%B3%D0%B5%D0%BD%D0%B4%D0%B0+y+%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%BE%D0%B4%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%BC+%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B2%D0%B0%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D1%88%D1%82%D0%B2%D1%83&rft.date=1992&rft.aulast=Pro%C5%A1i%C4%87-Dvorni%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Mirjana&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRakić1989" class="citation journal cs1">Rakić, Radomir (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/ES-X_(1989)_01_Radomir_Rakic.pdf">"Kosovo srpske nacije (etno-politikološki ogled)"</a> (PDF). Etnološke sveske. 10: 5–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Etnolo%C5%A1ke+sveske&rft.atitle=Kosovo+srpske+nacije+%28etno-politikolo%C5%A1ki+ogled%29&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=5-46&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Raki%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Radomir&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthroserbia.org%2FContent%2FPDF%2FArticles%2FES-X_%281989%29_01_Radomir_Rakic.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSpasić2015" class="citation book cs1">Spasić, Ivana (2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=XNXOCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA81">"The trauma of Kosovo in Serbian national narratives"</a>. Narrating Trauma: On the Impact of Collective Suffering. Routledge. pp. 81–106. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781317255697" title="Special:BookSources/9781317255697"><bdi>9781317255697</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+trauma+of+Kosovo+in+Serbian+national+narratives&rft.btitle=Narrating+Trauma%3A+On+the+Impact+of+Collective+Suffering&rft.pages=81-106&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2015&rft.isbn=9781317255697&rft.aulast=Spasi%C4%87&rft.aufirst=Ivana&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DXNXOCgAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA81&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrebješanin1989" class="citation journal cs1">Trebješanin, Žarko (1989). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.anthroserbia.org/Content/PDF/Articles/ES-X_(1989)_10_Zarko_Trebjesanin.pdf">"ZNAČAJ KOSOVSKOG MITA ZA SOCIJALIZACIJU U SRPSKOJ PATRIJARHALNOJ KULTURI"</a> (PDF). Etnološke sveske. 10: 113–117.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Etnolo%C5%A1ke+sveske&rft.atitle=ZNA%C4%8CAJ+KOSOVSKOG+MITA+ZA+SOCIJALIZACIJU+U+SRPSKOJ+PATRIJARHALNOJ+KULTURI&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=113-117&rft.date=1989&rft.aulast=Trebje%C5%A1anin&rft.aufirst=%C5%BDarko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.anthroserbia.org%2FContent%2FPDF%2FArticles%2FES-X_%281989%29_10_Zarko_Trebjesanin.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVučetić2011" class="citation journal cs1">Vučetić, J. (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scindeks-clanci.ceon.rs/data/pdf/0353-9008/2011/0353-90081131087V.pdf">"Kosovo myth in the poetry of Đura Jakšić"</a> (PDF). Baština (31): 87–100.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Ba%C5%A1tina&rft.atitle=Kosovo+myth+in+the+poetry+of+%C4%90ura+Jak%C5%A1i%C4%87&rft.issue=31&rft.pages=87-100&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=Vu%C4%8Deti%C4%87&rft.aufirst=J.&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fscindeks-clanci.ceon.rs%2Fdata%2Fpdf%2F0353-9008%2F2011%2F0353-90081131087V.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFZurovac2005" class="citation journal cs1">Zurovac, Mirko (27–29 May 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.sanu.ac.rs/Izdanja/SrbiNaKosovu/06ZurovacMirko.pdf">"ЛУЧА КОСОВСКОГ МИТА"</a> (PDF). СРБИ НА КОСОВУ И У МЕТОХИЈИ. SANU.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=%D0%A1%D0%A0%D0%91%D0%98+%D0%9D%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A3+%D0%98+%D0%A3+%D0%9C%D0%95%D0%A2%D0%9E%D0%A5%D0%98%D0%88%D0%98&rft.atitle=%D0%9B%D0%A3%D0%A7%D0%90+%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%A1%D0%9E%D0%92%D0%A1%D0%9A%D0%9E%D0%93+%D0%9C%D0%98%D0%A2%D0%90&rft.date=2005-05-27%2F2005-05-29&rft.aulast=Zurovac&rft.aufirst=Mirko&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.sanu.ac.rs%2FIzdanja%2FSrbiNaKosovu%2F06ZurovacMirko.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AKosovo+Myth" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output 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href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_Myth" title="Template:Kosovo Myth"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_Myth" title="Template talk:Kosovo Myth"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_Myth" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo Myth"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_Myth" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo Myth</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_epic_poetry" title="Serbian epic poetry">Serbian epic poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serb_traditions" title="Serb traditions">Serb traditions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">Serbian national identity</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Characters and topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> (main event)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_field_(Kosovo)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo field (Kosovo)">Kosovo Field</a> (location)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan" title="Vidovdan">Vidovdan</a> (date)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_curse" title="Kosovo curse">Kosovo curse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lazar_of_Serbia" title="Lazar of Serbia">Tsar Lazar</a> and <a href="/wiki/Milo%C5%A1_Obili%C4%87" title="Miloš Obilić">Miloš Obilić</a> (main heroes)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Turks</a> (main enemy) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Murad_I" title="Murad I">Murad I</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bajazet_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Bajazet I">Bajazet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Brankovi%C4%87" title="Vuk Branković">Vuk Branković</a> (depiction of a traitor)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Princess_Milica_of_Serbia" title="Princess Milica of Serbia">Tsaritsa Milica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jugovi%C4%87_brothers" title="Jugović brothers">Jugović brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vratko_Nemanji%C4%87" title="Vratko Nemanjić">Jug Bogdan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Maiden" title="Kosovo Maiden">Kosovo Maiden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musi%C4%87_noble_family" title="Musić noble family">Musić brothers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milan_Toplica" title="Milan Toplica">Milan Toplica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Kosan%C4%8Di%C4%87" title="Ivan Kosančić">Ivan Kosančić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_Orlovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Orlović">Pavle Orlović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stevo_Vasojevi%C4%87" title="Stevo Vasojević">Stevo Vasojević</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strahinja_Banovi%C4%87" title="Strahinja Banović">Strahinja Banović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Marko" title="Prince Marko">Prince Marko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingship_and_kingdom_of_God" title="Kingship and kingdom of God">Kingdom of Heaven</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chosen_people" title="Chosen people">Chosen people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fall_of_the_Serbian_Empire" title="Fall of the Serbian Empire">Fall of the Serbian Empire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sources and literature</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>The Narration about Prince Lazar by <a href="/wiki/Danilo_III_(patriarch)" title="Danilo III (patriarch)">Danilo III</a></li> <li>The Encomium of Prince Lazar by <a href="/wiki/Jefimija" title="Jefimija">Jefimija</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Life_of_Despot_Stefan_Lazarevi%C4%87" title="Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević">Life of Despot Stefan Lazarević</a> by <a href="/wiki/Constantine_of_Kostenets" title="Constantine of Kostenets">Constantine of Kostenets</a></li> <li>Memoirs of a Janissary by <a href="/wiki/Konstantin_Mihailovi%C4%87" title="Konstantin Mihailović">Konstantin Mihailović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bugar%C5%A1tica" title="Bugarštica">Bugarštica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Benedikt_Kuripe%C4%8Di%C4%8D" title="Benedikt Kuripečič">Benedikt Kuripečič</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trono%C5%A1a_Chronicle" title="Tronoša Chronicle">Tronoša Chronicle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Slavs" title="Kingdom of the Slavs">Kingdom of the Slavs</a> by <a href="/wiki/Mavro_Orbini" title="Mavro Orbini">Mavro Orbini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Filip_Vi%C5%A1nji%C4%87" title="Filip Višnjić">Filip Višnjić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vuk_Karad%C5%BEi%C4%87" title="Vuk Karadžić">Vuk Karadžić</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Art and popular culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gusle" title="Gusle">Guslar poems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Mountain_Wreath" title="The Mountain Wreath">The Mountain Wreath</a> (1847) by <a href="/wiki/Petar_II_Petrovi%C4%87-Njego%C5%A1" title="Petar II Petrović-Njegoš">Petar II Petrović-Njegoš</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Onamo,_%27namo!" title="Onamo, 'namo!">Onamo, 'namo!</a> by <a href="/wiki/Nicholas_I_of_Montenegro" title="Nicholas I of Montenegro">Nicholas I of Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivan_Me%C5%A1trovi%C4%87" title="Ivan Meštrović">Ivan Meštrović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adam_Stefanovi%C4%87" title="Adam Stefanović">Adam Stefanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pavle_%C4%8Cortanovi%C4%87" title="Pavle Čortanović">Pavle Čortanović</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uro%C5%A1_Predi%C4%87" title="Uroš Predić">Uroš Predić</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aleksandar_Deroko" title="Aleksandar Deroko">Aleksandar Deroko</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo_(film)" title="Battle of Kosovo (film)">Battle of Kosovo</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_(song)" title="Vidovdan (song)">Vidovdan</a> (1989)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan" title="Gazimestan">Gazimestan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paeonia_peregrina" title="Paeonia peregrina">Paeonia peregrina</a> (kosovski božur)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslavism" title="Yugoslavism">Yugoslavism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Bosnia" title="Young Bosnia">Young Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Obili%C4%87_Medal" title="Obilić Medal">Medal of Obilić</a> (Montenegro)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medal_for_Bravery_(Serbia)" title="Medal for Bravery (Serbia)">Medal of Obilić</a> (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vidovdan_Constitution" title="Vidovdan Constitution">Vidovdan Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gazimestan_speech" title="Gazimestan speech">Gazimestan speech</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andri%C4%87grad" title="Andrićgrad">Andrićgrad</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Kosovo_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Kosovo_topics" title="Template talk:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Kosovo topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Kosovo_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo</a> articles</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Kosovo" title="History of Kosovo">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Early history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Archaeology_of_Kosovo" title="Archaeology of Kosovo">Archaeology</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Neolithic_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Neolithic sites in Kosovo">Neolithic sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copper,_Bronze_and_Iron_Age_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites in Kosovo">Copper, Bronze and Iron Age sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dardani" title="Dardani">Dardani</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dardania" title="Kingdom of Dardania">Kingdom of Dardania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Kosovo" title="Roman heritage in Kosovo">Roman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dardania_(Roman_province)" title="Dardania (Roman province)">Dardania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Praevalitana" title="Praevalitana">Praevalitana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Late_Antiquity_and_Medieval_sites_in_Kosovo" title="Late Antiquity and Medieval sites in Kosovo">Late Antiquity and Medieval sites</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Medieval_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Medieval Kosovo">Medieval period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom of Serbia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Serbian Empire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Serbian Despotate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Kosovo" title="Battle of Kosovo">Battle of Kosovo</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bal%C5%A1i%C4%87_noble_family" title="Balšić noble family">Balšić noble family</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brankovi%C4%87_dynasty" title="Branković dynasty">Branković dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dukagjini_family" title="Dukagjini family">Dukagjini family</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Kosovo" title="Ottoman Kosovo">Ottoman period</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rumelia_Eyalet" title="Rumelia Eyalet">Rumelia Eyalet</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Prizren" title="Sanjak of Prizren">Sanjak of Prizren</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Dukagjin" class="mw-redirect" title="Sanjak of Dukagjin">Sanjak of Dukagjin</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sanjak_of_Vi%C3%A7itrina" title="Sanjak of Viçitrina">Sanjak of Viçitrina</a>),</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Vilayet" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo Vilayet">Vilayet of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Modern history</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Balkan_War" title="First Balkan War">First Balkan War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1939%E2%80%931943)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943)">Albanian Kingdom (1939–1943</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1943%E2%80%931944)" class="mw-redirect" title="Albanian Kingdom (1943–1944)">1943–1944)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo" title="Socialist Autonomous Province of Kosovo">Socialist Autonomous Province (1946–90)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_Province_of_Kosovo_and_Metohija" title="Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija">Autonomous Province of Kosovo and Metohija (1990–present)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Kosova" title="Republic of Kosova">Republic of Kosova (1990–1999)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurgency_in_Kosovo_(1995%E2%80%931998)" title="Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–1998)">Insurgency in Kosovo (1995–98)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_War" title="Kosovo War">Kosovo War (1998–99)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Administered_Kosovo" title="United Nations Administered Kosovo">UN administration</a> (<a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UNMIK</a>) (1999–2008)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo" title="Kosovo">Kosovo (2008–present)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Kosovo" title="Geography of Kosovo">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Environment_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Environment of Kosovo">Environment</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Biodiversity_of_Kosovo" title="Biodiversity of Kosovo">Biodiversity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_protected_areas_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="List of protected areas of Kosovo">Protected areas</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Kosovo" title="Climate of Kosovo">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forests_of_Kosovo" title="Forests of Kosovo">Forests</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Landscapes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Kosovo" title="List of lakes of Kosovo">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Kosovo" title="List of mountains in Kosovo">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Kosovo" title="List of rivers of Kosovo">Rivers</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;font-weight:normal;">Regions of Kosovo</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ghegs" title="Ghegs">Gegëri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Drenica" title="Drenica">Drenica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Has_(region)" title="Has (region)">Has</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llap_(region)" title="Llap (region)">Llap</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llapusha" title="Llapusha">Llapusha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luma_(region)" title="Luma (region)">Luma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rugova_(region)" title="Rugova (region)">Rugova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metohija" title="Metohija">Dukagjini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Pomoravlje" title="Kosovo Pomoravlje">Anamorava</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Kosovo" title="Politics of Kosovo">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accession_of_Kosovo_to_the_European_Union" title="Accession of Kosovo to the European Union">Accession to the EU</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assembly_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Assembly of the Republic of Kosovo">Assembly</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Kosovo" title="Constitution of Kosovo">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Kosovo" title="Administrative divisions of Kosovo">Districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Kosovo" title="Elections in Kosovo">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Union_Rule_of_Law_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="European Union Rule of Law Mission in Kosovo">EU Rule of Law Mission (EULEX)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Kosovo" title="Foreign relations of Kosovo">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Kosovo" title="Government of Kosovo">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Kosovo" title="Prime Minister of Kosovo">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li>Human rights <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Kosovo">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Steering_Group_for_Kosovo" title="International Steering Group for Kosovo">International Steering Group</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judiciary_of_Kosovo" title="Judiciary of Kosovo">Judiciary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Force" title="Kosovo Force">Kosovo Force (KFOR)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Protection_Corps" title="Kosovo Protection Corps">Kosovo Protection Corps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Kosovo" title="Law of Kosovo">Law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Security_Force" title="Kosovo Security Force">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipalities_of_Kosovo" title="Municipalities of Kosovo">Municipalities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_Police" title="Kosovo Police">Police</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Kosovo" title="List of political parties in Kosovo">Political parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Kosovo" title="President of Kosovo">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provisional_Institutions_of_Self-Government" title="Provisional Institutions of Self-Government">Provisional institutions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Interim_Administration_Mission_in_Kosovo" title="United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo">UN Interim Administration Mission (UNMIK)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Kosovo" title="Political status of Kosovo">Status</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2008_Kosovo_declaration_of_independence" title="2008 Kosovo declaration of independence">2008 declaration of independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Standards_for_Kosovo" title="Standards for Kosovo">Standards for Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_status_process" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovo status process">Status process</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">Partition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">Unification with Albania</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Nations_Security_Council_Resolution_1244" title="United Nations Security Council Resolution 1244">UN Security Council Resolution 1244</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Court_of_Justice_advisory_opinion_on_Kosovo%27s_declaration_of_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="International Court of Justice advisory opinion on Kosovo's declaration of independence">ICJ opinion on Kosovo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade%E2%80%93Pristina_negotiations" title="Belgrade–Pristina negotiations">Belgrade–Pristina negotiations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels_Agreement_(2013)" title="Brussels Agreement (2013)">Brussels Agreement</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Kosovo" title="Economy of Kosovo">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_banks_in_Kosovo" title="List of banks in Kosovo">Banks</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Central_Bank_of_Kosovo" title="Central Bank of Kosovo">Central Bank</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_and_the_euro" title="Kosovo and the euro">Euro (currency)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Electrical_energy_in_Kosovo" title="Electrical energy in Kosovo">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_resources_of_Kosovo" title="Natural resources of Kosovo">Natural resources</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Information_and_communications_technology_in_Kosovo" title="Information and communications technology in Kosovo">Telecoms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Kosovo" title="Transport in Kosovo">Transport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Kosovo" title="Tourism in Kosovo">Tourism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Kosovo" title="Category:Society of Kosovo">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_and_towns_in_Kosovo" title="List of cities and towns in Kosovo">Cities and towns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Kosovo" title="Crime in Kosovo">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Kosovo" title="Demographics of Kosovo">Demographics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Kosovo" title="Education in Kosovo">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emigration_from_Kosovo" title="Emigration from Kosovo">Emigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_groups_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Ethnic groups in Kosovo">Ethnic groups</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Kosovo" title="Healthcare in Kosovo">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monuments_of_Kosovo" title="Monuments of Kosovo">Monuments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Kosovo" title="Religion in Kosovo">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Kosovo" title="Women in Kosovo">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Kosovo" title="Culture of Kosovo">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anthem_of_the_Republic_of_Kosovo" title="Anthem of the Republic of Kosovo">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Kosovo" title="Architecture of Kosovo">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Kosovo" title="Cinema of Kosovo">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of arms of Kosovo">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Traditional_clothing_of_Kosovo" title="Traditional clothing of Kosovo">Costume</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovan_cuisine" class="mw-redirect" title="Kosovan cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Kosovo" title="Flag of Kosovo">Flag</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Languages of Kosovo">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Literature_of_Kosovo" title="Literature of Kosovo">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mass_media_in_Kosovo" title="Mass media in Kosovo">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Kosovo" title="Music of Kosovo">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Names_of_Kosovo" title="Names of Kosovo">Names</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kosovo_at_the_Olympics" title="Kosovo at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Kosovo" title="Public holidays in Kosovo">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_radio_stations_in_Kosovo" title="List of radio stations in Kosovo">Radio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Kosovo" title="Sport in Kosovo">Sport</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Basketball in Kosovo">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Kosovo" title="Football in Kosovo">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Judo_in_Kosovo" class="mw-redirect" title="Judo in Kosovo">Judo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Television_in_Kosovo" title="Television in Kosovo">Television</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div style="margin-bottom:-0.4em;"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Kosovo" title="Outline of Kosovo">Outline</a></li></ul></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Kosovo" title="Category:Kosovo">Category</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Irredentism" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Irredentism" title="Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Irredentism" title="Template talk:Irredentism"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Irredentism"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Irredentism" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Irredentism" title="Irredentism">Irredentism</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Mauritania" title="Greater Mauritania">Mauritania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Morocco" title="Greater Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Somalia" title="Greater Somalia">Somalia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_South_Africa" title="Greater South Africa">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">North America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="List of proposed provinces and territories of Canada">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Turks_and_Caicos_Islands_relations" title="Canada–Turks and Caicos Islands relations">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reconquista_(Mexico)" title="Reconquista (Mexico)">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Saint_Martin" title="Unification of Saint Martin">Saint Martin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/51st_state" title="51st state">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Movements_for_the_annexation_of_Canada_to_the_United_States" title="Movements for the annexation of Canada to the United States">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposals_for_the_United_States_to_purchase_Greenland" title="Proposals for the United States to purchase Greenland">Greenland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/All_of_Mexico_Movement" title="All of Mexico Movement">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ostend_Manifesto" title="Ostend Manifesto">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_annexation_of_Santo_Domingo" title="Proposed annexation of Santo Domingo">Dominican Republic</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">South America</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_irredentism" title="Argentine irredentism">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chilean_expansionism" title="Chilean expansionism">Chile</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reunification_of_Gran_Colombia" title="Reunification of Gran Colombia">Colombia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/United_Armenia" title="United Armenia">Armenia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Artsakh" title="Republic of Artsakh">Artsakh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karabakh_movement" title="Karabakh movement">Karabakh</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assyrian_homeland" title="Assyrian homeland">Assyria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whole_Azerbaijan" title="Whole Azerbaijan">Azerbaijan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Azerbaijan_(irredentist_concept)" title="Western Azerbaijan (irredentist concept)">Western Azerbaijan</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cyprus_problem" title="Cyprus problem">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kurdistan" title="Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Iranism" title="Pan-Iranism">Iran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iraqi_nationalism#Irredentism" title="Iraqi nationalism">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Israel" title="Greater Israel">Israel</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gathering_of_Israel" title="Gathering of Israel">Gathering of Israel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zionism" title="Zionism">Zionism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syrian_nationalism#Pan-Syrianism" title="Syrian nationalism">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Ottomanism" title="Neo-Ottomanism">Turkey</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_invasion_of_Cyprus" title="Turkish invasion of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Turkism" title="Pan-Turkism">Pan-Turkism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Yemen" title="Greater Yemen">Yemen</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bangladesh" title="Greater Bangladesh">Bangladesh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_India" title="Greater India">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Akhand_Bharat" title="Akhand Bharat">Akhand Bharat</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Nepal" title="Greater Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_nationalism" title="Pakistani nationalism">Pakistan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Pakistan" title="East Pakistan">East Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kashmir_independence_movement" class="mw-redirect" title="Kashmir independence movement">Kashmir</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pashtunistan" title="Pashtunistan">Pashtunistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Tamil_Nadu" title="Greater Tamil Nadu">Tamil Nadu</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eastern and Southeastern Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cambodian_irredentism" title="Cambodian irredentism">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_irredentism" title="Chinese irredentism">China</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chinese_unification" title="Chinese unification">unification with Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Tibet_by_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China" title="Annexation of Tibet by the People's Republic of China">annexation of Tibet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Indonesia" title="Greater Indonesia">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Japanese_colonial_empire" title="Japanese colonial empire">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_reunification" title="Korean reunification">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malay_world" title="Malay world">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Mongolism" title="Pan-Mongolism">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territories_claimed_by_the_Philippines" title="Territories claimed by the Philippines">Philippines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Thaiism" title="Pan-Thaiism">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Timor" title="Great Timor">Timor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vietnamese_irredentism" title="Vietnamese irredentism">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Central and Eastern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belarusian_Democratic_Republic#Territory" title="Belarusian Democratic Republic">Belarus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Czechoslovakism" title="Czechoslovakism">Czechoslovakia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_irredentism" title="Hungarian irredentism">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Moldova" title="Greater Moldova">Moldova</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_irredentism" title="Polish irredentism">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Romania" title="Greater Romania">Romania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Moldova_and_Romania" title="Unification of Moldova and Romania">unification with Moldova</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_irredentism" title="Russian irredentism">Russia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Annexation_of_Crimea_by_the_Russian_Federation" title="Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation">annexation</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian_occupation_of_Crimea" title="Russian occupation of Crimea">occupation of Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Russian_annexation_of_South_Ossetia" title="Proposed Russian annexation of South Ossetia">proposed annexation of South Ossetia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">invasion</a> and <a href="/wiki/Russian-occupied_territories_of_Ukraine" title="Russian-occupied territories of Ukraine">occupation of Ukraine</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Slovenia" title="United Slovenia">Slovenia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ukrainian_irredentism" class="mw-redirect" title="Ukrainian irredentism">Ukraine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Southern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Albania" title="Greater Albania">Albania</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unification_of_Albania_and_Kosovo" title="Unification of Albania and Kosovo">unification with Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Bosnia" title="Greater Bosnia">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bulgarian_irredentism" title="Bulgarian irredentism">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Croatia" title="Greater Croatia">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_nationalism" title="Greek nationalism">Greece</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aegean_dispute" title="Aegean dispute">Aegean dispute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greek_Cypriot_nationalism" title="Greek Cypriot nationalism">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enosis" title="Enosis">Enosis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Megali_Idea" title="Megali Idea">Megali Idea</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Macedonia" title="United Macedonia">North Macedonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Serbia" title="Greater Serbia">Serbia</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Kosovo Myth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Kosovo" title="Partition of Kosovo">partition of Kosovo</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_irredentism" title="Spanish irredentism">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Galicia_irredenta" title="Galicia irredenta">Galicia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yugoslav_irredentism" title="Yugoslav irredentism">Yugoslavia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Italy</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism" title="Italian irredentism">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corfu" class="mw-redirect" title="Italian irredentism in Corfu">Corfu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Corsica" title="Italian irredentism in Corsica">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Dalmatia" title="Italian irredentism in Dalmatia">Dalmatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Istria" title="Italian irredentism in Istria">Istria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Italian Grisons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Malta" title="Italian irredentism in Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Nice" title="Italian irredentism in Nice">Nice</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Savoy" title="Italian irredentism in Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_irredentism_in_Switzerland" title="Italian irredentism in Switzerland">Ticino</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Northern Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Finland" title="Greater Finland">Finland</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Karelian_question" title="Karelian question">Karelia</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Western Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Belgium" title="Greater Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celtic_union" title="Celtic union">Celtics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Natural_borders_of_France" title="Natural borders of France">France</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Rattachism" title="Rattachism">Wallonia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_question" title="German question">Germany</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/German_nationalism_in_Austria" title="German nationalism in Austria">Austria</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Anschluss" title="Anschluss">annexation of Austria</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pan-Germanism" title="Pan-Germanism">Pan-Germanism</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Germanic_Reich" title="Greater Germanic Reich">Greater Germanic Reich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lebensraum" title="Lebensraum">Lebensraum</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Ireland" title="United Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Greater_Netherlands" title="Greater Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Enlargement_of_Switzerland" class="mw-redirect" title="Enlargement of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_proposed_states_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="List of proposed states of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papuan_unification" class="mw-redirect" title="Papuan unification">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samoan_unification" title="Samoan unification">Samoa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Related concepts: <a href="/wiki/List_of_national_border_changes_since_1914" class="mw-redirect" title="List of national border changes since 1914">Border changes since 1914</a> · <a href="/wiki/Partition_(politics)" title="Partition (politics)">Partitionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Political_union" title="Political union">Reunification</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revanchism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Revanchism" title="Revanchism">Revisionism</a> · <a href="/wiki/Rump_state" title="Rump state">Rump state</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Serbia_articles" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Serbia_topics" title="Template talk:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Serbia topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Serbia_articles" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia">Serbia</a> <a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Serbia" title="Outline of Serbia">articles</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia" title="History of Serbia">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Serbian_history" title="Timeline of Serbian history">Timeline</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prehistoric_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Prehistoric Serbia">Prehistoric</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_heritage_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman heritage in Serbia">Roman times</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_in_the_Middle_Ages" title="Serbia in the Middle Ages">Middle Ages</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia_(early_medieval)" title="Principality of Serbia (early medieval)">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Principality_of_Serbia" title="Grand Principality of Serbia">Grand Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(medieval)" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Serbia (medieval)">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Empire" title="Serbian Empire">Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moravian_Serbia" title="Moravian Serbia">Moravian Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Despotate" title="Serbian Despotate">Despotate</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Serbia" title="Ottoman Serbia">Ottoman period</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia_(1718%E2%80%931739)" title="Kingdom of Serbia (1718–1739)">Habsburg Kingdom of Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_modern_Serbia" title="History of modern Serbia">History of modern Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Revolution" title="Serbian Revolution">Serbian Revolution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Revolutionary_Serbia" title="Revolutionary Serbia">Revolutionary Serbia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Serbia" title="Principality of Serbia">Principality</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Kingdom</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Serbia_after_1918" class="mw-redirect" title="History of Serbia after 1918">Since 1918</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Kingdom of Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territory_of_the_Military_Commander_in_Serbia" title="Territory of the Military Commander in Serbia">German occupation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_National_Salvation" title="Government of National Salvation">Nedić's regime</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Federal_Republic_of_Yugoslavia" title="Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia">Socialist Yugoslavia</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Socialist_Republic_of_Serbia" title="Socialist Republic of Serbia">Socialist Republic</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_and_Montenegro" title="Serbia and Montenegro">Serbia and Montenegro</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Serbia_(1992%E2%80%932006)" title="Republic of Serbia (1992–2006)">Federal Republic (1992–2006)</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;">By topic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Capitals_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Capitals of Serbia">Capitals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Demographic_history_of_Serbia" title="Demographic history of Serbia">Demographic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_history_in_Serbia" title="LGBT history in Serbia">LGBT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Serbia" title="Military history of Serbia">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Origin_of_the_Serbs" class="mw-redirect" title="Origin of the Serbs">Origin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Serbia" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Serbia">Postal</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="5" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/Serbia" title="Serbia"><img alt="Serbia" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/80px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg/160px-Coat_of_arms_of_Serbia_small.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="390" data-file-height="772" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Serbia" title="Geography of Serbia">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_caves_in_Serbia" title="List of caves in Serbia">Caves</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_of_Serbia" title="Climate of Serbia">Climate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Regions of Serbia">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Serbia" title="List of rivers of Serbia">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_swamps_in_Serbia" title="List of swamps in Serbia">Swamps</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Serbia" title="Geology of Serbia">Geology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Extreme_points_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Extreme points of Serbia">Extreme points</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flora_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Flora of Serbia">Flora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fauna_of_Serbia" title="Fauna of Serbia">Fauna</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Serbia" title="List of islands of Serbia">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lakes_of_Serbia" title="List of lakes of Serbia">Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_mountains_in_Serbia" title="List of mountains in Serbia">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfalls_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Waterfalls of Serbia">Waterfalls</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Governance_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Governance of Serbia">Governance</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Administrative_divisions_of_Serbia" title="Administrative divisions of Serbia">Administrative divisions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Serbia" title="Constitution of Serbia">Constitution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Serbia" title="Elections in Serbia">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Serbia" title="Foreign relations of Serbia">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Serbia" title="Government of Serbia">Government</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Serbia" title="President of Serbia">President</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Serbia" title="Prime Minister of Serbia">Prime Minister</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Serbia" title="Human rights in Serbia">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_rights_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT rights in Serbia">LGBT</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Law enforcement in Serbia">Law enforcement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Armed_Forces" title="Serbian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_General_Staff" title="Serbian General Staff">General Staff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chief_of_the_Serbian_General_Staff" title="Chief of the Serbian General Staff">Chief of the General Staff</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Assembly_(Serbia)" title="National Assembly (Serbia)">National Assembly</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_National_Assembly_of_Serbia" title="President of the National Assembly of Serbia">President</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Serbia" title="Politics of Serbia">Politics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Serbia" title="List of political parties in Serbia">Political parties</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Serbia" title="Economy of Serbia">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Finance</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Serbia" title="Banking in Serbia">Banking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Bank_of_Serbia" title="National Bank of Serbia">National Bank</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_of_national_banks_of_Serbia_and_Yugoslavia" title="List of governors of national banks of Serbia and Yugoslavia">governors</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_dinar" title="Serbian dinar">Dinar</a> (currency)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Serbia" title="Healthcare in Serbia">Healthcare</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Insurance_in_Serbia" title="Insurance in Serbia">Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade_Stock_Exchange" title="Belgrade Stock Exchange">Stock Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Serbia" title="Taxation in Serbia">Taxation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Industry</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Serbia" title="Agriculture in Serbia">Agriculture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automotive_industry_in_Serbia" title="Automotive industry in Serbia">Automotive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Serbia" title="List of companies of Serbia">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_in_Serbia" title="Energy in Serbia">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Forestry_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Forestry in Serbia">Forestry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Serbia" title="Telecommunications in Serbia">Telecommunications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Serbia" title="Tourism in Serbia">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Serbia" title="Transport in Serbia">Transport</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.3em;padding-right:0.3em;font-weight:normal;">Retail</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_shopping_malls_in_Serbia" title="List of shopping malls in Serbia">Shopping malls</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_supermarket_chains_in_Serbia" title="List of supermarket chains in Serbia">Supermarkets</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Society_of_Serbia" title="Category:Society of Serbia">Society</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Serbia" title="Crime in Serbia">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Health_care_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Health care in Serbia">Health care</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="People of Serbia">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Serbia" title="Culture of Serbia">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Serbia" title="Architecture of Serbia">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_art" title="Serbian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Serbia" title="Cinema of Serbia">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_clan" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian clan">Clans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_cuisine" title="Serbian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Serbia" title="Education in Serbia">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Folklore_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Folklore of Serbia">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_national_identity" title="Serbian national identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cultural_Heritage_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Cultural Heritage of Serbia">Heritage</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_literature" title="Serbian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Serbia" title="Music of Serbia">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Media_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Media of Serbia">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_names" class="mw-redirect" title="Serbian names">Naming culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Serbia" title="Public holidays in Serbia">Public holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Serbia" title="National symbols of Serbia">National symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_World_Heritage_Sites_in_Serbia" title="List of World Heritage Sites in Serbia">World Heritage Sites</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Serbia" title="Demographics of Serbia">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Serbia" title="Languages of Serbia">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Serbia" title="List of people from Serbia">Notable people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_actors" title="List of Serbian actors">Actors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_architects" title="List of Serbian architects">Architects</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_inventions_and_discoveries" title="List of Serbian inventions and discoveries">Inventors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_musicians" title="List of Serbian musicians">Musicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Serbian_sportspeople" title="List of Serbian sportspeople">Sportspeople</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Serbia" title="Religion in Serbia">Religion</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Christianity_in_Serbia" title="Christianity in Serbia">Christianity</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_Orthodox_Church" title="Serbian Orthodox Church">Serbian Orthodox Church</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriarch_of_the_Serbian_Orthodox_Church" class="mw-redirect" title="Patriarch of the Serbian Orthodox Church">Patriarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholicism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Roman Catholicism in Serbia">Roman Catholicism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Serbia" title="Protestantism in Serbia">Protestantism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hinduism_in_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Hinduism in Serbia">Hinduism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islam_in_Serbia" title="Islam in Serbia">Islam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_Jews_in_Serbia" title="History of the Jews in Serbia">Judaism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Serbia" title="Sport in Serbia">Sport</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Federations: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Basketball Federation of Serbia">Basketball</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_Federation_of_Serbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Football Federation of Serbia">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Handball_Federation_of_Serbia" title="Handball Federation of Serbia">Handball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basketball_League_of_Serbia" title="Basketball League of Serbia">Basketball superleague</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Football_in_Serbia" title="Football in Serbia">Football</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbia_at_the_Olympics" title="Serbia at the Olympics">Olympics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="3" style="font-weight:bold;"><div><div 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9.70% 181.660 43 Template:Cite_book"," 8.34% 156.287 21 Template:Cite_journal"," 7.07% 132.427 1 Template:Kosovo_Myth"," 5.05% 94.648 1 Template:Kosovo_topics"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"0.962","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":16627343,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"anchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFBarnaPovedák2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBianchiniChaturvediIvekovicSamaddar2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBiljana_VankovskaHaken_Wiberg2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBradaš2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohen2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavid_TurtonJulia_González1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDayantis2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDjokic2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDuijzings2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmert1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEmmert1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrilović2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGavrilovićDespotovićPericaSrđan2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGreenawalt2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHumphreys2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIvan_Čolović\"] = 1,\n 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