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<!DOCTYPE html><html><head><title>Viking Migration and Settlement in East Anglia: The Place-Name Evidence - David Boulton - Google Books</title><link rel="stylesheet" href="/books/css/_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb/kl_viewport_kennedy_full_bundle.css" type="text/css" /><link rel="stylesheet"href="https://fonts.googleapis.com/css2?family=Product+Sans:wght@400"><script src="/books/javascript/v2_a33f2a89320471e58c940b9287b9d4eb__en.js"></script><script>_OC_Hooks = ["_OC_Page", "_OC_SearchReload", "_OC_TocReload", "_OC_EmptyFunc", "_OC_SearchPage", "_OC_QuotePage" ];for (var _OC_i = 0; _OC_i < _OC_Hooks.length; _OC_i++) {eval("var " + _OC_Hooks[_OC_i] + ";");}function _OC_InitHooks () {for (var i = 0; i < _OC_Hooks.length; i++) {var func = arguments[i];eval( _OC_Hooks[i] + " = func;");}}</script><link rel="canonical" href="https://books.google.com/books/about/Viking_Migration_and_Settlement_in_East.html?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ"/><meta property="og:url" content="https://books.google.com/books/about/Viking_Migration_and_Settlement_in_East.html?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ"/><meta name="title" content="Viking Migration and Settlement in East Anglia"/><meta name="description" content="This book shows how analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in their landscape contexts can provide crucial new evidence of differing processes of Viking migration and settlement in East Anglia between the late ninth and eleventh centuries. The place-names of East Anglia have until now received little attention in the academic study of Viking settlement. Similarly, the question of a possible migration of settlers from Scandinavia during the Viking period was for many years dismissed by historians and archaeologists – until the recent discovery by metal-detectorists of abundant Scandinavian metalwork and jewellery in many parts of East Anglia. David Boulton has synthesised these two previously neglected elements to offer new insights into the processes of Viking settlement. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia. It examines their different categories linguistically and explores the landscape and archaeological contexts of the settlements associated with them, with the aid of GIS-generated maps. Dr Boulton shows how the process of Viking settlement was influenced by changes in rural society and agriculture which were then already occurring in East Anglia, such as the late Anglo-Saxon expansion of arable farming and the associated recolonisation of the inland clay plateau. These developments resulted in patterns of place-name formation which differ significantly from some of the previously accepted, orthodox interpretations of how Scandinavian-influenced place-names (especially those containing the bý and thorp elements, and the ‘Grimston-hybrids’) came into being in the Danelaw. In view of these discrepancies, David Boulton proposes an innovative, hypothetical model for the formation of the Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia, which explores differing patterns and phases of Viking settlement in the region and the possible pathways of migration that preceded them."/><meta property="og:title" content="Viking Migration and Settlement in East Anglia"/><meta property="og:type" content="book"/><meta property="og:site_name" content="Google Books"/><meta property="og:image" content="https://books.google.com.sg/books/publisher/content?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE72qO6dn_mUMMGgGue8G3V_pyevLTM43iXIxCQM-f5loDla8s0GDCrkTSrHsxyt7cv0oeOxB8qoww9XpzCdUM_Yt8YDisoXNhe6XCxooe69Rzoumlv4EgDsMxj8FdYmJ7wy4YDd2"/><link rel="image_src" href="https://books.google.com.sg/books/publisher/content?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ&printsec=frontcover&img=1&zoom=1&edge=curl&imgtk=AFLRE72qO6dn_mUMMGgGue8G3V_pyevLTM43iXIxCQM-f5loDla8s0GDCrkTSrHsxyt7cv0oeOxB8qoww9XpzCdUM_Yt8YDisoXNhe6XCxooe69Rzoumlv4EgDsMxj8FdYmJ7wy4YDd2"/><script></script><style>#gbar,#guser{font-size:13px;padding-top:1px !important;}#gbar{height:22px}#guser{padding-bottom:7px !important;text-align:right}.gbh,.gbd{border-top:1px solid #c9d7f1;font-size:1px}.gbh{height:0;position:absolute;top:24px;width:100%}@media all{.gb1{height:22px;margin-right:.5em;vertical-align:top}#gbar{float:left}}a.gb1,a.gb4{text-decoration:underline !important}a.gb1,a.gb4{color:#00c !important}.gbi .gb4{color:#dd8e27 !important}.gbf .gb4{color:#900 !important} #gbar { padding:.3em .6em !important;}</style></head><body class=""><div id=gbar><nobr><a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/search?tab=pw">Search</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.google.com.sg/imghp?hl=en&tab=pi">Images</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://maps.google.com.sg/maps?hl=en&tab=pl">Maps</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://play.google.com/?hl=en&tab=p8">Play</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://www.youtube.com/?tab=p1">YouTube</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://news.google.com/?tab=pn">News</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://mail.google.com/mail/?tab=pm">Gmail</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 href="https://drive.google.com/?tab=po">Drive</a> <a target=_blank class=gb1 style="text-decoration:none" href="https://www.google.com.sg/intl/en/about/products?tab=ph"><u>More</u> »</a></nobr></div><div id=guser width=100%><nobr><span id=gbn class=gbi></span><span id=gbf class=gbf></span><span id=gbe></span><a target=_top id=gb_70 href="https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print&continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DiLfSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193%26dq%3D%2522East%2BAnglia%2522%2B-wikipedia%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX&hl=en&ec=GAZACg" class=gb4>Sign in</a></nobr></div><div class=gbh style=left:0></div><div class=gbh style=right:0></div><div role="alert" style="position: absolute; left: 0; right: 0;"><a href="https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ&pg=PA193&dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia&hl=en&sa=X&output=html_text" title="Screen reader users: click this link for accessible mode. 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Migration and Settlement in East Anglia","subtitle":"The Place-Name Evidence","attribution":"By David Boulton","additional_info":{"[JsonBookInfo]":{"BuyLinks":[{"Seller":"Casemate 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Introduction","Pid":"PA1","PgNum":"1","Order":17},{"Title":"2 The historical and archaeological context","Pid":"PA12","PgNum":"12","Order":28},{"Title":"3 The linguistic and geographical context","Pid":"PA34","PgNum":"34","Order":50},{"Title":"4 Placenames in bý","Pid":"PA51","PgNum":"51","Order":67},{"Title":"5 Placenames in thorp","Pid":"PA76","PgNum":"76","Order":92},{"Title":"6 Placenames containing other Scandinavianinfluenced generics","Pid":"PA107","PgNum":"107","Order":123},{"Title":"7 Hybrid placenames","Pid":"PA132","PgNum":"132","Order":148},{"Title":"8 A migrationary perspective","Pid":"PA185","PgNum":"185","Order":201},{"Title":"9 Conclusion","Pid":"PA201","PgNum":"201","Order":217},{"Title":"Bibliography","Pid":"PA206","PgNum":"206","Order":222}]}},"table_of_contents_page_id":"PR3","max_resolution_image_width":1280,"max_resolution_image_height":1700,"num_toc_pages":2,"quality_info":"We have no quality information about this book.","volume_id":"iLfSEAAAQBAJ","permission_info":"Pages displayed by permission of \u003ca class=link_aux href=\"https://books.google.com.sg/url?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA193\u0026q=https://www.casematepublishers.com/\u0026linkid=1\u0026usg=AOvVaw1NMuIVF3aiJDmSTn-q6VRR\u0026source=gbs_pub_info_r\"\u003eWindgather Press\u003c/a\u003e","is_ebook":false,"volumeresult":{"has_flowing_text":true,"has_scanned_text":true,"can_download_pdf":false,"can_download_epub":false,"is_pdf_drm_enabled":false,"is_epub_drm_enabled":false},"publisher":"Windgather Press","publication_date":"2023.09.28","subject":"Social Science","num_pages":208,"sample_url":"https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026source=gbs_vpt_hover","synposis":"This book shows how analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in their landscape contexts can provide crucial new evidence of differing processes of Viking migration and settlement in East Anglia between the late ninth and eleventh centuries. The place-names of East Anglia have until now received little attention in the academic study of Viking settlement. Similarly, the question of a possible migration of settlers from Scandinavia during the Viking period was for many years dismissed by historians and archaeologists – until the recent discovery by metal-detectorists of abundant Scandinavian metalwork and jewellery in many parts of East Anglia. David Boulton has synthesised these two previously neglected elements to offer new insights into the processes of Viking settlement. This book provides the first comprehensive analysis of Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia. It examines their different categories linguistically and explores the landscape and archaeological contexts of the settlements associated with them, with the aid of GIS-generated maps. Dr Boulton shows how the process of Viking settlement was influenced by changes in rural society and agriculture which were then already occurring in East Anglia, such as the late Anglo-Saxon expansion of arable farming and the associated recolonisation of the inland clay plateau. These developments resulted in patterns of place-name formation which differ significantly from some of the previously accepted, orthodox interpretations of how Scandinavian-influenced place-names (especially those containing the bý and thorp elements, and the ‘Grimston-hybrids’) came into being in the Danelaw. In view of these discrepancies, David Boulton proposes an innovative, hypothetical model for the formation of the Scandinavian-influenced place-names in East Anglia, which explores differing patterns and phases of Viking settlement in the region and the possible pathways of migration that preceded them.","my_library_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fop%3Dlibrary\u0026hl=en","is_magazine":false,"is_public_domain":false,"last_page":{"pid":"PA225","order":241,"title":"225","h":766}},{"enableUserFeedbackUI":true,"pseudocontinuous":true,"is_cobrand":false,"sign_in_url":"https://www.google.com/accounts/Login?service=print\u0026continue=https://books.google.com.sg/books%3Fid%3DiLfSEAAAQBAJ%26pg%3DPA193%26dq%3D%2522East%2BAnglia%2522%2B-wikipedia%26hl%3Den%26sa%3DX\u0026hl=en","isEntityPageViewport":false,"showViewportOnboarding":false,"showViewportPlainTextOnboarding":false},{"page":[{"pid":"PA193","flags":8,"order":209,"vq":"\u0026quot;East Anglia\u0026quot; -wikipedia"}]},null,{"number_of_results":85,"search_results":[{"page_id":"PP1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e bonigh Legreren\u0026#39;s Per Stane Burg DURTH oihanie fl \u0026#39; . HOLKY Beref Suneltapt 23 obini alban bz Svateha ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e The Place -. Dee parfangle quam fuit regio . au and fuc. Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e.","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PP1\u0026dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PR7","page_number":"vii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, plus distribution of Scandinavian-influenced place-names Distribution of soil-types in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, plus Scandinavian-influenced place-names Scandinavian-influenced place-names and principal rivers of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e Bý-names\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR7\u0026dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PR8","page_number":"viii","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e 116 116 6.5 Place-names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing ON topographical generics 117 6.6 Local landscape settings of place-names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing ON topographical generics 118 6.7 6.8 Distribution of place-names in\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR8\u0026dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PR9","page_number":"ix","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing the OE tūn generic compounded with OE specifics , plus soil types Local landscape settings of current place - names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing the OE tun generic compounded with OE personal names Parishes in\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PR9\u0026dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia"},{"page_id":"PA1","page_number":"1","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e . The largest cluster and its smaller East Anglian counterpart together occupy the regions of eastern England that collectively became known as the Danelaw . This term defined the territory where Danish law , as opposed to\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA4","page_number":"4","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e have focused primarily upon the apparently more intensive area of Viking settlement in central and eastern Norfolk , but less attention has been paid to possible Viking settlement elsewhere in the region . For example\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA8","page_number":"8","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e has been explored both in broad regional terms (Countryside Agency 1999; Williamson 2006, 2013a) and in more detailed case-studies of particular areas or localities (such as Williamson 1997; 2005a; 2008; Laverton 2001), but\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA9","page_number":"9","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e - which may explain why their historically attested presence is surprisingly hard to detect in the archaeological and onomastic record . But the book seeks also to determine how far the more concentrated clusters of other\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA11","page_number":"11","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, introducing the parameters used in Chapters Four to Seven to evaluate and compare the landscape ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e during the early medieval period contemporaneously with the process of Viking settlement. Chapter Four\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA12","page_number":"12","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e between the late ninth and the eleventh centuries, intro- ducing fundamental themes and developments ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e will be compared later in this book with that of the Scandinavian-influenced place-names, as part of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA14","page_number":"14","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e and subsequently embarked upon its long campaign of conquest around the country . For while the pillage and destruction of traditional ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, and settled there 14 Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA15","page_number":"15","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, as will be explored below. Viking \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e and Essex The old Anglo-Saxon kingdom of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e survived as a single province during and after the period of Viking rule until the formation of the counties of Norfolk and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA16","page_number":"16","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e gave support , and suddenly made an expedition outside their own boundaries to Benfleet \u0026#39; ( Campbell 1962 , 44 ) . It is also significant that Essex was still apparently ruled by an English ealdorman in 896 , suggesting that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA18","page_number":"18","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e\u0026#39; (Bately 1986, 58; trans. Whitelock 1979, 204), which by this time had apparently become an established and secure haven of Viking settlement while Essex remained a disputed border-region of conflict. Eventually in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA20","page_number":"20","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. But it is fragmentary and diverse, favouring the recording of events and developments in southern and western parts of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e that were in closer proximity to the chroniclers and administrators of Wessex, and relating\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA21","page_number":"21","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. Progress has been made in the strontium- and oxygen-isotope analysis of buried human remains to identify individuals who are non-local to their place of burial (Jopling and Millard 2020, 19–27), but once again none of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA24","page_number":"24","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e during this period. As its manufacture declined around the 850s, it was replaced by Thetford ware, a similar type of grey pottery but with taller and thinner walls that was produced following the introduction of new ceramic\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA26","page_number":"26","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e has also provided evidence for the extent of his actual control of the region . For it has traditionally been assumed that Wessex\u0026#39;s annex- ation of Viking - controlled \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e and imposition of its political authority\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA27","page_number":"27","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e ( which subsequently formed the county of Suffolk ) and northern Essex were quickly and fully integrated into the Wessex régime in the period after 917 , whereas the Anglo - Scandinavian leaders in the northern part of \u003cb\u003eEast\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA30","page_number":"30","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e and to a lesser extent in Lincolnshire , but surprisingly sparse elsewhere in the Danelaw ( Kershaw 2013 , 184–85 , map 6.2 ) . The low numbers in Yorkshire and the East Midlands may partly reflect the greater constraints on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA31","page_number":"31","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. The inter-relationship between these two differing forms of evidence for Viking settlement will be explored further below. As well as the abundant finds of Scandinavian female dress items, a smaller number of religious\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA32","page_number":"32","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e (Kershaw 2013, 244–47). Ultimately, the evidence of Scandinavian-style brooches may indeed provide some ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e will be explored below. Conclusion Much of the traditional archaeological evidence for Viking\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA33","page_number":"33","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e after Edward the Elder\u0026#39;s \u0026#39;conquest\u0026#39; was patchy and incomplete – perhaps permitting a greater degree of Viking autonomy in northern \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. In turn, the recent abundant finds in this area of Scandinavian-style female\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA34","page_number":"34","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , and introduces the parameters used for their detailed examination and analysis in Chapters Four to Seven . The remainder of the chapter introduces the landscape contexts of the settlements associated with these place\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA35","page_number":"35","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are those containing the OE habitative generics hām and tūn , which display quite con- trasting characteristics and distributions . It appears that hām , meaning \u0026#39; village , estate or settlement \u0026#39; , was the most favoured\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA38","page_number":"38","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, plus Scandinavian-influenced. Ampthill \u0026amp; Kimmeridge clay FIGURE 3.3 . Superficial and bedrock geology of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , plus distribution of Scandinavian - influenced This section has briefly shown how the Scandinavian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA39","page_number":"39","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, plus Scandinavian-influenced place-names (for key to types of place-name shown on map, see Figure 3.5). outlines the more specific developments in settlement-patterns that occurred during the early medieval period which\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA40","page_number":"40","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e can be broadly grouped into three main cate- gories . Firstly , there are the light , freely draining sandy soils that were generally easy to cultivate with simple ploughs or ards . These apparently formed the core areas of\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA41","page_number":"41","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, resulted in a particular value being attached to river valley locations, as discussed above. More broadly throughout \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, the proximity of rivers that provided navigable inland waterways, as well as flowing water\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA43","page_number":"43","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e that to some extent influenced the patterns of settlement – and conversely, the absence of navigable rivers across some of the clay plateaux of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e hindered the development of settlement in those areas (Warner 1996\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA46","page_number":"46","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e which had not been used since Roman times . Heavier , mouldboard ploughs were needed to till such soil , in turn requiring larger teams of oxen to pull them and larger fields in which to turn the oxen . Greater co\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA51","page_number":"51","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are less numerous than the thorps , but have been subject to more academic scrutiny and discussion than the other Scandinavian - influenced place - name types in the region . This is partly due to the puzzling presence of a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA52","page_number":"52","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , with twenty - two in Norfolk , three in Suffolk and just one in Essex - far fewer than the sixty recorded for Leicestershire , 225 for Lincolnshire and 210 for Yorkshire ( SSNY , 169 ; SSNEM , 232 ) , but broadly similar\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA67","page_number":"67","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, while some archaeological evidence at Caister-on- Sea is consistent with a possible high-status Viking occupation of the former Roman fort, including an early ninth-century Wessex coin found under the head of a body in the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA70","page_number":"70","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e with better soils, where arable farming would have been possible. Unlike the thorps and \u0026#39;Grimston-hybrids\u0026#39;, however, very few of the bý-names are located on the inland clay plateaux of central Norfolk and Suffolk, suggesting\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA71","page_number":"71","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. There is little firm linguistic or written evidence for the absolute dating of the formation of the bý-names of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e but the few available documentary clues seem to indicate a relatively early period of formation\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA72","page_number":"72","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are all of Scandinavian origin (Table 4.1), and display a particular affinity with the naming-practices of the regions that became Denmark and Sweden. Some, such as Hēmir and Orm (from which Hemsby and Ormesby are derived)\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA73","page_number":"73","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e were not formed from any single set of historical circumstances, but nevertheless can be placed into two broad categories. Firstly are the bý-names incorporating Scandinavian personal names, which are found only in two\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA74","page_number":"74","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e which are located more broadly across east Norfolk and north-east Suffolk, with a few isolated outliers further afield. Some of these bý-names may represent settlements embodying the bý-generic\u0026#39;s early meaning of isolated\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA79","page_number":"79","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e later acquired a compound element or affix derived . from a Scandinavian personal name . Thorps compounded with geographical and topographical specifics Fifty - six ( 66 % ) of the eighty - five thorps in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA82","page_number":"82","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e compounded with possible ON non - anthroponymic specifics are too few numerically , too scattered geograph- ically , and too uncertain etymologically to provide any meaningful insight on their own into possible Scandinavian\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA84","page_number":"84","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, and did not distinguish between the landscape settings of the various linguistic sub-groups of thorps formed with different types of specific. These issues will be explored below. In comparison with the bý-names, thorp\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA86","page_number":"86","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , as displayed in Figure 5.3 . 4 ? I ? دبر Possible ON 3 I geographical or topographical specific OE , \u0026#39; Norman \u0026#39; or \u0026#39; Continental \u0026#39; personal name I SRV I FL I ? I ? ON personal name Possible ON personal name ? 4 I I SRV I\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA87","page_number":"87","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are well - suited for arable farming and amongst the most favourable soil - types available in the region . For \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e at least , this pattern tends to contradict Cameron\u0026#39;s ( 1970 ) interpretation of thorps as being\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA88","page_number":"88","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e is provided by their parochial status. Of the eighty-five thorps recorded in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e before 1300, only figure 5.4. Distribution of thorp place-names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, plus soil- types (for key to thorp place-name types\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA96","page_number":"96","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e tends to support the traditional and orthodox interpretation of thorp place - names as representing settlements founded during the late Anglo ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing 96 Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA98","page_number":"98","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e that are less certainly compounded with ON personal names (also located mainly in Norfolk) – and once again two of the three display possible pre-Viking origins. Calthorpe developed as a linear set- tlement, with St\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA101","page_number":"101","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e apparently display the characteristic linear street-plans identified more widely in thorps elsewhere. Discussion It is clear from the evidence presented above that the thorp-named settlements of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e constitute a\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA102","page_number":"102","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , underlying their patterns of formation and distri- bution throughout the region . Geographically , the anthroponymic thorps are concentrated in Norfolk , and 86 % of those first recorded by 1086 contain spe- cifics that\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA103","page_number":"103","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are thus clearly reflected in their relative positions within broader patterns of Scandinavian cultural and linguistic influence throughout the Danelaw. On the one hand, the greater proportional use of Scandinavian personal\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA104","page_number":"104","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e that are compounded with ON personal names. The anthroponymic bý-names have very few counterparts in Denmark, where the býs are rarely formed with personal names. In \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, they are not apparently associated with\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA105","page_number":"105","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e which were first combined with ON personal names, using a practice already established in Denmark to rename existing, but outlying settlements, and thus perhaps establishing a precedent or fashion which was subsequently\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA106","page_number":"106","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e for the nature and extent of Viking settlement is diverse and complex, indicating varying chronologies and circumstances of formation for the settlements associated with the different types of specifics with which the place\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA112","page_number":"112","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e incorporate different ON generics denoting individual trees or types of vegetation. These reflect an established Anglo-Saxon tradition of using the species ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e 112 Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA121","page_number":"121","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e (Sandred 1990, 1–2; Fellows-Jensen 1998; OED, s.v. thwaite). This reflects the element\u0026#39;s pattern of distribution in settlement-names, with over 200 identified in northern England, but only five in the East Midland counties\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA122","page_number":"122","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e . figure 6.9. Thwaite- named parishes (pre-1851) in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. neighbours,. Browick C. 1250 Lingwhite 13th century Suffolk Thwaite 1228 Essex ( none ) Simplex As with the thorp and toft elements , the East Anglian place\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA124","page_number":"124","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e is reflected also in their village morphology . It is apparent from early Ordnance Survey maps and Faden\u0026#39;s map of Norfolk that the surviving eighteenth- and nineteenth - century forms of these settlements nearly all display\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA129","page_number":"129","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e – unlike other types of Scandinavian- influenced place - names such as the bys and thorps . Instead , wherever there is clear evidence of late Anglo - Saxon settlement , there is often also the presence of Ipswich ware on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA131","page_number":"131","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e con- taining ON topographical generics is that only eight of the total number of fifty-five can be interpreted confidently as compounded with personal names: Boyland, Wayland, Haddiscoe, Grimshoe, Cole Ness, Colkirk\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA136","page_number":"136","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e table 7.1. Analysis of specific elements (ON as well as OE) in East Anglian place-names compounded with the OE tūn generic. The types of specific ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing 136 Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA137","page_number":"137","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing ON specific elements compounded with the OE tūn generic. Those first recorded by 1086 are underlined, and those now lost are in italics. Type of ON specific ON personal name (Figure 7.3). Most are formed with ON\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA142","page_number":"142","snippet_text":"... Scandinavianised version of an earlier OE ciric - tūn name , or be derived more directly from the use of figure 7.7. Distribution of place-names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e containing the. 142 Viking Migration and Settlement in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e."},{"page_id":"PA148","page_number":"148","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e . Fulmodeston Hindolveston Oulton Skeyton Cawston Grenstein Booton Grimston Guton Catton Colton Thurstanton Garveston ( e ) Thuxton Coston Catton Moulton St Mary ? Claxton ? Gapton Hellington Scoulton ? Griston Fritton\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA152","page_number":"152","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are mentioned in Domesday Book itself or earlier documents, which indicates a clear pattern of pre-Conquest origins. An early date of formation for some of the \u0026#39;Grimston-hybrid\u0026#39; place-names in \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e has been suggested\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA164","page_number":"164","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e is patchy and incom- plete . Despite their apparent prosperity recorded in Domesday Book , many \u0026#39; Grimston - hybrid \u0026#39; settlements declined into insignificance or abandonment during the post - Conquest period , for the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA165","page_number":"165","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e were associated with lower - status settlements unlike those of the East Midlands which were characterised as \u0026#39; indistinguishable \u0026#39; from the nearby prosperous , well - established settlements with English names ( Cameron\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA169","page_number":"169","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , using the methodology outlined in Chapter Three , has been difficult to characterise . Forty - three ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e with the colonisation of the claylands . Discussion Overall , the evidence provided by the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA170","page_number":"170","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are associated with settlements apparently formed in the late Anglo - Saxon or post - Conquest period using the personal names of lower - status individ- uals , such as the cluster in Colneis hundred and others located in\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA172","page_number":"172","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, particularly in Norfolk. Elsewhere, especially in parts of Suffolk, the \u0026#39;Grimston-hybrids\u0026#39; tend to be sited individually, frequently interspersed with equivalent tūn-names compounded with OE personal names. This pattern may\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA183","page_number":"183","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e, being scattered more haphazardly and widely across the region – includ- ing a few in Essex that were not recorded before the thirteenth century. This may indicate a more oblique but longer-lasting Scandinavian influence on\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA186","page_number":"186","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e (that is, excluding bý, thorp, thwaite and toft), as well as the hybrid place-names combining non ... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e associated with settlements apparently formed after the arrival of the Vikings are compounded with the ON\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA190","page_number":"190","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e were formed. In some localities, such as the coastal fringe of Suffolk and north-east Essex, they apparently share a pattern of quite marginal siting and formation in comparison with the equivalent OE-named settlements. But\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA191","page_number":"191","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e that continued after the region had been brought under the political and administrative control of Wessex. By contrast, the southern half of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e (comprising most of Suf- folk and Essex) appears to be part of a wider\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA192","page_number":"192","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e. Other boundaries between putative northern and southern cultural zones of \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e have also been proposed, such as the river Stour separating Suffolk and Essex (Phythian-Adams 2000; Williamson 2010, 153–55), and the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA193","page_number":"193","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e are located adjacent to and around these two river systems , whereas the remainder are scattered more sparsely throughout the rest of the region . Furthermore , it appears that the particular concentration of Viking\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA194","page_number":"194","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , the \u0026#39; pioneers \u0026#39; were the Great Army veterans , quite probably accompanied by a significant number of women and children ( Jesch 1991 , 96-106 ; McLeod 2014 , 89 , 100-1 ) , who began the process of settlement and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA197","page_number":"197","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e such as Thetford and Ipswich. But a similar pattern is apparent in the northern Danelaw, where a distinct clus- ter of Scandinavian place-names and hinterland of Viking political, economic, cultural and social influence\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA198","page_number":"198","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e , although still retaining a greater concentration in the northern half of the region . It was perhaps in such a developing Anglo - Scandinavian milieu that the place - names coined by Scandinavian - influenced communities\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA199","page_number":"199","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e ( primarily in Nor- folk ) where some degree of Viking autonomy and land ownership presumably continued at least for a while after Wessex\u0026#39;s takeover of Viking \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e in 917. This perhaps enabled more settlements and\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA201","page_number":"201","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e from the ninth to the eleventh centuries, by means of a linguistic analysis of the Scandinavian-influenced place-names of the region, integrated with an examination of the geographical and archaeological contexts of the\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA202","page_number":"202","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e formed from ON topographic generics have revealed a fundamental distinction between a minority containing elements that related to the clearance of trees (mainly the thwaites) which apparently represent new settlement\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA203","page_number":"203","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e were formed. Some, located along the coastal fringe of Suffolk and north-east Essex, apparently shared a pattern of quite marginal siting and formation in comparison with equivalent OE-named settlements. Others located\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA204","page_number":"204","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e in terms of a possible migrationary process . As postulated in Chapter Eight , the use of ON personal names in forming some of the \u0026#39; Grimston - hybrids \u0026#39; , as well as the anthroponymic bý - names and thorps , may thus be\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA206","page_number":"206","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e in the Viking Age \u0026#39; . In A. Mortensen and S.V. Arge ( eds ) , Viking and Norse in the North Atlantic : Select Papers from the Proceedings of the Fourteenth Viking Congress , Tórshavn , 19–30 July 2001 ( Tórshavn , Føroya\u0026nbsp;..."},{"page_id":"PA214","page_number":"214","snippet_text":"... \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e \u0026#39; . In Bates and Liddiard ( eds ) , 230-55 . Pestell , T. ( 2019 ) Viking \u003cb\u003eEast Anglia\u003c/b\u003e ( Norwich , Norfolk Museum Service ) . Pett , D.E.J. ( 2010 ) \u0026#39; The Portable Antiquities Scheme\u0026#39;s Database : Its Development for\u0026nbsp;...","page_url":"https://books.google.com.sg/books?id=iLfSEAAAQBAJ\u0026pg=PA214\u0026dq=%22East+Anglia%22+-wikipedia"}],"search_query_escaped":"\u0026quot;East Anglia\u0026quot; -wikipedia"},{});</script></div></div></div><script>(function() {var href = window.location.href;if (href.indexOf('?') !== -1) {var parameters = href.split('?')[1].split('&');for (var i = 0; i < parameters.length; i++) {var param = parameters[i].split('=');if (param[0] == 'focus') {var elem = document.getElementById(param[1]);if (elem) {elem.focus();}}}}})();</script>