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class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Satirical Tumblr page</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><caption class="infobox-title fn org">The Hawkeye Initiative</caption><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="display: inline-block; line-height: 1.2em; padding: .1em 0;">Type of site</div></th><td class="infobox-data">Tumblr</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Available in</th><td class="infobox-data">English</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Owner</th><td class="infobox-data">Skjaldmeyja<sup id="cite_ref-pseudo_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">URL</th><td class="infobox-data url"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com">thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Commercial</th><td class="infobox-data">No</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Registration</th><td class="infobox-data">None</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Launched</th><td class="infobox-data">December 2012<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Current status</th><td class="infobox-data category">Active (offline as of Dec. 5 2018)</td></tr></tbody></table> <p><b>The Hawkeye Initiative</b> is a <a href="/wiki/Satire" title="Satire">satirical</a> <a href="/wiki/Tumblr" title="Tumblr">Tumblr</a> page similar to <a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a> that comments on the depiction and treatment of female characters and superheroes in <a href="/wiki/Comic_books" class="mw-redirect" title="Comic books">comic books</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site features <a href="/wiki/Fan_art" title="Fan art">fan art</a> of <a href="/wiki/Marvel_Comics" title="Marvel Comics">Marvel</a> character <a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_(Clint_Barton)" title="Hawkeye (Clint Barton)">Hawkeye</a> in various poses held by female characters that the artists believe to be impossible or sexually provocative.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site's intent is phrased as "to draw attention to how deformed, hypersexualized, and unrealistically dressed women are drawn in <a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">comics</a>".<sup id="cite_ref-OfficialAbout_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The site further states that these poses are seen as normal and go unnoticed by many readers when performed by female superheroes.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Origins">Origins</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Origins"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>A series of commentators had discussed the absurdity of the "Strong Female Superhero Pose" in 2011–2012, with some photographic gender-swapped recreations produced.<sup id="cite_ref-dailydot_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailydot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The Hawkeye initiative page lists four blog posts on its 'Origins' page,<sup id="cite_ref-Origins_9-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> including the suggestion of the specific formula by comic artist <a href="/wiki/ND_Stevenson" title="ND Stevenson">ND Stevenson</a> in late 2012.<sup id="cite_ref-Origins-idea_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Origins-idea-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The first such gender-swapped image was drawn by the comic artist Blue.<sup id="cite_ref-pseudo_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-dailydot_8-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-dailydot-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-Blue_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blue-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The reason behind choosing Hawkeye in particular (though in the case of poses that involve more than one female character, Captain America and other well-known Avengers are also used) is due to the fact that Blue's first example involved swapping Black Widow and Hawkeye around on the cover of the eponymous comic. Stevenson and Blue then asked other artists to do the same.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The Hawkeye Initiative website followed soon after, created and maintained by Skjaldmeyja.<sup id="cite_ref-pseudo_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-pseudo-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>note 1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-OfficialAbout_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-OfficialAbout-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> On December 5, 2018, the website's domain name expired, with the blog still accessible under thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com address.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Critical_reception">Critical reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Critical reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In December 2012, <i><a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Dot" title="The Daily Dot">The Daily Dot</a></i> called <a href="/wiki/ND_Stevenson" title="ND Stevenson">ND Stevenson</a> one of the "top 10 most influential fans of 2012" for his work in the <i>Hawkeye Initiative</i>.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Reception">Reception</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Reception"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Reception towards the website has been mixed.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A few readers have criticized the site while others such as <a href="/wiki/Gail_Simone" title="Gail Simone">Gail Simone</a> have openly supported the site as "the best thing in the history of historical anything ever in the universe or elsewhere".<sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <i><a href="/wiki/The_A.V._Club" title="The A.V. Club">The A.V. Club</a></i> commented that although the choice of Hawkeye was arbitrary, "making him the face of a feminist comic-book project fits with the character <a href="/wiki/Matt_Fraction" title="Matt Fraction">Matt Fraction</a> has established in this series."<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>The site's detractors have commented that some of the images are counterproductive to the site's intent. People have voiced that the images "miss the mark" by being played more for laughs or by being drawn sexy "for kicks, which may make it even harder for people to understand that it goes deeper than humor".<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Notes"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-pseudo-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-pseudo_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pseudo_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-pseudo_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text">Internet pseudonym</span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women in American comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Feminist_Hulk" title="Feminist Hulk">Feminist Hulk</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Hawkeye_Initiative&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width reflist-columns-2"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-2">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2012/12/the-hawkeye-initiative-puts-our-favorite-archer-in-superheroine-poses/">"The Hawkeye Initiative puts our favorite archer in superheroine poses"</a>. CBR. 3 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121208123047/http://robot6.comicbookresources.com/2012/12/the-hawkeye-initiative-puts-our-favorite-archer-in-superheroine-poses/">Archived</a> from the original on 8 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawkeye+Initiative+puts+our+favorite+archer+in+superheroine+poses&rft.pub=CBR&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Frobot6.comicbookresources.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fthe-hawkeye-initiative-puts-our-favorite-archer-in-superheroine-poses%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.dailyillini.com/opinion/columns/article_90391094-4347-11e2-8805-001a4bcf6878.html">"Sexism exposed in growing geek culture"</a>. Daily Illini. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130725142944/http://www.dailyillini.com/opinion/columns/article_90391094-4347-11e2-8805-001a4bcf6878.html">Archived</a> from the original on 25 July 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sexism+exposed+in+growing+geek+culture&rft.pub=Daily+Illini&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailyillini.com%2Fopinion%2Fcolumns%2Farticle_90391094-4347-11e2-8805-001a4bcf6878.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121206221737/http://blastr.com/2012/12/the-hilarious-hawkeye-ini.php">"The hilarious Hawkeye Initiative pokes fun at sexist comics art"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Blastr" class="mw-redirect" title="Blastr">Blastr</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://blastr.com/2012/12/the-hilarious-hawkeye-ini.php">the original</a> on 6 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+hilarious+Hawkeye+Initiative+pokes+fun+at+sexist+comics+art&rft.pub=Blastr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fblastr.com%2F2012%2F12%2Fthe-hilarious-hawkeye-ini.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-OfficialAbout-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialAbout_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-OfficialAbout_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com/faq">"About"</a>. The Hawkeye Initiative. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230711020320/https://thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com/faq">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-11<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About&rft.pub=The+Hawkeye+Initiative&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fthehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com%2Ffaq&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-6">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21033708">"The battle against 'sexist' sci-fi and fantasy book covers"</a>. <i>BBC News</i>. 18 January 2013. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130127095806/http://www.bbc.co.uk/news/magazine-21033708">Archived</a> from the original on 27 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">29 January</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+battle+against+%27sexist%27+sci-fi+and+fantasy+book+covers&rft.date=2013-01-18&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fmagazine-21033708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAldama2020" class="citation book cs1">Aldama, Frederick Luis (2020-08-17). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=0ITxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hawkeye+Initiative%22&pg=PT557"><i>The Routledge Companion to Gender and Sexuality in Comic Book Studies</i></a>. Routledge. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55930-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-429-55930-3"><bdi>978-0-429-55930-3</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708194829/https://books.google.com/books?id=0ITxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hawkeye+Initiative%22&pg=PT557">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Routledge+Companion+to+Gender+and+Sexuality+in+Comic+Book+Studies&rft.pub=Routledge&rft.date=2020-08-17&rft.isbn=978-0-429-55930-3&rft.aulast=Aldama&rft.aufirst=Frederick+Luis&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D0ITxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Hawkeye%2BInitiative%2522%26pg%3DPT557&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-dailydot-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-dailydot_8-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-dailydot_8-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dailydot.com/culture/hawkeye-initiative-superhero-poses-tumblr/">"Strong Female Superhero Pose meme gets a Hawkeye reboot"</a>. Daily Dot. 3 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130201052609/http://www.dailydot.com/culture/hawkeye-initiative-superhero-poses-tumblr/">Archived</a> from the original on 1 February 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Strong+Female+Superhero+Pose+meme+gets+a+Hawkeye+reboot&rft.pub=Daily+Dot&rft.date=2012-12-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fculture%2Fhawkeye-initiative-superhero-poses-tumblr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Origins-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Origins_9-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thehawkeyeinitiative.tumblr.com/origins">"The Hawkeye Initiative: Origins"</a>. The Hawkeye Initiative<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2013-06-08</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Call+Me+Blue+-+Tumblr&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fhoursago.tumblr.com%2Fpost%2F37002842830%2Ffor-real-though-look-me-in-the-eye-and-tell-me&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://io9.com/5964969/the-hawkeye-initiative-redraws-absurd-superheroine-poses-with-hawkeye">"The Hawkeye Initiative redraws absurd superheroine poses with Hawkeye"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Io9" title="Io9">io9</a>. 2 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121222003055/http://io9.com/5964969/the-hawkeye-initiative-redraws-absurd-superheroine-poses-with-hawkeye">Archived</a> from the original on 22 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Hawkeye+Initiative+redraws+absurd+superheroine+poses+with+Hawkeye&rft.pub=io9&rft.date=2012-12-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fio9.com%2F5964969%2Fthe-hawkeye-initiative-redraws-absurd-superheroine-poses-with-hawkeye&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkjaldmeyj" class="citation web cs1">Skjaldmeyj. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190122225005/http://thehawkeyeinitiative.com/">"The Hawkeye Initiative"</a>. 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Daily Dot. 17 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131023052618/http://www.dailydot.com/society/top-10-most-influential-fans-2012/">Archived</a> from the original on 23 October 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+top+10+most+influential+fans+of+2012&rft.pub=Daily+Dot&rft.date=2012-12-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dailydot.com%2Fsociety%2Ftop-10-most-influential-fans-2012%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFScott2019" class="citation book cs1">Scott, Suzanne (2019-04-16). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=TVZxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hawkeye+Initiative%22&pg=PA211"><i>Fake Geek Girls: Fandom, Gender, and the Convergence Culture Industry</i></a>. NYU Press. pp. 211–212. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3860-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4798-3860-8"><bdi>978-1-4798-3860-8</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230708190433/https://books.google.com/books?id=TVZxDwAAQBAJ&dq=%22Hawkeye+Initiative%22&pg=PA211">Archived</a> from the original on 2023-07-08<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">2023-12-13</span></span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Fake+Geek+Girls%3A+Fandom%2C+Gender%2C+and+the+Convergence+Culture+Industry&rft.pages=211-212&rft.pub=NYU+Press&rft.date=2019-04-16&rft.isbn=978-1-4798-3860-8&rft.aulast=Scott&rft.aufirst=Suzanne&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DTVZxDwAAQBAJ%26dq%3D%2522Hawkeye%2BInitiative%2522%26pg%3DPA211&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHudson" class="citation magazine cs1">Hudson, Laura. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/12/comics-gender-swapped/">"How to Fix Crazy Superheroine Poses in Comics? Swap Them With Hawkeye"</a>. <i>Wired</i>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121219162020/http://www.wired.com/underwire/2012/12/comics-gender-swapped">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Wired&rft.atitle=How+to+Fix+Crazy+Superheroine+Poses+in+Comics%3F+Swap+Them+With+Hawkeye&rft.aulast=Hudson&rft.aufirst=Laura&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wired.com%2Funderwire%2F2012%2F12%2Fcomics-gender-swapped%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.avclub.com/how-did-hawkeye-become-marvel-s-best-comic-1798235313">"How did Hawkeye become Marvel's best comic?"</a>. The A.V. Club. 7 December 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20121210050728/http://www.avclub.com/articles/how-did-hawkeye-become-marvels-best-comic,89607/?">Archived</a> from the original on 10 December 2012<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">18 December</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=How+did+Hawkeye+become+Marvel%27s+best+comic%3F&rft.pub=The+A.V.+Club&rft.date=2012-12-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.avclub.com%2Fhow-did-hawkeye-become-marvel-s-best-comic-1798235313&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AThe+Hawkeye+Initiative" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thenerdmachine.com/the-hawkeye-initiative/">"The Hawkeye Initiative"</a>. The Nerd Machine. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130115094019/http://www.thenerdmachine.com/the-hawkeye-initiative/">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2013<span class="reference-accessdate">. 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style="width:1%">Hawkeyes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_(Clint_Barton)" title="Hawkeye (Clint Barton)">Clint Barton</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Goliath_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Goliath (Marvel Comics)">Goliath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ronin_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Ronin (Marvel Comics)">Ronin</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_(Kate_Bishop)" title="Hawkeye (Kate Bishop)">Kate Bishop</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barney_Barton" title="Barney Barton">Barney Barton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullseye_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullseye (character)">Bullseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bullseye" title="Lady Bullseye">Lady Bullseye</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Affiliations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Avengers_(comics)" title="Avengers (comics)">Avengers</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_New_Avengers_(comics)" title="The New Avengers (comics)">New</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Secret_Avengers" title="Secret Avengers">Secret</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Coast_Avengers" title="West Coast Avengers">West Coast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Young_Avengers" title="Young Avengers">Young</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cross_Technological_Enterprises" title="Cross Technological Enterprises">Cross Technological Enterprises</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defenders_(comics)" title="Defenders (comics)">Defenders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/S.H.I.E.L.D." title="S.H.I.E.L.D.">S.H.I.E.L.D.</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thunderbolts_(comics)" title="Thunderbolts (comics)">Thunderbolts</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Hawkeye_supporting_characters" title="List of Hawkeye supporting characters">Supporting characters</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Black_Widow_(Natasha_Romanova)" title="Black Widow (Natasha Romanova)">Black Widow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Captain_America" title="Captain America">Captain America</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominic_Fortune" title="Dominic Fortune">Dominic Fortune</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Echo_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Echo (Marvel Comics)">Echo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hulk" title="Hulk">Hulk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iron_Man" title="Iron Man">Iron Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jeff_the_Land_Shark" title="Jeff the Land Shark">Jeff the Land Shark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jessica_Jones" title="Jessica Jones">Jessica Jones</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mockingbird_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Mockingbird (Marvel Comics)">Mockingbird</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Patriot_(comics)" title="Patriot (comics)">Patriot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scarlet_Witch" title="Scarlet Witch">Scarlet Witch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cassandra_Lang" class="mw-redirect" title="Cassandra Lang">Stature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverine_(character)" title="Wolverine (character)">Wolverine</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Enemies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Baron_Zemo" title="Baron Zemo">Baron Zemo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bullseye_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bullseye (character)">Bullseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Circus_of_Crime" class="mw-redirect" title="Circus of Crime">Circus of Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crossfire_(comics)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossfire (comics)">Crossfire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Death-Throws" class="mw-redirect" title="Death-Throws">Death-Throws</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Oddball_(character)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oddball (character)">Oddball</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingpin_(character)" title="Kingpin (character)">Kingpin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lady_Bullseye" title="Lady Bullseye">Lady Bullseye</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madame_Masque" title="Madame Masque">Madame Masque</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maggia_(comics)" title="Maggia (comics)">Maggia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karla_Sofen" title="Karla Sofen">Moonstone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Phantom_Rider" title="Phantom Rider">Phantom Rider</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silencer_(comics)" title="Silencer (comics)">Silencer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spider-Bitch_(Ashley_Barton)" title="Spider-Bitch (Ashley Barton)">Spider-Bitch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swordsman_(character)" title="Swordsman (character)">Swordsman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trick_Shot_(character)" title="Trick Shot (character)">Trick Shot</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Publications</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><i><a href="/wiki/Solo_Avengers" title="Solo Avengers">Solo Avengers</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_%26_Mockingbird" title="Hawkeye & Mockingbird">Hawkeye & Mockingbird</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Widowmaker_(Marvel_Comics)" title="Widowmaker (Marvel Comics)">Widowmaker</a></i></li> <li><i><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye:_Blindspot" title="Hawkeye: Blindspot">Hawkeye: Blindspot</a></i></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">In other media</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marvel%27s_Wastelanders#Hawkeye" title="Marvel's Wastelanders"><i>Marvel's Wastelanders: Hawkeye</i></a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawkeye_(miniseries)" title="Hawkeye (miniseries)"><i>Hawkeye</i> (miniseries)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clint_Barton_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Clint Barton (Marvel Cinematic Universe)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kate_Bishop_(Marvel_Cinematic_Universe)" title="Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)">Kate Bishop (Marvel Cinematic Universe)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related articles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Green_Arrow" title="Green Arrow">Green Arrow</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><span title="Category"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" 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inherit;">Tumblr</span></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Owners</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!" class="mw-redirect" title="Yahoo!">Yahoo!</a> (2013–2017)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Verizon" title="Verizon">Verizon Communications</a> (2017–2019) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Yahoo!_Inc._(2017%E2%80%93present)" title="Yahoo! Inc. (2017–present)">Oath Inc.</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Automattic" title="Automattic">Automattic</a> (2019–present)</li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="4" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Tumblr.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumblr.svg/80px-Tumblr.svg.png" decoding="async" width="80" height="80" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumblr.svg/120px-Tumblr.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tumblr.svg/160px-Tumblr.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="256" data-file-height="256" /></a></span></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">People</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Marco_Arment" title="Marco Arment">Marco Arment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Amanda_Brennan" title="Amanda Brennan">Amanda Brennan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Karp" title="David Karp">David Karp</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Matt_Mullenweg" title="Matt Mullenweg">Matt Mullenweg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Culture</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/DashCon" title="DashCon">DashCon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Don%27t_talk_to_me_or_my_son_ever_again" title="Don't talk to me or my son ever again">Don't talk to me or my son ever again</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Goncharov_(meme)" title="Goncharov (meme)">Goncharov (meme)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/None_Pizza_with_Left_Beef" title="None Pizza with Left Beef">None Pizza with Left Beef</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seapunk" title="Seapunk">Seapunk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shipping_discourse" title="Shipping discourse">Shipping discourse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Soft_grunge" title="Soft grunge">Soft grunge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spiders_Georg" title="Spiders Georg">Spiders Georg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tumblr_Sexyman" title="Tumblr Sexyman">Tumblr Sexyman</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;background-color: #425773; color: white;">Blogs</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cursed_image" title="Cursed image">Cursed image</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Olshanetsky" title="David Olshanetsky">David Olshanetsky</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/McMansion_Hell" title="McMansion Hell">McMansion Hell</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yo,_Is_This_Racist%3F" title="Yo, Is This Racist?">Yo, Is This Racist?</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Comics" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Comics" title="Template:Comics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Comics" title="Template talk:Comics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Comics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Comics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Comics" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Comics" title="Comics">Comics</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/Glossary_of_comics_terminology" title="Glossary of comics terminology">Glossary of comics terminology</a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Formats</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_book" title="Comic book">Comic book</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ashcan_comic" title="Ashcan comic">Ashcan comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limited_series_(comics)" title="Limited series (comics)">Limited series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/One-shot_(comics)" title="One-shot (comics)">One-shot</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ongoing_series" title="Ongoing series">Ongoing series</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minicomic" title="Minicomic">Minicomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trade_paperback_(comics)" title="Trade paperback (comics)">Trade paperback</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip" title="Comic strip">Comic strip</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comic_strip_formats" title="Comic strip formats">Comic strip formats</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Daily_comic_strip" title="Daily comic strip">Daily comic strip</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lianhuanhua" title="Lianhuanhua">Lianhuanhua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sunday_comics" title="Sunday comics">Sunday comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topper_(comic_strip)" title="Topper (comic strip)">Topper</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yonkoma" title="Yonkoma">Yonkoma</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Digital_comic" title="Digital comic">Digital comics</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mobile_comic" title="Mobile comic">Mobile comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webcomic" title="Webcomic">Webcomic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Webtoon" title="Webtoon">Webtoon</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gag_cartoon" title="Gag cartoon">Gag cartoon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_novel" title="Graphic novel">Graphic novel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_cartoon" title="Political cartoon">Political cartoon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Techniques</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Film_comic" title="Film comic">Film comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Motion_comic" title="Motion comic">Motion comic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Photo_comics" title="Photo comics">Photo comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silent_comics" title="Silent comics">Silent comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Text_comics" title="Text comics">Text comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_creators" title="List of comics creators">Creators</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cartoonist" title="Cartoonist">Cartoonists</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cartoonists" title="List of cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colorist" title="Colorist">Colorists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Comic_book_editors" title="Category:Comic book editors">Editors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inker" title="Inker">Inkers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Letterer" title="Letterer">Letterers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_publishing_companies" title="List of comics publishing companies">Publishing companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Script_(comics)" title="Script (comics)">Writers</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Editorial_cartoonist" title="Editorial cartoonist">Editorial</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_editorial_cartoonists" title="List of editorial cartoonists">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_minicomics_creators" title="List of minicomics creators">Minicomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_webcomic_creators" title="List of webcomic creators">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By country</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics_creators" title="List of American comics creators">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Jewish_American_cartoonists" title="List of Jewish American cartoonists">Jewish American</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Australian_comics_creators" title="List of Australian comics creators">Australian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_comics_creators" title="List of Canadian comics creators">Canadian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Cuban_comic_creators" title="List of Cuban comic creators">Cuban</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Filipino_comics_creators" title="List of Filipino comics creators">Filipino</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_artists" title="List of manga artists">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Macedonian_comics_creators" title="List of Macedonian comics creators">Macedonian</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Female_comics_creators" title="Female comics creators">Female comics creators</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_female_comics_creators" title="List of female comics creators">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_comics" title="History of comics">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_comics" title="List of years in comics">Years in comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_American_comics" title="History of American comics">American</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Golden_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Golden Age of Comic Books">Golden Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Silver_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Silver Age of Comic Books">Silver Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Bronze Age of Comic Books">Bronze Age</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Modern Age of Comic Books">Modern Age</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Events_from_the_Modern_Age_of_Comic_Books" title="Events from the Modern Age of Comic Books">events</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_manga" title="History of manga">Japanese (manga)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_webcomics" title="History of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Comics_studies" title="Comics studies">Comics studies</a><br />and narratology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Genres</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abstract_comics" title="Abstract comics">Abstract</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adult_comics" title="Adult comics">Adult</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alternative_comics" title="Alternative comics">Alternative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ambiguous_image" title="Ambiguous image">Ambiguous</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_anthropomorphic_comics" title="List of anthropomorphic comics">Anthropomorphic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Autobiographical_comics" class="mw-redirect" title="Autobiographical comics">Autobiographical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Celebrity_comics" title="Celebrity comics">Celebrity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_education" title="Comics in education">Comics in education</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_journalism" title="Comics journalism">Comics journalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_poetry" title="Comics poetry">Comics poetry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crime_comics" title="Crime comics">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_dystopian_comics" title="List of dystopian comics">Dystopian</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erotic_comics" title="Erotic comics">Erotic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fantasy_comics" title="Fantasy comics">Fantasy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_fantasy_comics" title="List of fantasy comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gekiga" title="Gekiga">Gekiga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graphic_medicine" title="Graphic medicine">Graphic medicine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Horror_comics" title="Horror comics">Horror</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-fiction_comics" title="Non-fiction comics">Non-fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Romance_comics" title="Romance comics">Romance</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_romance_comics" title="List of romance comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_fiction_comics" title="Science fiction comics">Science fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero_comics" title="Superhero comics">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Teen_humor_comics" title="Teen humor comics">Teen humor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tijuana_bible" title="Tijuana bible">Tijuana bible</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Underground_comix" title="Underground comix">Underground</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/War_comics" title="War comics">War</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_comics" title="Western comics">Western</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wrestling-based_comic_books" title="List of wrestling-based comic books">Wrestling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Trope_(literature)" title="Trope (literature)">Tropes</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antihero" title="Antihero">Antihero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decompression_(comics)" title="Decompression (comics)">Decompression</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Talking_animals_in_fiction" title="Talking animals in fiction">Talking animals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Masking_(comics)" title="Masking (comics)">Masking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rogue_(vagrant)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rogue (vagrant)">Rogue</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Superhero" title="Superhero">Superhero</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supervillain" title="Supervillain">Supervillain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Widescreen_comics" title="Widescreen comics">Widescreen comics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Themes</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_stereotypes_in_comics" title="Ethnic stereotypes in comics">Ethnic stereotypes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_feminist_comic_books" title="List of feminist comic books">Feminist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gender_and_webcomics" title="Gender and webcomics">Gender and webcomics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_comics" title="LGBT themes in comics">LGBT</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/LGBT_themes_in_American_mainstream_comics" title="LGBT themes in American mainstream comics">American mainstream</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_black_people_in_comics" title="Portrayal of black people in comics">Portrayal of black people</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/African_characters_in_comics" title="African characters in comics">African characters</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portrayal_of_women_in_American_comics" title="Portrayal of women in American comics">Portrayal of women</a> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">The Hawkeye Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Women_in_Refrigerators" class="mw-redirect" title="Women in Refrigerators">Women in Refrigerators</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_by_country" title="List of comics by country">By country</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/South_African_comics" title="South African comics">South Africa</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Argentine_comics" title="Argentine comics">Argentina</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brazilian_comics" title="Brazilian comics">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_comics" title="Canadian comics">Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Quebec_comics" title="Quebec comics">Quebec</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Mexico" title="Comics in Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/American_comic_book" title="American comic book">United States</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_American_comics" title="List of American comics">list</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Manhua" title="Manhua">China and Taiwan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhua" title="List of manhua">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hong_Kong_comics" title="Hong Kong comics">Hong Kong</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indian_comics" title="Indian comics">India</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indian_comics" title="List of Indian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manga" title="Manga">Japan</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_manga" title="Lists of manga">lists</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manhwa" title="Manhwa">Korea</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manhwa" title="List of manhwa">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Malaysian_comics" title="Malaysian comics">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pakistani_comics" title="Pakistani comics">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Philippine_comics" title="Philippine comics">Philippines</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Philippine_comics" title="List of Philippine comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thai_comics" title="Thai comics">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turkish_comics" title="Turkish comics">Turkey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truy%E1%BB%87n_tranh" class="mw-redirect" title="Truyện tranh">Vietnam</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/European_comics" title="European comics">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Czech_comics" title="Czech comics">Czech Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Croatian_comics" title="Croatian comics">Croatia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bande_dessin%C3%A9e" title="Bande dessinée">France and Belgium</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Franco-Belgian_comics_series" title="List of Franco-Belgian comics series">list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_comics" title="Belgian comics">Belgium</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_comics" title="German comics">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hungarian_comics" title="Hungarian comics">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_comics" title="Irish comics">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Italian_comics" title="Italian comics">Italy</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Italian_comics" title="List of Italian comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dutch_comics" title="Dutch comics">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish_comics" title="Polish comics">Poland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portuguese_comics" title="Portuguese comics">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Serbian_comics" title="Serbian comics">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spanish_comics" title="Spanish comics">Spain</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Spanish_comics" title="List of Spanish comics">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_comics" title="British comics">United Kingdom</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Welsh-language_comics" title="Welsh-language comics">Wales</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Comics_in_Australia" title="Comics in Australia">Australia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_comics" title="Lists of comics">Lists</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By format</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books" title="List of comic books">Comic books</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_newspaper_comic_strips" title="List of newspaper comic strips">Comic strips</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_manga_magazines" title="List of manga magazines">Manga magazines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_webcomics" title="Lists of webcomics">Webcomics</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">By source</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_fiction" title="List of comics based on fiction">Based on fiction</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_films" title="List of comics based on films">Based on films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_television_programs" title="List of comics based on television programs">Based on television programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_based_on_video_games" title="List of comics based on video games">Based on video games</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_awards" title="List of comics awards">Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_comic_series" title="List of best-selling comic series">Best-selling comic series</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_best-selling_manga" title="List of best-selling manga">manga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Japanese_manga_magazines_by_circulation" title="List of Japanese manga magazines by circulation">manga magazines</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comic_books_on_CD/DVD" title="List of comic books on CD/DVD">Comic books on CD/DVD</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_and_comic_strips_made_into_feature_films" title="List of comics and comic strips made into feature films">Comics and comic strips made into feature films</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_comics_solicited_but_never_published" title="List of comics solicited but never published">Comics solicited but never published</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_limited_series" title="List of limited series">Limited series</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Collections and<br /> museums</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belgian_Comic_Strip_Center" title="Belgian Comic Strip Center">Belgian Comic Strip Center</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Billy_Ireland_Cartoon_Library_%26_Museum" title="Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum">Billy Ireland Cartoon Library & Museum</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoon_Museum" title="National Cartoon Museum">National Cartoon Museum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Cartoon_Archive" title="British Cartoon Archive">British Cartoon Archive</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caricature_%26_Cartoon_Museum_Basel" class="mw-redirect" title="Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel">Caricature & Cartoon Museum Basel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cartoon_Art_Museum" title="Cartoon Art Museum">Cartoon Art Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Cartoon_Museum" title="The Cartoon Museum">The Cartoon Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Waring#Comic_strip_collection" title="Fred Waring">Fred Waring's Cartoon Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibiteca_Antonio_Gobbo" title="Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo">Gibiteca Antonio Gobbo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michigan_State_University_Libraries#Comic_Art_Collection" title="Michigan State University Libraries">Michigan State University Comic Art Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Museum_of_Comic_and_Cartoon_Art" title="Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art">Museum of Comic and Cartoon Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/ToonSeum" title="ToonSeum">ToonSeum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Words_%26_Pictures_Museum" title="Words & Pictures Museum">Words & Pictures Museum</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Schools</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Center_for_Cartoon_Studies" title="Center for Cartoon Studies">Center for Cartoon Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Kubert_School" title="The Kubert School">The Kubert School</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Organizations</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Professional</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic_Book_Arts" title="Academy of Comic Book Arts">Academy of Comic Book Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Canadian_Cartoonists" title="Association of Canadian Cartoonists">Association of Canadian Cartoonists</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Association_of_Comics_Magazine_Publishers" title="Association of Comics Magazine Publishers">Association of Comics Magazine Publishers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Cartoonists%27_Association" title="Australian Cartoonists' Association">Australian Cartoonists' Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Art_Professional_Society" title="Comic Art Professional Society">Comic Art Professional Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Cartoonists_Society" title="National Cartoonists Society">National Cartoonists Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samahang_Kartunista_ng_Pilipinas" title="Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas">Samahang Kartunista ng Pilipinas</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Critical and<br /> academic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Association_des_Critiques_et_des_journalistes_de_Bande_Dessin%C3%A9e" title="Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée">Association des Critiques et des journalistes de Bande Dessinée</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Comic_Book_Creator_Awards_Association" title="Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association">Canadian Comic Book Creator Awards Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Society_for_the_Study_of_Comics" title="Canadian Society for the Study of Comics">Canadian Society for the Study of Comics</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_%26_Fantasy_Art_Amateur_Press_Association" title="Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association">Comic & Fantasy Art Amateur Press Association</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comics_Studies_Society" class="mw-redirect" title="Comics Studies Society">Comics Studies Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sequart_Organization" title="Sequart Organization">Sequart Organization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Svenska_Serieakademien" title="Svenska Serieakademien">Svenska Serieakademien</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charitable and<br /> outreach</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Academy_of_Comic-Book_Fans_and_Collectors" title="Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors">Academy of Comic-Book Fans and Collectors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Amateur_Press_Association_(comics)" title="British Amateur Press Association (comics)">British Amateur Press Association (comics)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Le_Club_des_bandes_dessin%C3%A9es" title="Le Club des bandes dessinées">Club des bandes dessinées</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Book_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Book Legal Defense Fund">Comic Book Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comic_Legends_Legal_Defense_Fund" title="Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund">Comic Legends Legal Defense Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Finnish_Comics_Society" title="Finnish Comics Society">Finnish Comics Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friends_of_Lulu" title="Friends of Lulu">Friends of Lulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Hero_Initiative" title="The Hero Initiative">The Hero Initiative</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Xeric_Foundation" title="Xeric Foundation">Xeric Foundation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><span class="nowrap"><span class="noviewer" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/File:Wikipetan-manga.png" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/Wikipetan-manga.png/32px-Wikipetan-manga.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="26" class="mw-file-element" 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