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href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_ga.wikipedia.org&uselang=ga" class=""><span>Síntiúis</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speisialta:CreateAccount&returnto=Ceimic" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class=""><span>Cruthaigh cuntas</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Speisialta:UserLogin&returnto=Ceimic" title="Moltar duit logáil isteach, ach níl sé riachtanach. 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[o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Logáil isteach</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Cabhair:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing"><span>learn more</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speisialta:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Dréachtaí</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Speisialta:MyTalk" title="Plé maidir le na hathruithe a dhéantar ón seoladh IP seo [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Plé</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Clár ábhair" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Clár ábhair</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button 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class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Prionsabail nua-aimseartha</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Prionsabail_nua-aimseartha-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Prionsabail nua-aimseartha subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Prionsabail_nua-aimseartha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Damhna" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Damhna"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1</span> <span>Damhna</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Damhna-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Adamh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Adamh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.1</span> <span>Adamh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Adamh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dúil_cheimiceach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dúil_cheimiceach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.2</span> <span>Dúil cheimiceach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dúil_cheimiceach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Comhdhúil" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Comhdhúil"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.3</span> <span>Comhdhúil</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Comhdhúil-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Móilín" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Móilín"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.4</span> <span>Móilín</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Móilín-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Substaint_agus_meascán" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Substaint_agus_meascán"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.5</span> <span>Substaint agus meascán</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Substaint_agus_meascán-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mól_agus_méid_na_substainte" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mól_agus_méid_na_substainte"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.1.6</span> <span>Mól agus méid na substainte</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mól_agus_méid_na_substainte-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pas" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pas"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.2</span> <span>Pas</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pas-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Nascadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Nascadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.3</span> <span>Nascadh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Nascadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fuinneamh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fuinneamh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.4</span> <span>Fuinneamh</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fuinneamh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Imoibriú_ceimiceach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Imoibriú_ceimiceach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.5</span> <span>Imoibriú ceimiceach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Imoibriú_ceimiceach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Iain_agus_salainn" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Iain_agus_salainn"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.6</span> <span>Iain agus salainn</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Iain_agus_salainn-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Aigéadacht_agus_bunatacht" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Aigéadacht_agus_bunatacht"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.7</span> <span>Aigéadacht agus bunatacht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Aigéadacht_agus_bunatacht-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ocsdí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ocsdí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.8</span> <span>Ocsdí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ocsdí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cothromaíocht_cheimiceach" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cothromaíocht_cheimiceach"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.9</span> <span>Cothromaíocht cheimiceach</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cothromaíocht_cheimiceach-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Dlíthe_ceimiceacha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Dlíthe_ceimiceacha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2.10</span> <span>Dlíthe ceimiceacha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Dlíthe_ceimiceacha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stair_na_Ceimice" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stair_na_Ceimice"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Stair na Ceimice</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stair_na_Ceimice-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cleachtadh" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cleachtadh"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Cleachtadh</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cleachtadh-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Cleachtadh subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Cleachtadh-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fodhisciplíní" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fodhisciplíní"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Fodhisciplíní</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fodhisciplíní-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tionscal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tionscal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.2</span> <span>Tionscal</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tionscal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cumainn_ghairmiúla" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cumainn_ghairmiúla"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.3</span> <span>Cumainn ghairmiúla</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cumainn_ghairmiúla-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-An_Cheimic_Idirphearsanta" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#An_Cheimic_Idirphearsanta"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>An Cheimic Idirphearsanta</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-An_Cheimic_Idirphearsanta-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sanasaíocht_2" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sanasaíocht_2"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Sanasaíocht</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sanasaíocht_2-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Féach_freisin" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Féach_freisin"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Féach freisin</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Féach_freisin-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Leitheoireacht_sa_bhreis" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leitheoireacht_sa_bhreis"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Leitheoireacht sa bhreis</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leitheoireacht_sa_bhreis-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Liosta_léitheoireachta_do_mhicléinn_ollscoile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Liosta_léitheoireachta_do_mhicléinn_ollscoile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Liosta léitheoireachta do mhicléinn ollscoile</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Liosta_léitheoireachta_do_mhicléinn_ollscoile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Naisc_Sheachtracha" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Naisc_Sheachtracha"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Naisc Sheachtracha</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Naisc_Sheachtracha-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tagairtí" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tagairtí"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">11</span> <span>Tagairtí</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tagairtí-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Clár ábhair" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Toggle the table of contents</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Ceimic</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 235 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-235" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">235 languages</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Afracáinis" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afracáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis Eilvéiseach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%A8%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%95%E1%89%B0_%E1%8A%95%E1%8C%A5%E1%88%AD_%E1%8C%A5%E1%8A%93%E1%89%B5" title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት – Amáiris" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="የጥንተ ንጥር ጥናት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – Aragóinis" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-anp mw-list-item"><a href="https://anp.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Aingícis" lang="anp" hreflang="anp" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="अंगिका" data-language-local-name="Aingícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अंगिका</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7%D8%A1" title="كيمياء – Araibis" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="كيمياء" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Araibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9F%DC%9D%DC%A1%DC%9D%DC%90" title="ܟܝܡܝܐ – Aramais" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܟܝܡܝܐ" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="Aramais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ary mw-list-item"><a href="https://ary.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A" title="شيمي – Moroccan Arabic" lang="ary" hreflang="ary" data-title="شيمي" data-language-autonym="الدارجة" data-language-local-name="Moroccan Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>الدارجة</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%83%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="كيميا – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="كيميا" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A7%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8_%E0%A6%AC%E0%A6%BF%E0%A6%9C%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9E%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%A8" title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান – Asaimis" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="ৰসায়ন বিজ্ঞান" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="Asaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Astúiris" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Astúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-av mw-list-item"><a href="https://av.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Aváiris" lang="av" hreflang="av" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Авар" data-language-local-name="Aváiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Авар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-avk mw-list-item"><a href="https://avk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Razopa" title="Razopa – Kotava" lang="avk" hreflang="avk" data-title="Razopa" data-language-autonym="Kotava" data-language-local-name="Kotava" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kotava</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Avaidis" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="Avaidis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Asarbaiseáinis" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Asarbaiseáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Baiscíris" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="Baiscíris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemii" title="Kemii – Baváiris" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Kemii" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Baváiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kem%C4%97j%C4%97" title="Kemėjė – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Kemėjė" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Bealarúisis" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Bealarúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Bulgáiris" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bi mw-list-item"><a href="https://bi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – Bioslaimis" lang="bi" hreflang="bi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Bislama" data-language-local-name="Bioslaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bislama</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-blk mw-list-item"><a href="https://blk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – Pa'O" lang="blk" hreflang="blk" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ" data-language-local-name="Pa'O" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ပအိုဝ်ႏဘာႏသာႏ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%B0%E0%A6%B8%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%AF%E0%A6%BC%E0%A6%A8" title="রসায়ন – Beangáilis" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="রসায়ন" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Beangáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bo mw-list-item"><a href="https://bo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BD%A2%E0%BE%AB%E0%BD%A6%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A0%E0%BD%82%E0%BE%B1%E0%BD%B4%E0%BD%A2%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%A2%E0%BD%B2%E0%BD%82%E0%BC%8B%E0%BD%94%E0%BC%8D" title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ། – Tibéidis" lang="bo" hreflang="bo" data-title="རྫས་འགྱུར་རིག་པ།" data-language-autonym="བོད་ཡིག" data-language-local-name="Tibéidis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>བོད་ཡིག</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiezh" title="Kimiezh – Briotáinis" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Kimiezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Briotáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – Boisnis" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Boisnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-btm mw-list-item"><a href="https://btm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Batak Mandailing" lang="btm" hreflang="btm" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Batak Mandailing" data-language-local-name="Batak Mandailing" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Batak Mandailing</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Catalóinis" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cbk-zam mw-list-item"><a href="https://cbk-zam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimica" title="Quimica – Chavacano" lang="cbk" hreflang="cbk" data-title="Quimica" data-language-autonym="Chavacano de Zamboanga" data-language-local-name="Chavacano" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Chavacano de Zamboanga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hu%C3%A1-h%C5%8Fk" title="Huá-hŏk – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Huá-hŏk" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Seabúáinis" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Seabúáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chr mw-list-item"><a href="https://chr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8E%A0%E1%8F%91%E1%8F%B0%E1%8F%97%E1%8F%A7%E1%8F%93%E1%8E%B4%E1%8E%B2%E1%8F%93%E1%8F%85%E1%8F%AC%E1%8F%98" title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ – Seiricis" lang="chr" hreflang="chr" data-title="ᎠᏑᏰᏗᏧᏓᎴᎲᏓᏅᏬᏘ" data-language-autonym="ᏣᎳᎩ" data-language-local-name="Seiricis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᏣᎳᎩ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Coirdis Lárnach" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Coirdis Lárnach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Corsaicis" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="Corsaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-crh mw-list-item"><a href="https://crh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himiya" title="Himiya – Crimean Tatar" lang="crh" hreflang="crh" data-title="Himiya" data-language-autonym="Qırımtatarca" data-language-local-name="Crimean Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qırımtatarca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Seicis" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Seicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemij%C3%B4" title="Chemijô – Caisiúibis" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Chemijô" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="Caisiúibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Suvaisis" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Suvaisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cemeg" title="Cemeg – Breatnais" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Cemeg" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Breatnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Danmhairgis" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danmhairgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Gearmáinis" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-din mw-list-item"><a href="https://din.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pi%C3%B6c%C3%ABk%C3%A4ti%C9%94%C9%94p" title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp – Dinka" lang="din" hreflang="din" data-title="Piöcëkätiɔɔp" data-language-autonym="Thuɔŋjäŋ" data-language-local-name="Dinka" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Thuɔŋjäŋ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dtp mw-list-item"><a href="https://dtp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Central Dusun" lang="dtp" hreflang="dtp" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Kadazandusun" data-language-local-name="Central Dusun" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kadazandusun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dv mw-list-item"><a href="https://dv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DE%86%DE%A9%DE%89%DE%A8%DE%87%DE%A7%DE%87%DE%A9_%DE%87%DE%A8%DE%8D%DE%B0%DE%89%DE%AA" title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު – Divéihis" lang="dv" hreflang="dv" data-title="ކީމިއާއީ އިލްމު" data-language-autonym="ދިވެހިބަސް" data-language-local-name="Divéihis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ދިވެހިބަސް</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%A7%CE%B7%CE%BC%CE%B5%CE%AF%CE%B1" title="Χημεία – Gréigis" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Χημεία" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Gréigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eml mw-list-item"><a href="https://eml.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mmica" title="Chémmica – Emiliano-Romagnolo" lang="egl" hreflang="egl" data-title="Chémmica" data-language-autonym="Emiliàn e rumagnòl" data-language-local-name="Emiliano-Romagnolo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Emiliàn e rumagnòl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Béarla" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="Béarla" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Spáinnis" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spáinnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemia" title="Keemia – Eastóinis" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Keemia" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Eastóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Bascais" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Bascais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C" title="شیمی – Peirsis" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیمی" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Peirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia – Fionlainnis" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Kemia" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Fionlainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keemi%C3%A4" title="Keemiä – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Keemiä" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisitiri" title="Kemisitiri – Fidsis" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Kemisitiri" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="Fidsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Evnafr%C3%B8%C3%B0i" title="Evnafrøði – Faróis" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Evnafrøði" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faróis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Fraincis" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="Fraincis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frp mw-list-item"><a href="https://frp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C2%B7imie" title="Ch·imie – Arpitan" lang="frp" hreflang="frp" data-title="Ch·imie" data-language-autonym="Arpetan" data-language-local-name="Arpitan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Arpetan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemii" title="Chemii – Freaslainnis an Tuaiscirt" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Chemii" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Freaslainnis an Tuaiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimiche" title="Chimiche – Friúilis" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Chimiche" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="Friúilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Skiekunde" title="Skiekunde – Freaslainnis Iartharach" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Skiekunde" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Freaslainnis Iartharach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Sínis Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Sínis Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ceimigeachd" title="Ceimigeachd – Gaeilge na hAlban" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Ceimigeachd" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Gaeilge na hAlban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Gailísis" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Gailísis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Guaráinis" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guaráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gor mw-list-item"><a href="https://gor.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Gorantalais" lang="gor" hreflang="gor" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Hulontalo" data-language-local-name="Gorantalais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Hulontalo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%B0%E0%AA%B8%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%AF%E0%AA%A3_%E0%AA%B6%E0%AA%BE%E0%AA%B8%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%A4%E0%AB%8D%E0%AA%B0" title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર – Gúisearáitis" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="રસાયણ શાસ્ત્ર" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="Gúisearáitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Achajaya" title="Achajaya – Uaúis" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Achajaya" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Uaúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemmig" title="Kemmig – Manainnis" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Kemmig" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimiyya" title="Kimiyya – Hásais" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Kimiyya" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="Hásais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hak mw-list-item"><a href="https://hak.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fa-ho%CC%8Dk" title="Fa-ho̍k – Haicéis" lang="hak" hreflang="hak" data-title="Fa-ho̍k" data-language-autonym="客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî" data-language-local-name="Haicéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>客家語 / Hak-kâ-ngî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-haw mw-list-item"><a href="https://haw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – Haváis" lang="haw" hreflang="haw" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Hawaiʻi" data-language-local-name="Haváis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hawaiʻi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%99%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%94" title="כימיה – Eabhrais" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="כימיה" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Eabhrais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8_%E0%A4%B5%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%9C%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9E%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%A8" title="रसायन विज्ञान – Hiondúis" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="रसायन विज्ञान" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hiondúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rasayan_vigyan" title="Rasayan vigyan – Hiondúis Fhidsí" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Rasayan vigyan" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Hiondúis Fhidsí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – Cróitis" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Cróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimi" title="Chimi – Críol Háítí" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Chimi" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Críol Háítí" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mia" title="Kémia – Ungáiris" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kémia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Ungáiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%94%D5%AB%D5%B4%D5%AB%D5%A1" title="Քիմիա – Airméinis" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Քիմիա" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Airméinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hyw mw-list-item"><a href="https://hyw.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D5%8F%D5%A1%D6%80%D6%80%D5%A1%D5%A2%D5%A1%D5%B6%D5%B8%D6%82%D5%A9%D5%AB%D6%82%D5%B6" title="Տարրաբանութիւն – Western Armenian" lang="hyw" hreflang="hyw" data-title="Տարրաբանութիւն" data-language-autonym="Արեւմտահայերէն" data-language-local-name="Western Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Արեւմտահայերէն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimia" title="Chimia – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Chimia" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Ibeainis" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Ibeainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Indinéisis" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indinéisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingue</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Ileacáinis" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="Ileacáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Iongúis" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="Iongúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemio" title="Kemio – Ídis" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Kemio" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ídis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efnafr%C3%A6%C3%B0i" title="Efnafræði – Íoslainnis" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Efnafræði" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Íoslainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Iodáilis" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Iodáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%A6" title="化学 – Seapáinis" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="化学" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Seapáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimischri" title="Kimischri – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Kimischri" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/xumske" title="xumske – Lojban" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="xumske" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="Lojban" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Iáivis" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Iáivis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – Seoirsis" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Seoirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kaa mw-list-item"><a href="https://kaa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ximiya" title="Ximiya – Cara-Chalpáis" lang="kaa" hreflang="kaa" data-title="Ximiya" data-language-autonym="Qaraqalpaqsha" data-language-local-name="Cara-Chalpáis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Qaraqalpaqsha</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takrura" title="Takrura – Caibílis" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Takrura" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Caibílis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siimii_l%C9%9B%C9%A3t%CA%8B" title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Siimii lɛɣtʋ" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ki mw-list-item"><a href="https://ki.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemu" title="Kemu – Ciocúis" lang="ki" hreflang="ki" data-title="Kemu" data-language-autonym="Gĩkũyũ" data-language-local-name="Ciocúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gĩkũyũ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Casaicis" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Casaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-km mw-list-item"><a href="https://km.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%9E%82%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%98%E1%9E%B8%E1%9E%9C%E1%9E%B7%E1%9E%91%E1%9F%92%E1%9E%99%E1%9E%B6" title="គីមីវិទ្យា – Ciméiris" lang="km" hreflang="km" data-title="គីមីវិទ្យា" data-language-autonym="ភាសាខ្មែរ" data-language-local-name="Ciméiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ភាសាខ្មែរ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B0%E0%B2%B8%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%A8%E0%B2%B6%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%A4%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%B0" title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ – Cannadais" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ರಸಾಯನಶಾಸ್ತ್ರ" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Cannadais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%ED%99%94%ED%95%99" title="화학 – Cóiréis" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="화학" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Cóiréis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B1%D8%B3%D8%A7%DB%8C%D9%9A%D9%86" title="رسایٚن – Caismíris" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="رسایٚن" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="Caismíris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%AEmya" title="Kîmya – Coirdis" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Kîmya" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Coirdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kymystry" title="Kymystry – Coirnis" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Kymystry" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Coirnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Cirgisis" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Cirgisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – Laidin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Laidin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemika" title="Kemika – Laidínis" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Kemika" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="Laidínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Lucsambuirgis" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="Lucsambuirgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Leisgis" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Leisgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Лезги</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cimica" title="Cimica – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Cimica" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lg mw-list-item"><a href="https://lg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ebyobuziba" title="Ebyobuziba – Lugandais" lang="lg" hreflang="lg" data-title="Ebyobuziba" data-language-autonym="Luganda" data-language-local-name="Lugandais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Luganda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Liombuirgis" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Liombuirgis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Liogúiris" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Liogúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lld mw-list-item"><a href="https://lld.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimica" title="Chimica – Ladin" lang="lld" hreflang="lld" data-title="Chimica" data-language-autonym="Ladin" data-language-local-name="Ladin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ADmica" title="Chímica – Lombairdis" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Chímica" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombairdis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mi" title="Kémi – Liongáilis" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Kémi" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="Liongáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BB%80%E0%BA%84%E0%BA%A1%E0%BA%B5%E0%BA%AA%E0%BA%B2%E0%BA%94" title="ເຄມີສາດ – Laoisis" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ເຄມີສາດ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="Laoisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemija" title="Chemija – Liotuáinis" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Chemija" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Liotuáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABmija" title="Ķīmija – Laitvis" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Ķīmija" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Laitvis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latviešu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E2%80%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्‍त्र – Maitilis" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="रसायनशास्‍त्र" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="Maitilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F%D1%81%D1%8C" title="Химиясь – Mocsais" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Химиясь" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="Mocsais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simia" title="Simia – Malagáisis" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Simia" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="Malagáisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mhr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mhr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D0%B9" title="Химий – Eastern Mari" lang="mhr" hreflang="mhr" data-title="Химий" data-language-autonym="Олык марий" data-language-local-name="Eastern Mari" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Олык марий</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C4%81tauranga_mat%C5%AB" title="Mātauranga matū – Maorais" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Mātauranga matū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="Maorais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Míneangcababhais" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="Míneangcababhais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – Macadóinis" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macadóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%B8%E0%B4%A4%E0%B4%A8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%A4%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B0%E0%B4%82" title="രസതന്ത്രം – Mailéalaimis" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="രസതന്ത്രം" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Mailéalaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Mongóilis" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongóilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%84%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%A0%EA%AF%87%EA%AF%A4%EA%AF%9F%EA%AF%82%EA%AF%A3%EA%AF%9F" title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ – Manapúiris" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯄꯣꯠꯇꯤꯟꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manapúiris" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Maraitis" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Maraitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Malaeis" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malaeis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Máltais" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Máltais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Mioraindéis" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="Mioraindéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%93%E1%80%AC%E1%80%90%E1%80%AF%E1%80%97%E1%80%B1%E1%80%92" title="ဓာတုဗေဒ – Burmais" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဓာတုဗေဒ" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Éirsis" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="Éirsis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Mázandaráinis" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mázandaráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Gearmáinis Íochtarach" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="Gearmáinis Íochtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Sacsainis Íochtarach" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Sacsainis Íochtarach" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Neipeailis" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="Neipeailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%A8%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="रसायनशास्त्र – Néamharais" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="रसायनशास्त्र" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="Néamharais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Ollainnis" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Ollainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – Nua-Ioruais" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Nua-Ioruais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kjemi" title="Kjemi – Bocmál" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Kjemi" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Bocmál" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nov mw-list-item"><a href="https://nov.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemie" title="Kemie – Novial" lang="nov" hreflang="nov" data-title="Kemie" data-language-autonym="Novial" data-language-local-name="Novial" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Novial</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nso mw-list-item"><a href="https://nso.wikipedia.org/wiki/Khemistri" title="Khemistri – Sútúis an Tuaiscirt" lang="nso" hreflang="nso" data-title="Khemistri" data-language-autonym="Sesotho sa Leboa" data-language-local-name="Sútúis an Tuaiscirt" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sesotho sa Leboa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quimia" title="Quimia – Ocsatáinis" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Quimia" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Ocsatáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-om mw-list-item"><a href="https://om.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistirii" title="Kemistirii – Oraimis" lang="om" hreflang="om" data-title="Kemistirii" data-language-autonym="Oromoo" data-language-local-name="Oraimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oromoo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%B0%E0%AC%B8%E0%AC%BE%E0%AD%9F%E0%AC%A8_%E0%AC%AC%E0%AC%BF%E0%AC%9C%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%9E%E0%AC%BE%E0%AC%A8" title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ – Odia" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="ରସାୟନ ବିଜ୍ଞାନ" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="Odia" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8" title="Хими – Oiséitis" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Хими" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Oiséitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%B0%E0%A8%B8%E0%A8%BE%E0%A8%87%E0%A8%A3_%E0%A8%B5%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%97%E0%A8%BF%E0%A8%86%E0%A8%A8" title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ – Puinseáibis" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਰਸਾਇਣ ਵਿਗਿਆਨ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="Puinseáibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%A9mie" title="Kémie – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Kémie" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pih mw-list-item"><a href="https://pih.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistrii" title="Kemistrii – Norfuk / Pitkern" lang="pih" hreflang="pih" data-title="Kemistrii" data-language-autonym="Norfuk / Pitkern" data-language-local-name="Norfuk / Pitkern" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norfuk / Pitkern</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemia" title="Chemia – Polainnis" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Chemia" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="کيميا – Paistis" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="کيميا" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Paistis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%C3%ADmica" title="Química – Portaingéilis" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Química" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portaingéilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chaqllisinchi" title="Chaqllisinchi – Ceatsuais" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Chaqllisinchi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Ceatsuais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Rómáinis" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Rómáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chimie" title="Chimie – Arómáinis" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Chimie" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="Arómáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Rúisis" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Rúisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хемія – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Хемія" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%B8%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="रसतन्त्रम् – Sanscrait" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="रसतन्त्रम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="Sanscrait" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Sachais" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="Sachais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – Sairdínis" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sairdínis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sardu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmica" title="Chìmica – Sicilis" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Chìmica" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistrie" title="Chemistrie – Albainis" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Chemistrie" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Albainis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B9%D9%84%D9%85_%DA%AA%D9%8A%D9%85%D9%8A%D8%A7" title="علم ڪيميا – Sindis" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="علم ڪيميا" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="Sindis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hemija" title="Hemija – Seirbea-Chróitis" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Hemija" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Seirbea-Chróitis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Takimit" title="Takimit – Tachelhit" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Takimit" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="Tachelhit" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8F%E0%B6%BA%E0%B6%B1_%E0%B7%80%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%AF%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B6%BA%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%80" title="රසායන විද්‍යාව – Siolóinis" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="රසායන විද්‍යාව" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Siolóinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemistry" title="Chemistry – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Chemistry" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%A9mia" title="Chémia – Slóvaicis" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Chémia" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slóvaicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-skr mw-list-item"><a href="https://skr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%D8%B3%D9%B9%D8%B1%DB%8C" title="کیمسٹری – Saraiki" lang="skr" hreflang="skr" data-title="کیمسٹری" data-language-autonym="سرائیکی" data-language-local-name="Saraiki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سرائیکی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemija" title="Kemija – Slóivéinis" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Kemija" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slóivéinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sm mw-list-item"><a href="https://sm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemisi" title="Kemisi – Samóis" lang="sm" hreflang="sm" data-title="Kemisi" data-language-autonym="Gagana Samoa" data-language-local-name="Samóis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gagana Samoa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemishonga" title="Chemishonga – Seoinis" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Chemishonga" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="Seoinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimisteri" title="Kimisteri – Somáilis" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Kimisteri" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="Somáilis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Albáinis" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B5%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%98%D0%B0" title="Хемија – Seirbis" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Хемија" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Seirbis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ss mw-list-item"><a href="https://ss.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ikhemisi" title="Ikhemisi – Suaisis" lang="ss" hreflang="ss" data-title="Ikhemisi" data-language-autonym="SiSwati" data-language-local-name="Suaisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>SiSwati</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-stq mw-list-item"><a href="https://stq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemie" title="Chemie – Saterland Frisian" lang="stq" hreflang="stq" data-title="Chemie" data-language-autonym="Seeltersk" data-language-local-name="Saterland Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Seeltersk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimia" title="Kimia – Sundais" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Kimia" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="Sundais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv badge-Q17559452 badge-recommendedarticle mw-list-item" title="recommended article"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Sualainnis" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Sualainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemia" title="Kemia – Svahaílis" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Kemia" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Svahaílis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chymij%C5%8F" title="Chymijŏ – Siléisis" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Chymijŏ" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Siléisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ślůnski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%B5%E0%AF%87%E0%AE%A4%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%BF%E0%AE%AF%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D" title="வேதியியல் – Tamailis" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="வேதியியல்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamailis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy badge-Q70893996 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AD%E0%B3%82_%E0%B2%B5%E0%B2%BF%E0%B2%9C%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9E%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%A8" title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಭೂ ವಿಜ್ಞಾನ" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%B8%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%AF%E0%B0%A8_%E0%B0%B6%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B8%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%A4%E0%B1%8D%E0%B0%B0%E0%B0%82" title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం – Teileagúis" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="రసాయన శాస్త్రం" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="Teileagúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tet mw-list-item"><a href="https://tet.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Teitimis" lang="tet" hreflang="tet" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Tetun" data-language-local-name="Teitimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tetun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%91" title="Кимиё – Taidsícis" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Кимиё" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Taidsícis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%84%E0%B8%A1%E0%B8%B5" title="เคมี – Téalainnis" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เคมี" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Téalainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himi%C3%BDa" title="Himiýa – Tuircméinis" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Himiýa" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="Tuircméinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimika" title="Kimika – Tagálaigis" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Kimika" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagálaigis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimj%C9%99" title="Kimjə – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Kimjə" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tolışi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-to mw-list-item"><a href="https://to.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemi" title="Kemi – Tongais" lang="to" hreflang="to" data-title="Kemi" data-language-autonym="Lea faka-Tonga" data-language-local-name="Tongais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lea faka-Tonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tpi mw-list-item"><a href="https://tpi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistri" title="Kemistri – Tok Pisin" lang="tpi" hreflang="tpi" data-title="Kemistri" data-language-autonym="Tok Pisin" data-language-local-name="Tok Pisin" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tok Pisin</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimya" title="Kimya – Tuircis" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Kimya" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Tuircis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ts mw-list-item"><a href="https://ts.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ntivo-Mirhi" title="Ntivo-Mirhi – Songais" lang="ts" hreflang="ts" data-title="Ntivo-Mirhi" data-language-autonym="Xitsonga" data-language-local-name="Songais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Xitsonga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Tatairis" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatairis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tum mw-list-item"><a href="https://tum.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kemistre" title="Kemistre – Tumbúicis" lang="tum" hreflang="tum" data-title="Kemistre" data-language-autonym="ChiTumbuka" data-language-local-name="Tumbúicis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiTumbuka</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D0%B8%D0%BC%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Химия – Udmairtis" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Химия" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmairtis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A5%D1%96%D0%BC%D1%96%D1%8F" title="Хімія – Úcráinis" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Хімія" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Úcráinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%DB%8C%D9%85%DB%8C%D8%A7" title="کیمیا – Urdúis" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="کیمیا" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdúis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kimyo" title="Kimyo – Úisbéiceastáinis" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Kimyo" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Úisbéiceastáinis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ch%C3%ACmega" title="Chìmega – Veinéisis" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Chìmega" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Veinéisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Himii" title="Himii – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Himii" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/H%C3%B3a_h%E1%BB%8Dc" title="Hóa học – Vítneaimis" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Hóa học" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vítneaimis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kiemav" title="Kiemav – Volapük" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Kiemav" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="Volapük" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tchimeye" title="Tchimeye – Vallúnais" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Tchimeye" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="Vallúnais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C3%ADmika" title="Kímika – Uairéis" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Kímika" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Uairéis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Sínis Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="化學" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Sínis Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xh mw-list-item"><a href="https://xh.wikipedia.org/wiki/IKhemistri" title="IKhemistri – Cóisis" lang="xh" hreflang="xh" data-title="IKhemistri" data-language-autonym="IsiXhosa" data-language-local-name="Cóisis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>IsiXhosa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A5%E1%83%98%E1%83%9B%E1%83%98%E1%83%90" title="ქიმია – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ქიმია" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9B%D7%A2%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%A2" title="כעמיע – Giúdais" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="כעמיע" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Giúdais" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%E1%BA%B9%CC%81m%C3%ADstr%C3%AC" title="Kẹ́místrì – Iarúibis" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Kẹ́místrì" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Iarúibis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Yorùbá</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vayoz" title="Vayoz – Siuáingis" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Vayoz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="Siuáingis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scheikunde" title="Scheikunde – Séalainnis" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Scheikunde" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Séalainnis" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zeêuws</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B5%9C%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%94%E2%B5%93%E2%B5%94%E2%B4%B0" title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ – Tamaisis Chaighdeánach Mharacó" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⵜⴰⴽⵔⵓⵔⴰ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Tamaisis Chaighdeánach Mharacó" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%8C%96%E5%AD%B8" title="化學 – Sínis" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="化學" 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class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">folaigh</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Ón Vicipéid, an chiclipéid shaor.</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="ga" dir="ltr"><figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_(cropped).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg/220px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="254" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg/330px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/85/David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg/440px-David_-_Portrait_of_Monsieur_Lavoisier_%28cropped%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1097" data-file-height="1266" /></a><figcaption>David - Portráid de <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Monsieur Lavoisier</a>, athair na ceimice nua-aimsearth.(giortaithe)</figcaption></figure><p> Is í an <b>cheimic</b> an disciplín eolaíoch a bhaineann le <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Dúil cheimiceach">dúile</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Comhdh%C3%BAil" class="mw-redirect" title="Comhdhúil">comhdhúile</a> comhdhéanta d’<a href="/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh">adamh</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Móilín">móilíní</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Ian" title="Ian">iain</a>: a gcomhdhéanamh, a struchtúr, a n-airíonna, a n-iompar agus na hathruithe a dhéantar orthu le linn <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">imoibrithe</a> le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Substaint_Cheimiceach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Substaint Cheimiceach (níl an leathanach ann)">substaintí</a> eile.<sup id="cite_ref-definition_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-definition-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Faoi raon feidhme a ábhair, tá áit idirmheánach ag an gceimic idir an <a href="/wiki/Fisic" title="Fisic">fhisic</a> agus an <a href="/wiki/Bitheola%C3%ADocht" title="Bitheolaíocht">bhitheolaíocht</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Uaireanta tugtar <a href="/w/index.php?title=An_eola%C3%ADocht_l%C3%A1rnach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An eolaíocht lárnach (níl an leathanach ann)">an eolaíocht lárnach</a> uirthi toisc go leagann sí síos an bhunchloch chun na ndisciplíní eolaíochta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Taighde_bun%C3%BAsach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Taighde bunúsach (níl an leathanach ann)">bunúsacha</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Eola%C3%ADocht_fheidhmeach" title="Eolaíocht fheidhmeach">feidhmiúla</a> a thuiscint ar leibhéal bunúsach.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Mar shampla, míníonn an cheimic gnéithe de cheimic na bplandaí (<a href="/wiki/Luibheola%C3%ADocht" title="Luibheolaíocht">luibheolaíocht</a>), an chaoi a gcruthaítear carraigeacha igneacha (<a href="/wiki/Geola%C3%ADocht" title="Geolaíocht">geolaíocht</a>), an chaoi a ndéantar ózón atmaisféarach agus an chaoi a ndíghrádaíter truailleáin chomhshaoil (<a href="/wiki/%C3%89iceola%C3%ADocht" title="Éiceolaíocht">éiceolaíocht</a>), airíonna na hithreach ar an ngealach (cosmaicheimic), conas a oibríonn cógais (<a href="/wiki/C%C3%B3gaseola%C3%ADocht" title="Cógaseolaíocht">cógaseolaíocht</a>), agus conas fianaise <a href="/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_d%C3%AD-ocsairibean%C3%BAicl%C3%A9asach" title="Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach">Aigéad dí-ocsairibeanúicléasach</a> (ADN) a bhailiú ag láthair choire (eolaíocht fhóiréinseach). </p><p>Pléann an cheimic ábhair mar an chaoi a n-idirghníomhaíonn adamh agus móilíní trí <a href="/wiki/Nasc_ceimiceach" title="Nasc ceimiceach">nasc ceimiceach</a> chun comhdhúile ceimiceacha nua a ghiniúint. Tá dhá chineál nasc ceimiceach ann: 1. naisc cheimiceacha phríomhúla .i. <a href="/wiki/Nasc_comhfhi%C3%BAsach" title="Nasc comhfhiúsach">naisc chomhfhiúsacha</a>, ina roinneann adamh leictreon amháin nó níos mó; <a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasc_ianach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasc ianach (níl an leathanach ann)">naisc ianacha</a>, ina ndeonaíonn adamh leictreon amháin nó níos mó d’adamh eile chun <a href="/wiki/Ian" title="Ian">ian</a> (caitiain agus ainiain) a tháirgeadh; naisc mhiotalacha agus 2. naisc cheimiceacha tánaisteacha .i. <a href="/wiki/Nasc_hidrigine" title="Nasc hidrigine">naisc hidrigine</a>; naisc <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3rsa_van_der_Waals" title="Fórsa van der Waals">d'fhórsa Van der Waals</a>, idirghníomhaíocht ian-ian, idirghníomhaíocht ian-déphol srl. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Distillation_2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Distillation_2.jpg/280px-Distillation_2.jpg" decoding="async" width="280" height="210" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Distillation_2.jpg/420px-Distillation_2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6d/Distillation_2.jpg/560px-Distillation_2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="1944" /></a><figcaption></figcaption></figure> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanasaíocht"><span id="Sanasa.C3.ADocht"></span>Sanasaíocht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Sanasaíocht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section's source code: Sanasaíocht"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Tagann an focal <i><a class="mw-selflink selflink">ceimic</a></i> ó mhionathrú ar an bhfocal <a href="/wiki/Ailceimic" title="Ailceimic">ailceimic</a>, a thagair do shraith cleachtas níos luaithe a chuimsigh gnéithe den cheimic, den <a href="/wiki/Miotaseola%C3%ADocht" title="Miotaseolaíocht">mhiotaleolaíocht</a>, den <a href="/wiki/Feals%C3%BAnacht" title="Fealsúnacht">fhealsúnacht</a>, den <a href="/wiki/Astrala%C3%ADocht" title="Astralaíocht">astralaíocht</a>, den <a href="/wiki/R%C3%A9alteola%C3%ADocht" title="Réalteolaíocht">réalteolaíocht</a>, den <a href="/w/index.php?title=Misteachas&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Misteachas (níl an leathanach ann)">mhisteachas</a> agus den <a href="/wiki/M%C3%ADochaine" title="Míochaine">míochaine</a>. Is minic a fheictear go bhfuil an ailceimic nasctha leis an tóraíocht chun mhiotail luaidhe nó eile a iompú ina n-ór, cé go raibh suim ag ailceimiceoirí i go leor cheisteanna na ceimice nua-aimseartha.<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Faightear an focal nua-aimseartha ailceimic ón bhfocal Araibis الكیمیاء (<i>al-kīmīā</i>) B’fhéidir go bhfuil bunús na hÉigipte leis seo ós rud é go dtagann al-kīmīā ón nGréigis χημία (<i>chimeía</i>), a dhíorthaítear ar a seal ón bhfocal Kemet, arb é ainm ársa na hÉigipte sa <a href="/wiki/An_%C3%89igiptis" title="An Éigiptis">teanga Éigipteach</a> é. De rogha air sin, féadfaidh <i>al-kīmīā</i> teacht ó χημεία, rud a chiallaíonn "teilgthe le chéile". </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Prionsabail_nua-aimseartha">Prionsabail nua-aimseartha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Prionsabail nua-aimseartha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section's source code: Prionsabail nua-aimseartha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Lab_bench.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/250px-Lab_bench.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/375px-Lab_bench.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5f/Lab_bench.jpg/500px-Lab_bench.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption>An tSaotharlann, Institiúid na Bithcheimice, Ollscoil Köln sa Ghearmáin</figcaption></figure> <p>Is í samhail reatha an struchtúir adamhaigh ná samhail na <a href="/wiki/Meicnic_chandamach" title="Meicnic chandamach">meicnice candamaí</a>. <sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tosaíonn an cheimic thraidisiúnta le staidéar a dhéanamh ar <a href="/wiki/Bunch%C3%A1ithn%C3%ADn" title="Buncháithnín">bhuncháithníní</a>, <a href="/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh">adaimh</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Móilín">móilíní</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Comhdh%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Comhdhúil cheimiceach">comhdhúile</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miotal" title="Miotal">miotail</a>, <a href="/wiki/Criostal" title="Criostal">criostail</a> agus comhbhailiúcháin de <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Dúil cheimiceach">dhúile</a> eile. Is féidir staidéar a dhéanamh ar dhúile i <a href="/wiki/Staideanna_an_Damhna" class="mw-redirect" title="Staideanna an Damhna">staideanna</a> soladacha, leachtacha, gásacha agus plasmacha, ina n-aonar nó i dteannta a chéile. Is gnách go mbíonn na hidirghníomhaíochtaí, na <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">himoibrithe</a> agus na claochluithe a ndéantar staidéar orthu sa cheimic mar thoradh ar idirghníomhaíochtaí idir adaimh, rud a fhágann go ndéantar atheagrú ar na naisc cheimiceacha a choinníonn na hadaimh le chéile. Déantar staidéar ar iompraíochtaí den sórt sin i <a href="/wiki/Saotharlann" title="Saotharlann">saotharlann</a> cheimice. </p><p>Go steiréitipiciúil, úsáideann an tsaotharlann foirmeacha éagsúla d'<a href="/wiki/Earra%C3%AD_gloine_saotharlainne" title="Earraí gloine saotharlainne">earraí gloine saotharlainne</a> faoi leith. Mar sin féin, níl earraí gloine lárnach sa cheimic, agus déantar cuid mhór den cheimic thurgnamhach (chomh maith le ceimic fheidhmeach/tionsclaíoch) gan earraí gloine. </p> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/220px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/330px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg/440px-Chemicals_in_flasks.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="1818" /></a><figcaption>Tuaslagáin substaintí i mbuidéil imoibrí, lena n-áirítear <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiodrocsa%C3%ADd_am%C3%B3iniam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiodrocsaíd amóiniam (níl an leathanach ann)">hiodrocsaíd amóiniam</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Aig%C3%A9ad_n%C3%ADtreach" title="Aigéad nítreach">aigéad nítreach</a>, soilsithe i ndathanna éagsúla</figcaption></figure> <p>Is éard is <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">imoibriú ceimiceach</a> ann ná athrú ina gclaochlaítear substaint ina substaint nua amháin nó níos mó.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Is é bunús a leithéid de chlaochlú ceimiceach ná atheagrú na leictreon sna naisc cheimiceacha idir adaimh. Is féidir é a léiriú go siombalach trí <a href="/wiki/Cothrom%C3%B3id_cheimiceach" title="Cothromóid cheimiceach">chothromóid cheimiceach</a>, a mbíonn adaimh mar ábhair i gceist leis de ghnáth. Is ionann líon na n-adamh ar chlé agus ar dheis sa chothromóid le haghaidh claochlaithe cheimicigh. (Nuair a bhíonn líon na n-adamh ar gach taobh éagothrom, tugtar imoibriú núicléach nó <a href="/wiki/Meath_radaighn%C3%ADomhach" title="Meath radaighníomhach">meath radaighníomhach</a> ar an gclaochlú.) Tá an cineál imoibriúcháin cheimicigh a d’fhéadfadh substaint a dhéanamh agus na hathruithe fuinnimh a d’fhéadfadh a bheith ag gabháil leis srianta ag rialacha bunúsacha áirithe, ar a dtugtar [[dlí ceimiceach|dlíthe ceimiceacha. </p><p>Bíonn cúinsí fuinnimh agus eantrópachta tábhachtach i gcónaí i mbeagnach gach staidéar ceimiceach. Déantar substaintí ceimiceacha a aicmiú i dtéarmaí a struchtúir, a gcéimeanna, chomh maith lena gcomhdhéanamh ceimiceacha. Is féidir anailís a dhéanamh orthu trí uirlisí anailíse ceimiceacha a úsáid, .i. speictreascópacht agus crómatagrafaíocht. Tugtar ceimiceoirí ar eolaithe atá i mbun taighde ceimiceach. Déanann mórchuid na gceimiceoirí speisialtóireacht i bhfo-dhisciplín amháin nó níos mó. Tá roinnt coincheap riachtanach chun staidéar a dhéanamh ar cheimic; seo cuid acu: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Damhna">Damhna</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Damhna" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section's source code: Damhna"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Damhna" title="Damhna">Damhna</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Sa cheimic, sainmhínítear damhna mar rud ar bith a bhfuil <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fosmhais&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fosmhais (níl an leathanach ann)">fosmhais</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Toirt" title="Toirt">toirt</a> aige (tógann sé spás) agus atá comhdhéanta de <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ithn%C3%ADn_fo-adamhach" title="Cáithnín fo-adamhach">cháithníní</a>. Tá fosmhais ag na cáithníní a chuimsíonn damhna mais freisin- ní bhíonn fosmhais ag gach cáithnín, mar an <a href="/wiki/F%C3%B3t%C3%B3n" title="Fótón">fótón</a>. Is féidir le damhna a bheith ina íon shubstaint cheimiceach nó ina <a href="/wiki/Measc%C3%A1n" class="mw-redirect" title="Meascán">mheascán</a> de shubstaintí.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Adamh">Adamh</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Adamh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section's source code: Adamh"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Adamh" title="Adamh">Adamh</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Atom_Diagram.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/170px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/255px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Atom_Diagram.svg/340px-Atom_Diagram.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a><figcaption>Léaráid d'adamh de réir theoiric Bhohr</figcaption></figure> <p>Ba é an Gréagach <a href="/w/index.php?title=Democritos&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Democritos (níl an leathanach ann)">Democritos</a> (t. 450 R. Ch.) a chéadchuir i bhfáth an teoraic go raibh na damhnaí uile déanta d'adaimh. De réir an fhealsaimh úd, ní féidir leanúint de roinnt damhna ar bith go síoraí, mar go dtiocfaí ar deireadh ar <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A1ithn%C3%ADn" title="Cáithnín">cháithníní</a> nó mhionbhair den <a href="/wiki/Damhna" title="Damhna">damhna</a> nach bhféadfaí a roinnt níos mó. Ar cháithníní díobh sin, thug Democritos an t-ainm (<a href="/wiki/Gr%C3%A9igis" class="mw-redirect" title="Gréigis">Gréigis</a>: άτομον, <b>atmos</b> (adamh), a chiallaíonn aonad do-roinnte. B'inmheasta dó go raibh na hadaimh an-mhion agus go raibh uimhir ollmhór díobh fiú sa ghiota ba lú de dhamhna a bhí sofheichte. </p><p>Go deimhin, bhí os cionn dhá mhíle bliain le himeacht sula bhfuarthas fianaise thurgnamhach go raibh dúile déanta de na haonais bhunúsacha úd. </p><p>I ngach adamh tá <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAicl%C3%A9as_adamhach" title="Núicléas adamhach">núicléas</a> faoina <a href="/wiki/Lucht_leictreach" title="Lucht leictreach">lucht deimhneach</a> i lár baill agus, mórthimpeall air sin, leictreoin (nó leictreon) le lucht diúltach. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Dúil_cheimiceach"><span id="D.C3.BAil_cheimiceach"></span>Dúil cheimiceach</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Dúil cheimiceach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section's source code: Dúil cheimiceach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/D%C3%BAil_cheimiceach" title="Dúil cheimiceach">Dúil cheimiceach</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is éard is dúile ann ná substaintí nach féidir a dhianscaoileadh go ceimiceach ina substaintí eile níos simplí. </p><p>Tugtar substaintí <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C3%8Don&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Íon (níl an leathanach ann)">íona</a> ar shubstaintí nach meascáin iad. Is <b>dúile</b> nó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comhdh%C3%BAile&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comhdhúile (níl an leathanach ann)">comhdhúile</a> iad substaintí íona. </p><p>Cuirtear na dúile seo taobh le taobh i dtábla a dtugtar an <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bla_peiriadach" title="Tábla peiriadach">tábla peiriadach</a> air. </p><p>Tá siombail ag gach dúil, mar shampla, H = hidrigin. </p><p>Ba é an t-eolaí <a href="/wiki/Dm%C3%ADtr%C3%AD_Meindeil%C3%A9iv" title="Dmítrí Meindeiléiv">Dmítrí Meindeiléiv</a> a chuir an chéad bhun leis an tábla peiriadach seo sa bhliain 1869. Tá gach dúil atá ar eolas liostaithe i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Comhdhúil"><span id="Comhdh.C3.BAil"></span>Comhdhúil</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Comhdhúil" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section's source code: Comhdhúil"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Comhdh%C3%BAil" class="mw-redirect" title="Comhdhúil">Comhdhúil</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is éard is <i>comhdhúil</i> ann ná aon substaint cheimiceach a chruthaítear de thoradh <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">imoibriú ceimiceach</a> ina n-aontaítear dhá dhúil éagsúla, nó níos mó, de réir comhshuíomh seasta idir na dúile. </p><p>Nuair a dhéantar comhdhúil as a chuid dúl, bíonn airíonna difriúla de ghnáth ag an gcomhdhúil le hais airíonna na ndúl as a ndearnadh é. Mar shampla, is solad bán é clóiríd sóidiam (salann coitianta) atá réasúnta neamhimoibríoch go ceimiceach. Is iad na dúile as a bhfuil sé déanta ná sóidiam, miotal airgid atá an-imoibríoch, agus clóirín, gás glas atá an-imoibríoch. </p><p>I gcomhdhúil cheimiceach, bíonn adaimh na ndúl éagsúil ceangailte lena chéile le naisc cheimiceacha—<a href="/w/index.php?title=Nasc_ianach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Nasc ianach (níl an leathanach ann)">ianacha</a> nó <a href="/wiki/Nasc_comhfhi%C3%BAsach" title="Nasc comhfhiúsach">chomhfhiúsacha</a>. </p><p>Cuirtear coibhneas na ndúl agus struchtúr inmheánach na comhdhúile in iúl le <a href="/wiki/Foirmle_cheimiceach" title="Foirmle cheimiceach">foirmlí éagsúla ceimiceacha</a>. Is comhdhúil an t-uisce ina mbíonn hidrigin agus ocsigin i gcóimheas 2:1. </p><p><i>Tá an t-adamh ocsigin idir an dá adamh hidrigine, agus uillinn 104.45° eatarthu</i>.<span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Water-2D-labelled.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Tá an cruth seo ar mhóilíní uisce"><img alt="Tá an cruth seo ar mhóilíní uisce" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Water-2D-labelled.png/160px-Water-2D-labelled.png" decoding="async" width="160" height="70" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Water-2D-labelled.png/240px-Water-2D-labelled.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/50/Water-2D-labelled.png/320px-Water-2D-labelled.png 2x" data-file-width="1100" data-file-height="481" /></a></span><span typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Water_molecule_3D.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Tá an cruth seo ar mhóilíní uisce."><img alt="Tá an cruth seo ar mhóilíní uisce." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/120px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/180px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Water_molecule_3D.svg/240px-Water_molecule_3D.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="515" /></a></span> </p><p>Mar shampla, tugann an fhoirmle seo a leanas d'uisce <i>(H<sub>2</sub>O)</i> le fios dúinn go bhfuil uisce ina chomhdhúil agus go bhfuil dhá adamh <a href="/wiki/Hidrigin" title="Hidrigin">hidrigine</a> nasctha d'aon adamh <a href="/wiki/Ocsaigin" title="Ocsaigin">ocsaigine</a> amháin. </p><p>Níl comhdhúile liostaithe i dtábla peiriadach na ndúl. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Móilín"><span id="M.C3.B3il.C3.ADn"></span>Móilín</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Móilín" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section's source code: Móilín"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3il%C3%ADn" title="Móilín">Móilín</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Atisane3.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Atisane3.png/500px-Atisane3.png" decoding="async" width="500" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a4/Atisane3.png 1.5x" data-file-width="687" data-file-height="200" /></a><figcaption>Móilíní</figcaption></figure> <p>Is éard is <i>móilín</i> ann ná an chuid is lú de dhúil nó de <a href="/wiki/Comhd%C3%BAil" class="mw-redirect" title="Comhdúil">chomhdhúil</a> is féidir a bheith ann go neamhspleách. </p><p>Tugtar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic mhóilíneach (níl an leathanach ann)">ceimic mhóilíneach</a> nó <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisic_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisic mhóilíneach (níl an leathanach ann)">fisic mhóilíneach</a> ar na h<a href="/wiki/Eola%C3%ADocht" title="Eolaíocht">eolaíochta</a>í a bhaineann leis an ábhar seo, ag brath ar chlaonadh an fhócais. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Substaint_agus_meascán"><span id="Substaint_agus_measc.C3.A1n"></span>Substaint agus meascán</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Substaint agus meascán" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section's source code: Substaint agus meascán"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Is cineál damhna é substaint cheimiceach le comhdhéanamh cinnte agus tacar d'airíonna.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tugtar meascán de bhailiúchán substaintí. Samplaí de mheascáin is ea aer agus cóimhiotail.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Mól_agus_méid_na_substainte"><span id="M.C3.B3l_agus_m.C3.A9id_na_substainte"></span>Mól agus méid na substainte</h4><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Mól agus méid na substainte" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section's source code: Mól agus méid na substainte"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%B3l" title="Mól">Mól</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is éard is mól nógram-mhóilín ar mheáchan admhach den dúil sin ina ghraim. Cuir i gcás, is ias 1.008g. 14.008g. 16.000g. 35.46g 126.9 g agus 238 g na gram-adaimh se na dúile hidrigib, nítrigin, ocsaigin, clóirín iaidín agus úráiniam ar leith.<sup id="cite_ref-14" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pas">Pas</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Pas" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section's source code: Pas"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Pas_(damhna)" title="Pas (damhna)">Pas (damhna)</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>An 4 phas nó staid ar féidir go mbeidh damhna iontu: <a href="/wiki/Solad" title="Solad">solad</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leacht" title="Leacht">leacht</a>, <a href="/wiki/G%C3%A1s" title="Gás">gás</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Plasma_(fisic)" title="Plasma (fisic)">plasma</a>. Braitheann pas damhna ar leith ar an teocht is an brú atá i bhfeidhm air. Tugtar an pastrasdul ar an athrú ó phas amháin go pas eile, cosúil le fiuchadh nó leá. Léiríonn pasléaráid pasanna damhna ag teochtaí is brúnna éagsúla, </p><p>Chomh maith leis na hairíonna ceimiceacha ar leith a dhéanann idirdhealú idir aicmithe ceimiceacha éagsúla, is féidir ceimiceáin a bheith ann i roinnt céimeanna. Den chuid is mó, tá na haicmithe ceimiceacha neamhspleách ar na haicmithe bulcphassana seo; áfach, tá roinnt pasanna níos coimhthíocha neamh-chomhoiriúnach le hairíonna ceimiceacha áirithe. Is éard atá i bpas ná sraith staideanna de chóras ceimiceach a bhfuil mór-airíonna struchtúracha comhchosúla acu, thar raon coinníollacha, amhail brú nó teocht. </p><p>Is gnách go dtagann airíonna fisiciúla, mar shampla dlús agus innéacs athraonta faoi luachanna atá sainiúil don phas. Sainmhínítear pas dhamhna leis an <i>phas-trasdul</i>, is é sin nuair a théann fuinneamh a chuirtear isteach sa chóras nó a thógtar amach chun struchtúr an chórais a atheagrú, in ionad na mórchoinníollacha a athrú. </p><p>Uaireanta is féidir an t-idirdhealú idir pasannaa bheith leanúnach in ionad teorainn scoite a bheith acu, sa chás seo meastar go bhfuil an t-ábhar i staid fhorchriticiúil. Nuair a thagann trí staid le chéile bunaithe ar na coinníollacha, tugtar an tríphointe air agus ós rud é go bhfuil sé seo do-athraitheach, is bealach áisiúil é chun sraith coinníollacha a shainiú. </p><p>Taispeánann a lán substaintí pasanna soladacha iomadúla. Mar shampla, tá trí phas d’iarann soladach (alfa, gáma, agus deilte) a athraíonn bunaithe ar theocht agus brú. Príomhdhifríocht idir pasanna soladacha is ea criostalstruchtúr, nó socrú, na n-adamh. Paseile a bhíonn coitianta i staidéar na ceimice ná an pas leachtach, is é sin staid na substaintí atá tuaslagtha i dtuaslagán uiscí (is é sin, in uisce). </p><p>I measc na bpasanna nach bhfuil chomh heolach tá plasmaí, comhdhlútháin Bhose-Einstein agus comhdhlútháin fheirmíónacha agus na pasanna paramaighnéadacha agus fearómaighnéadacha d'ábhair mhaighnéadacha. Cé go ndéileálann na pasanna is eolaí le córais tríthoiseacha, is féidir analógacha a shainiú i gcórais déthoiseacha, ar tugadh aird orthu maidir lena ábharthacht do chórais sa bhitheolaíocht. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Nascadh">Nascadh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Nascadh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section's source code: Nascadh"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Nasc_ceimiceach" title="Nasc ceimiceach">Nasc ceimiceach</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Ionic_bonding_animation.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/75/Ionic_bonding_animation.gif/250px-Ionic_bonding_animation.gif" decoding="async" width="250" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/7/75/Ionic_bonding_animation.gif 1.5x" data-file-width="302" data-file-height="151" /></a><figcaption>Beochan den phróiseas nascáil ianach idir <a href="/wiki/S%C3%B3idiam" title="Sóidiam">sóidiam</a> (Na) agus <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ir%C3%ADn" title="Clóirín">clóirín</a> (Cl) chun <a href="/wiki/Cl%C3%B3ir%C3%ADd_s%C3%B3idiam" title="Clóiríd sóidiam">clóiríd sóidiam</a>, nó salann mín a dhéamanh. Is éard atá i gceist le nascadh ianach ná aistriú iomlán leictreoin amháin nó níos mó ó adamh amháin go hadamh eile.(seachas é a roinnt, mar a tharlaíonn i nascáil chomhfhiúsach) </figcaption></figure> <p>Na fórsaí leictreacha a cheanglaíonn adaimh i móilíní agus pais sholadacha neamh-mhóilíneacha. In aon adamh, timpeallaíonn na leictreoin an núicléas i bhfithiseáin i sceallaí timpeall an núicléis. Muna mbíonn an sceall seachtrach lán le leictreoin, an uasmhéid atá ceadaithe don adamh sin, bíonn an t-adamh éagobhsaí agus fonn air nasc a dhéanamh le hadamh eile. Aithnítear 3 shaghas naisc phríomhúil. An nasc ianach, mar atá i gclóiríd sóidiam, NaCl (salann mín), inar chaill an sóidiam leictreon agus ar ghnóthaigh an clóirín leictreon, ionas go gcoinnítear na hiain seo le chéile trí aomadh frithpháirteach idir Na+ is Cl-. Sa nasc comhfhiúsach, mar atá i gclóirín, Cl2, bíonn cuid de na leictreoin bainteach leis an dá núicléas. Nuair a nascann dhá adamh hidrigine (H) le hadamh amháin ocsaigine (O), cruthaítear móilín uisce, H2O, agus bíonn dhá nasc chomhfhiúsacha ann. Sa nasc miotalach, mar atá i sóidiam, Na, bíonn na fiúsleictreoin dílogánaithe agus bainteach le cuid mhaith núicléas, rud a thugann seoltacht leictreach don mhiotal. Tugtar nasc singil ar nasc comhfhiúsach ina bhfuil dhá leictreon i gceist, nasc dúbailte ar cheann le 4 leictreon, agus nasc triarach ar cheann le 6 leictreon. Comharthaítear na naisc seo i bhfoirmlí ceimiceacha le -, =, is ≡. Tugtar an nascfhuinneamh ar an bhfuinneamh is gá chun nasc ceimiceach a bhriseadh (mar shampla, chun móilín clóirín, Cl2, a athrú in dhá adamh clóirín, 2 Cl). </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fuinneamh">Fuinneamh</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Fuinneamh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section's source code: Fuinneamh"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Fuinneamh" title="Fuinneamh">Fuinneamh</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is cumas chun obair a dhéanamh é an <b>fuinneamh</b>, de réir na <a href="/wiki/Fisic" title="Fisic">fisice</a> de. Is iomaí cineál fuinnimh ann. Is fuinneamh cinéiteach é an fuinneamh atá i réad de bharr a ghluaisne. Is fuinneamh poitéinsiúil domhantarraingthe é fuinneamh atá i réad de bharr a airde os cionn plána tagartha, mar shampla, cloch os cionn na talún. Is fuinneamh <a href="/wiki/Meicnic" title="Meicnic">meicnice</a> é an dá shaghas fuinnimh sin curtha le chéile, fuinneamh cinéiteach is fuinneamh poitéinsiúil. Is cineál fuinnimh eile é an teas. Nuair a dóitear breosla, mar shampla <a href="/wiki/Peitreal" title="Peitreal">peitreal</a>, fuasclaítear fuinneamh ceimiceach an bhreosla ina theas. </p><p>De réir bhunchoincheapanna na fisice, ní féidir fuinneamh a chruthú ná a dhíothú ach is féidir é a athrú ó chineál amháin fuinnimh go cineál eile. Tarlaíonn a leithéid in inneall ar bith, mar shampla in <a href="/wiki/Inneall_d%C3%B3ch%C3%A1in_inmhe%C3%A1naigh" title="Inneall dócháin inmheánaigh">inneall dócháin inmheánaigh</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Imoibriú_ceimiceach"><span id="Imoibri.C3.BA_ceimiceach"></span>Imoibriú ceimiceach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=13" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Imoibriú ceimiceach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section's source code: Imoibriú ceimiceach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">Imoibriú ceimiceach</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>I gcás dó damhna A in aer (nó in ocsaigin) deirtear gur imroibrigh an damhna sin le hocsaigin chun damhna nua (éagsúil leo siúd araon) a ghiniúint. Ach is féidir le damhna airithe oimibriú le damhna eile (seachas ocsaigin) freisin chun damhna nó damhnaí eile a ghiniúimnt mar an gcéanna. De ghnáth trí <a href="/wiki/Fuinneamh" title="Fuinneamh">fhuinneamh</a> a ídiú nó a ghnóthú ag an gcóras. Tugtar oimibriú ceimiceach ar imoibrithe dá leithéid siúd ina ngintear damhna nua amháin, nó níos mó ná damhna amháin, ó imoibriú idir dhá dhamhna eile, agus tugtar athraithe ceimiceacha ar na hathraithe bunúsacha a tharla de thoradh na n-oibrithe. viz.: </p> <dl><dd>amhna <b>A</b> + damhna <b>B</b> <i>imoibriú ceimiceach</i> -> damhna <b>C</b></dd></dl> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Iain_agus_salainn">Iain agus salainn</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=14" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Iain agus salainn" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section's source code: Iain agus salainn"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Ian" title="Ian">Ian</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is éard is <i>ian</i> ann ná adamh nó móilín a bhfuil lucht leictreach aige. Má dhéanann adamh nó móilín leictreon dá chuid a thabhairt uaidh, nó leictreon de chuid adaimh nó móilín eile a ghlacadh chuige, ní bheidh sé neodrach a thuilleadh. Beidh lucht leictreach aige—lucht diúltach, má fuair sé leictreon ar iasacht, lucht deimhneach, má thug sé ceann uaidh. Is dual don dá chineál lucht leictreach an cineál céanna a éaradh (a ruaigeadh uaidh) agus an cineál eile a aomadh (a tharraingt chuige). Ina lán comhdhúl ceimiceach, tá an dá chineál ian ann, agus iad curtha in aice a chéile sa chriostal ionas go bhfuil gach ian timpeallaithe ag iain den chineál eile. Mar sin, coinníonn an fórsa aomtha—an <i>nasc ianach</i> an criostal le chéile. </p><p>Bíonn na comhdhúile ianacha sothuaslagtha san uisce, toisc gur tuaslagóir polach é an t-uisce. Is é sin, tá pol diúltach agus pol deimhneach ag an móilín uisce - deirtear gur déphol é an móilín uiscec—é go bhfuil an móilín féin neodrach. Aomann an pol diúltach iain dheimhneacha, agus na hiain dhiúltacha ag tarraingt ar an bpol eile. </p><p>Sampla de chomhdhúil ianach é an gnáthshalann, is é sin, an chlóiríd sóidiam. Tá an salann an-difriúil leis an dá dhúil a bhfuil sé comhdhéanta as, mar atá, an clóirín agus an sóidiam. Gás buíghlas nó uaine é an clóirín a bhfuil boladh láidir as, agus nimh atá ann don duine, nó oibríonn sé go tubaisteach ar na scamhóga: níl tiúchan mór clóirín san aer análaithe de dhíth le héidéime scamhógach a tharraingt ar an duine, is é sin, na scamhóga a líonadh le sreabh nó leacht a thachtfaidh an t-othar (sin é an tuige, dála an scéil, gur baineadh úsáid as an gclóirín mar ghás cogaidh—arm ceimiceach—sa Chéad Chogadh Domhanda). Maidir leis an sóidiam, is miotal alcaileach é—is é sin, miotal bog atá chomh haraiciseach chun imoibriú a dhéanamh le substaintí eile is go rachaidh sé trí thine san uisce. Má chuirtear clóirín agus sóidiam in aice le chéile, imoibreoidh siad le chéile go fiáin fíochmhar le salann a dhéanamh. Tabharfaidh gach adamh sóidiam aon leictreon amháin ar iasacht do cheann de na hadaimh chlóirín, ionas go gcruthófar iain chlóiríde, Cl<sup>-</sup>, agus iain sóidiam, Na<sup>+</sup>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Aigéadacht_agus_bunatacht"><span id="Aig.C3.A9adacht_agus_bunatacht"></span>Aigéadacht agus bunatacht</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=15" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Aigéadacht agus bunatacht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section's source code: Aigéadacht agus bunatacht"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Imoibri%C3%BA_aig%C3%A9ad-bun&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imoibriú aigéad-bun (níl an leathanach ann)">Imoibriú aigéad-bun</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is minic gur féidir substaint a aicmiú mar aigéad nó mar <a href="/wiki/Bun_(ceimic)" title="Bun (ceimic)">bhun</a>. Tá roinnt teoiricí éagsúla ann a mhíníonn iompraíocht aigéid-bhuin. Is é an ceann is simplí na teoiric <a href="/wiki/Svante_Arrhenius" title="Svante Arrhenius">Arrhenius</a>, a deir gur aigéad í conhdhúil ar bith a thugann na hiain <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hiodr%C3%B3iniam&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hiodróiniam (níl an leathanach ann)">hiodróiniam</a> (H<sub>3</sub>O+) i dtuaslagáin agus is bun í aon chomhdhúil a thugann iain hiodrocsaíde (OH<sup>−</sup>) i ndobharthuaslagáin. De réir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoiric_Br%C3%B8nsted%E2%80%93Lowry&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoiric Brønsted–Lowry (níl an leathanach ann)">theoiric Brønsted–Lowry</a> is aigéad é an speiceas a bhfuil claonadh ann chun prótón <a href="/wiki/Hidrigin" title="Hidrigin">hidrigine</a> (H<sup>+</sup>) a chailliúint agus is bun é an speiceas a bhfuil claonadh ann chun prótón a ghlacadh. </p><p>Tríú teoiric choitianta is ea teoiric Leictreonach Lewis faoi <a href="/w/index.php?title=Aig%C3%A9id_agus_buanna_Lewis&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Aigéid agus buanna Lewis (níl an leathanach ann)">aigéid agus buanna</a>, atá bunaithe ar naisc cheimiceacha nua a dhéanamh. Míníonn teoiric Lewis gur aigéad é speiceas ar bith a ghlacann le dís leictreon agus is bun é speiceas ar bith a ghlacann le dís leictreon. De réir na teoirice seo, is iad na rudaí is tábhachtaí atá á malartú ná na luchtanna.<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-16" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tá bealaí éagsúla ann inar féidir substaint a aicmiú mar aigéad nó mar bhun, mar is léir i stair an choincheapa seo.<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Déantar neart aigéid a thomhas go coitianta trí dhá mhodh. Tomhas amháin, bunaithe ar shainmhíniú Arrhenius ar aigéadacht, is ea pH, ar tomhas é ar thiúchan iain hidriginiam i dtuaslagán, mar a chuirtear in iúl é ar scála logartamach diúltach. Mar sin, tá tiúchan ard iain hidriginiam ag tuaslagáin a bhfuil pH íseal acu agus is féidir a rá go bhfuil siad níos aigéadach. Tomhas eile atá bunaithe ar shainmhíniú Bhrønsted-Lowry is ea an tairiseach díthiomsúcháin aigéid (K<sub>a</sub>), a thomhaiseann cumas coibhneasta substainte gníomhú mar aigéad faoin sainmhíniú Bhrønsted-Lowry ar aigéad. Is é sin, is dóichí go dtabharfaidh substaintí a bhfuil K<sub>a</sub> níos airde acu iain hidrigine in imoibrithe ceimiceacha ná iad siúd a bhfuil luachanna K<sub>a</sub> níos ísle acu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ocsdí"><span id="Ocsd.C3.AD"></span>Ocsdí</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=16" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Ocsdí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section's source code: Ocsdí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/wiki/Ocsd%C3%AD" title="Ocsdí">Ocsdí</a></i></div></dd></dl> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:NaF.gif" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NaF.gif/350px-NaF.gif" decoding="async" width="350" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a8/NaF.gif/525px-NaF.gif 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/a8/NaF.gif 2x" data-file-width="560" data-file-height="245" /></a><figcaption>Sóidiam agus fluairín ag nascadh go hiaineach chun fluairíd sóidiam a dhéanamh. Cailleann sóidiam a leictreon seachtrach chun cumraíocht leictreon cobhsaí a thabhairt dó, agus téann an leictreon seo isteach san adamh fluairín go eisiteirmeach. Ansin aomtar na hiain atá luchtaithe go contrártha lena chéile. Tá an sóidiam ocsaídithe; agus an fluairín dí- ocsaídithe.</figcaption></figure> <p>Is cineál imoibrithe <a href="/wiki/Imoibri%C3%BA_ceimiceach" title="Imoibriú ceimiceach">cheimicigh</a> é <b>ocsdí</b> ina bhfuil <a href="/wiki/Staid_ocsa%C3%ADdi%C3%BAch%C3%A1in" title="Staid ocsaídiúcháin">staideanna ocsaídiúcháin</a> na n-adamh aithrithe. Tá sé mar chomhartha sóirt ag imoibrithe ocsdí aistriú iarbhír nó foirmiúil <a href="/wiki/Leictreon" title="Leictreon">leictreon</a> idir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Speiceas_ceimiceach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Speiceas ceimiceach (níl an leathanach ann)">speicis cheimiceacha</a>, go minic le speiceas amháin (an dí-ocsaídeoir) ag dul faoi ocsaídiú (leictreoin a chailleadh) le linn do speiceas eile (an t-ocsaídeoir) ag dí-ocsaídiú (gnóthachain leictreon).<sup id="cite_ref-18" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Deirtear gur ocsaídíodh an speiceas ceimiceach as a mbaintear an leictreon, agus deirtear gur dí-ocsaídíodh an speiceas ceimiceach a gcuirtear an leictreon leis. I bhfocail eile: </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cothromaíocht_cheimiceach"><span id="Cothroma.C3.ADocht_cheimiceach"></span>Cothromaíocht cheimiceach</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=17" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Cothromaíocht cheimiceach" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section's source code: Cothromaíocht cheimiceach"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cothroma%C3%ADocht_cheimiceach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cothromaíocht cheimiceach (níl an leathanach ann)">Cothromaíocht cheimiceach</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>In imoibriú ceimiceach, is éard is cothromaíocht cheimiceach ná an riocht nó an staid ina bhfuil na himoibreáin agus na táirgí araon i láthair i dtiúchan nach bhfuil aon chlaonadh eile iontu athrú le hama, ionas nach mbeidh aon athrú inbhraite ar airíonna an chórais.<sup id="cite_ref-19" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tarlaíonn an staid seo nuair a théann an tulimoibriú ar aghaidh ag an ráta céanna leis an cúlimoibriú. De ghnáth ní bhíonn rátaí imoibrithe na dtulimoibrithe agus na gcúlimoibrithe ina nialas, ach cothrom. Mar sin, níl aon glanathruithe i dtiúchan na n-imoibreán agus na dtáirgí. Tugtar cothromaíocht dhinimiciúil ar staid den sórt sin<sup id="cite_ref-20" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Dlíthe_ceimiceacha"><span id="Dl.C3.ADthe_ceimiceacha"></span>Dlíthe ceimiceacha</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=18" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Dlíthe ceimiceacha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section's source code: Dlíthe ceimiceacha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Dl%C3%AD_ceimiceach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Dlí ceimiceach (níl an leathanach ann)">Dlí ceimiceach</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Cinntíodh ó <a href="/wiki/Turgnamh" title="Turgnamh">thurgnaimh</a> a rinne <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a> (1627–1691), <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Antoine-Laurent de Lavoisier</a> agus <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">John Dalton</a> le linn an seachtú agus an t-ochtú aois déag go raibh <a href="/wiki/Damhna" title="Damhna">damhnaí</a> rialaithe ag dlíthe áirithe. </p><p>Rialaítear imoibrithe ceimiceacha le dlíthe áirithe, ar coincheapa bunúsacha iad sa cheimic anois. Seo a leanas cuid acu: </p> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Avogadro" title="Dlí Avogadro">Dlí Avogadro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Beer-Lambert" title="Dlí Beer-Lambert">Dlí Beer-Lambert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Boyle" title="Dlí Boyle">Dlí Boyle</a> (1662, a bhaineann le brú agus toirt)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Charles" title="Dlí Charles">Dlí Charles</a> (1787, a bhaineann le toirt agus teocht)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%ADthe_Fick" title="Dlíthe Fick">Dlíthe Fick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Gay-Lussac" title="Dlí Gay-Lussac">Dlí Gay-Lussac</a> (1809, a bhaineann le brú agus teocht)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prionsabal_Le_Chatalier" title="Prionsabal Le Chatalier">Prionsabal Le Chatalier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Henry" title="Dlí Henry">Dlí Henry</a></li> <li>Dlí Hess</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Imchoime%C3%A1d_na_Maise" title="Dlí Imchoimeád na Maise">Dlí Imchoimeád na Maise</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_imchoime%C3%A1d_an_fhuinnimh" title="Dlí imchoimeád an fhuinnimh">Dlí imchoimeád an fhuinnimh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_an_chomhshu%C3%ADmh_thairisigh" title="Dlí an chomhshuímh thairisigh">Dlí an chomhshuímh thairisigh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_na_gcomhr%C3%A9ir_iolrach" title="Dlí na gcomhréir iolrach">Dlí na gcomhréir iolrach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dl%C3%AD_Raoult" title="Dlí Raoult">Dlí Raoult</a></li></ul> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/%C3%8Domh%C3%A1:Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg/220px-Antoine_lavoisier.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="231" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/9/96/Antoine_lavoisier.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="303" data-file-height="318" /></a><figcaption>Ba é <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Laurent_Lavoisier" class="mw-redirect" title="Antoine Laurent Lavoisier">Antoine Laurent Lavoisier</a> a chuir tús leis an gceimic nua-aimseartha. Mar shampla, mhínigh sé an dóchán mar imoibriú na hocsaigine leis an mbreosla. Ba mhór an dul chun cinn é sin i gcomparáid le <a href="/w/index.php?title=Teoiric_an_fhl%C3%B3gast%C3%B3in&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teoiric an fhlógastóin (níl an leathanach ann)">teoiric an fhlógastóin</a>, a bhí coitianta roimh a lá féin</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Stair_na_Ceimice">Stair na Ceimice</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=19" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Stair na Ceimice" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section's source code: Stair na Ceimice"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <dl><dd><div class="noprint relarticle mainarticle"><i>Príomhalt: <a href="/w/index.php?title=Stair_na_Ceimice&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Stair na Ceimice (níl an leathanach ann)">Stair na Ceimice</a></i></div></dd></dl> <p>Is deacair a rá cathain a thosaigh stair na ceimice dáiríre. I measc na gceimiceoirí is luaithe, is féidir na mná Bablónacha a bhí ag driogadh cumhrán a lua. I bhfad roimhe sin, áfach, fuair na daoine amach go raibh ábhair áirithe indóite agus ábhair eile dodhóite. Fórsa rúndiamhair ab ea an tine, a bhí in ann ábhar a chlaochlú go hábhar eile, rud ba dhúspéis leis na daoine. Ba í an tine a chabhraigh leis an duine iarann nó gloine a dhéanamh an chéad uair riamh. Nuair a d'éirigh sé coitianta dearcadh ar an <a href="/wiki/%C3%93r" title="Ór">ór</a> mar mhiotal luachmhar, chuir na daoine suim san <a href="/wiki/Ailceimic" title="Ailceimic">ailceimic</a>. Is é is ailceimic ann ná na hiarrachtaí a rinneadh leis an ór a dhéanamh go sintéiseach, gan é a bhaint as an talamh. Ní raibh i gceist leis an ailceimic go fóill ach réamheolaíocht nó próta-eolaíocht, ach mar sin féin, d'fhoghlaim agus d'fhorbair na hailceimiceoirí modhanna oibre a chuaigh chun tairbhe na bhfíorcheimiceoirí i ndiaidh thréimhse na hailceimice. </p><p>D'aimsigh na hailceimiceoirí go leor próiseas ceimiceach, rud a chuidigh le forbairt na ceimice nua-aimseartha. I gcaitheamh na staire, thréig na hailceimiceoirí ab fhearr an rúndiamhracht agus na piseoga a bhí ag roinnt leis an ailceimic, agus iad ag fáil eolais ar fhíornádúr an damhna, ionas gur tháinig dearcadh ní b'eolaíochtúla chucu dá n-ainneoin. I measc rogha na n-ailceimiceoirí, is fiú Geber, nó <a href="/wiki/Abu_Musa_Jabir_ibn_Hayyan" title="Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan">Abu Musa Jabir ibn Hayyan</a>, agus <a href="/wiki/Paracelsus" title="Paracelsus">Paracelsus</a>, nó Philippus Theophrastus Aureolus Bombastus von Hohenheim, a lua. Ba é <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Robert Boyle</a>, áfach, a d'oscail an geata ón ailceimic go dtí an cheimic. Léiriú maith ar a dhearcadh is ea teideal an tsaothair ba thábhachtaí dár scríobh sé, mar atá, <i>The Skeptical Chymist</i>, is é sin, An tAilceimiceoir Sceiptiúil. Mar sin féin, bhí an Baoilleach ina ailceimiceoir i gcónaí. Ba é Antoine Laurent Lavoisier an chéad cheimiceoir nua-aimseartha, ámh. B'eisean a leag amach Dlí Imchoimeádta na Maise sa bhliain 1783, agus b'eisean ba thúisce a tháinig ar an tuiscint cheart ar an dóchán mar phróiseas ceimiceach. Roimh a lá féin, chreid na heolaithe gurbh ionann an dóchán agus an breosla a bheith ag tabhairt uaidh "flógastón", dearcadh a bhí bunaithe, ar bhealach, ar an míthuiscint sheanársa gur cineál damhna nó dúile atá sa teas. Thaispeáin Lavoisier nach amhlaidh a bhí, ach gurbh é an rud a bhíonn ag titim amach le linn an dócháin ná go bhfuil an breosla ag cumasc leis an <a href="/wiki/Ocsaigin" title="Ocsaigin">ocsaigin</a>. </p><p>Ceann de na dúile ceimiceacha ab ea an ocsaigin, agus thóg sé na blianta fada ar na heolaithe na dúile go léir a aithint, a aonrú, a ainmniú agus a aicmiú. Ba mhór an cuidiú san obair seo an tuiscint a tháinig chuig <a href="/wiki/Dmitr%C3%AD_Meindeil%C3%A9iv" class="mw-redirect" title="Dmitrí Meindeiléiv">Dmitrí Meindeiléiv</a>, John Newlands, agus <a href="/wiki/Julius_Lothar_Meyer" title="Julius Lothar Meyer">Lothar Meyer</a> timpeall na bliana 1870—is é sin, nuair a ordaíodh na dúile ceimiceacha de réir a meáchan adamhach, go raibh na saintréithe céanna á nochtadh go tráthrialta. D'oibrigh Meindiléiv amach an chéad <a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bla_peiriadach" title="Tábla peiriadach">tábla peiriadach</a>, agus na dúile curtha taobh le chéile de réir a meáchan adamhach agus na saintréithe comhchosúla. Ó bhí an tábla seo mantach in áiteanna, bhí Meindiléiv ábalta tuairim a thabhairt i dtaobh na ndúl a bhí ag fanacht lena bhfionnachtain i gcónaí. Nuair a aonraíodh an chéad uair iad, fíoraíodh a chuid tairngreachtaí. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cleachtadh">Cleachtadh</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=20" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Cleachtadh" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section's source code: Cleachtadh"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fodhisciplíní"><span id="Fodhiscipl.C3.ADn.C3.AD"></span>Fodhisciplíní</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=21" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Fodhisciplíní" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section's source code: Fodhisciplíní"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_cheimic_neamhorg%C3%A1nach" title="An cheimic neamhorgánach">An Cheimic Neamhorgánach</a>: déanann an fodhisciplín seo taighde ar na comhdhúile neamhorgánacha, is é sin, na comhdhúile nach bhfuil slabhraí d'adaimh an charbóin iontu.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/An_Cheimic_Org%C3%A1nach" class="mw-redirect" title="An Cheimic Orgánach">An Cheimic Orgánach</a>: Fadó, b'ionann an cheimic orgánach agus an <a href="/wiki/Bithcheimic" title="Bithcheimic">bhithcheimic</a>. Sa lá atá inniu ann, áfach, tugtar ceimic orgánach ar cheimic na gcomhdhúl carbónacha. Tá an carbón in ann slabhraí móra fada a dhéanamh nach bhfuil teorainn ná críoch leo, agus an dúrud de chomhdhúile éagsúla ann a bhfuil slabhraí den chineál sin iontu. is ábhar taighde ann féin, mar sin, na slabhraí seo agus na struchtúir éagsúla mhóilíneacha a gcuireann siad bun leo.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bithcheimic" title="Bithcheimic">An Bhithcheimic</a>: Sin é an t-ainm a thugtar sa lá atá inniu ann ar cheimic na neacha beo agus ar an dóigh a n-úsáidtear coincheapa agus modhanna oibre na ceimice sa bhitheolaíocht.</li></ul> <ul><li>An <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_Fhisiceach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic Fhisiceach (níl an leathanach ann)">Cheimic Fhisiceach</a>: Shoiléirigh an <a href="/wiki/Meicnic_chandamach" title="Meicnic chandamach">mheicnic chandamach</a> sa bhliain 1926, go raibh bunús fisice taobh thiar den cheimic. Go bunúsach, déanann an ceimiceoir fisiceach taighde ar an mbaint atá ag an gceimic leis an bhfisic. Mar shampla, is suim leis <a href="/wiki/Teirmidinimic" title="Teirmidinimic">teirmidinimic</a> na ceimice, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Cin%C3%A9itic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Cinéitic (níl an leathanach ann)">cinéitic</a> na n-imoibrithe ceimiceacha, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Leictriceimic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Leictriceimic (níl an leathanach ann)">leictriceimic</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Meicnic_staitisteach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Meicnic staitisteach (níl an leathanach ann)">mheicnic staitisteach</a>, agus an <a href="/wiki/Speictreasc%C3%B3pacht" title="Speictreascópacht">speictreascópacht</a>. Is deacair an cheimic fhisiceach a aithint go soiléir ón bh<a href="/w/index.php?title=Fisic_mh%C3%B3il%C3%ADneach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Fisic mhóilíneach (níl an leathanach ann)">fisic mhóilíneach</a>. Tá gá ag an gceimiceoir fisiceach leis an <a href="/wiki/Calcalas" title="Calcalas">gcalcalas</a> agus é ag fréamhú a chuid <a href="/wiki/Cothrom%C3%B3id" title="Cothromóid">cothromóidí</a>. Baineann an cheimic fhisiceach go dlúth leis an gceimic theoiriciúil agus le ceimic an chandaim.</li></ul> <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=An_Cheimic_theoirici%C3%BAil&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="An Cheimic theoiriciúil (níl an leathanach ann)">An Cheimic Theoiriciúil:</a> Is éard atá i gceist leis an gceimic theoiriciúil ná réasúnaíocht theoiriciúil na fisice agus na matamaitice a chuirtear i bhfeidhm ar cheisteanna na ceimice. Go háirithe, tugtar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_chandamach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic chandamach (níl an leathanach ann)">ceimic chandamach</a> ar an dóigh a bhfeidhmítear an <a href="/wiki/Fisic_chandamach" class="mw-redirect" title="Fisic chandamach">fhisic chandamach</a> sa cheimic. Sna blianta i ndiaidh an Dara Cogadh Domhanda, chuaigh na ríomhairí an oiread sin i bhfeabhas gur féidir a rá go bhfuil a leithéid de bhrainse ann agus <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_r%C3%ADomhaireachta&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic ríomhaireachta (níl an leathanach ann)">ceimic ríomhaireachta</a>, is é sin, forbairt agus feidhmiú na ríomhchlár le freastal ar shainriachtanais na ceimice. Tá dlúthbhaint ag an gceimic theoiriciúil le fisic an damhna chomhdhlúite agus leis an bhfisic mhóilíneach. Níl i gceist go bunúsach leis an gceimic theoiriciúil ach fisic, ar an gcaoi chéanna nach bhfuil sa bhitheolaiocht theoiriciúil ach ceimic agus fisic.</li></ul> <ul><li>Is í an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9ach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic núicléach (níl an leathanach ann)">cheimic núicléach</a> an brainse den cheimic a phléann leis an <a href="/wiki/Radaighn%C3%ADomha%C3%ADocht" class="mw-redirect" title="Radaighníomhaíocht">radaighníomhaíocht</a>: an úsáid a bhaintear as an radaighníomhaíocht le taighde a dhéanamh ar ghnáth-imoibrithe ceimiceacha (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Radaiceimic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Radaiceimic (níl an leathanach ann)">radaiceimic</a>), an tionchar atá ag mais na n-<a href="/wiki/Iseat%C3%B3p" title="Iseatóp">iseatóp</a> éagsúil ar na himoibrithe ceimiceacha (<a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_iseat%C3%B3pach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic iseatópach (níl an leathanach ann)">ceimic iseatópach</a>), agus <a href="/wiki/Speictreasc%C3%B3pacht" title="Speictreascópacht">speictreascópacht</a> an <a href="/wiki/Athshondas_maighn%C3%A9adach_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9ach" title="Athshondas maighnéadach núicléach">athshondais mhaighnéadaigh núicléigh</a>—is é sin, brainse speictreascópachta a théann i dtuilleamaí saintréithe maighnéadacha na <a href="/wiki/N%C3%BAicl%C3%A9as_adamhach" title="Núicléas adamhach">núicléas</a> le móilíní a aithint. Is féidir "ceimic núicléach" a thabhairt ar an dóigh a n-úsáideann fisiceoirí núicléacha modhanna oibre nó coincheapa na ceimice le taighde a dhéanamh ar <a href="/wiki/Eamhn%C3%BA" class="mw-redirect" title="Eamhnú">eamhnú</a> agus ar <a href="/w/index.php?title=Comhle%C3%A1_na_n%C3%BAicl%C3%A9as&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Comhleá na núicléas (níl an leathanach ann)">chomhleá</a> na núicléas.</li></ul> <p>Brainsí eile de chuid na ceimice is ea: an <a href="/w/index.php?title=R%C3%A9altcheimic&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Réaltcheimic (níl an leathanach ann)">réaltcheimic</a>, an <a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic_atmaisf%C3%A9arach&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ceimic atmaisféarach (níl an leathanach ann)">cheimic atmaisféarach</a>, an <a href="/wiki/Innealt%C3%B3ireacht_cheimiceach" title="Innealtóireacht cheimiceach">innealtóireacht cheimiceach</a>, an fhaisnéisíocht cheimiceach, an leictriceimic, ceimic an chomhshaoil, an cheimic shreabhach, an gheocheimic, an cheimic ghlas, stair na ceimice, eolaíocht na n-ábhar, ceimic na míochaine, an bhitheolaíocht mhóilíneach, an nanaitheicneolaíocht, an cheimic orgánaimhiotalach, an pheitriceimic, an chógaseolaíocht, an fhótaiceimic, an fhíticeimic, an cheimic pholaiméarach, an cheimic soladstaide, an tsonaiceimic, an cheimic fhormhóilíneach, an cheimic dhromchlach, agus an teirmiceimic. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tionscal">Tionscal</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=22" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tionscal" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section's source code: Tionscal"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Léiríonn an tionscal ceimiceach gníomhaíocht eacnamaíoch thábhachtach ar fud an domhain. Sa bhliain 2013, bhí díolacháin de US $980.5 billiún ag na 50 táirgeoir ceimiceach is fearr ar domhan, le corrlach brabúis de 10.3%.<sup id="cite_ref-21" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cumainn_ghairmiúla"><span id="Cumainn_ghairmi.C3.BAla"></span>Cumainn ghairmiúla</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=23" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Cumainn ghairmiúla" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section's source code: Cumainn ghairmiúla"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a class="external text" href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_chimique_de_France">Société Française de Chimie (SFC)</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Chemical_Society" class="extiw" title="en:American Chemical Society">American Chemical Society</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American_Society_for_Neurochemistry" class="extiw" title="en:American Society for Neurochemistry">American Society for Neurochemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Institute_of_Canada" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical Institute of Canada">Institut de chemie du Canada</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chemical_Society_of_Peru" class="extiw" title="en:Chemical Society of Peru">Sociedad Química del Perú</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Union_of_Pure_and_Applied_Chemistry" class="extiw" title="en:International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Australian_Chemical_Institute" class="extiw" title="en:Royal Australian Chemical Institute">Royal Australian Chemical Institute</a></li> <li><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Koninklijke_Nederlandse_Chemische_Vereniging" class="extiw" title="nl:Koninklijke Nederlandse Chemische Vereniging">Koninklijke Nederlandse Chemische Vereniging</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id:Link_rot" title="Vicipéid:Link rot"><span title="  nasc briste as Deireadh Fómhair 2022">nasc briste go buan</span></a></i>]</span></sup></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Royal_Society_of_Chemistry" class="extiw" title="en:Royal Society of Chemistry">Royal Society of Chemistry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Society_of_Chemical_Industry" class="extiw" title="en:Society of Chemical Industry">Society of Chemical Industry</a></li> <li><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Association_of_Theoretical_and_Computational_Chemists" class="extiw" title="en:World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists">World Association of Theoretical and Computational Chemists</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="An_Cheimic_Idirphearsanta">An Cheimic Idirphearsanta</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=24" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: An Cheimic Idirphearsanta" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section's source code: An Cheimic Idirphearsanta"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sanasaíocht_2"><span id="Sanasa.C3.ADocht_2"></span>Sanasaíocht</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=25" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Sanasaíocht" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section's source code: Sanasaíocht"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ol><li>Ailceimic na hÉigipte [5,000 BC – 400 BC], Leabharlann Chathair Alastair</li> <li>Ailceimic na Gréige [332 BC – 642 AD], na Greigigh i réim i gCathair Alastair</li> <li>Ailceimic na nArabach [642 AD – 1200], na hArabaigh i réim i gCathair Alastair, e.g. Is é <a href="/w/index.php?title=Jabir&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Jabir (níl an leathanach ann)">Jabir</a> an príomh-cheimiceoir.</li> <li>Ailceimic na hEorpa [1300 – Inniu], Gerber a thóg ar Cheimic na nArabach</li> <li>Ceimic [1661], <a href="/wiki/Robert_Boyle" title="Robert Boyle">Boyle</a> <i>The Sceptical Chemist</i></li> <li>Ceimic [1787], <a href="/wiki/Antoine_Lavoisier" title="Antoine Lavoisier">Lavoisier</a> <i>Élémentaire de Chimie</i></li> <li>Ceimic [1803], <a href="/wiki/John_Dalton" title="John Dalton">Dalton</a> <i>Atomic Theory</i></li></ol> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Féach_freisin"><span id="F.C3.A9ach_freisin"></span>Féach freisin</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=26" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Féach freisin" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section's source code: Féach freisin"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Fillteán Eolaíochta TS COGG <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/ceimic-filltean-eolaiochta-ts.pdf">http://www.cogg.ie/wp-content/uploads/ceimic-filltean-eolaiochta-ts.pdf</a></li> <li>CICLIPÉID EILE – ANOTHER UNFINISHED SCIENCE ENCYCLOPAEDIA IN IRISH, <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://irishforenglishspeakers.blog/2017/04/10/ciclipeid-eile-another-unfinished-science-encyclopaedia-in-irish/">https://irishforenglishspeakers.blog/2017/04/10/ciclipeid-eile-another-unfinished-science-encyclopaedia-in-irish/</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170430132245/https://irishforenglishspeakers.blog/2017/04/10/ciclipeid-eile-another-unfinished-science-encyclopaedia-in-irish/">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2017-04-30 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ceimiceoir" title="Ceimiceoir">Ceimiceoir</a> agus <a href="/wiki/Liosta_ceimiceoir%C3%AD" title="Liosta ceimiceoirí">Liosta ceimiceoirí</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%A1bla_peiriadach" title="Tábla peiriadach">Tábla peiriadach</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liosta_d%C3%BAl_de_r%C3%A9ir_ainm" title="Liosta dúl de réir ainm">Liosta dúl de réir ainm</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">fr</a></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.futura-sciences.com/sinformer/n/matiere.php">Actualités Chimie, sur le site Futura-Sciences.com</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">fr</a></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cnrs.fr/diffusion/phototheque/chimieaulycee/">La chimie au lycée, sur le site du CNRS</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061206230746/http://www.cnrs.fr/diffusion/phototheque/chimieaulycee/">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2006-12-06 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/An_B%C3%A9arla" title="An Béarla">en</a></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://scienceworld.wolfram.com/chemistry/">Eric Weisstein's world of chemistry</a></li> <li>(<span style="font-weight:bolder; font-size:95%"><a href="/wiki/An_Fhraincis" title="An Fhraincis">fr</a></span>) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.canal-educatif.fr/sciences.htm">Vidéos participatives sur la chimie pour les élèves du secondaire</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Leitheoireacht_sa_bhreis">Leitheoireacht sa bhreis</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=27" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Leitheoireacht sa bhreis" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section's source code: Leitheoireacht sa bhreis"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><b>Ceimic na hArdteistiméireachta Ghnáthleibhéal & Ardleibhéal</b>. Fírici Fillte. An Chomhairle um Oideachais Gaeltachta & Gaelscolaíochta. The Celtic Press.</li> <li>Atkins, P.W. <i>Galileo's Finger</i> (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>Chang, Raymond. <i>Chemistry</i> 6th ed. Boston: James M. Smith, 1998. <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0071152210" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-07-115221-0</a>.</li> <li>MacCann, Diarmuid . <i>Ceimic</i>. An Chláir Nua don Mheánteistiméireacht. An Gúm 1985.</li> <li>Hussey, Matt. <b>Nod don Eolach</b>, Gasaitéar Eolaíochta.An Gúm 1999</li> <li>Kennedy, Porter, Scott. <b>Eolaíocht Bhunúsach</b>. An Gúm 1990.</li> <li>Pauling, L. <b>The Nature of the chemical bond</b> (Cornell University Press) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0801403332" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-8014-0333-2</a></li> <li>Pauling, L., and Wilson, E. B. <b>Introduction to Quantum Mechanics with Applications to Chemistry</b> (Dover Publications) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0486648710" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-64871-0</a></li> <li>Pauling, L. <b>General Chemistry</b> (Dover Publications) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0486656225" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-486-65622-5</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Liosta_léitheoireachta_do_mhicléinn_ollscoile"><span id="Liosta_l.C3.A9itheoireachta_do_mhicl.C3.A9inn_ollscoile"></span>Liosta léitheoireachta do mhicléinn ollscoile</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=28" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Liosta léitheoireachta do mhicléinn ollscoile" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section's source code: Liosta léitheoireachta do mhicléinn ollscoile"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li>Atkins,P.W. <i>Physical Chemistry</i> (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0198792859" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-879285-9</a></li> <li>Atkins,P.W. et al. <i>Molecular Quantum Mechanics</i> (Oxford University Press)</li> <li>Ó Cinnéide, Seán. <i>Ceimic Bhunúsach 1</i>. An Chéad Chló, Rialtas na hÉireann.</li> <li>McWeeny, R. <i>Coulson's Valence</i> (Oxford Science Publications) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0198551444" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-855144-4</a></li> <li>Stephenson, G. <i>Mathematical Methods for Science Students</i> (Longman)<a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0582444160" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-582-44416-0</a></li> <li>Smart and Moore <i>Solid State Chemistry: An Introduction</i> (Chapman and Hall) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0412400405" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-412-40040-5</a></li> <li>Atkins,P.W., Overton,T., Rourke,J., Weller,M. and Armstrong,F. <i>Shriver and Atkins inorganic chemistry</i> (4th edition) 2006 (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0199264635" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-926463-5</a></li> <li>Clayden,J., Greeves,N., Warren,S., Wothers,P. <i>Organic Chemistry</i> 2000 (Oxford University Press) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0198503466" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-19-850346-6</a></li> <li>Voet and Voet <i>Biochemistry</i> (Wiley) <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/047158651X" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 0-471-58651-X</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Naisc_Sheachtracha">Naisc Sheachtracha</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=29" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Naisc Sheachtracha" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section's source code: Naisc Sheachtracha"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ncca.ie/media/wdqam1zw/dreachtsonraiocht-do-cheimic.pdf">Dréacht den Ardteistiméireacht Sonraíocht na Ceimice</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/bitesize/subjects/zmnp34j">National 5, Chemistry.</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://ocw.mit.edu/OcwWeb/Chemistry/index.htm">MIT OpenCourseWare | Chemistry</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.eurochem.eu/">EuroChem (European Portal for Chemistry - Database of Hazard Compounds, European Legislation)</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190613021423/http://www.eurochem.eu/">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2019-06-13 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chem.sis.nlm.nih.gov/chemidplus/">Chemistry Information Database</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedaily.com/news/matter_energy/chemistry/">Chemistry Research</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html">International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071031084506/http://www.iupac.org/dhtml_home.html">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2007-10-31 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.chem.qmw.ac.uk/iupac/">IUPAC Nomenclature Home Page</a>, see especially the "Gold Book" containing definitions of standard chemical terms</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/">Material safety data sheets for a variety of chemicals</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071016164904/http://physchem.ox.ac.uk/MSDS/">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2007-10-16 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cdmel.rutgers.edu/multimedia/">Cook/Douglass Multimedia Achives</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061022171757/http://cdmel.rutgers.edu/multimedia/">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2006-10-22 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> contains videos of General Chemistry tutorials; worked out example problems</li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bestchoice.che.auckland.ac.nz/">BestChoice Stage 1 University Chemistry tutorial</a><sup class="noprint Inline-Template"><span style="white-space: nowrap;">[<i><a href="/wiki/Vicip%C3%A9id:Link_rot" title="Vicipéid:Link rot"><span title="  nasc briste as Deireadh Fómhair 2022">nasc briste go buan</span></a></i>]</span></sup> from University of Auckland</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Tagairtí"><span id="Tagairt.C3.AD"></span>Tagairtí</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&veaction=edit&section=30" title="Cuir rannán in eagar: Tagairtí" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>cuir in eagar</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section's source code: Tagairtí"><span>athraigh foinse</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1086221">.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%;margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-definition-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-definition_1-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181003061822/http://chemweb.ucc.ie/what_is_chemistry.htm">What is Chemistry?</a>". Cartlannaíodh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://chemweb.ucc.ie/what_is_chemistry.htm">an bunleathanach</a> ar 3 Deireadh Fómhair 2018. Dáta rochtana: 13 Márta 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/chemistry">Definition of CHEMISTRY</a>" (en).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-3">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://dictionary.reference.com/browse/Chemistry">Definition of chemistry | Dictionary.com</a>" (en).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.acs.org/content/acs/en/education/whatischemistry/everywhere.html">Chemistry Is Everywhere</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Carsten Reinhardt. <i>Chemical Sciences in the 20th Century: Bridging Boundaries</i>. Wiley-VCH, 2001. <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126443">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,.mw-parser-output .citation .cs1-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:#d33}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#3a3;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126443"><a href="/wiki/Leabharuimhir_Chaighde%C3%A1nach_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Leabharuimhir Chaighdeánach Idirnáisiúnta">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/3-527-30271-9" title="Speisialta:BookSources/3-527-30271-9">3-527-30271-9</a>. pp. 1–2.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Theodore L. Brown, H. Eugene Lemay, Bruce Edward Bursten, H. Lemay. <i>Chemistry: The Central Science</i>. Prentice Hall; 8 edition (1999). <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126443"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126443"><a href="/wiki/Leabharuimhir_Chaighde%C3%A1nach_Idirn%C3%A1isi%C3%BAnta" title="Leabharuimhir Chaighdeánach Idirnáisiúnta">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/0-13-010310-1" title="Speisialta:BookSources/0-13-010310-1">0-13-010310-1</a>. pp. 3–4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110608014253/http://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm">History of Alchemy</a>". Cartlannaíodh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.alchemylab.com/history_of_alchemy.htm">an bunleathanach</a> ar 8 Meitheamh 2011. Dáta rochtana: 13 Márta 2021.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126443"><cite class="citation encyclopaedia cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/684121/chemical-bonding/43383/The-quantum-mechanical-model">"chemical bonding"</a>. <i>Britannica</i>. Encyclopædia Britannica<span class="reference-accessdate">. Aisghafa <span class="nowrap">1 November</span> 2012</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=chemical+bonding&rft.btitle=Britannica&rft.pub=Encyclop%C3%A6dia+Britannica&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britannica.com%2FEBchecked%2Ftopic%2F684121%2Fchemical-bonding%2F43383%2FThe-quantum-mechanical-model&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fga.wikipedia.org%3ACeimic" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=49">Matter: Atoms from Democritus to Dalton</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070228203304/http://www.visionlearning.com/library/module_viewer.php?mid=49">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 2007-02-28 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> by Anthony Carpi, Ph.D.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">IUPAC <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gold_Book&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gold Book (níl an leathanach ann)">Gold Book</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01033.html">Definition</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070304035235/http://goldbook.iupac.org/C01033.html">Curtha i gcartlann</a> 4 Márta 2007 ar an <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">Armstrong, James (2012). "{{{title}}}". <a href="/w/index.php?title=Brooks/Cole&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Brooks/Cole (níl an leathanach ann)">Brooks/Cole</a>.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Armstrong&rft.aufirst=James"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal"> "{{{title}}}"  (2005). Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Pearson Prentice Hall.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.date=2005"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><cite style="font-style:normal">"{{{title}}}" . ASM International.</cite><span class="Z3988" title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article"><span style="display: none;"> </span></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-14">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Ceimic Bhunúsach 1. An Gram-adamh. Lth.85 </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-15">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080527132328/http://www.apsidium.com/theory/lewis_acid.htm">The Lewis Acid-Base Concept</a>". <i>Apsidium</i>. Cartlannaíodh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.apsidium.com/theory/lewis_acid.htm">an bunleathanach</a> ar 27 Bealtaine 2008. Dáta rochtana: 18 Márta 2021.<a href="/w/index.php?title=Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Unreliable_source%3F&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Teimpléad:Unreliable source? (níl an leathanach ann)">Teimpléad:Unreliable source?</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-16">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A708257">History of Acidity</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-17">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">"<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/dna/h2g2/A708257">History of Acidity</a>".</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-18">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Tá ort na shonrú'<b> 'teideal =</b><i> agus'<b> 'url =</b></i> nuair a úsáideann {{<a href="/wiki/Teimpl%C3%A9ad:Lua_idirl%C3%ADn" title="Teimpléad:Lua idirlín"> lua idirlín</a>}}."". Cartlannaíodh <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wiley.com/college/boyer/0470003790/reviews/redox/redox.htm">an bunleathanach</a> ar 2012-05-30.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-19">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins' Physical Chemistry.<a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://archive.org/details/atkinsphysicalch00pwat">https://archive.org/details/atkinsphysicalch00pwat</a> </span> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-20">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Atkins, Peter W.; Jones, Loretta (2008). Chemical Principles: The Quest for Insight (2nd ed.). <a href="/wiki/Speisialta:BookSources/9780716799030" class="internal mw-magiclink-isbn">ISBN 978-0-7167-9903-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-21">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">C&EN's Global Top 50 Chemical Firms For 2014. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i30/CENs-Global-Top-50-Chemical.html">https://cen.acs.org/articles/92/i30/CENs-Global-Top-50-Chemical.html</a> </span> </li> </ol></div></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Aisghafa ó "<a dir="ltr" href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&oldid=1239866">https://ga.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ceimic&oldid=1239866</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Speisialta:Categories" title="Speisialta:Categories">Catagóirí</a>: <ul><li><a href="/w/index.php?title=Catag%C3%B3ir:Articles_with_dead_external_links_from_Deireadh_F%C3%B3mhair_2022&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Catagóir:Articles with dead external links from Deireadh Fómhair 2022 (níl an leathanach ann)">Articles with dead external links from Deireadh Fómhair 2022</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Ceimic" title="Catagóir:Ceimic">Ceimic</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Catagóirí folaithe: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Naisc_wayback_teimpl%C3%A9ad_webarchive" title="Catagóir:Naisc wayback teimpléad webarchive">Naisc wayback teimpléad webarchive</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Leathanaigh_le_comhlua_briste" title="Catagóir:Leathanaigh le comhlua briste">Leathanaigh le comhlua briste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Leathanaigh_a_%C3%BAs%C3%A1ideann_naisc-dra%C3%ADochta_ISBN" title="Catagóir:Leathanaigh a úsáideann naisc-draíochta ISBN">Leathanaigh a úsáideann naisc-draíochta ISBN</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Leathanaigh_le_naisc_seachtrach_briste" title="Catagóir:Leathanaigh le naisc seachtrach briste">Leathanaigh le naisc seachtrach briste</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Articles_with_invalid_date_parameter_in_template" title="Catagóir:Articles with invalid date parameter in template">Articles with invalid date parameter in template</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Catag%C3%B3ir:Leathanaigh_le_naisc_seachtrach_briste_go_buan" title="Catagóir:Leathanaigh le naisc seachtrach briste go buan">Leathanaigh le naisc seachtrach briste go buan</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Tugadh an leathanach seo cothrom le dáta an 19 Deireadh Fómhair 2024 ag 07:32.<br /></li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Tá an téacs ar fáil faoi réir an <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike License</a>; féadann téarmaí eile a bheith i bhfeidhm sa bhreis. 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