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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Log in</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Contributions</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Talk</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Assistive_technologies_used_for_web_browsing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Assistive_technologies_used_for_web_browsing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Assistive technologies used for web browsing</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Assistive_technologies_used_for_web_browsing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines_on_accessible_web_design" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines_on_accessible_web_design"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Guidelines on accessible web design</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guidelines_on_accessible_web_design-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Guidelines on accessible web design subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guidelines_on_accessible_web_design-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Criticism_of_WAI_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Criticism_of_WAI_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Criticism of WAI guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Criticism_of_WAI_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Essential_components_of_web_accessibility" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Essential_components_of_web_accessibility"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Essential components of web accessibility</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Essential_components_of_web_accessibility-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Guidelines_for_different_components" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Guidelines_for_different_components"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Guidelines for different components</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Guidelines_for_different_components-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Guidelines for different components subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Guidelines_for_different_components-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines_(WCAG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines_(WCAG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines_(WCAG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-User_Agent_Accessibility_Guidelines_(UAAG)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#User_Agent_Accessibility_Guidelines_(UAAG)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-User_Agent_Accessibility_Guidelines_(UAAG)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Web_accessibility_legislation" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Web_accessibility_legislation"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Web accessibility legislation</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Web_accessibility_legislation-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Web accessibility legislation subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Web_accessibility_legislation-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Australia" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Australia"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.1</span> <span>Australia</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Australia-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Brazil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Brazil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.2</span> <span>Brazil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Brazil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Canada" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Canada"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.3</span> <span>Canada</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Canada-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-European_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#European_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.4</span> <span>European Union</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-European_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-India" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#India"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.5</span> <span>India</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-India-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ireland" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ireland"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.6</span> <span>Ireland</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ireland-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Israel" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Israel"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.7</span> <span>Israel</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Israel-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Italy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Italy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.8</span> <span>Italy</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Italy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Japan" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Japan"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.9</span> <span>Japan</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Japan-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Malta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Malta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.10</span> <span>Malta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Malta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Norway" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Norway"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.11</span> <span>Norway</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Norway-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Philippines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Philippines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.12</span> <span>Philippines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Philippines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Spain" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Spain"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.13</span> <span>Spain</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Spain-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sweden" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sweden"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.14</span> <span>Sweden</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sweden-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_Kingdom" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_Kingdom"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.15</span> <span>United Kingdom</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_Kingdom-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-United_States" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#United_States"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5.16</span> <span>United States</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-United_States-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Website_accessibility_audits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Website_accessibility_audits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Website accessibility audits</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Website_accessibility_audits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Remediating_inaccessible_websites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Remediating_inaccessible_websites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Remediating inaccessible websites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Remediating_inaccessible_websites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Accessible_Web_applications_and_WAI-ARIA" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Accessible_Web_applications_and_WAI-ARIA"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Accessible Web applications and WAI-ARIA</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Accessible_Web_applications_and_WAI-ARIA-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Neurological_UX" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Neurological_UX"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Neurological UX</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Neurological_UX-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">12</span> <span>Further reading</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13</span> <span>External links</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-External_links-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle External links subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Standards_and_guidelines" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Standards_and_guidelines"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">13.1</span> <span>Standards and guidelines</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Standards_and_guidelines-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Web accessibility</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 23 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-23" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">23 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%87%D9%88%D9%84%D8%A9_%D8%A7%D9%84%D8%AA%D8%B5%D9%81%D8%AD" title="سهولة التصفح – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="سهولة التصفح" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilitat_web" title="Accessibilitat web – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Accessibilitat web" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webov%C3%A1_p%C5%99%C3%ADstupnost" title="Webová přístupnost – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Webová přístupnost" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barrierefreies_Internet" title="Barrierefreies Internet – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Barrierefreies Internet" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%94%CE%B9%CE%B1%CE%B4%CE%B9%CE%BA%CF%84%CF%85%CE%B1%CE%BA%CE%AE_%CF%80%CF%81%CE%BF%CF%83%CE%B2%CE%B1%CF%83%CE%B9%CE%BC%CF%8C%CF%84%CE%B7%CF%84%CE%B1" title="Διαδικτυακή προσβασιμότητα – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Διαδικτυακή προσβασιμότητα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accesibilidad_web" title="Accesibilidad web – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Accesibilidad web" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_irisgarritasun" title="Web irisgarritasun – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Web irisgarritasun" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D8%B3%D8%AA%D8%B1%D8%B3%E2%80%8C%D9%BE%D8%B0%DB%8C%D8%B1%DB%8C_%D9%88%D8%A8" title="دسترس‌پذیری وب – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="دسترس‌پذیری وب" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accessibilit%C3%A9_du_web" title="Accessibilité du web – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Accessibilité du web" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9B%B9_%EC%A0%91%EA%B7%BC%EC%84%B1" title="웹 접근성 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="웹 접근성" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%A0%D7%92%D7%99%D7%A9%D7%95%D7%AA_%D7%90%D7%99%D7%A0%D7%98%D7%A8%D7%A0%D7%98" title="נגישות אינטרנט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="נגישות אינטרנט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C4%ABmek%C4%BCa_piek%C4%BC%C5%ABstam%C4%ABba" title="Tīmekļa piekļūstamība – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Tīmekļa piekļūstamība" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%80%D0%B5%D0%B6%D0%BD%D0%B0_%D0%BF%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D0%B0%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82" title="Семрежна пристапност – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Семрежна пристапност" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dost%C4%99pno%C5%9B%C4%87_WWW" title="Dostępność WWW – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Dostępność WWW" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acessibilidade_web" title="Acessibilidade web – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Acessibilidade web" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%8A_%E0%B6%B4%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%9A%E0%B7%81%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="වෙබ් ප්‍රවේශතාව – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="වෙබ් ප්‍රවේශතාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_accessibility" title="Web accessibility – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Web accessibility" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9F%D1%80%D0%B8%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%B0%D1%87%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D1%83" title="Приступачност вебу – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Приступачност вебу" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A7%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B8%96%E0%B9%83%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%81%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%82%E0%B9%89%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%96%E0%B8%B6%E0%B8%87%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%A7%E0%B9%87%E0%B8%9A" title="ความสามารถในการเข้าถึงเว็บ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ความสามารถในการเข้าถึงเว็บ" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Web_eri%C5%9Filebilirli%C4%9Fi" title="Web erişilebilirliği – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Web erişilebilirliği" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A2%D0%B5%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BD%D1%8F_%D0%B2%D0%B5%D0%B1%D0%B4%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%83%D0%BF%D0%BD%D0%BE%D1%81%D1%82%D1%96" title="Тестування вебдоступності – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Тестування вебдоступності" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a 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rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile nowraplinks plainlist"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title" style="background:#ccccff;display:block;margin-bottom:0.5em;"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Theory and models</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism / Disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Other models</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Education</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">Individualized Education Program (IEP)</a></li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education#Special_schools" title="Special education">Special school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">Special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Therapy</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Occupational_therapy" title="Occupational therapy">Occupational</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech%E2%80%93language_pathology" title="Speech–language pathology">Speech</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Societal implications</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights movement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Normalization_(people_with_disabilities)" title="Normalization (people with disabilities)">Normalization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/People-first_language" title="People-first language">People-first language</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_with_negative_connotations" title="List of disability-related terms with negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_women%27s_health" title="Disability and women's health">Women's health</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Personal assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Unlicensed assistive personnel</a> (<a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">ADLs</a>)</li></ul> <div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assisted_living" title="Assisted living">Assisted living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)">Socioeconomic assistance</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">Social Security Disability Insurance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">Supplemental Security Income</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ticket_to_Work" title="Ticket to Work">Ticket to Work</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">Disability Living Allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Disabled students allowance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Disabled Persons Railcard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Freedom_Pass" title="Freedom Pass">Freedom Pass</a></li> <li><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;"><a href="/wiki/Assured_Income_for_the_Severely_Handicapped" title="Assured Income for the Severely Handicapped">Assured Income for<br />the Severely Handicapped</a></div></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">Ontario Disability Support Program</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><div class="hlist"><ul><li>Groups</li><li>Organizations</li></ul></div></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Telecommuting_Institute" title="National Telecommuting Institute">National Telecommuting Institute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Society_for_Disability_Studies" title="Society for Disability Studies">Society for Disability Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">Disabled Peoples' International (DPI)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visitability" title="Visitability">Visitability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WeThe15" title="WeThe15">WeThe15</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Parasports" title="Parasports">Parasports</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"><div class="hlist"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_Olympics" title="Special Olympics">Special Olympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paralympic_Games" title="Paralympic Games">Paralympic Games</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaflympics" title="Deaflympics">Deaflympics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invictus_Games" title="Invictus Games">Invictus Games</a></li></ul> </div></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="background:#ddf; text-align:center;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Disability_culture" title="Disability culture">Culture</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_arts" title="Disability in the arts">Disability in the arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_art" title="Disability art">Disability art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_in_the_media" title="Disability in the media">Disability in the media</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below" style="border-top:1px solid #bbf;padding-bottom:0.4em;border-bottom:1px solid #bbf;"> <ul><li><div class="hlist"><ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Category:Disability" title="Category:Disability">Disability</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Disability-related_lists" title="Category:Disability-related lists">Lists</a></li></ul></div></li></ul></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_sidebar" title="Template talk:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_sidebar" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability sidebar"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>Web accessibility</b>, or <b>eAccessibility</b>,<sup id="cite_ref-sec1095_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec1095-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is the <a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">inclusive practice</a> of ensuring there are no barriers that prevent interaction with, or access to, <a href="/wiki/Website" title="Website">websites</a> on the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web" title="World Wide Web">World Wide Web</a> by people with physical <a href="/wiki/Disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabilities">disabilities</a>, situational disabilities, and socio-economic restrictions on bandwidth and speed. When sites are correctly designed, developed and edited, more users have equal <a href="/wiki/Access_to_information" class="mw-redirect" title="Access to information">access to information</a> and functionality. </p><p>For example, when a site is coded with semantically meaningful <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, with textual equivalents provided for images and with links named meaningfully, this helps blind users using text-to-speech software and/or text-to-Braille hardware. When text and images are large and/or enlargeable, it is easier for users with poor sight to read and understand the content. When links are underlined (or otherwise differentiated) as well as colored, this ensures that <a href="/wiki/Color_blind" class="mw-redirect" title="Color blind">color blind</a> users will be able to notice them. When <a href="/wiki/Clickable" class="mw-redirect" title="Clickable">clickable</a> links and areas are large, this helps users who cannot control a <a href="/wiki/Computer_mouse" title="Computer mouse">mouse</a> with precision. When pages are not coded in a way that hinders navigation by means of the <a href="/wiki/Computer_keyboard" title="Computer keyboard">keyboard</a> alone, or a single <a href="/wiki/Switch_access" title="Switch access">switch access</a> device alone, this helps users who cannot use a mouse or even a standard keyboard. When videos are <a href="/wiki/Closed_caption" class="mw-redirect" title="Closed caption">closed captioned</a>, <a href="/wiki/Video_chapter" title="Video chapter">chaptered</a>, or a <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> version is available, deaf and hard-of-hearing users can understand the video. When flashing effects are avoided or made optional, users prone to <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> caused by these effects are not put at risk. And when content is written in plain language and illustrated with instructional diagrams and animations, users with <a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Learning_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Learning disabilities">learning difficulties</a> are better able to understand the content. When sites are correctly built and maintained, all of these users can be accommodated without decreasing the <a href="/wiki/Usability" title="Usability">usability</a> of the site for non-disabled users. </p><p>The needs that web accessibility aims to address include: </p> <ul><li><b>Visual:</b> <a href="/wiki/Visual_impairment" title="Visual impairment">Visual impairments</a> including <a href="/wiki/Blindness" class="mw-redirect" title="Blindness">blindness</a>, various common types of <a href="/wiki/Low_vision" class="mw-redirect" title="Low vision">low vision</a> and poor eyesight, various types of <a href="/wiki/Color_blindness" title="Color blindness">color blindness</a>;</li> <li><b>Motor/mobility:</b> e.g. difficulty or inability to use the hands, including tremors, muscle slowness, loss of fine muscle control, etc., due to conditions such as <a href="/wiki/Parkinson%27s_disease" title="Parkinson's disease">Parkinson's disease</a>, <a href="/wiki/Muscular_dystrophy" title="Muscular dystrophy">muscular dystrophy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cerebral_palsy" title="Cerebral palsy">cerebral palsy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Stroke" title="Stroke">stroke</a>;</li> <li><b>Auditory:</b> <a href="/wiki/Deafness" title="Deafness">Deafness</a> or <a href="/wiki/Hearing_impairment" class="mw-redirect" title="Hearing impairment">hearing impairments</a>, including individuals who are hard of hearing;</li> <li><b>Seizures:</b> Photo epileptic <a href="/wiki/Seizure" title="Seizure">seizures</a> caused by visual strobe or flashing effects.</li> <li><b>Cognitive and intellectual:</b> <a href="/wiki/Developmental_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Developmental disabilities">Developmental disabilities</a>, <a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">learning difficulties</a> (<a href="/wiki/Dyslexia" title="Dyslexia">dyslexia</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dyscalculia" title="Dyscalculia">dyscalculia</a>, etc.), and <a href="/wiki/Cognitive_disabilities" class="mw-redirect" title="Cognitive disabilities">cognitive disabilities</a> (<a href="/wiki/Post-traumatic_stress_disorder" title="Post-traumatic stress disorder">PTSD</a>, <a href="/wiki/Alzheimer%27s_disease" title="Alzheimer's disease">Alzheimer's</a>) of various origins, affecting memory, attention, developmental "maturity", problem-solving and logic skills, etc.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <p>Accessibility is not confined to the list above, rather it extends to anyone who is experiencing any permanent, temporary or situational disability. Situational disability refers to someone who may be experiencing a boundary based on the current experience. For example, a person may be situationally one-handed if they are carrying a baby. Web accessibility should be mindful of users experiencing a wide variety of barriers. According to a 2018 WebAIM global survey of web accessibility practitioners, close to 93% of survey respondents received no formal schooling on web accessibility.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Assistive_technologies_used_for_web_browsing">Assistive technologies used for web browsing</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Assistive technologies used for web browsing"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Individuals living with a disability use <a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">assistive technologies</a> such as the following to enable and assist web browsing: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Screen_reader" title="Screen reader">Screen reader</a> software such as <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.checkmeister.com/browser">Check Meister</a> browser, which can read out, using synthesized speech, either selected elements of what is being displayed on the monitor (helpful for users with reading or learning difficulties), or which can read out everything that is happening on the computer (used by blind and vision impaired users).</li> <li>Braille terminals, consisting of a <a href="/wiki/Refreshable_braille_display" title="Refreshable braille display">refreshable braille display</a> which renders text as <a href="/wiki/Braille" title="Braille">braille</a> characters (usually by means of raising pegs through holes in a flat surface) and either a mainstream keyboard or a braille keyboard.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Screen_magnifier" title="Screen magnifier">Screen magnification</a> software, which enlarges what is displayed on the computer monitor, making it easier to read for vision impaired users.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Speech_recognition" title="Speech recognition">Speech recognition</a> software that can accept spoken commands to the computer, or turn dictation into grammatically correct text – useful for those who have difficulty using a mouse or a keyboard.</li> <li>Keyboard overlays, which can make typing easier or more accurate for those who have motor control difficulties.</li> <li>Access to subtitled or <a href="/wiki/Sign_language" title="Sign language">sign language</a> videos for deaf people.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidelines_on_accessible_web_design">Guidelines on accessible web design</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Guidelines on accessible web design"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></div> <p>In 1999 the <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a>, a project by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> (W3C), published the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines#WCAG_1.0" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WCAG 1.0</a>. </p><p>On 11 December 2008, the WAI released the <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines#WCAG_2.0" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">WCAG 2.0</a> as a Recommendation. WCAG 2.0 aims to be up to date and more technology neutral. Though web designers can choose either standard to follow, the WCAG 2.0 have been widely accepted as the definitive guidelines on how to create accessible websites. Governments are steadily adopting the WCAG 2.0 as the accessibility standard for their own websites.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2012, the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines were also published as an ISO/IEC standard: "ISO/IEC 40500:2012: Information technology – W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0".<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In 2018, the WAI released the WCAG 2.1 Recommendation that extends WCAG 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Criticism_of_WAI_guidelines">Criticism of WAI guidelines</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Criticism of WAI guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>There has been some criticism of the W3C process, claiming that it does not sufficiently put the user at the heart of the process.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> There was a formal objection to WCAG's original claim that WCAG 2.0 will address requirements for people with learning disabilities and cognitive limitations headed by <a href="/wiki/Lisa_Seeman" title="Lisa Seeman">Lisa Seeman</a> and signed by 40 organizations and people.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In articles such as "WCAG 2.0: The new W3C guidelines evaluated",<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> "To Hell with WCAG 2.0"<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and "Testability Costs Too Much",<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the WAI has been criticised for allowing WCAG 1.0 to get increasingly out of step with today's technologies and techniques for creating and consuming web content, for the slow pace of development of WCAG 2.0, for making the new guidelines difficult to navigate and understand, and other argued failings. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Essential_components_of_web_accessibility">Essential components of web accessibility</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Essential components of web accessibility"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The accessibility of websites relies on the cooperation of several components:<sup id="cite_ref-waicomponents_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waicomponents-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <ol><li>content – the information in a web page or web application, including natural information (such as text, images, and sounds) and code or markup that defines structure, presentation, etc.</li> <li>web browsers, media players, and other "user agents"</li> <li>assistive technology, in some cases – screen readers, alternative keyboards, switches, scanning software, etc.</li> <li>users' knowledge, experiences, and in some cases, adaptive strategies using the web</li> <li>developers – designers, coders, authors, etc., including developers with disabilities and users who contribute content</li> <li>authoring tools – software that creates websites</li> <li>evaluation tools – web accessibility evaluation tools, HTML validators, CSS validators, etc.</li></ol> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote"><p>Web <b>developers</b> usually use <b>authoring tools</b> and evaluation tools to create web <b>content</b>. <br /><b>People</b> ("<b>users</b>") use web <b>browsers</b>, <b>media players</b>, <b>assistive technologies</b> or other "<b>user agents</b>" to get and interact with the <b>content</b>.<sup id="cite_ref-waicomponents_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-waicomponents-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Guidelines_for_different_components">Guidelines for different components</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Guidelines for different components"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)"><span id="Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_.28ATAG.29"></span>Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative#Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">ATAG</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shawn_Lawton_Henry_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawn_Lawton_Henry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains 28 checkpoints that provide guidance on: <ul><li>producing accessible output that meets standards and guidelines</li> <li>promoting the content author for accessibility-related information</li> <li>providing ways of checking and correcting inaccessible content</li> <li>integrating accessibility in the overall look and feel</li> <li>making the authoring tool itself accessible to people with disabilities</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines_(WCAG)"><span id="Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines_.28WCAG.29"></span>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></div> <ul><li>WCAG 1.0: 14 guidelines that are general principles of accessible design</li> <li>WCAG 2.0: 4 principles that form the foundation for web accessibility; 12 guidelines (untestable) that are goals for which authors should aim; and 65 testable success criteria.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The W3C's Techniques for WCAG 2.0<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is a list of techniques that support authors to meet the guidelines and success criteria. The techniques are periodically updated whereas the principles, guidelines and success criteria are stable and do not change.<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="User_Agent_Accessibility_Guidelines_(UAAG)"><span id="User_Agent_Accessibility_Guidelines_.28UAAG.29"></span>User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (UAAG)"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/UAAG" class="mw-redirect" title="UAAG">UAAG</a><sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_17-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> contains a comprehensive set of checkpoints that cover: <ul><li>access to all content</li> <li>user control over how content is rendered</li> <li>user control over the user interface</li> <li>standard programming interfaces</li></ul></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Web_accessibility_legislation">Web accessibility legislation</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Web accessibility legislation"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Because of the growth in internet usage<sup id="cite_ref-Internet_World_Stats_Usage_and_Population_Statistics_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Internet_World_Stats_Usage_and_Population_Statistics-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and its growing importance in everyday life, countries around the world are addressing digital access issues through legislation. One approach is to protect access to websites for people with disabilities by using existing human or civil rights legislation. Some countries, like the U.S., protect access for people with disabilities through the technology procurement process.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It is common for nations to support and adopt the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0 by referring to the guidelines in their legislation.<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Compliance with web accessibility guidelines is a legal requirement primarily in North America, Europe, parts of South America and parts of Asia.<sup id="cite_ref-22" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><b><big>Argentina</big></b> </p><p>Law 26.653 on Accessibility to Information on Web Pages.<sup id="cite_ref-23" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Approved by the <a href="/wiki/National_Congress_of_Argentina" title="National Congress of Argentina">National Congress of Argentina</a> on November 3, 2010. It specifies in its Article 1 that both the National State and its decentralized organisms or those companies that are related in any way with public services or goods, must respect the rules and requirements on accessibility in the design of their web pages. The objective is to facilitate access to contents to all persons with disabilities, in order to guarantee equal opportunities in relation to access to information and to avoid discrimination. </p><p>In addition, by Decree 656/2019<sup id="cite_ref-24" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the regulation of the aforementioned Law No. 26,653 is approved and it is reported that the authority in charge of its application will be the ONTI, "Oficina Nacional de Tecnologías de Información" (National Office of Information Technologies).<sup id="cite_ref-25" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This agency is in charge of assisting and/or advising the individuals and legal entities reached by this Law; in addition to disseminating, approving/updating and also controlling the fulfillment of the accessibility standards and requirements of the web pages; among other functions. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Australia">Australia</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Australia"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2000, an <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> blind man won a $20,000 court case against the <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games">Sydney Organising Committee of the Olympic Games (SOCOG)</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> This was the first successful case under <a href="/wiki/Disability_Discrimination_Act_1992" title="Disability Discrimination Act 1992">Disability Discrimination Act 1992</a> because SOCOG had failed to make their official website, <a href="/wiki/Sydney_Olympic_Games" class="mw-redirect" title="Sydney Olympic Games">Sydney Olympic Games</a>, adequately accessible to blind users. <a href="/wiki/Australian_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Australian Human Rights Commission">The Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission (HREOC)</a> also published World Wide Web Access: Disability Discrimination Act Advisory Notes.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> All Governments in Australia also have policies and guidelines that require accessible public websites. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Brazil">Brazil</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Brazil"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Brazil" title="Brazil">Brazil</a>, the federal government published a paper with guidelines for accessibility on 18 January 2005, for public reviewing. On 14 December of the same year, the second version was published, including suggestions made to the first version of the paper. On 7 May 2007, the accessibility guidelines of the paper became compulsory to all federal websites. The current version of the paper, which follows the WCAG 2.0 guidelines, is named <b>e-MAG, Modelo de Acessibilidade de Governo Eletrônico</b> (Electronic Government Accessibility Model), and is maintained by Brazilian <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Planning,_Budget,_and_Management" class="mw-redirect" title="Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management">Ministry of Planning, Budget, and Management</a>. </p><p>The paper can be viewed and downloaded at its official website.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Canada">Canada</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Canada"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 2011, the Government of Canada began phasing in the implementation of a new set of web standards that are aimed at ensuring government websites are accessible, usable, interoperable and optimized for mobile devices. These standards replace Common Look and Feel 2.0 (CLF 2.0) Standards for the Internet. </p><p>The first of these four standards, Standard on Web Accessibility<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into full effect on 31 July 2013. The Standard on Web Accessibility follows the <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> (WCAG) 2.0 AA, and contains a list of exclusions that is updated annually. It is accompanied by an explicit Assessment Methodology<sup id="cite_ref-30" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-30"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>30<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> that helps government departments comply. The government also developed the Web Experience Toolkit (WET),<sup id="cite_ref-31" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-31"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>31<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a set of reusable web components for building innovative websites. The WET helps government departments build innovative websites that are accessible, usable and interoperable and therefore comply with the government's standards. The <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wet-boew.github.io/wet-boew/index.html">WET toolkit is open source</a> and available for anyone to use. </p><p>The three related web standards are: the Standard on Optimizing Websites and Applications for Mobile Devices,<sup id="cite_ref-32" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-32"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>32<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> the Standard on Web Usability<sup id="cite_ref-33" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-33"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>33<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the Standard on Web Interoperability.<sup id="cite_ref-34" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-34"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>34<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a> passed the <a href="/wiki/Accessible_Canada_Act" title="Accessible Canada Act">Accessible Canada Act</a>. This builds on the on provincial legislation like the <a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Accessibility_for_Manitobans_Act" title="The Accessibility for Manitobans Act">The Accessibility for Manitobans Act</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia_Accessibility_Act" title="Nova Scotia Accessibility Act">Nova Scotia Accessibility Act</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="European_Union">European Union</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: European Union"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In February 2014 a draft law was endorsed by the <a href="/wiki/European_Parliament" title="European Parliament">European Parliament</a> stating that all websites managed by public sector bodies have to be made accessible to everyone.<sup id="cite_ref-35" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-35"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>35<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A <a href="/wiki/European_Commission" title="European Commission">European Commission</a> <i>Communication</i> on eAccessibility was published on 13 September 2005.<sup id="cite_ref-sec1095_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-sec1095-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission's aim to "harmonise and facilitate the <a href="/wiki/Government_procurement" title="Government procurement">public procurement</a> of accessible ICT products and services" was embedded in a mandate issued to CEN, CENELEC and ETSI in December 2005, reference M 376.<sup id="cite_ref-36" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-36"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>36<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A mandate is a request for the drafting and adoption of a European standard or European standardisation deliverables issued to one or more of the European standardisation organisations. Mandates are usually accepted by the standardisation organisation because they are based on preliminary consultation, although technically the organisation is independent and has a right to decline the mandate.<sup id="cite_ref-37" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-37"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>37<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The mandate also called for the development of an electronic toolkit for public procurers enabling them to have access to the resulting harmonised requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-mandate376_38-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandate376-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The commission also noted that the harmonised outcome, while intended for public procurement purposes, might also be useful for <a href="/wiki/Procurement" title="Procurement">procurement</a> in the private sector.<sup id="cite_ref-mandate376_38-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-mandate376-38"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>38<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: Section 2.3">: Section 2.3 </span></sup> </p><p>On 26 October 2016, the European Parliament approved the <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Directive" title="Web Accessibility Directive">Web Accessibility Directive</a>, which requires that the websites and mobile apps of public sector bodies be accessible. The relevant accessibility requirements are described in the European standard <a href="/wiki/EN_301_549" title="EN 301 549">EN 301 549</a> V3.2.1 (published by <a href="/wiki/ETSI" class="mw-redirect" title="ETSI">ETSI</a>). EU member states were expected to bring into force by 23 September 2018 laws and regulations that enforce the relevant accessibility requirements. </p> <ul><li>websites of public sector bodies should comply by 23 September 2018;</li> <li>mobile apps by 23 June 2021.</li></ul> <p>Some categories of websites and apps are excepted from the directive, for example "websites and mobile applications of public service broadcasters and their subsidiaries".<sup id="cite_ref-39" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-39"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>39<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The European Commission's "Rolling Plan for ICT Standardisation 2017" notes that ETSI standard EN 301 549 V1.1.2 will need to be updated to add accessibility requirements for mobile applications and evaluation methodologies to test compliance with the standard.<sup id="cite_ref-40" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-40"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>40<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 the European Union introduced the <a href="/wiki/European_Accessibility_Act" title="European Accessibility Act">European Accessibility Act</a>, as one of the leading pieces of legislation for <a href="/wiki/Digital_accessibility" class="mw-redirect" title="Digital accessibility">digital accessibility</a> and <a href="/wiki/Digital_inclusion" title="Digital inclusion">digital inclusion</a>. The European Accessibility Act (EAA), which <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ec.europa.eu/social/main.jsp?catId=1202&intPageId=5581&langId=en#:~:text=All%20EU%20Member%20States%20must,by%20the%20Act%20are%20accessible.">will enter into force on 28 June 2025</a>, requiring companies to ensure that the newly marketed products and services covered by the Act are accessible. All websites will need to adhere to the WCAG Principles of Perceivable, Operable, Understandable and Robust, and deliver comparative levels of user experience to disabled customers. As of June 28, 2025, customers will be able to file complaints before national courts or authorities if services or products do not respect the new rules.<sup id="cite_ref-41" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-41"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>41<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="India">India</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: India"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/India" title="India">India</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Informatics_Centre" title="National Informatics Centre">National Informatics Centre</a> (NIC), under <a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronics_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology">Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</a> (MeitY) has passed <a href="/wiki/Guidelines_for_Indian_Government_Websites" class="mw-redirect" title="Guidelines for Indian Government Websites">Guidelines for Indian Government Websites</a> (GIGW)<sup id="cite_ref-42" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-42"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>42<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> for government agencies in 2009, compelling them to adhere to WCAG 2.0 Level A standards.<sup id="cite_ref-43" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-43"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>43<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p><a href="/wiki/Ministry_of_Electronics_and_Information_Technology" title="Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology">Ministry of Electronics and Information Technology</a> (MeitY) has National Policy on Universal Electronic Accessibility<sup id="cite_ref-44" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-44"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>44<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> clearly stated, Accessibility Standards and Guidelines be formulated or adapted from prevailing standards in the domain including <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> accessibility <a href="/wiki/Web_standards" title="Web standards">Web standards</a> and guidelines such as Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (<a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative#Authoring_Tool_Accessibility_Guidelines_(ATAG)" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">ATAG</a><sup id="cite_ref-Shawn_Lawton_Henry_13-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Shawn_Lawton_Henry-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>), <a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a> (WCAG 2.0) and User Agent Accessibility Guidelines (<a href="/wiki/UAAG" class="mw-redirect" title="UAAG">UAAG</a><sup id="cite_ref-w3.org_17-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-w3.org-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>). </p><p>GIGW aims to ensure the quality and accessibility of government guidelines by offering guidance on desirable practices covering the entire lifecycle of websites, web portals and web applications, right from conceptualization and design to their development, maintenance and management. The Department of Administrative Reforms and Public Grievances made the same a part of the Central Secretariat Manual of Office Procedure. </p><p>GIGW 3.0<sup id="cite_ref-45" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-45"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>45<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> also significantly enhances the guidance on the accessibility and usability of mobile apps, especially by offering specific guidance to government organizations on how to leverage public digital infrastructure devised for whole-of-government delivery of services, benefits and information.<sup id="cite_ref-46" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-46"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>46<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities_Act,_2016" title="Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016">Rights of Persons with Disabilities Act, 2016</a> (RPwD)<sup id="cite_ref-47" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-47"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>47<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> passed in parliament. The law replaced earlier legislation and provided clearer guidance for digital accessibility. The RPwD Act, 106 through Sections 40-46 mandates accessibility to be ensured in all public-centric buildings, transportation systems, Information and Communication Technology (ICT) services, consumer products and all other services being provided by the Government or other service providers.<sup id="cite_ref-48" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-48"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>48<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ireland">Ireland</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Ireland"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a>, the Disability Act 2005<sup id="cite_ref-49" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-49"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>49<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> requires that where a public body communicates in electronic form with one or more persons, the contents of the communication must be, as far as practicable, "accessible to persons with a visual impairment to whom adaptive technology is available" (Section 28(2)). The National Disability Authority has produced a Code of Practice<sup id="cite_ref-50" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-50"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>50<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> giving guidance to public bodies on how to meet the obligations of the Act. This is an approved code of practice and its provisions have the force of legally binding statutory obligations. It states that a public body can achieve compliance with Section 28(2) by "reviewing existing practices for electronic communications in terms of accessibility against relevant guidelines and standards", giving the example of "Double A conformance with the Web Accessibility Initiative's (WAI) Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG)". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Israel">Israel</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Israel"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The Israeli Ministry of Justice recently published regulations requiring Internet websites to comply with Israeli standard 5568, which is based on the W3C Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0. The main differences between the Israeli standard and the W3C standard concern the requirements to provide captions and texts for audio and video media. The Israeli standards are somewhat more lenient, reflecting the current technical difficulties in providing such captions and texts in Hebrew.<sup id="cite_ref-51" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-51"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>51<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Italy">Italy</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Italy"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Italy, web accessibility is ruled by the so-called "<a href="/wiki/Stanca_Act" title="Stanca Act">Legge Stanca</a>" (Stanca Act), formally Act n.4 of 9 January 2004, officially published on the <a href="/wiki/Gazzetta_Ufficiale" title="Gazzetta Ufficiale">Gazzetta Ufficiale</a> on 17 January 2004. The original Stanca Act was based on the WCAG 1.0. On 20 March 2013 the standards required by the Stanca Act were updated to the WCAG 2.0. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Japan">Japan</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Japan"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines in Japan were established in 2004 as JIS (Japanese Industrial Standards) X 8341–3. JIS X 8341-3 was revised in 2010 as JIS X 8341-3:2010 to encompass WCAG 2.0, and it was revised in 2016 as JIS X 8341-3:2016 to be identical standards with the international standard ISO/IEC 40500:2012. The Japanese organization WAIC (Web Accessibility Infrastructure Committee) has published the history and structure of JIS X 8341-3:2016.<sup id="cite_ref-52" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-52"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>52<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Malta">Malta</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Malta"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Malta Web Content Accessibility assessments were carried out by the Foundation for Information Technology Accessibility (FITA) since 2003.<sup id="cite_ref-53" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-53"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>53<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Until 2018, this was done in conformance with the requirements of the Equal Opportunities Act (2000) CAP 43 and applied WACG guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-54" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-54"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>54<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> With the advent of the EU Web Accessibility Directive the Malta Communications Authority was charged with ensuring the accessibility of online resources owned by Maltese public entities.<sup id="cite_ref-55" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-55"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>55<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> FITA continues to provide ICT accessibility assessments to public and commercial entities, applying standard EN301549 and WCAG 2.1 as applicable. Therefore, both the Equal Opportunities Act anti-discrimination legislation and the transposed EU Web Accessibility Directive are applicable to the Maltese scenario. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Norway">Norway</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Norway"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Norway, web accessibility is a legal obligation under the Act 20 June 2008 No 42 relating to a prohibition against discrimination on the basis of disability, also known as the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Anti-discrimination_Accessibility_Act&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Anti-discrimination Accessibility Act (page does not exist)">Anti-discrimination Accessibility Act</a>. The Act went into force in 2009, and the Ministry of Government Administration, Reform and Church Affairs [Fornyings-, administrasjons- og kirkedepartementet] published the Regulations for universal design of information and communication technology (ICT) solutions [Forskrift om universell utforming av informasjons- og kommunikasjonsteknologiske (IKT)-løsninger] in 2013.<sup id="cite_ref-56" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-56"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>56<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The regulations require compliance with Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0 (WCAG 2.0) / NS / ISO / IEC 40500: 2012, level A and AA with some exceptions.<sup id="cite_ref-57" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-57"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>57<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-58" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-58"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>58<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Norwegian Agency for Public Management and eGovernment (Difi) is responsible for overseeing that ICT solutions aimed at the general public are in compliance with the legislative and regulatory requirements.<sup id="cite_ref-59" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-59"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>59<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Philippines">Philippines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Philippines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>As part of the <a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiatives_in_the_Philippines" class="mw-redirect" title="Web Accessibility Initiatives in the Philippines">Web Accessibility Initiatives in the Philippines</a>, the government through the National Council for the Welfare of Disabled Persons (NCWDP) board approved the recommendation of forming an ad hoc or core group of webmasters that will help in the implementation of the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Biwako_Millennium_Framework&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Biwako Millennium Framework (page does not exist)">Biwako Millennium Framework</a> set by the <a href="/wiki/UNESCAP" class="mw-redirect" title="UNESCAP">UNESCAP</a>. </p><p>The <a href="/wiki/Philippines" title="Philippines">Philippines</a> was also the place where the Interregional Seminar and Regional Demonstration Workshop on Accessible Information and Communications Technologies (ICT) to Persons with Disabilities was held where eleven countries from Asia – Pacific were represented. The <a href="/w/index.php?title=Manila_Accessible_Information_and_Communications_Technologies_Design_Recommendations&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Manila Accessible Information and Communications Technologies Design Recommendations (page does not exist)">Manila Accessible Information and Communications Technologies Design Recommendations</a> was drafted and adopted in 2003. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Spain">Spain</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Spain"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Spain, UNE 139803:2012 is the norm entrusted to regulate web accessibility. This standard is based on Web Content Accessibility Guidelines 2.0.<sup id="cite_ref-60" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-60"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>60<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sweden">Sweden</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Sweden"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In Sweden, Verva, the Swedish Administrative Development Agency is responsible for a set of guidelines for Swedish public sector web sites. Through the guidelines, web accessibility is presented as an integral part of the overall development process and not as a separate issue. The Swedish guidelines contain criteria which cover the entire life cycle of a website; from its conception to the publication of live web content. These criteria address several areas which should be considered, including: </p> <ul><li>accessibility</li> <li>usability</li> <li>web standards</li> <li>privacy issues</li> <li>information architecture</li> <li>developing content for the web</li> <li>Content Management Systems (CMS) / authoring tools selection.</li> <li>development of web content for mobile devices.</li></ul> <p>An English translation was released in April 2008: Swedish National Guidelines for Public Sector Websites.<sup id="cite_ref-61" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-61"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>61<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The translation is based on the latest version of Guidelines which was released in 2006.<sup id="cite_ref-62" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-62"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>62<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_Kingdom">United Kingdom</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: United Kingdom"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/UK" class="mw-redirect" title="UK">UK</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a> does not refer explicitly to website accessibility, but makes it illegal to discriminate against people with disabilities. The Act applies to anyone providing a service; public, private and voluntary sectors. The <i>Code of Practice: Rights of Access – Goods, Facilities, Services and Premises</i> document<sup id="cite_ref-63" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-63"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>63<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the government's <a href="/wiki/Equality_and_Human_Rights_Commission" title="Equality and Human Rights Commission">Equality and Human Rights Commission</a> to accompany the Act does refer explicitly to websites as one of the "services to the public" which should be considered covered by the Act. </p><p>In December 2010 the UK released the standard <i><a href="/wiki/BS_8878" title="BS 8878">BS 8878:2010 Web accessibility. Code of practice</a></i>. This standard effectively supersedes PAS 78 (pub. 2006). PAS 78, produced by the <a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_Commission" title="Disability Rights Commission">Disability Rights Commission</a> and usable by disabled people. The standard has been designed to introduce non-technical professionals to improved accessibility, usability and user experience for disabled and older people.<sup id="cite_ref-64" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-64"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>64<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> It will be especially beneficial to anyone new to this subject as it gives guidance on process, rather than on technical and design issues. BS 8878 is consistent with the <a href="/wiki/Equality_Act_2010" title="Equality Act 2010">Equality Act 2010</a><sup id="cite_ref-65" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-65"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>65<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and is referenced in the UK government's e-Accessibility Action Plan as the basis of updated advice on developing accessible online services. It includes recommendations for: </p> <ul><li>Involving disabled people in the development process and using automated tools to assist with accessibility testing</li> <li>The management of the guidance and process for upholding existing accessibility guidelines and specifications.</li></ul> <p>BS 8878 is intended for anyone responsible for the policies covering web product creation within their organization, and governance against those policies. It additionally assists people responsible for promoting and supporting equality and inclusion initiatives within organizations and people involved in the procurement, creation or training of web products and content. A summary of BS 8878<sup id="cite_ref-66" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-66"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>66<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is available to help organisations better understand how the standard can help them embed accessibility and inclusive design in their business-as-usual processes. </p><p>On 28 May 2019, BS 8878 was superseded by ISO 30071-1, the international Standard that built on BS 8878 and expanded it for international use. A summary of how ISO 30071-1 relates to BS 8878<sup id="cite_ref-67" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-67"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>67<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> is available to help organisations understand the new Standard. </p><p>On April 9, <a href="/wiki/National_Rail" title="National Rail">National Rail</a> replaced its blue and white aesthetic with a black and white theme, which was criticized for not conforming to the Web Content Accessibility Guidelines. The company restored the blue and white theme and said it is investing in modernising its website in accords to the latest accessibility guidelines.<sup id="cite_ref-68" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-68"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>68<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 2019 new accessibility regulations<sup id="cite_ref-69" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-69"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>69<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-70" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-70"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>70<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> came into force setting a legal duty for public sector bodies to publish accessibility statements and make their websites accessible by 23 September 2020 <sup id="cite_ref-71" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-71"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>71<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Accessibility statements include information about how the website was tested and the organisation's plan to fix any accessibility problems. Statements should be published and linked to on every page on the website.<sup id="cite_ref-72" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-72"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>72<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="United_States">United States</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: United States"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In the <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a>, <a href="/wiki/Section_508_Amendment_to_the_Rehabilitation_Act_of_1973" title="Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973">Section 508 Amendment to the Rehabilitation Act of 1973</a> requires all Federal agencies' electronic and information technology to be accessible to those with disabilities. Both members of the public and federal employees have the right to access this technology, such as computer hardware and software, websites, phone systems, and copiers.<sup id="cite_ref-73" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-73"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>73<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Also, <a href="/wiki/Section_504_of_the_Rehabilitation_Act" title="Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act">Section 504 of the Rehabilitation Act</a> prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability for entities receiving federal funds and has been cited in multiple lawsuits against organizations such as hospitals that receive federal funds through medicare/medicaid. </p><p>In addition, <a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990#Title_III—public_accommodations_(and_commercial_facilities)" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">Title III of the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA)</a> prohibits discrimination on the basis of disability. There is some debate on the matter; multiple courts and the U.S. Department of Justice have taken the position that the ADA requires website and app operators and owners to take affirmative steps to make their websites and apps accessible to disabled persons and compatible with common assistive technologies such as the JAWS screen reader, while other courts have taken the position that the ADA does not apply online. The U.S. Department of Justice has endorsed the WCAG2.0AA standard as an appropriate standard for accessibility in multiple settlement agreements.<sup id="cite_ref-74" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-74"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>74<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Numerous lawsuits challenging websites and mobile apps on the basis of the ADA have been filed since 2017. These cases appears spurred by a 2017 case, <i>Gil v. Winn Dixie Stores</i>, in which a federal court in Florida ruled that <a href="/wiki/Winn_Dixie" class="mw-redirect" title="Winn Dixie">Winn Dixie</a>'s website must be accessible. Around 800 cases related to web accessibility were filed in 2017, and over 2,200 were filed in 2018. Additionally, though the Justice Department had stated in 2010 that they would publish guidelines for web accessibility, they reversed this plan in 2017, also spurring legal action against inaccessible sites.<sup id="cite_ref-dominos_75-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominos-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>A notable lawsuit related to the ADA was filed against <a href="/wiki/Domino%27s_Pizza" class="mw-redirect" title="Domino's Pizza">Domino's Pizza</a> by a blind user who could not use Domino's mobile app. At the federal district level, the court ruled in favor of Domino's as the Justice Department had not established the guidelines for accessibility, but this was appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Ninth_Circuit" class="mw-redirect" title="Ninth Circuit">Ninth Circuit</a>. The Ninth Circuit overruled the district court, ruling that because Domino's is a brick-and-mortar store, which must meet the ADA, and the mobile app an extension of their services, their app must also be compliant with the ADA. Domino's petitioned to the Supreme Court, backed by many other restaurants and retail chains, arguing that this decision impacts their <a href="/wiki/Due_Process_Clause" title="Due Process Clause">Due Process</a> since disabled customers have other, more accessible means to order.<sup id="cite_ref-dominos_75-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dominos-75"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>75<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> In October 2019, the Supreme Court declined to hear the case, which effectively upheld the decision of the 9th Circuit Court and requires the case to be heard as it stands.<sup id="cite_ref-76" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-76"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>76<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-77" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-77"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>77<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The number and cost of federal accessibility lawsuits has risen dramatically in the last few years.<sup id="cite_ref-78" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-78"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>78<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Website_accessibility_audits">Website accessibility audits</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Website accessibility audits"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A growing number of organizations, companies and consultants offer <i>website accessibility audits</i>. These audits, a type of <a href="/wiki/System_testing" title="System testing">system testing</a>, identify accessibility problems that exist within a website, and provide advice and guidance on the steps that need to be taken to correct these problems. </p><p>A range of methods are used to audit websites for <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a>: </p> <ul><li>Automated tools such as the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.checkmeister.com/evaluation">Check Meister</a> website evaluation tool are available which can identify some of the problems that are present. Depending on the tool the result may vary widely making it difficult to compare test results.<sup id="cite_ref-79" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-79"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>79<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li> <li>Expert technical reviewers, knowledgeable in web design technologies and accessibility, can review a representative selection of pages and provide detailed feedback and advice based on their findings.</li> <li>User testing, usually overseen by technical experts, involves setting tasks for ordinary users to carry out on the website, and reviewing the problems these users encounter as they try to carry out the tasks.</li></ul> <p>Each of these methods has its strengths and weaknesses: </p> <ul><li>Automated tools can process many pages in a relatively short length of time, but can only identify a limited portion of the accessibility problems that might be present in the website.</li> <li>Technical expert review will identify many of the problems that exist, but the process is time-consuming, and many websites are too large to make it possible for a person to review every page.</li> <li>User testing combines elements of usability and accessibility testing, and is valuable for identifying problems that might otherwise be overlooked, but needs to be used knowledgeably to avoid the risk of basing design decisions on one user's preferences.</li></ul> <p>Ideally, a combination of methods should be used to assess the accessibility of a website. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Remediating_inaccessible_websites">Remediating inaccessible websites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Remediating inaccessible websites"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Once an accessibility audit has been conducted, and accessibility errors have been identified, the errors will need to be remediated in order to ensure the site is compliant with accessibility errors. The traditional way of correcting an inaccessible site is to go back into the source code, reprogram the error, and then test to make sure the bug was fixed. If the website is not scheduled to be revised in the near future, that error (and others) would remain on the site for a lengthy period of time, possibly violating accessibility guidelines. Because this is a complicated process, many website owners choose to build accessibility into a new site design or re-launch, as it can be more efficient to develop the site to comply with accessibility guidelines, rather than to remediate errors later. </p><p>With the progress in <a href="/wiki/AI" class="mw-redirect" title="AI">AI</a> technology, web accessibility has become more accessible. With 3rd party add-ons that leverage AI and <a href="/wiki/Machine_learning" title="Machine learning">machine learning</a>, it is possible to offer changes to the <a href="/wiki/Website_design" class="mw-redirect" title="Website design">website design</a> without altering the source code. This way, a website can be accessible to different types of users without the need to adjust the website for every accessibility equipment.<sup id="cite_ref-80" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-80"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>80<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Accessible_Web_applications_and_WAI-ARIA">Accessible Web applications and WAI-ARIA</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Accessible Web applications and WAI-ARIA"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>For a web page to be accessible all important semantics about the page's functionality must be available so that assistive technology can understand and process the content and adapt it for the user. However, as content becomes more and more complex, the standard HTML tags and attributes become inadequate in providing semantics reliably. Modern Web applications often apply scripts to elements to control their functionality and to enable them to act as a control or other dynamic component. These custom components or widgets do not provide a way to convey semantic information to the user agent. <a href="/wiki/WAI-ARIA" title="WAI-ARIA">WAI-ARIA</a> (Accessible Rich Internet Applications) is a specification<sup id="cite_ref-81" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-81"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>81<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> published by the <a href="/wiki/World_Wide_Web_Consortium" title="World Wide Web Consortium">World Wide Web Consortium</a> that specifies how to increase the <a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">accessibility</a> of <a href="/wiki/Dynamic_content" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynamic content">dynamic content</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elements_of_graphical_user_interfaces" class="mw-redirect" title="Elements of graphical user interfaces">user interface components</a> developed with <a href="/wiki/Ajax_(programming)" title="Ajax (programming)">Ajax</a>, <a href="/wiki/HTML" title="HTML">HTML</a>, <a href="/wiki/JavaScript" title="JavaScript">JavaScript</a> and related technologies. ARIA enables accessibility by enabling the author to provide all the semantics to fully describe its supported behaviour. It also allows each element to expose its current states and properties and its relationships between other elements. Accessibility problems with the focus and tab index are also corrected. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Neurological_UX">Neurological UX</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Neurological UX"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Neurological UX is a specialised branch of web accessibility aimed at designing digital experiences that cater to individuals with neurological dispositions such as ADHD, dyslexia, autism spectrum disorder (ASD), and anxiety. Coined by Gareth Slinn in his book NeurologicalUX <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurologicalux.com/">neurologicalux.com</a>, this approach goes beyond conventional accessibility by addressing cognitive, emotional, and behavioural needs. </p><p>Neurological UX focuses on creating interfaces that reduce cognitive load, support diverse ways of thinking, and accommodate challenges in executive functioning. Core principles include: </p> <ul><li>Clarity and Simplicity: Streamlining interfaces to reduce distractions and enhance focus for users with ADHD and similar conditions.</li> <li>Cognitive Support: Offering features like tooltips, hover states, or progressive disclosures to help users with memory and information processing challenges, such as those with dyslexia or traumatic brain injuries.</li> <li>Emotionally Comfortable Design: Using calming color schemes, predictable navigation, and consistent layouts to reduce anxiety for users prone to stress.</li> <li>Flexible Interaction Models: Providing adjustable settings for font size, spacing, and contrast to suit the needs of users with dyslexia, visual stress, or sensory processing disorders.</li> <li>Intuitive Feedback: Ensuring interactive elements provide clear, immediate feedback to accommodate difficulties with impulse control and decision-making.</li> <li>Minimising Overstimulation: Avoiding overly busy layouts, autoplay media, or complex animations that can overwhelm users with ASD or ADHD.</li> <li>By prioritising usability and emotional well-being, Neurological UX seeks to create inclusive digital experiences that empower all users, regardless of their cognitive or neurological profile. This approach not only improves accessibility compliance but also fosters a more equitable and human-centered web.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_publishing" title="Accessible publishing">Accessible publishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Blue_Beanie_Day" title="Blue Beanie Day">Blue Beanie Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Computer_accessibility" title="Computer accessibility">Computer accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Device_independence" class="mw-redirect" title="Device independence">Device independence</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_divide" title="Digital divide">Digital divide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/European_Internet_Accessibility_Observatory" title="European Internet Accessibility Observatory">European Internet Accessibility Observatory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowbility" title="Knowbility">Knowbility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maguire_v_Sydney_Organising_Committee_for_the_Olympic_Games_(2000)" title="Maguire v Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games (2000)"><i>Maguire v Sydney Organising Committee for the Olympic Games</i> (2000)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multimodal_interaction" title="Multimodal interaction">Multimodal interaction</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurologicalux.com/">Neurologicalux</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Progressive_enhancement" title="Progressive enhancement">Progressive enhancement</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_engineering" title="Web engineering">Web engineering</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_interoperability" title="Web interoperability">Web interoperability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_literacy" title="Web literacy">Web literacy</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist 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The company wants the Supreme Court to say websites don't have to be accessible"</a>. <i><a href="/wiki/CNBC" title="CNBC">CNBC</a></i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190730025336/https://www.cnbc.com/2019/07/25/dominos-asks-supreme-court-to-say-disability-protections-dont-apply-online.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 July 2019<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Domino's Pizza Explained"</a>. 18 October 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220519225329/https://equidox.co/blog/robles-v-dominos-pizza-explained-no-published-guidelines-doesnt-mean-no-standards/">Archived</a> from the original on 19 May 2022<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">27 January</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Robles+v.+Domino%27s+Pizza+Explained&rft.date=2019-10-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fequidox.co%2Fblog%2Frobles-vs-dominos-pizza-explained-no-published-guidelines-doesnt-mean-no-standards%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.adatitleiii.com/2019/01/number-of-federal-website-accessibility-lawsuits-nearly-triple-exceeding-2250-in-2018/">"Number Of Federal Website Accessibility Lawsuits Nearly Triple, Exceeding 2250 In 2018"</a>. <i>ADA Title III</i>. 31 January 2019. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200518095813/https://www.adatitleiii.com/2019/01/number-of-federal-website-accessibility-lawsuits-nearly-triple-exceeding-2250-in-2018/">Archived</a> from the original on 18 May 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">14 May</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ADA+Title+III&rft.atitle=Number+Of+Federal+Website+Accessibility+Lawsuits+Nearly+Triple%2C+Exceeding+2250+In+2018&rft.date=2019-01-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.adatitleiii.com%2F2019%2F01%2Fnumber-of-federal-website-accessibility-lawsuits-nearly-triple-exceeding-2250-in-2018%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrantz2009" class="citation web cs1">Krantz, Peter (23 April 2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.standards-schmandards.com/2009/pitfalls-of-web-accessibility-evaluation-tools/">"Pitfalls of Web Accessibility Evaluation Tools"</a>. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">13 March</span> 2020</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ai+for+Accessibility&rft.pub=Microsoft&rft.date=2020-03-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.microsoft.com%2Fen-us%2Fai%2Fai-for-accessibility&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria/">"Accessible Rich Internet Applications (WAI-ARIA) 1.0"</a>. World Wide Web Consortium. 12 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121230204403/http://www.w3.org/WAI/PF/aria/">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Accessible+Rich+Internet+Applications+%28WAI-ARIA%29+1.0&rft.pub=World+Wide+Web+Consortium&rft.date=2012-12-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.w3.org%2FWAI%2FPF%2Faria%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_reading">Further reading</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Further reading"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBangeman2006" class="citation news cs1">Bangeman, Eric (10 September 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://arstechnica.com/news.ars/post/20060910-7705.html">"Judge: ADA lawsuit against Target can proceed"</a>. Ars Technica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 September</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Judge%3A+ADA+lawsuit+against+Target+can+proceed&rft.date=2006-09-10&rft.aulast=Bangeman&rft.aufirst=Eric&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farstechnica.com%2Fnews.ars%2Fpost%2F20060910-7705.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClark2003" class="citation book cs1">Clark, Joe (2003). <span class="id-lock-registration" title="Free registration required"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/buildingaccessib0000clar"><i>Building Accessible Websites</i></a></span>. New Riders Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7357-1150-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7357-1150-1"><bdi>978-0-7357-1150-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Building+Accessible+Websites&rft.pub=New+Riders+Press&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-0-7357-1150-1&rft.aulast=Clark&rft.aufirst=Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fbuildingaccessib0000clar&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHortonWhitney_Quesenbery2013" class="citation book cs1">Horton, Sarah; Whitney Quesenbery (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://rosenfeldmedia.com/books/a-web-for-everyone/"><i>A Web for Everyone: Designing Accessible User Experiences</i></a>. Brooklyn, New York: Rosenfeld. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-933820-97-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-933820-97-2"><bdi>978-1-933820-97-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Web+for+Everyone%3A+Designing+Accessible+User+Experiences&rft.place=Brooklyn%2C+New+York&rft.pub=Rosenfeld&rft.date=2013&rft.isbn=978-1-933820-97-2&rft.aulast=Horton&rft.aufirst=Sarah&rft.au=Whitney+Quesenbery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frosenfeldmedia.com%2Fbooks%2Fa-web-for-everyone%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPaciello2000" class="citation book cs1">Paciello, Michael (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121226034247/http://www.paciellogroup.com/resources/books.htm"><i>Web Accessibility for People with Disabilities</i></a>. CMP Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-929629-08-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-929629-08-4"><bdi>978-1-929629-08-4</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.paciellogroup.com/resources/books.htm">the original</a> on 26 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">21 February</span> 2006</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Web+Accessibility+for+People+with+Disabilities&rft.pub=CMP+Books&rft.date=2000&rft.isbn=978-1-929629-08-4&rft.aulast=Paciello&rft.aufirst=Michael&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.paciellogroup.com%2Fresources%2Fbooks.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRevilla2010" class="citation book cs1">Revilla, Olga (2010). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150514092034/http://wcag2madeeasy.com/index_en.html"><i>WCAG 2.0 made easy</i></a>. Itákora Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-84-614-6177-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-84-614-6177-6"><bdi>978-84-614-6177-6</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wcag2madeeasy.com/index_en.html">the original</a> on 14 May 2015<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">26 July</span> 2014</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=WCAG+2.0+made+easy&rft.pub=It%C3%A1kora+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-84-614-6177-6&rft.aulast=Revilla&rft.aufirst=Olga&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wcag2madeeasy.com%2Findex_en.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSlatinSharron_Rush2002" class="citation book cs1">Slatin, John; Sharron Rush (2002). <i>Maximum Accessibility: Making Your Web Site More Usable for Everyone</i>. Addison-Wesley Professional. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-201-77422-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-201-77422-1"><bdi>978-0-201-77422-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximum+Accessibility%3A+Making+Your+Web+Site+More+Usable+for+Everyone&rft.pub=Addison-Wesley+Professional&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=978-0-201-77422-1&rft.aulast=Slatin&rft.aufirst=John&rft.au=Sharron+Rush&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThatcherCynthia_WaddellShawn_HenrySarah_Swierenga2003" class="citation book cs1">Thatcher, Jim; Cynthia Waddell; Shawn Henry; Sarah Swierenga; Mark Urban; Michael Burks; Paul Bohman (2003). <i>Constructing Accessible Web Sites</i> (Reprint ed.). Apress (Previously by Glasshaus). <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-148-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-59059-148-2"><bdi>978-1-59059-148-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Constructing+Accessible+Web+Sites&rft.edition=Reprint&rft.pub=Apress+%28Previously+by+Glasshaus%29&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-59059-148-2&rft.aulast=Thatcher&rft.aufirst=Jim&rft.au=Cynthia+Waddell&rft.au=Shawn+Henry&rft.au=Sarah+Swierenga&rft.au=Mark+Urban&rft.au=Michael+Burks&rft.au=Paul+Bohman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPickeringSteve_Faulkner2014" class="citation book cs1">Pickering, Heydon; Steve Faulkner (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200131103153/https://shop.smashingmagazine.com/products/apps-for-all"><i>Apps For All: Coding Accessible Web Applications</i></a> (eBook ed.). Smashing Magazine GmbH. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-3-94454079-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-3-94454079-5"><bdi>978-3-94454079-5</bdi></a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shop.smashingmagazine.com/products/apps-for-all/">the original</a> on 31 January 2020<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">20 April</span> 2016</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Apps+For+All%3A+Coding+Accessible+Web+Applications&rft.edition=eBook&rft.pub=Smashing+Magazine+GmbH&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-3-94454079-5&rft.aulast=Pickering&rft.aufirst=Heydon&rft.au=Steve+Faulkner&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshop.smashingmagazine.com%2Fproducts%2Fapps-for-all%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHassell2014" class="citation book cs1">Hassell, Jonathan (2014). <i>Including your missing 20% by embedding web and mobile accessibility</i>. BSI. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-58081-204-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-58081-204-0"><bdi>978-0-58081-204-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Including+your+missing+20%25+by+embedding+web+and+mobile+accessibility&rft.pub=BSI&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-0-58081-204-0&rft.aulast=Hassell&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AWeb+accessibility" class="Z3988"></span></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: External links"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251242444">.mw-parser-output .ambox{border:1px solid #a2a9b1;border-left:10px solid #36c;background-color:#fbfbfb;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+link+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+style+.ambox,.mw-parser-output .ambox+.mw-empty-elt+link+link+.ambox{margin-top:-1px}html body.mediawiki .mw-parser-output .ambox.mbox-small-left{margin:4px 1em 4px 0;overflow:hidden;width:238px;border-collapse:collapse;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em}.mw-parser-output .ambox-speedy{border-left:10px solid #b32424;background-color:#fee7e6}.mw-parser-output .ambox-delete{border-left:10px solid #b32424}.mw-parser-output .ambox-content{border-left:10px solid #f28500}.mw-parser-output .ambox-style{border-left:10px solid #fc3}.mw-parser-output .ambox-move{border-left:10px solid #9932cc}.mw-parser-output .ambox-protection{border-left:10px solid #a2a9b1}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-text{border:none;padding:0.25em 0.5em;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image{border:none;padding:2px 0 2px 0.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-imageright{border:none;padding:2px 0.5em 2px 0;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-empty-cell{border:none;padding:0;width:1px}.mw-parser-output .ambox .mbox-image-div{width:52px}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .ambox{margin:0 10%}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .ambox{display:none!important}}</style><table class="box-External_links plainlinks metadata ambox ambox-style ambox-external_links" role="presentation"><tbody><tr><td class="mbox-image"><div class="mbox-image-div"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/40px-Edit-clear.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/60px-Edit-clear.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/f/f2/Edit-clear.svg/80px-Edit-clear.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="48" data-file-height="48" /></span></span></div></td><td class="mbox-text"><div class="mbox-text-span">This article's <b>use of <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">external links</a> may not follow Wikipedia's policies or guidelines</b>.<span class="hide-when-compact"> Please <a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit">improve this article</a> by removing <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:What_Wikipedia_is_not#Wikipedia_is_not_a_mirror_or_a_repository_of_links,_images,_or_media_files" title="Wikipedia:What Wikipedia is not">excessive</a> or <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:External_links" title="Wikipedia:External links">inappropriate</a> external links, and converting useful links where appropriate into <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citing_sources" title="Wikipedia:Citing sources">footnote references</a>.</span> <span class="date-container"><i>(<span class="date">September 2019</span>)</i></span><span class="hide-when-compact"><i> (<small><a href="/wiki/Help:Maintenance_template_removal" title="Help:Maintenance template removal">Learn how and when to remove this message</a></small>)</i></span></div></td></tr></tbody></table> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/gel/guidelines/how-to-design-for-accessibility">How To Design For Accessibility (BBC)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://inclusivedesignprinciples.org">Inclusive Design Principles</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://developer.apple.com/accessibility/">Apple Developer Accessibility Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bbc.github.io/gel/">BBC GEL Technical Accessibility Guides</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://neurologicalux.com/">Neurological UX</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.google.co.uk/accessibility/for-developers/">Google Developer Accessibility Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/accessibility/resources?activetab=pivot_1:primaryr3">Microsoft Developer Accessibility Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/roles/developers/">W3C WCAG Developer Accessibility Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://github.com/brunopulis/awesome-a11y">A Curated List of Awesome Accessibility Tools, Articles, and Resources</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.forbes.com/sites/forbesbusinesscouncil/2022/01/21/ada-compliance-for-websites-getting-it-right">ADA Compliance For Websites Checklist</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Standards_and_guidelines">Standards and guidelines</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Web_accessibility&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Standards and guidelines"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/WAI/">W3C – Web Accessibility Initiative (WAI)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/">W3C – Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.equalityhumanrights.com/en/accessibility-statement">Equality and Human Rights Commission: PAS 78: a guide to good practice in commissioning accessible websites (which BS 8878 supersedes)</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-540-70540-6_57">European Union – Unified Web Evaluation Methodology 1.2</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://html.cita.illinois.edu">University of Illinois iCITA HTML Accessibility Best Practices</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200208143538/http://html.cita.illinois.edu/">Archived</a> 8 February 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/accessibility/forproducts/">BBC GEL Product Accessibility Guidelines</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://bbc.github.io/subtitle-guidelines/">BBC GEL Subtitles (Captions) Guidelines</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220715191550/https://bbc.github.io/subtitle-guidelines/">Archived</a> 15 July 2022 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/editorialguidelines/guidance/visually-and-hearing-impaired-audiences">BBC Editorial Accessibility Guide (Online and TV)</a></li></ul> <p class="mw-empty-elt"> </p> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Web_accessibility" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible expanded navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Web_accessibility" title="Template:Web accessibility"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Web_accessibility" title="Template talk:Web accessibility"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Web_accessibility" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Web accessibility"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Web_accessibility" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Web accessibility</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Guidelines</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Web_Content_Accessibility_Guidelines" title="Web Content Accessibility Guidelines">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Software</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AccessiBe" title="AccessiBe">accessiBe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bobby_(software)" title="Bobby (software)">Bobby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dragon_NaturallySpeaking" title="Dragon NaturallySpeaking">Dragon NaturallySpeaking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Easy_Chirp" title="Easy Chirp">Easy Chirp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZAC_Browser" title="ZAC Browser">ZAC Browser</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/NonVisual_Desktop_Access" title="NonVisual Desktop Access">NonVisual Desktop Access</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/VoiceOver" title="VoiceOver">VoiceOver</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ZoomText" title="ZoomText">ZoomText</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/AnySurfer" title="AnySurfer">AnySurfer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deque_Systems" title="Deque Systems">Deque Systems</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Rights_Education_and_Defense_Fund" title="Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund">Disability Rights Education and Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Association_of_Accessibility_Professionals" title="International Association of Accessibility Professionals">International Association of Accessibility Professionals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knowbility" title="Knowbility">Knowbility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oswald_Labs" title="Oswald Labs">Oswald Labs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/WebAIM" title="WebAIM">WebAIM</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Web_Accessibility_Initiative" title="Web Accessibility Initiative">Web Accessibility Initiative</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Disability" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Disability_navbox" title="Template talk:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Disability_navbox" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Disability navbox"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Disability" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Main topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability" title="Disability">Disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies" title="Disability studies">Disability studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Medical_model_of_disability" title="Medical model of disability">Medical model</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_model_of_disability" title="Social model of disability">Social model</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Approaches</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Individualized_Education_Program" title="Individualized Education Program">IEP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inclusion_(disability_rights)" title="Inclusion (disability rights)">Inclusion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Learning_disability" title="Learning disability">Learning disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainstreaming_(education)" title="Mainstreaming (education)">Mainstreaming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Physical_therapy" title="Physical therapy">Physical therapy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Driver_rehabilitation" title="Driver rehabilitation">driver rehabilitation</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_needs" title="Special needs">Special needs</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_school" class="mw-redirect" title="Special school">school</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_education" title="Special education">education</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Rights, law, support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Rights</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ableism" title="Ableism">Ableism/disablism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_rights_movement" title="Disability rights movement">Disability rights</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability-related_terms_that_developed_negative_connotations" class="mw-redirect" title="List of disability-related terms that developed negative connotations">Pejorative terms</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Law</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility_for_Ontarians_with_Disabilities_Act,_2005" title="Accessibility for Ontarians with Disabilities Act, 2005">AODA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Americans_with_Disabilities_Act_of_1990" title="Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990">ADA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Convention_on_the_Rights_of_Persons_with_Disabilities" title="Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities">Convention on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Declaration_on_the_Rights_of_Disabled_Persons" title="Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons">Declaration on the Rights of Disabled Persons</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_Classification_of_Functioning,_Disability_and_Health" title="International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health">International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Services</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Services_for_mental_disorders" title="Services for mental disorders">Services for mental disorders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Services_and_supports_for_people_with_disabilities" title="Services and supports for people with disabilities">Services for disabled people</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Support</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Disability_Living_Allowance" title="Disability Living Allowance">DLA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario_Disability_Support_Program" title="Ontario Disability Support Program">ODSP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Persons_Railcard" title="Disabled Persons Railcard">Rail</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_Security_Disability_Insurance" title="Social Security Disability Insurance">SSDI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supplemental_Security_Income" title="Supplemental Security Income">SSI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_students_allowance" class="mw-redirect" title="Disabled students allowance">Students</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/CNIB_Foundation" title="CNIB Foundation">CNIB</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Activist groups</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Council_for_Canadians_with_Disabilities" title="Council for Canadians with Disabilities">CCD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disabled_Peoples%27_International" title="Disabled Peoples' International">DPI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Movement_for_the_Intellectually_Disabled_of_Singapore" title="Movement for the Intellectually Disabled of Singapore">MINDS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reach_Canada" title="Reach Canada">Reach Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Structural and assistive</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Accessible_toilet" title="Accessible toilet">Accessible toilet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Activities_of_daily_living" title="Activities of daily living">Activities of daily living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Assistive_technology" title="Assistive technology">Assistive technology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_living" title="Independent living">Independent living</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mobility_aid" title="Mobility aid">Mobility aid</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orthotics" title="Orthotics">Orthotics and braces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Unlicensed_assistive_personnel" title="Unlicensed assistive personnel">Personal Care Assistant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Accessibility" title="Accessibility">Physical accessibility</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prosthesis" title="Prosthesis">Prosthetics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Universal_design" title="Universal design">Universal design</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Web accessibility</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Social issues</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Augmentative_and_alternative_communication" title="Augmentative and alternative communication">Augmentative and alternative communication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emotional_or_behavioral_disability" title="Emotional or behavioral disability">Emotional or behavioral disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Invisible_disability" title="Invisible disability">Invisible disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_disasters" title="Disability and disasters">Disability and disasters</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_LGBT_identities" class="mw-redirect" title="Disability and LGBT identities">Disability and LGBT identities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_religion" title="Disability and religion">Disability and religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_and_poverty" title="Disability and poverty">Disability and poverty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disproportionality_in_special_education" title="Disproportionality in special education">Disproportionality in special education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sexuality_and_disability" title="Sexuality and disability">Sexuality and disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_and_disability" title="Youth and disability">Youth and disability</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Disability studies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Models_of_disability" title="Models of disability">Models of disability</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inspiration_porn" title="Inspiration porn">Inspiration porn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bodymind_(disability_studies)" title="Bodymind (disability studies)">Bodymind</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crip_(disability_term)#Crip_theory" title="Crip (disability term)">Crip as verb</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuroqueer_theory" title="Neuroqueer theory">Neuroqueer theory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deaf_studies" title="Deaf studies">Deaf studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eugenics" title="Eugenics">Eugenics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_anthropology" title="Disability anthropology">Anthropology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_disability" title="Geography of disability">Geography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Disability_studies_in_education" title="Disability studies in education">Education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_disability_studies_journals" title="List of disability studies journals">Journals</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="background-color: #bbbbff; box-shadow: inset 1px 1px 0 #000055, inset -1px -1px 0 #000055;;;width:1%">Arts, media, 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