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Click here for more information."><img alt="This is a good article. Click here for more information." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/19px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png" decoding="async" width="19" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/29px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/94/Symbol_support_vote.svg/39px-Symbol_support_vote.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a></span></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Distributed computing protocol created by Apple</div> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vevent"><caption class="infobox-title summary">Xgrid</caption><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image logo"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Xgrid-icon.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/9/9b/Xgrid-icon.png" decoding="async" width="128" height="128" class="mw-file-element" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Programmer" title="Programmer">Developer(s)</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Initial release</th><td class="infobox-data">January 6, 2004<sup id="cite_ref-man_xgrid_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man_xgrid-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr style="display: none;"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_release_life_cycle" title="Software release life cycle">Final release</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div style="margin:0px;">10.7.5 / October 4, 2012<span class="noprint">; 12 years ago</span><span style="display:none"> (<span class="bday dtstart published updated">2012-10-04</span>)</span></div></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Operating_system" title="Operating system">Operating system</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Computing_platform" title="Computing platform">Platform</a></th><td class="infobox-data">Independent</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_categories#Categorization_approaches" title="Software categories">Type</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Distributed_computing" title="Distributed computing">Distributed computing</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;"><a href="/wiki/Software_license" title="Software license">License</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Proprietary_software" title="Proprietary software">Proprietary</a> <a href="/wiki/EULA" class="mw-redirect" title="EULA">EULA</a><sup id="cite_ref-105sla_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-105sla-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label" style="white-space: nowrap;">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20060102010251/http://www.apple.com/server/macosx/features/xgrid.html">Homepage</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived January 2, 2006)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Xgrid</b> is a proprietary <a href="/wiki/Grid_computing" title="Grid computing">grid computing</a> program and protocol developed by the Advanced Computation Group subdivision of <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Inc">Apple Inc</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-MacworldIntro_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacworldIntro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>It provides <a href="/wiki/Network_administrators" class="mw-redirect" title="Network administrators">network administrators</a> a method of creating a <a href="/wiki/Computing_cluster" class="mw-redirect" title="Computing cluster">computing cluster</a>, which allows them to exploit previously unused computational power for calculations that can be divided easily into smaller operations, such as <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot maps</a>. The setup of an Xgrid cluster can be achieved at next to no cost, as Xgrid client is pre-installed on all computers running <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4">Mac OS X 10.4</a> to <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.7" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.7">Mac OS X 10.7</a>. The Xgrid client was not included in <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.8" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.8">Mac OS X 10.8</a>. The Xgrid controller, the <a href="/wiki/Job_scheduler" title="Job scheduler">job scheduler</a> of the Xgrid operation, is also included within <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X Server</a> and as a free download from Apple. Apple has kept the command-line job control mechanism minimalist while providing an API to develop more sophisticated tools built around it. </p><p>The program employs its own communication <a href="/wiki/Protocol_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Protocol (computing)">protocol</a> layered on top of a schema to communicate to other nodes. This communication protocol interfaces with the <a href="/wiki/BEEP" title="BEEP">BEEP infrastructure</a>, a network application protocol <a href="/wiki/Software_framework" title="Software framework">framework</a>. Computers discovered by the Xgrid system, that is computers with Mac OS X's Xgrid service enabled, are automatically added to the list of available computers to use for processing tasks. </p><p>When the initiating computer sends the complete instructions, or <a href="/wiki/Job_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Job (software)">job</a>, for processing to the <a href="/wiki/Microcontroller" title="Microcontroller">controller</a>, the controller splits the task up into these small <a href="/wiki/Instruction_packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Instruction packet">instruction packets</a>, known as <a href="/wiki/Task_(computers)" class="mw-redirect" title="Task (computers)">tasks</a>. The design of the Xgrid system consists of these small packets being transferred to all the Xgrid-enabled computers on the network. These computers, or <a href="/wiki/Node_(networking)" title="Node (networking)">nodes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Execution_(computing)" title="Execution (computing)">execute</a> the instructions provided by the controller and then return the results. The controller assembles the individual task results into the whole job results and returns them to the initiating computer. </p><p>Apple modeled the design of Xgrid on the Zilla program, distributed with <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s <a href="/wiki/OpenStep" title="OpenStep">OpenStep</a> operating system application programming interface (<a href="/wiki/API" title="API">API</a>), which Apple owned the rights to. The company also opted to provide the client version of Mac OS X with only command-line functions and little flexibility, while giving the <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X Server</a> version of Xgrid a <a href="/wiki/GUI" class="mw-redirect" title="GUI">GUI</a> control panel and a full set of features. </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_(screenshot).gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_%28screenshot%29.gif/220px-Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_%28screenshot%29.gif" decoding="async" width="220" height="191" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/6e/Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_%28screenshot%29.gif/330px-Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_%28screenshot%29.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/6e/Zilla_running_on_OPENSTEP_%28screenshot%29.gif 2x" data-file-width="338" data-file-height="294" /></a><figcaption>Zilla</figcaption></figure> <p>Xgrid's origins can be traced back to <a href="/wiki/NeXT" title="NeXT">NeXT</a>'s Zilla application created by scientist <a href="/wiki/Richard_Crandall" title="Richard Crandall">Richard Crandall</a> in the late 1980s. Zilla was the first distributed computing program released on an <a href="/wiki/End-user" class="mw-redirect" title="End-user">end-user</a> operating system and which used the idle screen-saver motif, a design feature since found in widely used projects such as <a href="/wiki/Seti@Home" class="mw-redirect" title="Seti@Home">Seti@Home</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-man_xgrid_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man_xgrid-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Zilla won the national <a href="/wiki/Computerworld_Smithsonian_Award" title="Computerworld Smithsonian Award">Computerworld Smithsonian Award</a> (Science Category) in 1991 for ease of use and good design.<sup id="cite_ref-award-computerworld_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-award-computerworld-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Apple acquired Zilla along with the rest of NeXT in 1997,<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and used Zilla as inspiration for Xgrid.<sup id="cite_ref-man_xgrid_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-man_xgrid-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xgrid Technology Preview 1 was released in January 2004,<sup id="cite_ref-simple26_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-MacworldIntro_3-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-MacworldIntro-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2006_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> followed by Technology Preview 2 in November 2004. Xgrid 1.0 was released as part of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.4_Tiger" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger">Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</a> in April 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2006_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Several organizations have adopted Xgrid in large international computing networks. One example of an Xgrid cluster is MacResearch's OpenMacGrid, where scientists can request access to large amounts of processing power to run tasks related to their research.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Another was the now defunct Xgrid@Stanford project, which used a range of computers on the <a href="/wiki/Stanford_University" title="Stanford University">Stanford University</a> campus and around the world<sup id="cite_ref-xgrid@stanford_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xgrid@stanford-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> to perform biochemical research.<sup id="cite_ref-xgrid@stanfordproject_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xgrid@stanfordproject-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In a report covering the announcement, <i><a href="/wiki/Macworld" title="Macworld">Macworld</a></i> cited Xgrid among the <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> features in "10 Things to Know about Tiger", calling it "handy if you work with huge amounts of experimental data or render complex animations".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After Xgrid's introduction in 2004, <i><a href="/wiki/InfoWorld" title="InfoWorld">InfoWorld</a></i> noted that it was a "'preview' grade technology" which would directly benefit from the <a href="/wiki/Xserve_G5" class="mw-redirect" title="Xserve G5">Xserve G5</a>'s launch later that year.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i>InfoWorld</i> commentator Ephraim Schwartz also predicted that Xgrid was an opening move in Apple's entry into the enterprise computing market.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2006_8-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Apple discontinued Xgrid with <a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">OS X 10.8 Mountain Lion</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> along with dependent services such as Podcast Producer.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Protocol">Protocol</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Protocol"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Xgridprotocol.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xgridprotocol.svg/330px-Xgridprotocol.svg.png" decoding="async" width="330" height="273" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xgridprotocol.svg/495px-Xgridprotocol.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Xgridprotocol.svg/660px-Xgridprotocol.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="580" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>Xgrid Protocol</figcaption></figure> <p>The Xgrid protocol uses the BEEP network framework to communicate with nodes on the network. The system's infrastructure includes three types of computers which communicate over the protocol: </p> <ul><li>The client, which submits <a href="/wiki/Calculation" title="Calculation">calculation</a> jobs to the controller</li> <li>The controller, which <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/segregate" class="extiw" title="wiktionary:segregate">segregates</a> the jobs into tasks, and assigns these tasks to agents</li> <li>The agents, which process their own allocated part of the calculation and return results to the controller, which returns them to the client.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2006_8-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>A computer can act as one or all three of these components at the same time. The Xgrid protocol provides the basic infrastructure for computers to <a href="/wiki/Communicate" class="mw-redirect" title="Communicate">communicate</a>, but is not involved in the processing of the specified calculation.<sup id="cite_ref-simple22_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xgrid is targeted towards time-consuming computations that can be easily segregated into smaller tasks, sometimes called <i>embarrassingly parallel</i> tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-linux.com_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-linux.com-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This includes <a href="/wiki/Monte_Carlo_method" title="Monte Carlo method">Monte Carlo calculations</a>, <a href="/wiki/3D_rendering" title="3D rendering">3D rendering</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mandelbrot_set" title="Mandelbrot set">Mandelbrot maps</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-simple22_22-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple22-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Within the Xgrid protocol, three types of <a href="/wiki/Message_passing" title="Message passing">messages</a> can be passed to other computers on the same <a href="/wiki/Cluster_(computing)" class="mw-redirect" title="Cluster (computing)">cluster</a>: requests, <a href="/wiki/Notification_system" title="Notification system">notifications</a> and replies. Requests must be responded to by the recipient with a reply, notifications do not require a reply, and replies are responses to sent messages. They are identified by their <a href="/wiki/Name" title="Name">name</a>, type (request/notification/reply) and contents. Each message is encapsulated in a BEEP message (BEEP MSG) and is acknowledged on receipt by an empty reply (RPY).<sup id="cite_ref-simple26_7-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-simple26-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Xgrid does not leverage BEEPs message/reply infrastructure. Any received message which requires a response merely generates an independent BEEP message containing the reply. The Xgrid messages are encoded as dictionaries of key/value pairs which are converted to XML before being sent across the BEEP network. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Architecture"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The architecture of the Xgrid system is designed around a job based system; the controller sends agents jobs, and the agents return the responses. The actual computation that the controller executes in an Xgrid system is known as a job. The job contains all the files required to complete the task successfully, such as the input <a href="/wiki/Parameter_(computer_science)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parameter (computer science)">parameters</a>, <a href="/wiki/Computer_file" title="Computer file">data files</a>, <a href="/wiki/Directory_(file_systems)" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory (file systems)">directories</a>, <a href="/wiki/Executable" title="Executable">executables</a> and/or <a href="/wiki/Shell_script" title="Shell script">shell scripts</a>, the files included in an Xgrid job must be able to be executed either simultaneously or asynchronously, or any benefits of running such a job on an Xgrid is lost. Once the job completes, the controller can be set to notify the client of the task's completion or failure, for example by <a href="/wiki/Email" title="Email">email</a>. The client can leave the <a href="/wiki/Computer_network" title="Computer network">network</a> while the tasks are running. It can also monitor the job status on demand by <a href="/wiki/Information_retrieval" title="Information retrieval">querying</a> the controller, although it cannot track the ongoing progress of individual tasks.<sup id="cite_ref-xgridchap2sec2_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xgridchap2sec2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Hughes2006_8-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Hughes2006-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The controller is central to the correct function of an Xgrid, as this node is responsible for the distribution, supervision and coordination of tasks on agents. The program running on the controller can assign and reassign tasks to handle individual agent failures on demand. The number of tasks assigned to an agent depend on two factors: the number of agents on an Xgrid and the number of <a href="/wiki/Processor_(computing)" title="Processor (computing)">processors</a> in each node. The number of agents on an Xgrid determines how the controller will assign tasks. The tasks may be assigned simultaneously for a large number of agents, or queued for a small number of agents. When a node with more than one processor is detected on an Xgrid, the controller may assign one task per processor; this only occurs if the number of agents on the network is lower than the number of tasks the controller has to complete.<sup id="cite_ref-xgridchap2sec2_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xgridchap2sec2-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xgrid is layered upon the Blocks Extensible Exchange Protocol (BEEP), an <a href="/wiki/IETF" class="mw-redirect" title="IETF">IETF</a> standard comparable to <a href="/wiki/HTTP" title="HTTP">HTTP</a>, but with a focus on two-way multiplexed communication, such as that found in <a href="/wiki/Peer-to-peer_network" class="mw-redirect" title="Peer-to-peer network">peer-to-peer networks</a>. BEEP, in turn, uses <a href="/wiki/XML" title="XML">XML</a> to define profiles for communicating between multiple agents over a single network or internet connection.<sup id="cite_ref-xgridpdf_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-xgridpdf-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Xgrid agent software was available for <a href="/wiki/Unix" title="Unix">Unix</a> and <a href="/wiki/Linux" title="Linux">Linux</a> systems.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Interface">Interface</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Interface"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:XgridAdminTool.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/XgridAdminTool.jpg/220px-XgridAdminTool.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/6/62/XgridAdminTool.jpg/330px-XgridAdminTool.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/6/62/XgridAdminTool.jpg 2x" data-file-width="363" data-file-height="275" /></a><figcaption>Xgrid administration tool</figcaption></figure> <p>While it is possible to access Xgrid from the command line, the Xgrid graphical user interface, a program bundled with <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X Server</a> and, as of March 2009, available online, is a much more efficient way of administering an Xgrid system. Originally, the Xgrid agent was included in all <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_v10.4" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X v10.4">Mac OS X 10.4 Tiger</a> installations but the GUI was reserved for users of <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server" title="Mac OS X Server">Mac OS X Server</a>. This decision limited the efforts of the computer community to embrace the platform. Eventually, Apple released the Mac OS X Server Administration Tools to the public, which included the Xgrid administration application bundled with Mac OS X Server.<sup id="cite_ref-macosxhints_27-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macosxhints-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Despite the lack of a graphical controller interface in the standard (non-server) <a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a> distribution, it is possible to set up an Xgrid controller via the <a href="/wiki/Command_line_interface" class="mw-redirect" title="Command line interface">command line</a> tools <code>xgridctl</code> and <code>xgrid</code>. Once the Xgrid controller <a href="/wiki/Daemon_(computer_software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Daemon (computer software)">daemon</a> is running, administration of the grid with Apple's <a href="/wiki/Xgrid_Admin" class="mw-redirect" title="Xgrid Admin">Xgrid Admin</a> tool is possible.<sup id="cite_ref-macosxhints_27-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-macosxhints-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Some applications, such as <a href="/w/index.php?title=VisualHub&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="VisualHub (page does not exist)">VisualHub</a>, provided Xgrid controller capability through their user interfaces.<sup id="cite_ref-visualhub_28-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-visualhub-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Condor_High-Throughput_Computing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Condor High-Throughput Computing System">Condor High-Throughput Computing System</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-man_xgrid-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-man_xgrid_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a 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no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080725072504/http://developer.apple.com/documentation/Darwin/Reference/ManPages/man1/xgrid.1.html">"Mac OS X Manual Page For xgrid(1)"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Apple_Inc." title="Apple Inc.">Apple Inc.</a> June 27, 2007. 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John Wiley & Sons. pp. 76–77. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-118-41781-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-118-41781-2"><bdi>978-1-118-41781-2</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211108154822/https://books.google.com/books?id=khJ6vtNyO8UC&newbks=0">Archived</a> from the original on November 8, 2021<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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(November 24, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=I6ettiOjSMsC&dq=xgrid&pg=PA413"><i>Grid and Cooperative Computing - GCC 2005: 4th International Conference, Beijing, China, November 30 -- December 3, 2005, Proceedings</i></a>. Springer Science & Business Media. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30510-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-540-30510-1"><bdi>978-3-540-30510-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Grid+and+Cooperative+Computing+-+GCC+2005%3A+4th+International+Conference%2C+Beijing%2C+China%2C+November+30+--+December+3%2C+2005%2C+Proceedings&rft.pub=Springer+Science+%26+Business+Media&rft.date=2005-11-24&rft.isbn=978-3-540-30510-1&rft.aulast=Zhuge&rft.aufirst=Hai&rft.au=Fox%2C+Geoffrey+C.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DI6ettiOjSMsC%26dq%3Dxgrid%26pg%3DPA413&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXgrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-simple22-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-simple22_22-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-simple22_22-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCôté2004" class="citation web cs1">Côté, Daniel (January 7, 2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080412070951/http://unu.novajo.ca/simple/archives/000022.html">"XGrid"</a>. 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Apple Inc. November 1, 2007. p. 2. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090319195646/http://images.apple.com/server/macosx/docs/L355779B_Xgrid_tb.pdf">Archived</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> from the original on March 19, 2009<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">March 1,</span> 2009</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Technology+Brief&rft.atitle=Mac+OS+X+Server%3A+Xgrid&rft.pages=2&rft.date=2007-11-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fimages.apple.com%2Fserver%2Fmacosx%2Fdocs%2FL355779B_Xgrid_tb.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXgrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJepsonRothman2005" class="citation book cs1">Jepson, Brian; Rothman, Ernest E. (June 1, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=09xjqE4nvqAC&dq=enable+xgridctl&pg=PA211"><i>Mac OS X Tiger for Unix Geeks</i></a>. O'Reilly Media. p. 211. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-596-55274-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-596-55274-9"><bdi>978-0-596-55274-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Mac+OS+X+Tiger+for+Unix+Geeks&rft.pages=211&rft.pub=O%27Reilly+Media&rft.date=2005-06-01&rft.isbn=978-0-596-55274-9&rft.aulast=Jepson&rft.aufirst=Brian&rft.au=Rothman%2C+Ernest+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D09xjqE4nvqAC%26dq%3Denable%2Bxgridctl%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXgrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-macosxhints-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-macosxhints_27-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-macosxhints_27-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMuir2005" class="citation web cs1">Muir, Dylan (June 23, 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070824141456/http://www.macosxhints.com/article.php?story=20050610040807931">"10.4: Run an Xgrid with Tiger client"</a>. <i>Mac OS X Hints</i>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">May 14,</span> 2023</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Engadget&rft.atitle=VisualHub+-+The+universal+video+converter&rft.date=2006-06-07&rft.aulast=Chartier&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.engadget.com%2F2006-06-07-visualhub-the-universal-video-converter.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AXgrid" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Xgrid&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20111112085902/http://xgrid.plasticki.com/">An Xgrid Primer</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived November 12, 2011)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20030212105454/http://www-106.ibm.com/developerworks/xml/library/x-beep/index.html">Bird's-eye view of the BEEP protocol used by Xgrid</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived February 12, 2003)</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100616170437/http://tengrid.com/wiki1/index.php?title=XGRID_FAQ">Xgrid FAQ on the Xgrid Wiki</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> (archived June 16, 2010)</li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output 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title="List of Mac software">Software</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Versions</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Mac OS X">Mac OS X</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Server_1.0" title="Mac OS X Server 1.0">Server 1.0</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Public_Beta" title="Mac OS X Public Beta">Public Beta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.0" title="Mac OS X 10.0">10.0 Cheetah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_10.1" title="Mac OS X 10.1">10.1 Puma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Jaguar" title="Mac OS X Jaguar">10.2 Jaguar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Panther" title="Mac OS X Panther">10.3 Panther</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Tiger" title="Mac OS X Tiger">10.4 Tiger</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Leopard">10.5 Leopard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mac_OS_X_Snow_Leopard" title="Mac OS X Snow Leopard">10.6 Snow Leopard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">OS X</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Lion" title="OS X Lion">10.7 Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mountain_Lion" title="OS X Mountain Lion">10.8 Mountain Lion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Mavericks" title="OS X Mavericks">10.9 Mavericks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_Yosemite" title="OS X Yosemite">10.10 Yosemite</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/OS_X_El_Capitan" title="OS X El Capitan">10.11 El Capitan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">macOS</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sierra" title="MacOS Sierra">10.12 Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_High_Sierra" title="MacOS High Sierra">10.13 High Sierra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Mojave" title="MacOS Mojave">10.14 Mojave</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Catalina" title="MacOS Catalina">10.15 Catalina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Big_Sur" title="MacOS Big Sur">11 Big Sur</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Monterey" title="MacOS Monterey">12 Monterey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Ventura" title="MacOS Ventura">13 Ventura</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sonoma" title="MacOS Sonoma">14 Sonoma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/MacOS_Sequoia" title="MacOS Sequoia">15 Sequoia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Core Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mac_App_Store" title="Mac App Store">App Store</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automator_(macOS)" title="Automator (macOS)">Automator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calculator_(Apple)" title="Calculator (Apple)">Calculator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Calendar_(Apple)" title="Calendar (Apple)">Calendar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Chess" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Chess</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contacts_(Apple)" title="Contacts (Apple)">Contacts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Control_Center_(Apple)" title="Control Center (Apple)">Control Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dictionary_(software)" title="Dictionary (software)">Dictionary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DVD_Player_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="DVD Player (macOS)">DVD Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FaceTime" title="FaceTime">FaceTime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finder_(software)" title="Finder (software)">Finder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Game_Center" title="Game Center">Game Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grapher" title="Grapher">Grapher</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/HomeKit" title="HomeKit">Home</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchpad_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Launchpad (macOS)">Launchpad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Mail" title="Apple Mail">Mail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Messages_(Apple)" title="Messages (Apple)">Messages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_News" title="Apple News">News</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_(software)" class="mw-redirect" title="Music (software)">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notes_(Apple)" title="Notes (Apple)">Notes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Notification_Center" title="Notification Center">Notification Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Podcasts" title="Apple Podcasts">Podcasts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_Booth" title="Photo Booth">Photo Booth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photos_(Apple)" title="Photos (Apple)">Photos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Preview_(macOS)" title="Preview (macOS)">Preview</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/QuickTime" title="QuickTime">Quicktime Player</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reminders_(Apple)" title="Reminders (Apple)">Reminders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Safari_(web_browser)" title="Safari (web browser)">Safari</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Safari_version_history" class="mw-redirect" title="Safari version history">version history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shortcuts_(app)" class="mw-redirect" title="Shortcuts (app)">Shortcuts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Siri" title="Siri">Siri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stickies_(Apple)" title="Stickies (Apple)">Stickies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/TextEdit" title="TextEdit">TextEdit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Time_Machine_(macOS)" title="Time Machine (macOS)">Time Machine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools" title="Apple Developer Tools">Developer Tools</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Xcode" title="Xcode">Xcode</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Instruments_(software)" title="Instruments (software)">Instruments</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Developer_Tools#FileMerge" title="Apple Developer Tools">FileMerge</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former tools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Interface_Builder" title="Interface Builder">Interface Builder</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dashcode" title="Dashcode">Dashcode</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quartz_Composer" title="Quartz Composer">Quartz Composer</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former Applications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dashboard_(macOS)" title="Dashboard (macOS)">Dashboard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Front_Row_(software)" title="Front Row (software)">Front Row</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IChat" title="IChat">iChat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/IPhoto" title="IPhoto">iPhoto</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ISync" title="ISync">iSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ITunes" title="ITunes">iTunes</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_iTunes" title="History of iTunes">history</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sherlock_(software)" title="Sherlock (software)">Sherlock</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Utilities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Activity_Monitor_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Activity Monitor (macOS)">Activity Monitor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AirPort_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="AirPort Utility">AirPort Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Archive_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Archive Utility">Archive Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_MIDI_Setup" class="mw-redirect" title="Audio MIDI Setup">Audio MIDI Setup</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bluetooth_File_Exchange" class="mw-redirect" title="Bluetooth File Exchange">Bluetooth File Exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boot_Camp_(software)" title="Boot Camp (software)">Boot Camp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Configurator" title="Apple Configurator">Configurator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Console" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Console</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_built-in_macOS_apps#Crash_Reporter" title="List of built-in macOS apps">Crash Reporter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_Color_Meter" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital Color Meter">Digital Color Meter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Directory_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Directory Utility">Directory Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/DiskImageMounter" class="mw-redirect" title="DiskImageMounter">DiskImageMounter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disk_Utility" title="Disk Utility">Disk Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Font_Book" title="Font Book">Font Book</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Help_Viewer" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Help Viewer">Help Viewer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Image_Capture" class="mw-redirect" title="Image Capture">Image Capture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Installer_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Installer (macOS)">Installer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Migration_Assistant_(Apple)" class="mw-redirect" title="Migration Assistant (Apple)">Migration Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_Editor" class="mw-redirect" title="Script Editor">Script Editor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Settings" title="System Settings">System Settings</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/System_Information_(Mac)" class="mw-redirect" title="System Information (Mac)">System Information</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terminal_(macOS)" title="Terminal (macOS)">Terminal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_Access" class="mw-redirect" title="Universal Access">Universal Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Discontinued</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Grab_(macOS)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grab (macOS)">Grab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Network_Utility" class="mw-redirect" title="Network Utility">Network Utility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ODBC_Administrator" class="mw-redirect" title="ODBC Administrator">ODBC Administrator</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Remote_Install_Mac_OS_X" class="mw-redirect" title="Remote Install Mac OS X">Remote Install Mac OS X</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Software_Update" class="mw-redirect" title="Apple Software Update">Software Update</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Technologies &<br /><a href="/wiki/User_Interface" class="mw-redirect" title="User Interface">User Interface</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AirDrop" title="AirDrop">AirDrop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppKit" title="AppKit">AppKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_File_System" title="Apple File System">Apple File System</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_menu" title="Apple menu">Apple menu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Push_Notification_service" title="Apple Push Notification service">Apple Push Notification service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AppleScript" title="AppleScript">AppleScript</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aqua_(user_interface)" title="Aqua (user interface)">Aqua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Audio_Units" title="Audio Units">Audio Units</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/AVFoundation" title="AVFoundation">AVFoundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bonjour_(software)" title="Bonjour (software)">Bonjour</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bundle_(macOS)" title="Bundle (macOS)">Bundle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CloudKit" title="CloudKit">CloudKit</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cocoa_(API)" title="Cocoa (API)">Cocoa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ColorSync" title="ColorSync">ColorSync</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Command_key" title="Command key">Command key</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Animation" title="Core Animation">Core Animation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Audio" title="Core Audio">Core Audio</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Data" title="Core Data">Core Data</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Foundation" title="Core Foundation">Core Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Image" title="Core Image">Core Image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_OpenGL" title="Core OpenGL">Core OpenGL</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Text" title="Core Text">Core Text</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Core_Video" title="Core Video">Core Video</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Common_Unix_Printing_System" class="mw-redirect" title="Common Unix Printing System">CUPS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cover_Flow" title="Cover Flow">Cover Flow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Darwin_(operating_system)" title="Darwin (operating system)">Darwin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dock_(macOS)" title="Dock (macOS)">Dock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FileVault" title="FileVault">FileVault</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_typefaces_included_with_macOS" title="List of typefaces included with macOS">Fonts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foundation_Kit" title="Foundation Kit">Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatekeeper_(macOS)" title="Gatekeeper (macOS)">Gatekeeper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Dispatch" title="Grand Central Dispatch">Grand Central Dispatch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Apple_Icon_Image_format" title="Apple Icon Image format">icns</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ICloud" title="ICloud">iCloud</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kernel_panic#macOS" title="Kernel panic">Kernel panic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Keychain_(software)" title="Keychain (software)">Keychain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Launchd" title="Launchd">launchd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mach-O" title="Mach-O">Mach-O</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Menu_extra" title="Menu extra">Menu extra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Metal_(API)" title="Metal (API)">Metal</a></li> <li><a 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