CINXE.COM

<!DOCTYPE html> <html class="client-nojs vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <head> <meta charset="UTF-8"> <title>Belfast - Wikipedia</title> <script>(function(){var className="client-js vector-feature-language-in-header-enabled vector-feature-language-in-main-page-header-disabled vector-feature-sticky-header-disabled vector-feature-page-tools-pinned-disabled vector-feature-toc-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-main-menu-pinned-disabled vector-feature-limited-width-clientpref-1 vector-feature-limited-width-content-enabled vector-feature-custom-font-size-clientpref-1 vector-feature-appearance-pinned-clientpref-1 vector-feature-night-mode-enabled skin-theme-clientpref-day vector-toc-available";var cookie=document.cookie.match(/(?:^|; )enwikimwclientpreferences=([^;]+)/);if(cookie){cookie[1].split('%2C').forEach(function(pref){className=className.replace(new RegExp('(^| )'+pref.replace(/-clientpref-\w+$|[^\w-]+/g,'')+'-clientpref-\\w+( |$)'),'$1'+pref+'$2');});}document.documentElement.className=className;}());RLCONF={"wgBreakFrames":false,"wgSeparatorTransformTable":["",""],"wgDigitTransformTable":["",""],"wgDefaultDateFormat":"dmy", "wgMonthNames":["","January","February","March","April","May","June","July","August","September","October","November","December"],"wgRequestId":"af855ae6-ebf9-4a9d-986b-0a2ea29a77c3","wgCanonicalNamespace":"","wgCanonicalSpecialPageName":false,"wgNamespaceNumber":0,"wgPageName":"Belfast","wgTitle":"Belfast","wgCurRevisionId":1259975585,"wgRevisionId":1259975585,"wgArticleId":5046,"wgIsArticle":true,"wgIsRedirect":false,"wgAction":"view","wgUserName":null,"wgUserGroups":["*"],"wgCategories":["Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas","Pages using the Phonos extension","CS1 maint: location missing publisher","Webarchive template wayback links","CS1: long volume value","CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown","CS1 maint: location","CS1 errors: generic name","Articles with short description","Short description is different from Wikidata","Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages","Use dmy dates from August 2017","Use British English from August 2017", "Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type","Articles containing Irish-language text","Articles containing Scots-language text","Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images","Articles containing Latin-language text","Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list","Coordinates on Wikidata","Pages including recorded pronunciations","Pages with Irish IPA","Commons category link is on Wikidata","Belfast","Capital cities in the United Kingdom","Cities in Northern Ireland","Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015","Districts of Northern Ireland, 2015-present","Populated coastal places in the United Kingdom","Port cities and towns in Northern Ireland","Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea"],"wgPageViewLanguage":"en","wgPageContentLanguage":"en","wgPageContentModel":"wikitext","wgRelevantPageName":"Belfast","wgRelevantArticleId":5046,"wgIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRelevantPageIsProbablyEditable":true,"wgRestrictionEdit":[],"wgRestrictionMove":["sysop"], "wgNoticeProject":"wikipedia","wgCiteReferencePreviewsActive":false,"wgFlaggedRevsParams":{"tags":{"status":{"levels":1}}},"wgMediaViewerOnClick":true,"wgMediaViewerEnabledByDefault":true,"wgPopupsFlags":0,"wgVisualEditor":{"pageLanguageCode":"en","pageLanguageDir":"ltr","pageVariantFallbacks":"en"},"wgMFDisplayWikibaseDescriptions":{"search":true,"watchlist":true,"tagline":false,"nearby":true},"wgWMESchemaEditAttemptStepOversample":false,"wgWMEPageLength":200000,"wgCoordinates":{"lat":54.59638888888889,"lon":-5.930000000000001},"wgRelatedArticlesCompat":[],"wgEditSubmitButtonLabelPublish":true,"wgULSPosition":"interlanguage","wgULSisCompactLinksEnabled":false,"wgVector2022LanguageInHeader":true,"wgULSisLanguageSelectorEmpty":false,"wgWikibaseItemId":"Q10686","wgCheckUserClientHintsHeadersJsApi":["brands","architecture","bitness","fullVersionList","mobile","model","platform","platformVersion"],"GEHomepageSuggestedEditsEnableTopics":true,"wgGETopicsMatchModeEnabled":false, "wgGEStructuredTaskRejectionReasonTextInputEnabled":false,"wgGELevelingUpEnabledForUser":false};RLSTATE={"ext.globalCssJs.user.styles":"ready","site.styles":"ready","user.styles":"ready","ext.globalCssJs.user":"ready","user":"ready","user.options":"loading","ext.cite.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.styles":"ready","ext.phonos.icons":"ready","mediawiki.page.gallery.styles":"ready","skins.vector.search.codex.styles":"ready","skins.vector.styles":"ready","skins.vector.icons":"ready","jquery.makeCollapsible.styles":"ready","ext.wikimediamessages.styles":"ready","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript":"ready","ext.uls.interlanguage":"ready","wikibase.client.init":"ready","ext.wikimediaBadges":"ready"};RLPAGEMODULES=["ext.cite.ux-enhancements","ext.phonos.init","mediawiki.page.media","site","mediawiki.page.ready","jquery.makeCollapsible","mediawiki.toc","skins.vector.js","ext.centralNotice.geoIP","ext.centralNotice.startUp","ext.gadget.ReferenceTooltips","ext.gadget.switcher", "ext.gadget.WikiMiniAtlas","ext.urlShortener.toolbar","ext.centralauth.centralautologin","mmv.bootstrap","ext.popups","ext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.init","ext.visualEditor.targetLoader","ext.echo.centralauth","ext.eventLogging","ext.wikimediaEvents","ext.navigationTiming","ext.uls.interface","ext.cx.eventlogging.campaigns","ext.cx.uls.quick.actions","wikibase.client.vector-2022","ext.checkUser.clientHints","ext.quicksurveys.init","ext.growthExperiments.SuggestedEditSession","wikibase.sidebar.tracking"];</script> <script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.loader.impl(function(){return["user.options@12s5i",function($,jQuery,require,module){mw.user.tokens.set({"patrolToken":"+\\","watchToken":"+\\","csrfToken":"+\\"}); }];});});</script> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=ext.cite.styles%7Cext.phonos.icons%2Cstyles%7Cext.uls.interlanguage%7Cext.visualEditor.desktopArticleTarget.noscript%7Cext.wikimediaBadges%7Cext.wikimediamessages.styles%7Cjquery.makeCollapsible.styles%7Cmediawiki.page.gallery.styles%7Cskins.vector.icons%2Cstyles%7Cskins.vector.search.codex.styles%7Cwikibase.client.init&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <script async="" src="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=startup&only=scripts&raw=1&skin=vector-2022"></script> <meta name="ResourceLoaderDynamicStyles" content=""> <link rel="stylesheet" href="/w/load.php?lang=en&modules=site.styles&only=styles&skin=vector-2022"> <meta name="generator" content="MediaWiki 1.44.0-wmf.5"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin"> <meta name="referrer" content="origin-when-cross-origin"> <meta name="robots" content="max-image-preview:standard"> <meta name="format-detection" content="telephone=no"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/1200px-StormontGeneral.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="1200"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="900"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/800px-StormontGeneral.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="800"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="600"> <meta property="og:image" content="https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/640px-StormontGeneral.jpg"> <meta property="og:image:width" content="640"> <meta property="og:image:height" content="480"> <meta name="viewport" content="width=1120"> <meta property="og:title" content="Belfast - Wikipedia"> <meta property="og:type" content="website"> <link rel="preconnect" href="//upload.wikimedia.org"> <link rel="alternate" media="only screen and (max-width: 640px)" href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/x-wiki" title="Edit this page" href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit"> <link rel="apple-touch-icon" href="/static/apple-touch/wikipedia.png"> <link rel="icon" href="/static/favicon/wikipedia.ico"> <link rel="search" type="application/opensearchdescription+xml" href="/w/rest.php/v1/search" title="Wikipedia (en)"> <link rel="EditURI" type="application/rsd+xml" href="//en.wikipedia.org/w/api.php?action=rsd"> <link rel="canonical" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast"> <link rel="license" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/deed.en"> <link rel="alternate" type="application/atom+xml" title="Wikipedia Atom feed" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:RecentChanges&feed=atom"> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//meta.wikimedia.org" /> <link rel="dns-prefetch" href="//login.wikimedia.org"> </head> <body class="skin--responsive skin-vector skin-vector-search-vue mediawiki ltr sitedir-ltr mw-hide-empty-elt ns-0 ns-subject mw-editable page-Belfast rootpage-Belfast skin-vector-2022 action-view"><a class="mw-jump-link" href="#bodyContent">Jump to content</a> <div class="vector-header-container"> <header class="vector-header mw-header"> <div class="vector-header-start"> <nav class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-main-menu-dropdown vector-button-flush-left vector-button-flush-right" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-main-menu-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Main menu" > <label id="vector-main-menu-dropdown-label" for="vector-main-menu-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Main menu </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-main-menu" class="vector-main-menu vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-main-menu-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="main-menu-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-main-menu" data-pinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-main-menu-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Main menu</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-main-menu.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-navigation" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-navigation" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Navigation </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-mainpage-description" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Main_Page" title="Visit the main page [z]" accesskey="z">Main page</a></li><li id="n-contents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Contents" title="Guides to browsing Wikipedia">Contents</a></li><li id="n-currentevents" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Portal:Current_events" title="Articles related to current events">Current events</a></li><li id="n-randompage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:Random" title="Visit a randomly selected article [x]" accesskey="x">Random article</a></li><li id="n-aboutsite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About" title="Learn about Wikipedia and how it works">About Wikipedia</a></li><li id="n-contactpage" class="mw-list-item"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us" title="How to contact Wikipedia">Contact us</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-interaction" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-interaction" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Contribute </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="n-help" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Contents" title="Guidance on how to use and edit Wikipedia">Help</a></li><li id="n-introduction" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" title="Learn how to edit Wikipedia">Learn to edit</a></li><li id="n-portal" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Community_portal" title="The hub for editors">Community portal</a></li><li id="n-recentchanges" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChanges" title="A list of recent changes to Wikipedia [r]" accesskey="r">Recent changes</a></li><li id="n-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_upload_wizard" title="Add images or other media for use on Wikipedia">Upload file</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <a href="/wiki/Main_Page" class="mw-logo"> <img class="mw-logo-icon" src="/static/images/icons/wikipedia.png" alt="" aria-hidden="true" height="50" width="50"> <img class="mw-logo-wordmark" alt="Wikipedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-wordmark-en.svg" style="width: 7.5em; height: 1.125em;"> <img class="mw-logo-tagline" alt="The Free Encyclopedia" src="/static/images/mobile/copyright/wikipedia-tagline-en.svg" width="117" height="13" style="width: 7.3125em; height: 0.8125em;"> </a> </div> <div class="vector-header-end"> <div id="p-search" role="search" class="vector-search-box-vue vector-search-box-collapses vector-search-box-show-thumbnail vector-search-box-auto-expand-width vector-search-box"> <a href="/wiki/Special:Search" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only search-toggle" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f"> Search </a> <div class="vector-typeahead-search-container"> <div class="cdx-typeahead-search cdx-typeahead-search--show-thumbnail cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Search Wikipedia" aria-label="Search Wikipedia" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Search Wikipedia [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Search</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Personal tools"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Appearance" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Appearance </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en" class="">Donate</a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Belfast" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory" class="">Create account</a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Belfast" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o" class="">Log in</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Log in and more options" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Personal tools" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Personal tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="User menu" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="https://donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_en.wikipedia.org&uselang=en">Donate</a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Belfast" title="You are encouraged to create an account and log in; however, it is not mandatory"> Create account</a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Belfast" title="You're encouraged to log in; however, it's not mandatory. [o]" accesskey="o"> Log in</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Pages for logged out editors <a href="/wiki/Help:Introduction" aria-label="Learn more about editing">learn more</a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="A list of edits made from this IP address [y]" accesskey="y">Contributions</a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Discussion about edits from this IP address [n]" accesskey="n">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Site"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Contents" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Contents</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">hide</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">(Top)</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Name" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Name"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Name </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Name-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_settlements" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_settlements"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Early settlements </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_settlements-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Developing_port,_radical_politics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Developing_port,_radical_politics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.3 Developing port, radical politics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Developing_port,_radical_politics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial_expansion,_sectarian_division" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial_expansion,_sectarian_division"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.4 Industrial expansion, sectarian division </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial_expansion,_sectarian_division-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Blitz_and_post-war_development" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Blitz_and_post-war_development"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.5 The Blitz and post-war development </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Blitz_and_post-war_development-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Troubles" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Troubles"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.6 The Troubles </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Troubles-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.7 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cityscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cityscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Cityscape </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cityscape subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cityscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Location_and_topography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Location_and_topography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Location and topography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Location_and_topography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-North_Belfast_and_Shankill" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#North_Belfast_and_Shankill"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.2 North Belfast and Shankill </div> </a> <ul id="toc-North_Belfast_and_Shankill-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-West_Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#West_Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.3 West Belfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-West_Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-South_Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.4 South Belfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.5 East Belfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-City_Centre" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#City_Centre"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6 City Centre </div> </a> <ul id="toc-City_Centre-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Architectural_heritage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architectural_heritage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.1 Architectural heritage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Architectural_heritage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Redevelopment" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Redevelopment"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.2 Redevelopment </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Redevelopment-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rough_sleeping_and_homelessness" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rough_sleeping_and_homelessness"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.6.3 Rough sleeping and homelessness </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rough_sleeping_and_homelessness-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_"Quarters"" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_"Quarters""> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.7 The "Quarters" </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_"Quarters"-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arts_venues_and_festivals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arts_venues_and_festivals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Arts venues and festivals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arts_venues_and_festivals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-UNESCO_City_of_Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#UNESCO_City_of_Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 UNESCO City of Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-UNESCO_City_of_Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Media" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Media"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 Media </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Media-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parades" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parades"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 Parades </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parades-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Demography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Demography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Employment_profile" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Employment_profile"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Employment profile </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Employment_profile-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Shipbuilding,_aerospace_and_defence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Shipbuilding,_aerospace_and_defence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Shipbuilding, aerospace and defence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Shipbuilding,_aerospace_and_defence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Coal_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Coal_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Coal Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Coal_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Fintech_and_cybersecurity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fintech_and_cybersecurity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 Fintech and cybersecurity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fintech_and_cybersecurity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.5 Film </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Tourism_and_hospitality" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Tourism_and_hospitality"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.6 Tourism and hospitality </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Tourism_and_hospitality-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-EU/GB_Trade" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#EU/GB_Trade"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.7 EU/GB Trade </div> </a> <ul id="toc-EU/GB_Trade-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Education </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Education-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Education subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Primary_and_secondary_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 Primary and secondary education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Primary_and_secondary_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_and_Higher_education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_and_Higher_education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 Further and Higher education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Further_and_Higher_education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Local_government" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Local_government"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Local government </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Local_government-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Assembly_and_Westminster_elections" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Northern_Ireland_Assembly_and_Westminster_elections"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.2 Northern Ireland Assembly and Westminster elections </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Northern_Ireland_Assembly_and_Westminster_elections-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Infrastructure" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Infrastructure"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Infrastructure </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Infrastructure subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Infrastructure-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hospitals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hospitals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Hospitals </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hospitals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 Transport </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Utilities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Utilities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 Utilities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Utilities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Recreation_and_sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Recreation_and_sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Recreation and sports </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Recreation_and_sports-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Recreation and sports subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Recreation_and_sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Leisure_centres" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Leisure_centres"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Leisure centres </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Leisure_centres-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parks_and_gardens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parks_and_gardens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Parks and gardens </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parks_and_gardens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sports" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sports"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Sports </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sports-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Climate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Climate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Climate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Climate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_fiction" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_fiction"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 In fiction </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_fiction-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notable people </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Notable people subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Georgian_Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Georgian_Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Georgian Belfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Georgian_Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Victorian_Belfast" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Victorian_Belfast"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Victorian Belfast </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Victorian_Belfast-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Early_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Early 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Late_20th_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Late_20th_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.4 Late 20th century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Late_20th_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twin_towns_–_sister_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Twin towns – sister cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twin_towns_–_sister_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Freedom_of_the_City"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Freedom of the City </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Freedom_of_the_City-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Bibliography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Bibliography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16.1 Bibliography </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Bibliography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Belfast</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 136 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-136" aria-hidden="true" > 136 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="featured article badge"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%89%A4%E1%88%8D%E1%8D%8B%E1%88%B5%E1%89%B5" title="ቤልፋስት – Amharic" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ቤልፋስት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="Amharic" class="interlanguage-link-target">አማርኛ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9al_Feirste" title="Béal Feirste – Aragonese" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Béal Feirste" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="Aragonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Aragonés</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Asturian" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="Asturian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Asturianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Guarani" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="Guarani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Avañe'ẽ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Azerbaijani" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Azərbaycanca</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target">تۆرکجه</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Balinese" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="Balinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Basa Bali</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%AC%E0%A7%87%E0%A6%B2%E0%A6%AB%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%B8%E0%A7%8D%E0%A6%9F" title="বেলফাস্ট – Bangla" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="বেলফাস্ট" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="Bangla" class="interlanguage-link-target">বাংলা</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D1%8D%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Бэлфаст – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Бэлфаст" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेलफास्ट – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="बेलफास्ट" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">भोजपुरी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Bosnian" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="Bosnian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bosanski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9al_Feirste" title="Béal Feirste – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Béal Feirste" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target">Буряад</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Chuvash" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="Chuvash" class="interlanguage-link-target">Чӑвашла</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_(kapital_sa_apil_sa_nasod)" title="Belfast (kapital sa apil sa nasod) – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Belfast (kapital sa apil sa nasod)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belffast" title="Belffast – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Belffast" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%9C%CF%80%CE%AD%CE%BB%CF%86%CE%B1%CF%83%CF%84" title="Μπέλφαστ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Μπέλφαστ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfasto" title="Belfasto – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Belfasto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target">Estremeñu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Faroese" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="Faroese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Føroyskt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9al_Feirste" title="Béal Feirste – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Béal Feirste" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beeal_Feirshtey" title="Beeal Feirshtey – Manx" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Beeal Feirshtey" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="Manx" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaelg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beul_Feirste" title="Beul Feirste – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Beul Feirste" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EB%B2%A8%ED%8C%8C%EC%8A%A4%ED%8A%B8" title="벨파스트 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="벨파스트" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%B2%D5%A5%D5%AC%D6%86%D5%A1%D5%BD%D5%BF" title="Բելֆաստ – Armenian" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Բելֆաստ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="Armenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Հայերեն</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BC%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेलफ़ास्ट – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="बेलफ़ास्ट" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hsb mw-list-item"><a href="https://hsb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Upper Sorbian" lang="hsb" hreflang="hsb" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Hornjoserbsce" data-language-local-name="Upper Sorbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hornjoserbsce</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ie mw-list-item"><a href="https://ie.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Interlingue" lang="ie" hreflang="ie" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Interlingue" data-language-local-name="Interlingue" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingue</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%A1%D7%98" title="בלפסט – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="בלפסט" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Javanese" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="Javanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jawa</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AC%E0%B3%86%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%AB%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B8%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%9F%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C" title="ಬೆಲ್‌ಫಾಸ್ಟ್‌ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಬೆಲ್‌ಫಾಸ್ಟ್‌" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%94%E1%83%9A%E1%83%A4%E1%83%90%E1%83%A1%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98" title="ბელფასტი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="ბელფასტი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Swahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="Swahili" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kiswahili</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lfast" title="Bèlfast – Haitian Creole" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Bèlfast" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="Haitian Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kreyòl ayisyen</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Kyrgyz" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="Kyrgyz" class="interlanguage-link-target">Кыргызча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfastum" title="Belfastum – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Belfastum" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belf%C4%81sta" title="Belfāsta – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Belfāsta" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfastas" title="Belfastas – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Belfastas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ligure</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Limburgish" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="Limburgish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Limburgs</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AC%E0%B5%86%E0%B5%BD%E0%B4%AB%E0%B4%BE%E0%B4%B8%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D%E0%B4%B1%E0%B5%8D" title="ബെൽഫാസ്റ്റ് – Malayalam" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="ബെൽഫാസ്റ്റ്" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="Malayalam" class="interlanguage-link-target">മലയാളം</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mt mw-list-item"><a href="https://mt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Maltese" lang="mt" hreflang="mt" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Malti" data-language-local-name="Maltese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Malti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AC%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%B2%E0%A4%AB%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%B8%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%9F" title="बेलफास्ट – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="बेलफास्ट" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – Mazanderani" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="Mazanderani" class="interlanguage-link-target">مازِرونی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mni mw-list-item"><a href="https://mni.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EA%AF%95%EA%AF%A6%EA%AF%9C%EA%AF%90%EA%AF%A5%EA%AF%81%EA%AF%AD%EA%AF%A0" title="ꯕꯦꯜꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ – Manipuri" lang="mni" hreflang="mni" data-title="ꯕꯦꯜꯐꯥꯁ꯭ꯠ" data-language-autonym="ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ" data-language-local-name="Manipuri" class="interlanguage-link-target">ꯃꯤꯇꯩ ꯂꯣꯟ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Mongolian" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="Mongolian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Монгол</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%97%E1%80%B2%E1%80%9C%E1%80%96%E1%80%90%E1%80%BA%E1%80%99%E1%80%BC%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="ဗဲလဖတ်မြို့ – Burmese" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="ဗဲလဖတ်မြို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="Burmese" class="interlanguage-link-target">မြန်မာဘာသာ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Low Saxon" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="Low Saxon" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nedersaksies</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%99%E3%83%AB%E3%83%95%E3%82%A1%E3%82%B9%E3%83%88" title="ベルファスト – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ベルファスト" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast_(Nuurdirlun)" title="Belfast (Nuurdirlun) – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Belfast (Nuurdirlun)" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nouormand</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9al_Feirste" title="Béal Feirste – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Béal Feirste" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Uzbek" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="Uzbek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="بیلفاسٹ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="بیلفاسٹ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بلفاست – Pashto" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="بلفاست" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="Pashto" class="interlanguage-link-target">پښتو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target">Picard</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pms mw-list-item"><a href="https://pms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Piedmontese" lang="pms" hreflang="pms" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Piemontèis" data-language-local-name="Piedmontese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Piemontèis</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rmy mw-list-item"><a href="https://rmy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Vlax Romani" lang="rmy" hreflang="rmy" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Romani čhib" data-language-local-name="Vlax Romani" class="interlanguage-link-target">Romani čhib</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Quechua" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="Quechua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Runa Simi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sc mw-list-item"><a href="https://sc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Sardinian" lang="sc" hreflang="sc" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Sardu" data-language-local-name="Sardinian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sardu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bilfawst" title="Bilfawst – Scots" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Bilfawst" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="Scots" class="interlanguage-link-target">Scots</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Albanian" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="Albanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Shqip</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Sicilian" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="Sicilian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Sicilianu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B6%B6%E0%B7%99%E0%B6%BD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B7%86%E0%B7%8F%E0%B7%83%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%A7%E0%B7%8A" title="බෙල්ෆාස්ට් – Sinhala" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="බෙල්ෆාස්ට්" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="Sinhala" class="interlanguage-link-target">සිංහල</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szl mw-list-item"><a href="https://szl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Silesian" lang="szl" hreflang="szl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Ślůnski" data-language-local-name="Silesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ślůnski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8E%DA%B5%D9%81%DB%8E%D8%B3%D8%AA" title="بێڵفێست – Central Kurdish" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="بێڵفێست" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="Central Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">کوردی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl badge-Q70894304 mw-list-item" title=""><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Tagalog" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="Tagalog" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tagalog</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AF%86%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B8%E0%AF%8D%E0%AE%9F%E0%AF%8D" title="பெல்பாஸ்ட் – Tamil" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பெல்பாஸ்ட்" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="Tamil" class="interlanguage-link-target">தமிழ்</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Kabyle" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="Kabyle" class="interlanguage-link-target">Taqbaylit</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Tatar" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="Tatar" class="interlanguage-link-target">Татарча / tatarça</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%9A%E0%B8%A5%E0%B8%9F%E0%B8%B2%E0%B8%AA%E0%B8%95%E0%B9%8C" title="เบลฟาสต์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="เบลฟาสต์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Tajik" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="Tajik" class="interlanguage-link-target">Тоҷикӣ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Udmurt" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="Udmurt" class="interlanguage-link-target">Удмурт</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%91%D0%B5%D0%BB%D1%84%D0%B0%D1%81%D1%82" title="Белфаст – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Белфаст" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Українська</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A8%DB%8C%D9%84%D9%81%D8%A7%D8%B3%D9%B9" title="بیلفاسٹ – Urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="بیلفاسٹ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="Urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target">اردو</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ug mw-list-item"><a href="https://ug.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A9lfast" title="Bélfast – Uyghur" lang="ug" hreflang="ug" data-title="Bélfast" data-language-autonym="ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche" data-language-local-name="Uyghur" class="interlanguage-link-target">ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Vèneto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Vietnamese" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="Vietnamese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tiếng Việt</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target">West-Vlams</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Waray" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="Waray" class="interlanguage-link-target">Winaray</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="贝尔法斯特 – Wu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="贝尔法斯特" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="Wu" class="interlanguage-link-target">吴语</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%91%D7%A2%D7%9C%D7%A4%D7%90%D7%A1%D7%98" title="בעלפאסט – Yiddish" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="בעלפאסט" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="Yiddish" class="interlanguage-link-target">ייִדיש</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yo mw-list-item"><a href="https://yo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Yoruba" lang="yo" hreflang="yo" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Yorùbá" data-language-local-name="Yoruba" class="interlanguage-link-target">Yorùbá</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B2%9D%E7%88%BE%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="貝爾法斯特 – Cantonese" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="貝爾法斯特" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="Cantonese" class="interlanguage-link-target">粵語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zazaki</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zea mw-list-item"><a href="https://zea.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Zeelandic" lang="zea" hreflang="zea" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Zeêuws" data-language-local-name="Zeelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Zeêuws</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E8%B4%9D%E5%B0%94%E6%B3%95%E6%96%AF%E7%89%B9" title="贝尔法斯特 – Chinese" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="贝尔法斯特" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target">中文</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/B%C3%A8lpas" title="Bèlpas – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Bèlpas" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target">Betawi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Iban" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="Iban" class="interlanguage-link-target">Jaku Iban</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kumoring</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tly mw-list-item"><a href="https://tly.wikipedia.org/wiki/Belfast" title="Belfast – Talysh" lang="tly" hreflang="tly" data-title="Belfast" data-language-autonym="Tolışi" data-language-local-name="Talysh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Tolışi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B1%E2%B5%89%E2%B5%8D%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%99%E2%B5%9C" title="ⴱⵉⵍⴼⴰⵙⵜ – Standard Moroccan Tamazight" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴱⵉⵍⴼⴰⵙⵜ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="Standard Moroccan Tamazight" class="interlanguage-link-target">ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</a></li> </ul> <div class="after-portlet after-portlet-lang"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10686#sitelinks-wikipedia" title="Edit interlanguage links" class="wbc-editpage">Edit links</a></div> </div> </div> </div> </header> <div class="vector-page-toolbar"> <div class="vector-page-toolbar-container"> <div id="left-navigation"> <nav aria-label="Namespaces"> <div id="p-associated-pages" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-associated-pages" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-nstab-main" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belfast" title="View the content page [c]" accesskey="c">Article</a></li><li id="ca-talk" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Talk:Belfast" rel="discussion" title="Discuss improvements to the content page [t]" accesskey="t">Talk</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown emptyPortlet" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-variants-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Change language variant" > <label id="vector-variants-dropdown-label" for="vector-variants-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >English </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-variants" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-variants emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> <div id="right-navigation" class="vector-collapsible"> <nav aria-label="Views"> <div id="p-views" class="vector-menu vector-menu-tabs mw-portlet mw-portlet-views" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-view" class="selected vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belfast">Read</a></li><li id="ca-edit" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-history" class="vector-tab-noicon mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=history" title="Past revisions of this page [h]" accesskey="h">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-tools-dropdown" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-tools-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Tools" > <label id="vector-page-tools-dropdown-label" for="vector-page-tools-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet" aria-hidden="true" >Tools </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> <div id="vector-page-tools" class="vector-page-tools vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-page-tools-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-unpinned" data-feature-name="page-tools-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-page-tools" data-pinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-page-tools-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Tools</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-page-tools.unpin">hide</button> </div> <div id="p-cactions" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-cactions emptyPortlet vector-has-collapsible-items" title="More options" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Actions </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="ca-more-view" class="selected vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Belfast">Read</a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit" title="Edit this page [e]" accesskey="e">Edit</a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=history">View history</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> General </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Belfast" title="List of all English Wikipedia pages containing links to this page [j]" accesskey="j">What links here</a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Belfast" rel="nofollow" title="Recent changes in pages linked from this page [k]" accesskey="k">Related changes</a></li><li id="t-upload" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:File_Upload_Wizard" title="Upload files [u]" accesskey="u">Upload file</a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="A list of all special pages [q]" accesskey="q">Special pages</a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&oldid=1259975585" title="Permanent link to this revision of this page">Permanent link</a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=info" title="More information about this page">Page information</a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Belfast&id=1259975585&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Information on how to cite this page">Cite this page</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UrlShortener&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBelfast">Get shortened URL</a></li><li id="t-urlshortener-qrcode" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:QrCode&url=https%3A%2F%2Fen.wikipedia.org%2Fwiki%2FBelfast">Download QR code</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-coll-print_export" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-coll-print_export" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Print/export </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="coll-download-as-rl" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Belfast&action=show-download-screen" title="Download this page as a PDF file">Download as PDF</a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&printable=yes" title="Printable version of this page [p]" accesskey="p">Printable version</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> In other projects </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Belfast" hreflang="en">Wikimedia Commons</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikinews mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Category:Belfast,_Northern_Ireland" hreflang="en">Wikinews</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikiquote mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Belfast" hreflang="en">Wikiquote</a></li><li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikivoyage badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Belfast" hreflang="en">Wikivoyage</a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q10686" title="Structured data on this page hosted by Wikidata [g]" accesskey="g">Wikidata item</a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Page tools"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Appearance"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Appearance</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">move to sidebar</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">hide</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> <div id="mw-indicator-coordinates" class="mw-indicator"><div class="mw-parser-output"><a href="/wiki/Geographic_coordinate_system" title="Geographic coordinate system">Coordinates</a>: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belfast&params=54_35_47_N_05_55_48_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">54°35′47″N 05°55′48″W / 54.59639°N 5.93000°W / 54.59639; -5.93000</a></div></div> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"><div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Capital and largest city in Northern Ireland</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">This article is about the city in Northern Ireland. For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/Belfast_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Belfast (disambiguation)">Belfast (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <div class="shortdescription nomobile noexcerpt noprint searchaux" style="display:none">Place in Northern Ireland, United Kingdom</div><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1043192559">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement{width:23em;border-collapse:collapse;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement td,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement th{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedtoprow .infobox-below{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedrow .infobox-label{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-full-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .maptable{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-header,.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-below{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.3em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-native{font-weight:normal;padding-top:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-other-name{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-official{font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption{padding:0.3em 0 0 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-caption-link{padding:0.2em 0}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-nickname{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-fn{font-weight:normal;display:inline}</style><table class="infobox ib-settlement vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above"><div class="fn org">City of Belfast</div> <div class="nickname ib-settlement-native"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style><div class="plainlist"><ul><li><a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Béal Feirste</li><li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster Scots</a>: Bilfawst</li></ul></div></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader"><div class="category"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Ireland_and_Northern_Ireland" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Capital city</a>, <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#Local_government_districts" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">district</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Northern_Ireland" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:262px;max-width:262px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:260px;max-width:260px"><div style="height:78px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:City_Quays.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/City_Quays.jpg/258px-City_Quays.jpg" decoding="async" width="258" height="78" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/City_Quays.jpg/387px-City_Quays.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/City_Quays.jpg/516px-City_Quays.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5998" data-file-height="1819" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Lagan_Weir" title="Lagan Weir">Lagan Weir</a> at <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour" title="Belfast Harbour">Belfast Harbour</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:StormontGeneral.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/127px-StormontGeneral.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/191px-StormontGeneral.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/StormontGeneral.jpg/254px-StormontGeneral.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="1728" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG/127px-Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG/191px-Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG/254px-Belfast_City_Hall_2010.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_Castle,_August_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg/127px-Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="95" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg/191px-Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg/254px-Belfast_Castle%2C_August_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4224" data-file-height="3168" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Castle" title="Belfast Castle">Belfast Castle</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/127px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/191px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg/254px-Titanic_Belfast_HDR.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1735" data-file-height="1311" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:141px;max-width:141px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flower_bed,_Botanic_Gardens,_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg/139px-Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg" decoding="async" width="139" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg/209px-Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8a/Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg/278px-Flower_bed%2C_Botanic_Gardens%2C_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1454550.jpg 2x" data-file-width="635" data-file-height="391" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)" title="Botanic Gardens (Belfast)">Botanic Gardens</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:117px;max-width:117px"><div style="height:85px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ulster_Museum_3.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ulster_Museum_3.JPG/115px-Ulster_Museum_3.JPG" decoding="async" width="115" height="86" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ulster_Museum_3.JPG/173px-Ulster_Museum_3.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/33/Ulster_Museum_3.JPG/230px-Ulster_Museum_3.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4320" data-file-height="3240" /></a></div><div><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></div></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data maptable"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1028600610">.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols{text-align:center;display:table;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-row{display:table-row}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cell{display:table-cell;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-settlement-cols-cellt{display:table-cell;vertical-align:top}</style> <div class="ib-settlement-cols"> <div class="ib-settlement-cols-row"><div class="ib-settlement-cols-cell"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of arms of City of Belfast"><img alt="Coat of arms of City of Belfast" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/95px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png" decoding="async" width="95" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/142px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/190px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2741" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption-link"><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Belfast" title="Coat of arms of Belfast">Coat of arms</a></div></div></div></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Motto(s): <div class="ib-settlement-nickname nickname"><a href="/wiki/Latin_language" class="mw-redirect" title="Latin language">Latin</a>: Pro Tanto Quid Retribuamus, <a href="/wiki/Literal_translation" title="Literal translation">lit.</a> 'what shall we give in return for so much'</div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Belfast shown within Northern Ireland"><img alt="Belfast shown within Northern Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg/250px-Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="212" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg/375px-Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg/500px-Belfast_district_in_Northern_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1208" data-file-height="1026" /></a><div class="ib-settlement-caption">Belfast shown within <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedbottomrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data">Coordinates: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belfast&params=54_35_47_N_05_55_48_W_region:GB_type:adm2nd">54°35′47″N 05°55′48″W / 54.59639°N 5.93000°W / 54.59639; -5.93000</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Sovereign_state" title="Sovereign state">Sovereign state</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Country</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Incorporated</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Reform_of_local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Reform of local government in Northern Ireland">1 April 2015</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Administrative HQ</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">City Hall</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Government<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-Council_leadership-1">[1]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data">District council</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Body</th><td class="infobox-data agent"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Executive</th><td class="infobox-data">Committee system</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Political_make-up_of_local_councils_in_the_United_Kingdom#Northern_Ireland" title="Political make-up of local councils in the United Kingdom">Control</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/No_overall_control" title="No overall control">No overall control</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MPs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4 MPs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast North</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">SF</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_South_and_Mid_Down_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast South and Mid Down (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast South and Mid Down</a> (<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast East</a> (<a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a>) </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast West</a> (<a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">SF</a>) </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)">MLAs</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><div class="collapsible-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="text-align: left;"> <div style="line-height: 1.6em; font-weight: bold;"><div>4 MLAs</div></div> <ul class="mw-collapsible-content" style="margin-top: 0; margin-bottom: 0; line-height: inherit; list-style: none; margin-left: 0;"><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(Assembly_constituency)" title="Belfast North (Assembly constituency)">Belfast North</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_South_(Assembly_constituency)" title="Belfast South (Assembly constituency)">Belfast South</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_East_(Assembly_constituency)" title="Belfast East (Assembly constituency)">Belfast East</a> </li><li style="line-height: inherit; margin: 0"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_West_(Assembly_constituency)" title="Belfast West (Assembly constituency)">Belfast West</a> </li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Area<div class="ib-settlement-fn"><a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">51 sq mi (133 km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#Local_government_districts" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">11th</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Population<div class="ib-settlement-fn"> (2022)<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a></div></th></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><div style="white-space:nowrap;"> • Total</div></th><td class="infobox-data">348,005</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Rank</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland#Local_government_districts" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">1st</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Density</th><td class="infobox-data">6,780/sq mi (2,617/km2)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Time_zone" title="Time zone">Time zone</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B0" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+0">UTC+0</a> (<a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Mean_Time" title="Greenwich Mean Time">GMT</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"> • Summer (<a href="/wiki/Daylight_saving_time" title="Daylight saving time">DST</a>)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/UTC%2B1" class="mw-redirect" title="UTC+1">UTC+1</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Summer_Time" title="British Summer Time">BST</a>)</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Postcodes_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Postcodes in the United Kingdom">Postcode areas</a></th><td class="infobox-data adr"><div class="postal-code"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r979066050">.mw-parser-output ul.cslist,.mw-parser-output ul.sslist{margin:0;padding:0;display:inline-block;list-style:none}.mw-parser-output ul.cslist-embedded{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .cslist li,.mw-parser-output .sslist li{margin:0;padding:0 0.25em 0 0;display:inline-block}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:after{content:", "}.mw-parser-output .sslist li:after{content:"; "}.mw-parser-output .cslist li:last-child:after,.mw-parser-output .sslist li:last-child:after{content:none}</style><ul class="cslist"><li><a href="/wiki/BT_postcode_area" title="BT postcode area">BT</a>1–17</li><li>BT29 (part)</li><li>BT36 (part)</li><li>BT58</li></ul></div></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Telephone_numbers_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Telephone numbers in the United Kingdom">Dialling codes</a></th><td class="infobox-data">028</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166" title="ISO 3166">ISO 3166 code</a></th><td class="infobox-data nickname"><a href="/wiki/ISO_3166-2:GB" title="ISO 3166-2:GB">GB-BFS</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/GSS_coding_system" title="GSS coding system">GSS code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">N09000003</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfastcity.gov.uk">belfastcity.gov.uk</a></td></tr></tbody></table> Belfast (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈbɛlfæst/</a> <span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-1" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/f5\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav\/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/f5/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav/LL-Q1860_%28eng%29-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:LL-Q1860_(eng)-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav" title="File:LL-Q1860 (eng)-Vealhurl-Belfast.wav">ⓘ</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">BEL-fast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-fɑːst/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">-⁠fahst</a>;<a href="#cite_note-3">[a]</a> from <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: Béal Feirste <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə]</a><span data-nosnippet="" id="ooui-php-2" class="ext-phonos-PhonosButton noexcerpt ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel oo-ui-widget oo-ui-widget-enabled oo-ui-buttonElement oo-ui-buttonElement-frameless oo-ui-iconElement oo-ui-buttonWidget" data-ooui="{"_":"mw.Phonos.PhonosButton","href":"\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/transcoded\/f\/fc\/Uladh_-_Aontroim_-_B%C3%A9al_Feirste.wav\/Uladh_-_Aontroim_-_B%C3%A9al_Feirste.wav.mp3","rel":["nofollow"],"framed":false,"icon":"volumeUp","data":{"ipa":"","text":"","lang":"en","wikibase":"","file":"Uladh - Aontroim - B\u00e9al Feirste.wav"},"classes":["ext-phonos-PhonosButton","noexcerpt","ext-phonos-PhonosButton-emptylabel"]}"><a role="button" tabindex="0" href="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/f/fc/Uladh_-_Aontroim_-_B%C3%A9al_Feirste.wav/Uladh_-_Aontroim_-_B%C3%A9al_Feirste.wav.mp3" rel="nofollow" aria-label="Play audio" title="Play audio" class="oo-ui-buttonElement-button"></a><a href="/wiki/File:Uladh_-_Aontroim_-_B%C3%A9al_Feirste.wav" title="File:Uladh - Aontroim - Béal Feirste.wav">ⓘ</a>)<a href="#cite_note-4">[3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Logainm-5">[4]</a> is the capital city and principal port of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a>, standing on the banks of the <a href="/wiki/River_Lagan" title="River Lagan">River Lagan</a> and connected to the open sea through <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Lough" title="Belfast Lough">Belfast Lough</a> and the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a>. It is the second-largest city on the island of <a href="/wiki/Ireland" title="Ireland">Ireland</a> (after <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>), with an estimated population of 348,005 in 2022,<a href="#cite_note-popstats-2">[2]</a> and a <a href="/wiki/Belfast_metropolitan_area" title="Belfast metropolitan area">metropolitan area</a> population of 671,559.<a href="#cite_note-:17-6">[5]</a> First chartered as an <a href="/wiki/English_people" title="English people">English</a> settlement in 1613, the town's early growth was driven by an influx of <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scottish</a> <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterians</a>. Their descendants' disaffection with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">Ireland</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Protestant_Ascendancy" title="Protestant Ascendancy">Anglican establishment</a> contributed to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Rebellion_of_1798" title="Irish Rebellion of 1798">rebellion of 1798</a>, and to the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">union</a> with <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Great_Britain" title="Kingdom of Great Britain">Great Britain</a> in 1800 — later regarded as a key to the town's industrial transformation. When granted <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom#Northern_Ireland" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> in 1888, Belfast was the world's largest centre of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> manufacture, and by the 1900s her shipyards were building up to a quarter of total <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a> tonnage. <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">Sectarian</a> tensions accompanied the growth of an <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Catholic</a> population drawn by mill and factory employment from western districts. Heightened by division over Ireland's future in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, these twice erupted in periods of sustained violence: <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">in 1920–22</a>, as Belfast emerged as the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Partition_of_Ireland" title="Partition of Ireland">six northeast counties</a> retaining the British connection, and over <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">three decades from the late 1960s</a> during which the <a href="/wiki/British_Army" title="British Army">British Army</a> was continually deployed on the streets. A legacy of conflict is the <a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">barrier-reinforced separation</a> of <a href="/wiki/Protestantism_in_Ireland" title="Protestantism in Ireland">Protestant</a> and Catholic <a href="/wiki/Working_class" title="Working class">working-class</a> districts. Since the <a href="/wiki/1998_Northern_Ireland_Good_Friday_Agreement_referendum" title="1998 Northern Ireland Good Friday Agreement referendum">Good Friday Agreement</a>, the electoral balance in the once <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>-controlled city has shifted, albeit with no overall majority, in favour of <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">Irish nationalists</a>. At the same time, new immigrants are adding to the growing number of residents unwilling to identify with either of the two communal traditions. Belfast has seen significant <a href="/wiki/Tertiary_sector_of_the_economy" title="Tertiary sector of the economy">services sector</a> growth, with important contributions from financial technology (<a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">fintech</a>), from tourism and, with facilities in the redeveloped <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour" title="Belfast Harbour">Harbour Estate</a>, from film. It retains a port with commercial and industrial docks, including a reduced <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a> shipyard and aerospace and defence contractors. <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Post Brexit</a>, Belfast and Northern Ireland remain, uniquely, within both the British domestic and <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European Single</a> trading areas for goods. The city is served by two airports: <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City Airport</a> on the Lough shore and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a> 15 miles (24 kilometres) west of the city. It supports two universities: on the north-side of the city centre, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, and on the southside the longer established <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queens University.</a> Since 2021, Belfast has been a <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> designated <a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Belfast" title="History of Belfast">History of Belfast</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Name">Name</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Name">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_(1685).png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png/200px-Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png/300px-Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png/400px-Ground_Plan_of_Belfast_%281685%29.png 2x" data-file-width="3735" data-file-height="2570" /></a><figcaption>A 1685 plan of Belfast by the military engineer <a href="/wiki/Thomas_Phillips_(engineer)" title="Thomas Phillips (engineer)">Thomas Phillips</a>, showing the town's ramparts and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Castle#Plantation_Castle" title="Belfast Castle">Lord Chichester's castle</a>, which was destroyed in a fire in 1708</figcaption></figure>The name Belfast derives from the Irish Béal Feirste (<style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1177148991">.mw-parser-output .IPA-label-small{font-size:85%}.mw-parser-output .references .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .infobox .IPA-label-small,.mw-parser-output .navbox .IPA-label-small{font-size:100%}</style>Irish pronunciation: <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/Irish" title="Help:IPA/Irish">[bʲeːlˠ ˈfʲɛɾˠ(ə)ʃtʲə]</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Logainm-5">[4]</a> "Mouth of the <a href="/wiki/River_Farset" title="River Farset">Farset</a>"<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> a river whose name in the Irish, Feirste, refers to a sandbar or tidal ford.<a href="#cite_note-Belfast_name-8">[7]</a> This was formed where the river ran—until culverted late in the 18th century, down High Street—<a href="#cite_note-townbook-1892-9">[8]</a> into the Lagan. It was at this crossing, located under or close to the current Queen's Bridge, that the early settlement developed.<a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[9]</a>: 74–77  The compilers of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialects" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Scots dialects">Ulster-Scots</a> use various transcriptions of local pronunciations of "Belfast" (with which they sometimes are also content)<a href="#cite_note-11">[10]</a><a href="#cite_note-12">[11]</a> including Bilfawst,<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> Bilfaust<a href="#cite_note-15">[14]</a> or Baelfawst.<a href="#cite_note-16">[15]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_settlements">Early settlements</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Early settlements">edit</a>]</div> The site of Belfast has been occupied since the <a href="/wiki/Bronze_Age" title="Bronze Age">Bronze Age</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Giants_Ring,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Giants Ring, Belfast">Giant's Ring</a>, a 5,000-year-old <a href="/wiki/Henge" title="Henge">henge</a>, is located near the city,<a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[9]</a>: 42–45 <a href="#cite_note-17">[16]</a> and the remains of <a href="/wiki/Iron_Age" title="Iron Age">Iron Age</a> <a href="/wiki/Hill_fort" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill fort">hill forts</a> can still be seen in the surrounding hills. At the beginning of the 14th century, <a href="/wiki/Papacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Papacy">Papal</a> tax rolls record two churches: the "Chapel of Dundela" at Knock (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a>: <a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/cnoc" class="extiw" title="wikt:cnoc">cnoc</a>, meaning "hill") in the east,<a href="#cite_note-18">[17]</a> connected by some accounts to the 7th-century evangelist <a href="/wiki/Columba" title="Columba">St. Colmcille</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:21-19">[18]</a>: 11 and, the "Chapel of the Ford", which may have been a successor to a much older parish church on the present <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill (Seanchill, "Old Church") Road</a>,<a href="#cite_note-:22-10">[9]</a>: 63–64  dating back to the 9th,<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> and possibly to <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick" title="Saint Patrick">St. Patrick</a> in the mid 5th, century.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Normans_in_Ireland" title="Normans in Ireland">Norman</a> settlement at the ford, comprising the parish church (now <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St George's Church, Belfast">St. George's</a>), a watermill, and a small fort,<a href="#cite_note-:162-22">[21]</a> was an outpost of <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Castle" title="Carrickfergus Castle">Carrickfergus Castle</a>. Established in the late 12th century, 11 miles (18 km) out along the north shore of the Lough, Carrickfergus was to remain the principal English foothold in the north-east until the <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched- earth</a> <a href="/wiki/Nine_Years%27_War_(Ireland)" title="Nine Years' War (Ireland)">Nine Years' War</a> at the end of the 16th century broke the remaining <a href="/wiki/Irish_people" title="Irish people">Irish</a> power, the <a href="/wiki/O%27Neill_dynasty" title="O'Neill dynasty">O'Neills</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:202-23">[22]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Developing_port,_radical_politics">Developing port, radical politics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Developing port, radical politics">edit</a>]</div> With a commission from <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James I</a>, in 1613 <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Chichester,_1st_Baron_Chichester" title="Arthur Chichester, 1st Baron Chichester">Sir Arthur Chichester</a> undertook the <a href="/wiki/Plantations_of_Ireland" title="Plantations of Ireland">Plantation</a> of Belfast and the surrounding area, attracting mainly English and <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Manx</a> settlers.<a href="#cite_note-24">[23]</a> The subsequent arrival of <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Scottish Presbyterians</a> embroiled Belfast in its only recorded siege: denounced from London by <a href="/wiki/John_Milton" title="John Milton">John Milton</a> as "ungrateful and treacherous guests",<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a> in 1649 the newcomers were temporarily expelled by an English <a href="/wiki/Roundhead" title="Roundhead">Parliamentarian</a> army.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[25]</a>: 21 <a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> In 1689, Catholic <a href="/wiki/Jacobitism" title="Jacobitism">Jacobite</a> forces, briefly in command of the town,<a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a> abandoned it in advance of the landing at Carrickfergus of <a href="/wiki/William_III_of_England" title="William III of England">William, Prince of Orange</a>, who proceeded through the Belfast to his celebrated victory on 12 July 1690 at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Boyne" title="Battle of the Boyne">the Boyne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> Together with French <a href="/wiki/Huguenots" title="Huguenots">Huguenots</a>, the Scots introduced the production of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flax</a>-spinning industry that in the 18th century carried Belfast trade to the Americas.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> Fortunes were made carrying rough linen clothing and salted provisions to the <a href="/wiki/Slave_plantation" title="Slave plantation">slave plantations</a> of the <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West Indies</a>; sugar and rum to <a href="/wiki/Baltimore" title="Baltimore">Baltimore</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_York_City" title="New York City">New York</a>; and for the return to Belfast <a href="/wiki/Flax" title="Flax">flaxseed</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tobacco" title="Tobacco">tobacco</a> from <a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">the colonies</a>.<a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> From the 1760s, profits from the trade financed improvements in the town's commercial infrastructure, including the <a href="/wiki/Lagan_Canal" title="Lagan Canal">Lagan Canal</a>, new docks and quays, and the construction of the White Linen Hall which together attracted to Belfast the linen trade that had formerly gone through <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>. <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">Abolitionist</a> sentiment, however, defeated the proposal of the greatest of the merchant houses, <a href="/wiki/Waddell_Cunningham" title="Waddell Cunningham">Cunningham and Greg</a>, in 1786 to commission ships for the <a href="/wiki/Middle_Passage" title="Middle Passage">Middle Passage</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Rodgers-32">[31]</a><figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg/200px-Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg/300px-Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/40/Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg/400px-Bastille-day-belfast-1791.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1804" data-file-height="1381" /></a><figcaption>Volunteer Corps parade down High Street, <a href="/wiki/Bastille_Day" title="Bastille Day">Bastille Day</a>, 1792</figcaption></figure>As "Dissenters" from the <a href="/wiki/Church_of_Ireland" title="Church of Ireland">established Anglican church</a> (with its <a href="/wiki/Episcopacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Episcopacy">episcopacy</a> and ritual), <a href="/wiki/Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" title="Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterians</a> were conscious of sharing, if only in part, the <a href="/wiki/Penal_Laws_against_Irish_Catholics" class="mw-redirect" title="Penal Laws against Irish Catholics">disabilities</a> of Ireland's dispossessed <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church_in_Ireland" title="Catholic Church in Ireland">Roman Catholic</a> majority; and of being denied representation in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Ireland" title="Parliament of Ireland">Irish Parliament</a>. Belfast's two <a href="/wiki/Member_of_parliament" title="Member of parliament">MPs</a> remained nominees of the Chichesters (<a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Donegall" title="Marquess of Donegall">Marquesses of Donegall</a>). With their emigrant kinsmen in America, the region's Presbyterians were to share a growing disaffection from <a href="/wiki/The_British_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="The British Crown">the Crown.</a><a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[32]</a>: 55–61 <a href="#cite_note-34">[33]</a> When early in the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolutionary_War" title="American Revolutionary War">American War of Independence</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_Naval_Duel" title="North Channel Naval Duel">Belfast Lough was raided</a> by the <a href="/wiki/Privateer" title="Privateer">privateer</a> <a href="/wiki/John_Paul_Jones" title="John Paul Jones">John Paul Jones</a>, the townspeople assembled their own <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Volunteer militia</a>. Formed ostensibly for defence of <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Ireland" title="Kingdom of Ireland">the Kingdom</a>, Volunteer corps were soon pressing their own protest against "taxation without representation". Further emboldened by the <a href="/wiki/French_Revolution" title="French Revolution">French Revolution</a>, a more radical element in the town, the <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">Society of United Irishmen</a>, called for <a href="/wiki/Catholic_emancipation" title="Catholic emancipation">Catholic emancipation</a> and a representative national government.<a href="#cite_note-Connolly-35">[34]</a> In hopes of French assistance, in 1798 the Society organised a republican insurrection. The rebel tradesmen and tenant farmers were defeated north of the town at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Antrim" title="Battle of Antrim">Battle of Antrim</a> and to the south at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Ballynahinch" title="Battle of Ballynahinch">Battle of Ballynahinch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:11-36">[35]</a> Britain seized on the rebellion to abolish the Irish Parliament, unlamented in Belfast, and to <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">incorporate Ireland</a> in a <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_of_Great_Britain_and_Ireland" title="United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> In 1832, British <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">parliamentary reform</a> permitted the town its first electoral contest<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> – an occasion for an early and lethal <a href="/wiki/Sectarianism" title="Sectarianism">sectarian</a> riot.<a href="#cite_note-:18-39">[38]</a>: 87  <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial_expansion,_sectarian_division">Industrial expansion, sectarian division</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Industrial expansion, sectarian division">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:High_Street,_Belfast_(5785358121).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg/220px-High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg/330px-High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg/440px-High_Street%2C_Belfast_%285785358121%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2000" data-file-height="1308" /></a><figcaption>High Street, c. 1906</figcaption></figure> While other Irish towns experienced a loss of manufacturing, and after a cotton boom and bust, from the 1820s Belfast underwent rapid industrial expansion. As the global leader in the production of <a href="/wiki/Linen" title="Linen">linen</a> goods—mill, and finishing, work largely employing women and children—<a href="#cite_note-Belfast,_The_Making_of_the_City_32-40">[39]</a> it won the moniker "<a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Linenopolis</a>".<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> Shipbuilding led the development of heavier industry.<a href="#cite_note-Johnson2020-42">[41]</a> By the 1900s, her shipyards were building up to a quarter of the total United Kingdom tonnage.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> This included from the yard of <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a> the ill-fated RMS <a href="/wiki/Titanic" title="Titanic">Titanic</a>, at the time of her launch in 1911 the largest ship afloat.<a href="#cite_note-Titanic_In_History-44">[43]</a> Other major export industries included textile machinery, rope, tobacco and mineral waters.<a href="#cite_note-:21-19">[18]</a>: 59–88  Industry drew in a new Catholic population settling largely in the west of the town—refugees from a rural poverty intensified by Belfast's mechanisation of spinning and weaving and, in the 1840s, by <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_(Ireland)" title="Great Famine (Ireland)">famine</a>.<a href="#cite_note-45">[44]</a> The plentiful supply of cheap labour helped attract English and Scottish capital to Belfast, but it was also a cause of insecurity.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a> Protestant workers organised and dominated the apprenticed trades<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[46]</a> and gave a new lease of life to the once largely rural <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:8-48">[47]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[48]</a> Sectarian tensions, which frequently broke out in riots and workplace expulsions, were also driven by the "constitutional question": the prospect of a restored Irish parliament in which Protestants (and northern industry) feared being a minority interest.<a href="#cite_note-:9-47">[46]</a> On 28 September 1912, <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionists</a> massed at <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast's City Hall</a> to sign the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Covenant" title="Ulster Covenant">Ulster Covenant</a>, pledging to use "all means which may be found necessary to defeat the present <a href="/wiki/Conspiracy_(political)" class="mw-redirect" title="Conspiracy (political)">conspiracy</a> to set up a <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule" class="mw-redirect" title="Home Rule">Home Rule</a> Parliament in Ireland".<a href="#cite_note-50">[49]</a> This was followed by the drilling and eventual arming of a 100,000-strong <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteers" title="Ulster Volunteers">Ulster Volunteer Force</a> (UVF).<a href="#cite_note-51">[50]</a> The immediate crisis was averted by the onset of the <a href="/wiki/World_War_I" title="World War I">Great War</a>. The UVF formed the <a href="/wiki/36th_(Ulster)_Division" title="36th (Ulster) Division">36th (Ulster) Division</a> whose sacrifices in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Somme" title="Battle of the Somme">Battle of the Somme</a> continue to be commemorated in the city by unionist and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> organisations.<a href="#cite_note-52">[51]</a> In 1920–22, as Belfast emerged as the capital of the six counties remaining as <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a> in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>, there was <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">widespread violence</a>. 8,000 "disloyal" workers were driven from their jobs in the shipyards:<a href="#cite_note-53">[52]</a> in addition to Catholics, "rotten Prods" – Protestants whose labour politics disregarded sectarian distinctions.<a href="#cite_note-:13-54">[53]</a>: 104–108  Gun battles, grenade attacks and house burnings contributed to as many as 500 deaths.<a href="#cite_note-55">[54]</a> A curfew remained in force until 1924.<a href="#cite_note-56">[55]</a> (see <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles_in_Ulster_(1920%E2%80%931922)" title="The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)">The Troubles in Ulster (1920–1922)</a>) The lines drawn saw off the challenge to "unionist unity" posed by <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Labour_Party" title="Belfast Labour Party">labour</a> (industry had been paralysed by <a href="/wiki/1907_Belfast_Dock_strike" title="1907 Belfast Dock strike">strikes in 1907</a> and again in 1919).<a href="#cite_note-57">[56]</a> Until "troubles" returned at the end of the 1960s, it was not uncommon in Belfast for the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist Party</a> to have its <a href="/wiki/Category:Belfast_City_Council_elections" title="Category:Belfast City Council elections">council</a> and <a href="/wiki/Category:General_elections_to_the_Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:General elections to the Parliament of Northern Ireland">parliamentary</a> candidates returned unopposed.<a href="#cite_note-58">[57]</a><a href="#cite_note-59">[58]</a> In 1932, the opening of the new buildings for <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland's devolved Parliament</a> at <a href="/wiki/Stormont_Buildings" class="mw-redirect" title="Stormont Buildings">Stormont</a><a href="#cite_note-60">[59]</a> was overshadowed by the protests of the unemployed and ten days of running street battles with the police. The government conceded increases in <a href="/wiki/Outdoor_relief" title="Outdoor relief">Outdoor Relief</a>, but labour unity was short lived.<a href="#cite_note-:18-39">[38]</a>: 219–220  In 1935, celebrations of <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">King George V</a>'s Jubilee and of the annual Twelfth were followed by deadly riots and expulsions, a sectarian logic that extended itself to the interpretation of darkening events in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-:18-39">[38]</a>: 226–233  <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Labour_Party" title="Northern Ireland Labour Party">Labour candidates</a> found their support for the <a href="/wiki/Anti-clericalism" title="Anti-clericalism">anti-clerical</a> <a href="/wiki/Second_Spanish_Republic" title="Second Spanish Republic">Spanish Republic</a> characterised as another instance of <a href="/wiki/Popery" title="Popery">No-Popery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-61">[60]</a> (Today, the cause of the republic in the <a href="/wiki/Spanish_Civil_War" title="Spanish Civil War">Spanish Civil War</a> is commemorated by a "<a href="/wiki/No_Pasaran" class="mw-redirect" title="No Pasaran">No Pasaran</a>" stained glass window in City Hall).<a href="#cite_note-62">[61]</a> In 1938, nearly a third of industrial workers were unemployed, <a href="/wiki/Malnutrition" title="Malnutrition">malnutrition</a> was a major issue, and at 9.6% the city's <a href="/wiki/Infant_mortality" title="Infant mortality">infant mortality</a> rate (compared with 5.9% in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, England) was among the highest in United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-episode_48-63">[62]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Blitz_and_post-war_development">The Blitz and post-war development</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: The Blitz and post-war development">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a></div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg/160px-AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg" decoding="async" width="160" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg/240px-AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2f/AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg/320px-AIR_RAID_DAMAGE_IN_THE_UNITED_KINGDOM_1939-1945_-_H_9476.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="798" /></a><figcaption>Aftermath of the Blitz in May 1941</figcaption></figure> In the spring of 1941, the German <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> appeared twice over Belfast. In addition to the shipyards and the <a href="/wiki/Short_and_Harland" class="mw-redirect" title="Short and Harland">Short & Harland</a> aircraft factory, the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Belfast Blitz</a> severely damaged or destroyed more than half the city's housing stock, and devastated the old town centre around High Street.<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> In the greatest loss of life in any air raid outside of London, more than a thousand people were killed.<a href="#cite_note-65">[64]</a> At the end of <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">World War II</a>, the Unionist government undertook programmes of<a href="/wiki/Slum_clearance_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Slum clearance in the United Kingdom">"slum clearance</a>" (the Blitz had exposed the "uninhabitable" condition of much of the city's housing) which involved decanting populations out of mill and factory built red-brick terraces and into new peripheral housing estates.<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-:2-67">[66]</a> At the same time, a British-funded <a href="/wiki/Welfare_state" title="Welfare state">welfare state</a> "revolutionised access" to education and health care.<a href="#cite_note-68">[67]</a> The resulting rise in expectations; together with the uncertainty caused by the decline of the city's <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian-era</a> industries, contributed to growing protest, and counter protest, in the 1960s over the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Northern_Ireland_(1921%E2%80%931972)" title="Government of Northern Ireland (1921–1972)">Unionist government</a>'s record on civil and political rights.<a href="#cite_note-69">[68]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Troubles">The Troubles</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The Troubles">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Loyalist_political_mural.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Loyalist_political_mural.jpg/200px-Loyalist_political_mural.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="226" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Loyalist_political_mural.jpg/300px-Loyalist_political_mural.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a5/Loyalist_political_mural.jpg/400px-Loyalist_political_mural.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2757" data-file-height="3118" /></a><figcaption>Memorial mural, <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road_bombing" title="Shankill Road bombing">Shankill Road</a></figcaption></figure> For reasons that <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionists</a> dispute,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> the public protests of the late 1960s soon gave way to communal violence (in which as many as 60,000 people were intimidated from their homes)<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[70]</a>: 70  and to <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republican</a> <a href="/wiki/Paramilitary" title="Paramilitary">paramilitarism</a>. Introduced onto the streets in August 1969, the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">British Army</a> committed to the longest continuous deployment in its history, <a href="/wiki/Operation_Banner" title="Operation Banner">Operation Banner</a>. Beginning in 1970 with the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Curfew" title="Falls Curfew">Falls curfew</a>, and followed in 1971 by <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">internment</a>, this included <a href="/wiki/Counterinsurgency" title="Counterinsurgency">counterinsurgency</a> measures directed chiefly at the <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">Provisional Irish Republican Army</a> (PIRA) who characterised their operations, including the bombing of Belfast's commercial centre, as a struggle against British occupation.<a href="#cite_note-72">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-73">[72]</a> Preceded by loyalist and republican ceasefires, the 1998 <a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">"Good Friday" Belfast Agreement</a> returned a new <a href="/wiki/Power_sharing" title="Power sharing">power-sharing</a> <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">legislative assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">executive</a> to Stormont.<a href="#cite_note-74">[73]</a> In the intervening years in Belfast, some 20,000 people had been injured, and 1,500 killed.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[70]</a>: 73 <a href="#cite_note-75">[74]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BallymurphyMassacre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BallymurphyMassacre.jpg/220px-BallymurphyMassacre.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="131" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BallymurphyMassacre.jpg/330px-BallymurphyMassacre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/11/BallymurphyMassacre.jpg/440px-BallymurphyMassacre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1701" data-file-height="1012" /></a><figcaption> Memorial mural, <a href="/wiki/Ballymurphy_massacre" title="Ballymurphy massacre">Ballymurphy</a></figcaption></figure> Eighty-five percent of the conflict-related deaths had occurred within 1,000 metres of the communal <a href="/wiki/Interface_area" title="Interface area">interfaces</a>, largely in the north and west of the city.<a href="#cite_note-:0-71">[70]</a>: 73  The security barriers erected at these interfaces are an enduring physical legacy of the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a> The 14 neighbourhoods they separate are among the 20 most deprived <a href="/wiki/Ward_(electoral_subdivision)" title="Ward (electoral subdivision)">wards</a> in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-77">[76]</a> In May 2013, the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Executive">Northern Ireland Executive</a> committed to the removal of all peace lines by mutual consent.<a href="#cite_note-78">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[78]</a> The target date of 2023 was passed with only a small number dismantled.<a href="#cite_note-80">[79]</a><a href="#cite_note-81">[80]</a> The more affluent districts escaped the worst of the violence, but the city centre was a major target. This was especially so during the first phase of the PIRA campaign in the early 1970s, when the organisation hoped to secure quick political results through maximum destruction.<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a>: 331–332  Including <a href="/wiki/Car_bomb" title="Car bomb">car bombs</a> and incendiaries, between 1969 and 1977 the city experienced 2,280 explosions.<a href="#cite_note-:16-26">[25]</a>: 58  In addition to the death and injury caused, they accelerated the loss of the city's Victorian fabric.<a href="#cite_note-82">[81]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="21st_century">21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 21st century">edit</a>]</div> Since the turn of the century, the loss of employment and population in the city centre has been reversed.<a href="#cite_note-83">[82]</a> This reflects the growth of the <a href="/wiki/Service_economy" title="Service economy">service economy</a>, for which a new district has been developed on former dockland, the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter" title="Titanic Quarter">Titanic Quarter</a>. The growing tourism sector paradoxically lists as attractions the <a href="/wiki/Murals_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Murals in Northern Ireland">murals</a> and peace walls that echo the violence of the past.<a href="#cite_note-:1-76">[75]</a>: 350.352  In recent years, "Troubles tourism"<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[32]</a>: 180–189  has presented visitors with new territorial markers: flags, murals and graffiti in which <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalists</a> and <a href="/wiki/Irish_republicanism" title="Irish republicanism">republicans</a> take opposing sides in the <a href="/wiki/Israeli%E2%80%93Palestinian_conflict" title="Israeli–Palestinian conflict">Israeli-Palestinian conflict</a>.<a href="#cite_note-84">[83]</a> The demographic balance of some areas has been changed by immigration (according to the 2021 census just under 10% of the city's population was born outside the British Isles),<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[84]</a> by local differences in births and deaths between Catholics and Protestants, and by a growing number of, particularly younger, people no longer willing to self-identify on traditional lines.<a href="#cite_note-:2-67">[66]</a> In 1997, unionists lost overall control of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a> for the first time in its history. The election in 2011 saw Irish nationalist councillors outnumber unionist councillors for the first time, with <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a> becoming the largest party, and the cross-community <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a> holding the balance of power.<a href="#cite_note-86">[85]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2016_United_Kingdom_European_Union_membership_referendum" title="2016 United Kingdom European Union membership referendum">2016 Brexit referendum</a>, Belfast's four parliamentary constituencies returned a substantial majority (60 percent) for remaining within the <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, as did Northern Ireland as a whole (55.8), the only <a href="/wiki/UK_regions" class="mw-redirect" title="UK regions">UK region</a> outside London and Scotland to do so.<a href="#cite_note-87">[86]</a> In February 2022, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">Democratic Unionist Party</a>, which had actively campaigned for Brexit, withdrew from the power-sharing executive and collapsed the Stormont institutions to protest the 2020 UK-EU <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a>. With the promise of equal access to the British and European markets, this designates Belfast as a point of entry to the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European Single Market</a> within whose regulatory framework local producers will continue to operate.<a href="#cite_note-88">[87]</a> After two years, the standoff was resolved with an agreement to eliminate routine checks on UK-destined goods.<a href="#cite_note-89">[88]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cityscape">Cityscape</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Cityscape">edit</a>]</div> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Location_and_topography">Location and topography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Location and topography">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/200px-Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="145" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/300px-Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/72/Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg/400px-Belfast_with_Lough_by_Sentinel-2.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4997" data-file-height="3619" /></a><figcaption>Satellite image of Belfast with Lough</figcaption></figure> Belfast is at the mouth of the River Lagan at the head of Belfast Lough open through the <a href="/wiki/North_Channel_(Great_Britain_and_Ireland)" title="North Channel (Great Britain and Ireland)">North Channel</a> to the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> and to the <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic" class="mw-redirect" title="North Atlantic">North Atlantic</a>. In the course of the 19th century, the location's estuarine features were re-engineered. With dredging and reclamation, the lough was made to accommodate a deep sea port, and extensive shipyards.<a href="#cite_note-:20-90">[89]</a> The Lagan was banked (in 1994 a <a href="/wiki/Lagan_Weir" title="Lagan Weir">weir</a> raised its water level to cover what remained of the tidal mud flats)<a href="#cite_note-91">[90]</a> and its various tributaries were culverted<a href="#cite_note-92">[91]</a> On the model pioneered in 2008 by the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Connswater_Community_Greenway&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Connswater Community Greenway (page does not exist)">Connswater Community Greenway</a> some, including the course of the Farset, are now being considered for "daylighting".<a href="#cite_note-93">[92]</a> It remains the case that much of the city centre is built on an estuarine bed of "sleech": silt, peat, mud and—a source the city's ubiquitous red brick— soft clay, that presents a challenge for high-rise construction.<a href="#cite_note-94">[93]</a> (In 2007 this soft foundation persuaded <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Cathedral,_Belfast" title="St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast">St Anne's Cathedral</a> to abandon plans for a bell tower and substitute a lightweight steel spire).<a href="#cite_note-95">[94]</a> The city centre is also subject to tidal flood risk. Rising sea levels could mean, that without significant investment, flooding in the coming decades will be persistent.<a href="#cite_note-96">[95]</a> The city is overlooked on the <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a> side (to the north and northwest) by a precipitous <a href="/wiki/Basalt" title="Basalt">basalt</a> <a href="/wiki/Escarpment" title="Escarpment">escarpment</a>—the near continuous line of <a href="/wiki/Divis" title="Divis">Divis</a> Mountain (478 m), <a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(Belfast)" title="Black Mountain (Belfast)">Black Mountain</a> (389 m) and <a href="/wiki/Cavehill" title="Cavehill">Cavehill</a> (368 m)—whose "heathery slopes and hanging fields are visible from almost any part of the city".<a href="#cite_note-:20-90">[89]</a>: 13  From <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> side (on the south and south east) it is flanked by the lower-lying <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_(borough)" title="Castlereagh (borough)">Castlereagh</a> and <a href="/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down" title="Holywood, County Down">Hollywood</a> hills. The sand and gravel <a href="/wiki/Malone_Road" title="Malone Road">Malone</a> Ridge extends up river to the south-west. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="North_Belfast_and_Shankill">North Belfast and Shankill</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: North Belfast and Shankill">edit</a>]</div> From 1820, Belfast began to spread rapidly beyond its 18th century limits. To the north, it stretched out along roads which drew into the town migrants from Scots-settled hinterland of <a href="/wiki/County_Antrim" title="County Antrim">County Antrim</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a> Largely Presbyterian, they enveloped a number of Catholic-occupied "<a href="/wiki/Tied_cottage" title="Tied cottage">mill-row</a>" clusters: <a href="/wiki/New_Lodge,_Belfast" title="New Lodge, Belfast">New Lodge</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardoyne" title="Ardoyne">Ardoyne</a> and "the Marrowbone".<a href="#cite_note-97">[96]</a><a href="#cite_note-98">[97]</a> Together with areas of more substantial housing in the <a href="/wiki/Oldpark_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Oldpark (District Electoral Area)">Oldpark district</a>, these are wedged between Protestant working-class housing stretching from <a href="/wiki/Shore_Road,_Belfast" title="Shore Road, Belfast">Tiger's Bay</a> out the Shore Road on one side, and up the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill</a> (the original Antrim Road) on the other.<a href="#cite_note-99">[98]</a> The Greater Shankill area, including <a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road" title="Crumlin Road">Crumlin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Court_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Court (District Electoral Area)">Woodvale</a>, is over the line from the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast North</a> parliamentary/assembly constituency, but is physically separated from the rest of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast West</a> by an extensive series of separation barriers<a href="#cite_note-100">[99]</a>—<a href="/wiki/Peace_lines" title="Peace lines">peace walls</a>—owned (together with five daytime gates into the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast" title="Falls Road, Belfast">Falls area</a>) by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Justice_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Department of Justice (Northern Ireland)">Department of Justice</a>.<a href="#cite_note-101">[100]</a> These include Cupar Way where tourists are informed that, at 45 feet, the barrier is "three times higher than the <a href="/wiki/Berlin_Wall" title="Berlin Wall">Berlin Wall</a> and has been in place for twice as long".<a href="#cite_note-102">[101]</a> With other working-class districts, Shankill suffered from the "collapse of old industrial Belfast".<a href="#cite_note-:03-103">[102]</a> But it was also greatly affected from the 1960s by the city's most ambitious programme of "slum clearance". Red-brick, "two up, two down" terraced streets, typical of 19th century working-class housing, were replaced with flats, maisonettes, and car parks but few facilities. In a period of twenty years, due largely to redevelopment, 50,000 residents left the area leaving an aging population of 26,000<a href="#cite_note-104">[103]</a><a href="#cite_note-:03-103">[102]</a> and more than 100 acres of wasteland.<a href="#cite_note-105">[104]</a> Meanwhile, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Urban_Motorway" title="Belfast Urban Motorway">road schemes</a>, including the terminus of the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1 motorway</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Westlink_(road)" title="Westlink (road)">Westlink</a>, demolished a mixed dockland community, <a href="/wiki/Sailortown_(Belfast)" title="Sailortown (Belfast)">Sailortown</a>, and severed the streets linking the Shankill area and the rest of both north and west Belfast to the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-106">[105]</a><a href="#cite_note-107">[106]</a> New "green field" housing estates were built on the outer edges of the city. The onset of the Troubles overwhelmed attempts to promote these as "mixed" neighbourhoods so that the largest of these developments on the city's northern edge, <a href="/wiki/Rathcoole_(Newtownabbey)" title="Rathcoole (Newtownabbey)">Rathcoole</a>, rapidly solidified as a <a href="/wiki/Ulster_loyalism" title="Ulster loyalism">loyalist</a> community.<a href="#cite_note-108">[107]</a> In 2004, it was estimated that 98% of public housing in Belfast was divided along religious lines.<a href="#cite_note-SelfImposed-109">[108]</a> Among the principal landmarks of north Belfast are the <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Belfast" title="HM Prison Belfast">Crumlin Road Gaol</a> (1845) now a major visitor attraction, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Royal_Academy" title="Belfast Royal Academy">Belfast Royal Academy</a> (1785) - the oldest school in the city, <a href="/wiki/St_Malachy%27s_College" title="St Malachy's College">St Malachy's College</a> (1833), <a href="/wiki/Holy_Cross_Church,_Ardoyne" title="Holy Cross Church, Ardoyne">Holy Cross Church, Ardoyne</a> (1902), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/things-to-do/parks-and-open-spaces/a-z-parks/waterworks">Waterworks Park</a> (1889), and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Zoo" title="Belfast Zoo">Belfast Zoo</a> (1934). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="West_Belfast">West Belfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: West Belfast">edit</a>]</div> In the mid-19th century rural poverty and famine drove large numbers of Catholic tenant farmers, landless labourers and their families toward Belfast. Their route brought them down the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast" title="Falls Road, Belfast">Falls Road</a> and into what are now remnants of an older Catholic enclave around <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St Mary's Church, Belfast">St Mary's Church</a>, the town's first Catholic chapel (opened in 1784 with Presbyterian subscriptions),<a href="#cite_note-110">[109]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Smithfield_Market_and_Library_Quarter,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Smithfield Market and Library Quarter, Belfast">Smithfield Market</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:4-46">[45]</a> Eventually, an entire west side of the city, stretching up the Falls Road, along the <a href="/wiki/Springfield_Road" title="Springfield Road">Springfield Road</a> (encompassing the new housing estates built 1950s and 60s: Highfield, New Barnsley, Ballymurphy, Whiterock and Turf Lodge) and out past <a href="/wiki/Andersonstown" title="Andersonstown">Andersonstown</a> on the Stewartstown Road toward <a href="/wiki/Poleglass" title="Poleglass">Poleglass</a>, became near-exclusively Catholic and, in political terms, nationalist. Reflecting the nature of available employment as mill workers, domestics and shop assistants, the population, initially, was disproportionately female. Further opportunities for women on the Falls Road arose through developments in education and public health. In 1900, the <a href="/wiki/Dominican_Order" title="Dominican Order">Dominican Order</a> opened <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College,_Belfast" title="St Mary's University College, Belfast">St Mary's [Teacher] Training College</a>, and in 1903 <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">King Edward VII</a> opened the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Belfast" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast">Royal Victoria Hospital</a> at the junction with the Grosvenor Road.<a href="#cite_note-clarke-111">[110]</a> Extensively redeveloped and expanded, the hospital has a staff of more than 8,500.<a href="#cite_note-112">[111]</a> Landmarks in the area include the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecture" title="Gothic Revival architecture">Gothic-revival</a> <a href="/wiki/St_Peter%27s_Cathedral,_Belfast" title="St Peter's Cathedral, Belfast">St Peter's Cathedral</a> (1866, signature twin spires added in 1886);<a href="#cite_note-113">[112]</a> <a href="/wiki/Clonard_Monastery" title="Clonard Monastery">Clonard Monastery</a> (1911), the Conway Mill (1853/1901, re-developed as a community enterprise, arts and education centre in 1983);<a href="#cite_note-114">[113]</a> <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Cemetery" title="Belfast City Cemetery">Belfast City Cemetery</a> (1869) and, best known for its republican graves, <a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery" title="Milltown Cemetery">Milltown Cemetery</a> (1869). The area's greatest visitor attractions are its wall and gable-end murals. In contrast to those in loyalist areas, where Israel is typically the only outside reference, these range more freely beyond the local conflict frequently expressing solidarity with <a href="/wiki/Palestinians" title="Palestinians">Palestinians</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Cuba" title="Cuba">Cuba</a>, and with <a href="/wiki/Basque_Country_(autonomous_community)" title="Basque Country (autonomous community)">Basque</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catalonia" title="Catalonia">Catalan</a> separatists.<a href="#cite_note-115">[114]</a><a href="#cite_note-116">[115]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_Belfast">South Belfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: South Belfast">edit</a>]</div> West Belfast is separated from South Belfast, and from the otherwise abutting loyalist districts of <a href="/wiki/Sandy_Row" title="Sandy Row">Sandy Row</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Donegall_Road" title="Donegall Road">Donegall Road</a>, by rail lines, the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1 Motorway</a> (to Dublin and the west); industrial and retail parks, and the remnants of the <a href="/wiki/Blackstaff_River" title="Blackstaff River">Blackstaff</a> (Owenvarra) bog meadows. Belfast began stretching up-river in the 1840s and 50s: out the <a href="/wiki/Ormeau_Road" title="Ormeau Road">Ormeau</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lisburn_Road" title="Lisburn Road">Lisburn roads</a> and, between them, running along a ridge of higher ground, the <a href="/wiki/Malone_Road" title="Malone Road">Malone Road</a>. From "leafy" avenues of increasingly substantial (and in the course of time "mixed") housing, the Upper Malone broadened out into areas of parkland and villas. Further out still, where they did not survive as public parks, from the 1960s the great-house demesnes of the city's former mill-owners and industrialists were developed for public housing: loyalist estates such as Seymour Hill and Belvoir. Meanwhile, in Malone and along the river embankments, new houses and apartment blocks have been squeezed in, increasing the general housing density.<a href="#cite_note-117">[116]</a> Beyond the Queen's University area the area's principal landmarks are the 15-storey tower block of <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hospital" title="Belfast City Hospital">Belfast City Hospital</a> (1986) on the Lisburn Road, and the Lagan Valley Regional Park through which a <a href="/wiki/Towpath" title="Towpath">towpath</a> extends from the City-centre quayside to Lisburn.<a href="#cite_note-:12-118">[117]</a> Northern Ireland's <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of diplomatic missions in Northern Ireland">three permanent diplomatic missions</a> are situated on the Malone Road, the <a href="/wiki/Consulate" title="Consulate">consulates</a> of China,<a href="#cite_note-119">[118]</a> Poland <a href="#cite_note-120">[119]</a> and the United States.<a href="#cite_note-121">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Belfast">East Belfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: East Belfast">edit</a>]</div> The first district on the right bank of the Lagan (the <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a> side) to be incorporated in Belfast was <a href="/wiki/Ballymacarrett" title="Ballymacarrett">Ballymacarrett</a> after 1868.<a href="#cite_note-:18-39">[38]</a><a href="#cite_note-122">[121]</a> <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a>, whose gantry cranes, <a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Goliath_(cranes)" title="Samson and Goliath (cranes)">Samson & Goliath</a>, tower over the area, was long the mainstay of employment — although less securely so for the <a href="/wiki/Townland" title="Townland">townland</a>'s Catholics (In 1970, when the yard still had a workforce of 10,000, only 400 Catholics were employed).<a href="#cite_note-:18-39">[38]</a>: 280  Tolerated in periods of expansion as <a href="/wiki/Navvy" title="Navvy">navvies</a> and casual labourers,<a href="#cite_note-:13-54">[53]</a>: 87–88  they concentrated in a small enclave, the <a href="/wiki/Short_Strand" title="Short Strand">Short Strand</a>, which has continued into this century to feature as a sectarian flashpoint.<a href="#cite_note-123">[122]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[123]</a> Home to around 2,500 people, it is the only distinctly nationalist area in the east of the river.<a href="#cite_note-125">[124]</a> East Belfast developed from the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Bridge,_Belfast" title="Queen's Bridge, Belfast">Queens Bridge</a> (1843), through Ballymacarrett, east along the <a href="/wiki/Newtownards_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Newtownards Road">Newtownards Road</a> and north (along the east shore of the Lough) up the <a href="/wiki/Holywood,_County_Down" title="Holywood, County Down">Holywood</a> Road; and from the <a href="/wiki/Albert_Bridge,_Belfast" title="Albert Bridge, Belfast">Albert Bridge</a> (1890) south east out the <a href="/wiki/Cregagh" title="Cregagh">Cregagh</a> and Castlereagh roads. The further out, the more substantial, and less religiously segregated, the housing until again encountering the city's outer ring of public housing estates: loyalist Knocknagoney, <a href="/wiki/Lisnasharragh_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Lisnasharragh (District Electoral Area)">Lisnasharragh</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Tullycarnet" title="Tullycarnet">Tullycarnet</a>. This century, efforts have been made to add to East Belfast's two obvious visitor attractions: Samson & Goliath (the "banana yellow" Harland & Wolff cranes date only from the early 1970s)<a href="#cite_note-:13-54">[53]</a>: 79  and the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings at Stormont</a>. What is marketed now as EastSide, features, at the intersection of the Connswater and Comber Greenways and next to the EastSide Visitor Centre, <a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">CS Lewis</a> Square (2017), named and themed in honour of the local author of <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[125]</a> Next to the former the Harland & Wolff Drawing Offices (now an hotel), stands the "cultural nucleus to Titanic Quarter", <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a> (2012) whose interactive galleries tell the liner's ill-fated story.<a href="#cite_note-127">[126]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="City_Centre">City Centre</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: City Centre">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Centre" title="Belfast City Centre">Belfast City Centre</a> is roughly bounded by the ring roads constructed since the 1970s: the <a href="/wiki/M3_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M3 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M3</a> which sweeps across the dockland to the north; the Westlink that connects to the <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M1 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M1</a> for points south and west; and, with less certainty, the Bruce Street and Bankmore connectors that tie back toward the Lagan at the Gasworks Business Park and the beginning of the Ormeau Road. This embraces "the Markets", the one remaining inner-city area of housing.<a href="#cite_note-128">[127]</a> Of the various markets, including those for the sale and shipping of livestock, from which it derives its name, only one survives, the former produce market, <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Market" title="St George's Market">St George's</a>,<a href="#cite_note-129">[128]</a> now a food and craft market popular with visitors to the city.<a href="#cite_note-130">[129]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Architectural_heritage">Architectural heritage</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: Architectural heritage">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Clifton_House,_Belfast,_July_2010_(03).JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG/220px-Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG/330px-Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/82/Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG/440px-Clifton_House%2C_Belfast%2C_July_2010_%2803%29.JPG 2x" data-file-width="4272" data-file-height="2848" /></a><figcaption>Belfast Charitable Society, <a href="/wiki/Clifton_House,_Belfast" title="Clifton House, Belfast">Clifton House</a>, 1774.</figcaption></figure> Among surviving elements of the pre-Victorian town are the <a href="/wiki/The_Belfast_Entries" title="The Belfast Entries">Belfast Entries</a>, 17th-century alleyways off High Street, including, in Winecellar Entry, White's Tavern (rebuilt 1790); the elliptical First <a href="/wiki/Non-subscribing_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ireland" title="Non-subscribing Presbyterian Church of Ireland">Presbyterian (Non-Subscribing)</a> Church (1781–83) in Rosemary Street (whose members led the abolitionist charge against Greg and Cunningham);<a href="#cite_note-131">[130]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Assembly_Rooms,_Belfast" title="Assembly Rooms, Belfast">Assembly Rooms</a> (1769, 1776, 1845) on Bridge Street; <a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St George's Church, Belfast">St George's Church of Ireland</a> (1816) on the High Street site of the old Corporation Church; <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St Mary's Church, Belfast">St Mary's Church</a> (1782) in Chapel Lane, which is the oldest Catholic church in the city. The oldest public building in Belfast, <a href="/wiki/Clifton_House,_Belfast" title="Clifton House, Belfast">Clifton House</a> (1771–74), the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Charitable_Society" title="Belfast Charitable Society">Belfast Charitable Society</a> <a href="/wiki/Poorhouse" title="Poorhouse">poorhouse</a>, is on North Queen Street. It is now partly cut off from the city centre by arterial roads. In addition there are small sets of city-centre <a href="/wiki/Georgian_architecture" title="Georgian architecture">Georgian</a> terraces.<a href="#cite_note-:42-132">[131]</a> Of the much larger Victorian city a substantial legacy has survived the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Blitz" title="Belfast Blitz">Blitz</a>, The Troubles and planning and development. Among the more notable examples<a href="#cite_note-:42-132">[131]</a> are <a href="/wiki/St_Malachy%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St Malachy's Church, Belfast">St Malachy's Roman Catholic Church</a> (1844) and the original college building of <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> (1849), both in a <a href="/wiki/Tudor_style_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor style architecture">Tudor style</a>; the Palm House in the <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)" title="Botanic Gardens (Belfast)">Botanic Gardens</a> (1852); the <a href="/wiki/Renaissance_Revival_architecture" title="Renaissance Revival architecture">Renaissance revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Union_Theological_College" title="Union Theological College">Union Theological College</a> (1853) and Ulster Bank (now <a href="/wiki/Merchant_Hotel_(Belfast)" title="Merchant Hotel (Belfast)">Merchant Hotel</a>) (1860); the <a href="/wiki/Italianate_architecture" title="Italianate architecture">Italianate</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hall" title="Ulster Hall">Ulster Hall</a> (1862), and the National Trust restored ornate <a href="/wiki/Crown_Liquor_Saloon" title="Crown Liquor Saloon">Crown Liquor Saloon</a> (1885, 1898) (a setting for the classic film, <a href="/wiki/Odd_Man_Out" title="Odd Man Out">Odd Man Out</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a>);<a href="#cite_note-133">[132]</a> the oriental-themed <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House_(Belfast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Grand Opera House (Belfast)">Grand Opera House</a> (1895) (bombed several times during the Troubles),<a href="#cite_note-134">[133]</a> and the Romanesque revival <a href="/wiki/St_Patrick%27s_Church,_Belfast" title="St Patrick's Church, Belfast">St. Patrick's Catholic Church</a> in Donegall Street (1877). <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Scottish_Provident_Institution,_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg/220px-Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg/330px-Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg/440px-Scottish_Provident_Institution%2C_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2816" data-file-height="2112" /></a><figcaption>Scottish Provident Institution, 1902</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Baroque_Revival_architecture" title="Baroque Revival architecture">Baroque revival</a> <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">City Hall</a> was finished in 1906 on the site of the former White Linen Hall, and was built to reflect Belfast's city status, granted by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1888. Its <a href="/wiki/Edwardian_Baroque_architecture" class="mw-redirect" title="Edwardian Baroque architecture">Edwardian</a> design influenced the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Memorial_(India)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Memorial (India)">Victoria Memorial</a> in <a href="/wiki/Kolkata" title="Kolkata">Calcutta</a>, India, and <a href="/wiki/Durban" title="Durban">Durban</a> City Hall in South Africa.<a href="#cite_note-135">[134]</a><a href="#cite_note-136">[135]</a> The dome is 173 ft (53 m) high and figures above the door state "<a href="/wiki/Hibernia" title="Hibernia">Hibernia</a> encouraging and promoting the Commerce and Arts of the City".<a href="#cite_note-Go_To_Historic_Buildings2-137">[136]</a> Nearby is the Renaissance and Baroque revival Scottish Provident Institution (1902). Opposite is a branch of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Bank" title="Ulster Bank">Ulster Bank</a> which is built behind the facade of a large former Methodist church which was built in the classical style and which opened in 1846. Built around an older church dating to 1776, <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Cathedral,_Belfast" title="St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast">St Anne's Church of Ireland Cathedral</a> was consecrated 1904 and completed in the 1920s. Its steel spire was added in 2007. The neoclassical <a href="/wiki/Royal_Courts_of_Justice,_Belfast" title="Royal Courts of Justice, Belfast">Royal Courts of Justice</a> were opened in 1933. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Redevelopment">Redevelopment</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Redevelopment">edit</a>]</div> The opening <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square_Shopping_Centre" title="Victoria Square Shopping Centre">Victoria Square Shopping Centre</a> in 2008 was to symbolise the rebound of the city centre since its days as a restricted security zone during the Troubles.<a href="#cite_note-138">[137]</a> But retail footfall in the centre is limited by competition with out-of-town shopping centres and with internet retailing. As of November 2023, footfall had not recovered pre-<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID pandemic</a> levels.<a href="#cite_note-139">[138]</a> There are compensating trends: the growth in tourism and hospitality which has included a sustained boom in hotel construction.<a href="#cite_note-140">[139]</a> The City Council also talks of a "residential-led regeneration".<a href="#cite_note-141">[140]</a><a href="#cite_note-142">[141]</a> New townhouse and apartments schemes are being developed for the city's quays,<a href="#cite_note-143">[142]</a> and for Titanic Quarter.<a href="#cite_note-144">[143]</a> The completion in 2023 of Ulster University's enhanced Belfast campus (in "one of the largest higher education capital builds in Europe")<a href="#cite_note-145">[144]</a> and the determination of Queen's University to compete with the private sector in the provision of student housing,<a href="#cite_note-146">[145]</a> has fostered the construction downtown of multiple new student residences.<a href="#cite_note-147">[146]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rough_sleeping_and_homelessness">Rough sleeping and homelessness</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Rough sleeping and homelessness">edit</a>]</div> People can be found sleeping rough on the streets of the city centre. Numbers, while growing, may be comparatively small for a city of its size in the British Isles. In 2022, counts and estimates by the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Housing_Executive" title="Northern Ireland Housing Executive">Northern Ireland Housing Executive</a> identified a total of 26 rough sleepers in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-148">[147]</a> This is against a background (in 2023) of 2,317 people (0.67% of residents) presenting as homeless, many of whom are in temporary accommodation and shelters.<a href="#cite_note-149">[148]</a> Such figures, however, do not include all those living in severely overcrowded conditions, involuntarily sharing with other households on a long-term basis, or sleeping rough in hidden locations.<a href="#cite_note-150">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_"Quarters"">The "Quarters"</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: The "Quarters"">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg/220px-Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg/330px-Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1d/Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg/440px-Cathedral_St._Anne_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="685" /></a><figcaption>St Anne's Cathedral</figcaption></figure> Since 2001, buoyed by increasing numbers of tourists, the city council has promoted a number of cultural <a href="/wiki/Belfast_quarters" title="Belfast quarters">quarters</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Cathedral Quarter, Belfast">Cathedral Quarter</a> comprises much of Belfast's old trade and warehousing district in the narrow streets and entries around <a href="/wiki/St_Anne%27s_Cathedral,_Belfast" title="St Anne's Cathedral, Belfast">St Anne's Cathedral</a>, with a concentration of bars, beer gardens, clubs and restaurants (including two establishments claiming descent from the early town, White's and The Duke of York)<a href="#cite_note-152">[151]</a> and performance spaces (most notably the Black Box and <a href="/wiki/Oh_Yeah_(music_centre)" title="Oh Yeah (music centre)">Oh Yeah</a>).<a href="#cite_note-153">[152]</a><a href="#cite_note-Cathedral_Quarter2-154">[153]</a> It hosts a yearly <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter_Arts_Festival" title="Cathedral Quarter Arts Festival">visual and performing arts festival</a>. The adjoining <a href="/wiki/Custom_House,_Belfast" title="Custom House, Belfast">Custom House</a> Square is one of the city's main outdoor venues for free concerts and street entertainment. Without defined geographical boundaries, the <a href="/wiki/Gaeltacht_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Gaeltacht Quarter, Belfast">Gaeltacht Quarter</a> encompasses <a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish-speaking</a> Belfast. (According to the 2021 census, 15.5% of people in the city have <a href="/wiki/Irish_language_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Irish language in Northern Ireland">some knowledge of Irish</a>, 4% speak it daily).<a href="#cite_note-:02-155">[154]</a> It is generally understood as an area around the Falls Road in west Belfast served by the <a href="/wiki/Cult%C3%BArlann_McAdam_%C3%93_Fiaich" title="Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich">Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich</a> cultural centre.<a href="#cite_note-156">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[156]</a> It can be said to include, at the Skainos Centre in unionist east Belfast, <a href="/wiki/Turas" title="Turas">Turas</a>, a project that promotes Irish through night classes and cultural events in the belief that "the language belongs to all".<a href="#cite_note-158">[157]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Belfast_Aerial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="Aerial photo of urban sprawl, edged by green hills and sea shore, and bisected by a winding river." src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belfast_Aerial.jpg/170px-Belfast_Aerial.jpg" decoding="async" width="170" height="227" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belfast_Aerial.jpg/255px-Belfast_Aerial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/Belfast_Aerial.jpg/340px-Belfast_Aerial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1944" data-file-height="2592" /></a><figcaption>Aerial view of Belfast (2004)</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Linen_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Linen Quarter, Belfast">Linen Quarter</a>', an area south of City Hall once dominated by linen warehouses, now includes, in addition to cafés, bars and restaurants, a dozen hotels (including the 23-storey <a href="/wiki/Grand_Central_Hotel_Belfast" title="Grand Central Hotel Belfast">Grand Central Hotel</a>), and the city's two principal Victorian-era cultural venues, the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House,_Belfast" title="Grand Opera House, Belfast">Grand Opera House</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hall" title="Ulster Hall">Ulster Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-159">[158]</a> Moving further south along the so-called <a href="/wiki/Golden_Mile_(Belfast)" title="Golden Mile (Belfast)">"Golden Mile"</a> of bars and clubs through <a href="/wiki/Shaftesbury_Square" title="Shaftesbury Square">Shaftesbury Square</a>, there is the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Queen's Quarter, Belfast">Queen's [University] Quarter</a>. In addition to the university (spread over 250 buildings, of which 120 are listed as being of architectural merit),<a href="#cite_note-160">[159]</a> it is home to <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Botanic_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a>.<a href="#cite_note-161">[160]</a> Finally, the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanic Quarter, Belfast">Titanic Quarter</a> covers 0.75 km2 (185 acres) of reclaimed land adjacent to <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Port of Belfast">Belfast Harbour</a>, formerly known as Queen's Island. Named after <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic</a>, launched here in 1911,<a href="#cite_note-Titanic_in_History2-162">[161]</a> work began in 2003 to transform some former shipyard land into "one of the largest waterfront developments in Europe".<a href="#cite_note-Titanic_Quarter2-163">[162]</a> The current area houses <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Public_Record_Office_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Public Record Office of Northern Ireland">Public Records Office of Northern Ireland</a> (PRONI), two hotels, and multiple condo towers and shops, and the Titanic [film] Studios.<a href="#cite_note-164">[163]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Belfast" title="Culture of Belfast">Culture of Belfast</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arts_venues_and_festivals">Arts venues and festivals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Arts venues and festivals">edit</a>]</div> From <a href="/wiki/Georgian_era" title="Georgian era">Georgian</a> Belfast, the city retains a civic legacy. In addition to <a href="/wiki/Clifton_House,_Belfast" title="Clifton House, Belfast">Clifton House</a><a href="#cite_note-165">[164]</a> (Belfast Charitable Society, 1774), this includes the <a href="/wiki/Linen_Hall_Library" title="Linen Hall Library">Linen Hall Library</a><a href="#cite_note-166">[165]</a> (Belfast Society for Promoting Knowledge, 1788), the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a> (founded by the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Natural_History_Society" title="Belfast Natural History Society">Belfast Natural History Society</a> as the Belfast Municipal Museum and Art Gallery in 1833), and the <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)" title="Botanic Gardens (Belfast)">Botanic Gardens</a><a href="#cite_note-Botanic_Gardens-167">[166]</a> (established in 1828 by the Belfast Botanic and Horticultural Society).<a href="#cite_note-Botanic_Gardens-167">[166]</a> These remain important cultural venues: in the case of the Gardens, for outdoor festivities including the Belfast <a href="/wiki/Mel%C4%81" title="Melā">Melā</a>, the city's annual celebration of global cultures.<a href="#cite_note-168">[167]</a> Of the many stage venues built in the nineteenth century, and film theatres built in the twentieth, there remains the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hall" title="Ulster Hall">Ulster Hall</a> (1862),<a href="#cite_note-169">[168]</a> which hosts concerts (including those of the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Orchestra" title="Ulster Orchestra">Ulster Orchestra</a>), <a href="/wiki/European_classical_music" class="mw-redirect" title="European classical music">classical</a> <a href="/wiki/Recital" class="mw-redirect" title="Recital">recitals</a> and party-political meetings; the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Opera_House,_Belfast" title="Grand Opera House, Belfast">Grand Opera House</a><a href="#cite_note-170">[169]</a> (1895) badly damaged in bomb blasts in the early 1990s, restored and enlarged 2020; the <a href="/wiki/Strand_Cinema" title="Strand Cinema">Strand Cinema</a><a href="#cite_note-171">[170]</a> (1935) now being developed as an arts centre;<a href="#cite_note-Leebody-172">[171]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Film_Theatre" title="Queen's Film Theatre">Queens Film Theatre</a> (QFT) (1968) focussed on <a href="/wiki/Art_film" title="Art film">art house</a> and <a href="/wiki/World_cinema" title="World cinema">world cinema</a>.<a href="#cite_note-173">[172]</a> The two independent cinemas offer their screens for the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Film_Festival" title="Belfast Film Festival">Belfast Film Festival</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Festival_at_Queen%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Festival at Queen's">Belfast International Arts Festival</a>. The principal stage for drama remains the <a href="/wiki/Lyric_Theatre,_Belfast" title="Lyric Theatre, Belfast">Lyric Theatre</a> (1951), the largest employer of actors and other theatre professionals in the region.<a href="#cite_note-174">[173]</a> At Queens University, drama students stage their productions at the <a href="/wiki/Brian_Friel" title="Brian Friel">Brian Friel</a> Theatre, a 120-seat studio space (named after the renowned playwright).<a href="#cite_note-175">[174]</a> In November 2011, Belfast became the smallest city to host the <a href="/wiki/2011_MTV_Europe_Music_Awards" title="2011 MTV Europe Music Awards">MTV Europe Music Awards</a>.<a href="#cite_note-176">[175]</a> The event was made possible by the 11,000-seat Odyssey Arena (today the <a href="/wiki/SSE_Arena,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="SSE Arena, Belfast">SSE Arena</a>) which opened in 2000 at the entrance to the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter" title="Titanic Quarter">Titanic Quarter</a><a href="#cite_note-177">[176]</a> A further large-scale venue is the <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Hall" title="Waterfront Hall">Waterfront Hall</a>, a multi-purpose conference and entertainment centre that first opened in 1997. The main circular Auditorium seats 2,241 and is based on the <a href="/wiki/Berliner_Philharmonie" title="Berliner Philharmonie">Berlin Philharmonic Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-178">[177]</a> In 2012, the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Arts_Centre" title="Metropolitan Arts Centre">Metropolitan Arts Centre</a>, usually referred to as the MAC, was opened in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Cathedral Quarter, Belfast">Cathedral Quarter</a>, offering a performance mix of music, theatre, dance and visual art.<a href="#cite_note-179">[178]</a> The city has a number of community arts, and arts education, centres, among them the <a href="/wiki/Crescent_Arts_Centre" title="Crescent Arts Centre">Crescent Arts Centre</a><a href="#cite_note-180">[179]</a> in south Belfast, the Irish-language <a href="/wiki/Cult%C3%BArlann_McAdam_%C3%93_Fiaich" title="Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich">Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich</a><a href="#cite_note-181">[180]</a> in west Belfast, The Duncairn<a href="#cite_note-182">[181]</a> in north Belfast and, in the east of the city, EastSide Arts.<a href="#cite_note-183">[182]</a> <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9ile_an_Phobail" title="Féile an Phobail">Féile an Phobail</a>, a community arts organisation born out of the Internment Commemorations in the west of the city, stages one of the largest community festivals in Europe.<a href="#cite_note-BBC-184">[183]</a> It has grown from its original August Féile on the Falls Road, to a year-round programme with a broad range of arts events, talks and discussions.<a href="#cite_note-185">[184]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="UNESCO_City_of_Music">UNESCO City of Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: UNESCO City of Music">edit</a>]</div> In November 2021, Belfast became the third city in the British Isles to be designated by <a href="/wiki/UNESCO" title="UNESCO">UNESCO</a> as <a href="/wiki/City_of_Music_(UNESCO)" title="City of Music (UNESCO)">City of Music</a> (after Glasgow in 2008 and Liverpool in 2016) and is one of 59 cities worldwide participating in the <a href="/wiki/Creative_Cities_Network" title="Creative Cities Network">UNESCO Creative Cities Network</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[185]</a><a href="#cite_note-187">[186]</a> The greater part of Belfast's music scene is accommodated in the city's <a href="/wiki/Pub" title="Pub">pubs</a> and clubs. <a href="/wiki/Irish_traditional_music" title="Irish traditional music">Irish traditional music</a> ("trad") is a staple, and is supported, along with <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_people" title="Ulster Scots people">Ulster-Scots</a> <a href="/wiki/Snare_drum" title="Snare drum">snare drum</a> and <a href="/wiki/Bagpipes" title="Bagpipes">pipe</a> music, by the city's TradFest summer school.<a href="#cite_note-188">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-189">[188]</a> Music offerings also draw on the legacy of the punk<a href="#cite_note-190">[189]</a> and the underground club scene that developed during <a href="/wiki/The_Troubles" title="The Troubles">The Troubles</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[190]</a> (associated with the groups <a href="/wiki/Stiff_Little_Fingers" title="Stiff Little Fingers">Stiff Little Fingers</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Undertones" title="The Undertones">The Undertones</a>, and celebrated in the award-winning 2013 film, <a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations_(film)" title="Good Vibrations (film)">Good Vibrations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-192">[191]</a> <a href="/wiki/Snow_Patrol" title="Snow Patrol">Snow Patrol</a>'s frontman <a href="/wiki/Gary_Lightbody" title="Gary Lightbody">Gary Lightbody</a> led a line up of private donors that together with public funders established the <a href="/wiki/Oh_Yeah_(music_centre)" title="Oh Yeah (music centre)">Oh Yeah music centre</a> in 2008.<a href="#cite_note-193">[192]</a> The Cathedral Quarter non-profit supports young musicians and these have engaged with a range of genres including <a href="/wiki/Alternative_rock" title="Alternative rock">Alternative rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">Indie rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Electronica" title="Electronica">Electronica</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_rock" class="mw-redirect" title="Post rock">Post rock</a>, <a href="/wiki/Post_punk" class="mw-redirect" title="Post punk">Post punk</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crossover_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Crossover (music)">Crossover</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Experimental_rock" title="Experimental rock">Experimental rock</a>. Queens University hosts the <a href="/wiki/Sonic_Arts_Research_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Sonic Arts Research Centre">Sonic Arts Research Centre</a> (SARC), an institute for music-based practice and research. Its purpose designed building, Sonic Laboratory and multichannel studios were opened by <a href="/wiki/Karlheinz_Stockhausen" title="Karlheinz Stockhausen">Karlheinz Stockhausen</a>, the German composer and "father of electronic music",<a href="#cite_note-194">[193]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[194]</a> in 2004.<a href="#cite_note-196">[195]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Media">Media</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Media">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg/220px-BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg/330px-BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg/440px-BBC_Northern_Ireland_Belfast.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Broadcasting_House,_Belfast" title="Broadcasting House, Belfast">Broadcasting House, Belfast</a>, headquarters of the BBC in Northern Ireland</figcaption></figure> Belfast is the home of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_News" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish News">Irish News</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_News_Letter" class="mw-redirect" title="The News Letter">The News Letter</a>, the oldest <a href="/wiki/English_language" title="English language">English-language</a> daily newspaper in the world still in publication.<a href="#cite_note-197">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-198">[197]</a> The city is the headquarters of <a href="/wiki/BBC_Northern_Ireland" title="BBC Northern Ireland">BBC Northern Ireland</a>, and <a href="/wiki/ITV_(TV_network)" title="ITV (TV network)">ITV</a> station <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Television" class="mw-redirect" title="Ulster Television">UTV</a>. The Irish public service broadcaster, <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_Teilif%C3%ADs_%C3%89ireann" class="mw-redirect" title="Raidió Teilifís Éireann">RTÉ</a> has a studio in the city.<a href="#cite_note-199">[198]</a> The national radio station is <a href="/wiki/BBC_Radio_Ulster" title="BBC Radio Ulster">BBC Radio Ulster</a> with commercial radio stations such as <a href="/wiki/Q_Radio_Belfast" title="Q Radio Belfast">Q Radio</a>, <a href="/wiki/U105" title="U105">U105</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blast_106" title="Blast 106">Blast 106</a> and Irish-language station <a href="/wiki/Raidi%C3%B3_F%C3%A1ilte" title="Raidió Fáilte">Raidió Fáilte</a>. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Radio" title="Queen's Radio">Queen's Radio</a>, a student-run radio station broadcasts from <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast_Students%27_Union" title="Queen's University Belfast Students' Union">Queen's University Students' Union</a>. One of Northern Ireland's two community TV stations, <a href="/wiki/NvTv" class="mw-redirect" title="NvTv">NvTv</a>, is based in the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Cathedral Quarter, Belfast">Cathedral Quarter</a> of the city. Broadcasting only over the Internet is Homely Planet, the Cultural Radio Station for Northern Ireland, supporting community relations.<a href="#cite_note-200">[199]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parades">Parades</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Parades">edit</a>]</div> Since the lifting in 1872 of a twenty-year <a href="/wiki/Party_Processions_Act_1850" title="Party Processions Act 1850">party processions ban</a>, <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange</a> parades in celebration of "<a href="/wiki/The_Twelfth" title="The Twelfth">the Twelfth</a>" [of July] and the bonfires of the previous evening, the eleventh, have been a fixed fixture of the Belfast calendar.<a href="#cite_note-201">[200]</a> On what became a public holiday in 1926,<a href="#cite_note-202">[201]</a> Belfast and guest Orange lodges with their pipe, flute and drum bands muster at Carlisle Circus, and parade through the city centre past the City Hall and out the Lisburn Road to a gathering in "the field" at Barnett Demesne.<a href="#cite_note-203">[202]</a> While some local feeder and return marches have a history of sectarian disturbance, in recent years, events have generally passed off without serious incident.<a href="#cite_note-204">[203]</a> In 2015, the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> opened the Museum of Orange Heritage on the Cregagh Road in East Belfast with the aim of educating the wider public about "the origins, traditions and continued relevance" of the parading institution.<a href="#cite_note-205">[204]</a> What is sometimes referred to as the Catholic equivalent of the Orangemen,<a href="#cite_note-206">[205]</a> the much smaller <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians" title="Ancient Order of Hibernians">Ancient Order of Hibernians</a>, confines its parades to nationalist areas in west and north Belfast,<a href="#cite_note-207">[206]</a> as do republicans commemorating the <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">Easter Rising</a>.<a href="#cite_note-208">[207]</a> In August 1993, in a break with a history of nationalist exclusion from the city centre, a parade marking the <a href="/wiki/Operation_Demetrius" title="Operation Demetrius">introduction of internment</a> in the 1971 proceeded up <a href="/wiki/Royal_Avenue,_Belfast" title="Royal Avenue, Belfast">Royal Avenue</a> toward the City Hall, where it was addressed by Sinn Féin president, <a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a>, in front of the statue of <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-209">[208]</a> Since 1998, the Belfast City Council has funded a city-centre <a href="/wiki/Saint_Patrick%27s_Day" title="Saint Patrick's Day">St. Patrick's Day</a> (March 17) celebration. It is organised by <a href="/wiki/F%C3%A9ile_an_Phobail" title="Féile an Phobail">Féile an Phobail</a> as a "carnival" complete with a parade featuring dancers, circus entertainers, floats, and giant puppets.<a href="#cite_note-210">[209]</a> Critical of what they perceive as an evolving nationalist festival, unionists on the City Council observe that "a lot of the Protestant Unionist Loyalist (PUL) community will stay away from the city centre on St Patrick's Day, the same as some stay away on the Twelfth of July".<a href="#cite_note-211">[210]</a> In 1991, Belfast hosted its first <a href="/wiki/Gay_pride" class="mw-redirect" title="Gay pride">gay pride</a> event. Belfast Pride, culminating in a city-centre parade at the end of July, is now one of the biggest annual festivals in the city and, according to its organisers, the largest <a href="/wiki/LGBT" class="mw-redirect" title="LGBT">LGBT</a>+ festival in Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-212">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[212]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Irish_Congress_of_Trade_Unions" title="Irish Congress of Trade Unions">Irish Congress of Trade Unions</a> organises an annual city-centre <a href="/wiki/May_Day" title="May Day">May Day</a> march and rally.<a href="#cite_note-214">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/International_Workers%27_Day" title="International Workers' Day">International Workers Day</a> has been a public holiday since 1978.<a href="#cite_note-215">[214]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Demography">Demography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Demography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Belfast" title="Demographics of Belfast">Demographics of Belfast</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236656977">.mw-parser-output .abbr-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-bottom:none;background-color:lavender}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .caption-purple{background:inherit!important}}.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border:1px #a2a9b1 solid;border-top:none;background-color:var(--background-color-neutral-subtle,#f8f9fa);padding:5px}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .table-pale{border-top:1px #a2a9b1 solid!important}.mw-parser-output .caption-purple{border:none}}</style><table class="table-pale collapsible collapsed" style="width:15em;border-top-width:0;border-spacing: 0;float:right;clear:right;margin:0.5em 0 1em 0.5em;"><caption class="caption-purple" style="padding:0.25em;font-weight:bold">Historical population</caption><tbody><tr style="font-size:95%"><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;width:3em">Year</th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px 2px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Population" class="abbr-header">Pop.</abbr></th><th style="border-bottom:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);padding:1px;text-align:right"><abbr title="Per annum growth rate" class="abbr-header">±% p.a.</abbr></th></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1757</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">8,549</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">—    </td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1782</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">13,105</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.72%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1791</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">18,320</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.79%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1806</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">22,095</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.26%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1821</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">37,277</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.55%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1831</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">53,287</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.64%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1841</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">75,308</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.52%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1851</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">97,784</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1861</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">119,393</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.02%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1871</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">174,412</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+3.86%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1881</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">208,122</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.78%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1891</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">255,950</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+2.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1901</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">349,180</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+3.15%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1911</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">386,947</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+1.03%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1926</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">415,151</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.47%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1937</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">438,086</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.49%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1951</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">443,671</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.09%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1961</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">415,856</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.65%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1966</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">398,405</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.85%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">1971</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">362,082</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">−1.89%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1981</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">314,270</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.41%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">1991</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">279,237</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−1.17%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2001</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">277,391</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.07%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2006</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">267,374</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">−0.73%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">2011</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">280,138</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px;border-bottom:1px solid #bbbbbb">+0.94%</td></tr><tr><th style="text-align:center;padding:1px">2021</th><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">293,298</td><td style="text-align:right;padding:1px">+0.46%</td></tr><tr><td colspan="3" style="border-top:1px solid var(--color-base, #000000);font-size:85%;text-align:left">2021 figure is for the city within its pre-2015 local government boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-216">[215]</a><a href="#cite_note-217">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-218">[217]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-220">[219]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[220]</a><a href="#cite_note-222">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-2021_populations-223">[222]</a></td></tr></tbody></table> In 2021, there were 345,418 residents within the expanded 2015 Belfast local government boundary<a href="#cite_note-:6-224">[223]</a> and 634,600 in the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Metropolitan_Area" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Metropolitan Area">Belfast Metropolitan Area</a>,<a href="#cite_note-225">[224]</a> approximately one third of Northern Ireland's 1.9 million population. As with many cities, Belfast's inner city is currently characterised by the elderly, students and single young people, while families tend to live on the periphery. Socio-economic areas radiate out from the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Centre" title="Belfast City Centre">Central Business District</a>, with a pronounced wedge of affluence extending out the Malone Road and Upper Malone Road to the south.<a href="#cite_note-Geography_in_Action_Urban_Growth-226">[225]</a> Deprivation levels are notable in the inner parts of the north and the west of the city. The areas around the <a href="/wiki/Falls_Road,_Belfast" title="Falls Road, Belfast">Falls Road</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ardoyne" title="Ardoyne">Ardoyne</a> and <a href="/wiki/New_Lodge,_Belfast" title="New Lodge, Belfast">New Lodge</a> (Catholic nationalist) and the <a href="/wiki/Shankill_Road" title="Shankill Road">Shankill Road</a> (Protestant loyalist) experience some of the highest levels of social deprivation including higher levels of ill health and poor access to services. These areas remain firmly segregated, with 80 to 90 percent of residents being of the one religious designation.<a href="#cite_note-227">[226]</a><a href="#cite_note-228">[227]</a><div class="notheme barbox tright" style="overflow-x: auto;"> <div style="border:1px solid silver; font-size:88%; padding:0.4em; width:auto; background: white; color: black;"> <table style="text-align:left; border-collapse:collapse; width:100%;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#ddd"><th style="text-align:center;" colspan="5">National Identity of Belfast City residents (2021)</th></tr> <tr style="font-size:88%; height:4px;"> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; text-align:left;">Nationality</td> <td style="width:100px; text-align:left;"></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding:0 4px; width:1em; text-align:right;">Per cent</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Irish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:DarkOrchid; width:39.4%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">39.4%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">British</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:Blue; width:37.0%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">37.0%</td> </tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 0.4em; padding-right: 0.4em; min-width: 8em;">Northern Irish</td> <td style="width: 100px; border-left: solid 1px silver; border-right: solid 1px silver;"><div style="background:grey; width:27.5%; overflow: hidden;"> </div></td> <td colspan="2" style="padding-left: 1.2em; padding-right: 0.4em; text-align: right;">27.5%</td> </tr> </tbody></table> </div> </div> Consistent with the trend across all of Northern Ireland, the Protestant population within the city has been in decline, while the non-religious, other religious and Catholic population has risen. The 2021 census recorded the following: 43% of residents as Catholic, 12% as Presbyterian, 8% as Church of Ireland, 3% as Methodist, 6% as belonging to other Christian denominations, 3% to other religions and 24% as having either no religion or no declared religion.<a href="#cite_note-:02-155">[154]</a> In terms of community background, 47.93% were deemed to belong to, or to have been brought up in, the Catholic faith and 36.45% in a Protestant or other Christian-related denomination.<a href="#cite_note-229">[228]</a> The comparable figures in 2011 were 48.60% Catholic and 42.28% Protestant or other Christian-related denomination.<a href="#cite_note-230">[229]</a> With respondents free to indicate more than one national identity, in 2021 the largest national identity group was "Irish only" with 35% of the population, followed by "British only" 27%, "Northern Irish only" 17%, "British and Northern Irish only" 7%, "Irish and Northern Irish only" 2%, "British, Irish and Northern Irish only" 2%, British and Irish less than 1% and Other identities with 10%.<a href="#cite_note-:02-155">[154]</a> Insofar as the city's two indigenous minority languages (<a href="/wiki/Irish_language" title="Irish language">Irish</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Scots_dialect" title="Ulster Scots dialect">Ulster Scots</a>) are concerned, figures are made available from the decennial UK census. On census day, 21 March 2021, 14.93% (43,798) in Belfast claimed to have some knowledge of the Irish language, whilst 5.21% (15,294) claimed to be able to speak, read, write and understand spoken Irish.<a href="#cite_note-231">[230]</a> 3.74% (10,963) of residents claimed to use Irish daily and 0.75% (2,192) claimed Irish is their main language.<a href="#cite_note-232">[231]</a><a href="#cite_note-233">[232]</a> 7.17% (21,025) of people in the city claimed to have some knowledge of Ulster Scots, whilst 0.75% (2,207) claimed to be able to speak, read, write and understand spoken Ulster Scots.<a href="#cite_note-234">[233]</a> 0.83% (2,430) claimed to use Ulster Scots daily.<a href="#cite_note-235">[234]</a> From the mid to late 19th century, there was a community <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Jewish_Community" title="Belfast Jewish Community">of central European Jews</a><a href="#cite_note-236">[235]</a> (among its distinguished members, Hamburg-born <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wilhelm_Wolff" title="Gustav Wilhelm Wolff">Gustav Wilhelm Wolff</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a>)<a href="#cite_note-237">[236]</a> and of Italians<a href="#cite_note-238">[237]</a> in Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-Who_lives_here-239">[238]</a> Today, the largest immigrant groups are Poles, Chinese and Indians.<a href="#cite_note-QS208NI%2520(a)-240">[239]</a><a href="#cite_note-KS201NI%2520(a)-241">[240]</a> The 2011 census figures recorded a total non-white population of 10,219 or 3.3%,<a href="#cite_note-KS201NI%2520(a)-241">[240]</a> while 18,420 or 6.6%<a href="#cite_note-QS208NI%2520(a)-240">[239]</a> of the population were born outside the UK and Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-QS208NI%2520(a)-240">[239]</a> Almost half of those born outside the British Isles lived in <a href="/wiki/Belfast_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast South (UK Parliament constituency)">south Belfast</a>, where they comprised 9.5% of the population.<a href="#cite_note-QS208NI%2520(a)-240">[239]</a> The majority of the estimated 5,000 Muslims<a href="#cite_note-242">[241]</a> and 200 <a href="/wiki/Hindu" class="mw-redirect" title="Hindu">Hindu</a> families<a href="#cite_note-243">[242]</a> living in Northern Ireland resided in the <a href="/wiki/Greater_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Greater Belfast">Greater Belfast</a> area. In the 2021 census the percentage of the city's residents born outside the United Kingdom had risen to 9.8.<a href="#cite_note-:5-85">[84]</a> <div style="clear:both;" class=""></div> <ul class="gallery mw-gallery-traditional center"> <li class="gallerycaption">The Belfast City Council area in the 2011 census</li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Percentage Catholic or brought up Catholic"><img alt="Percentage Catholic or brought up Catholic" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/220px-Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/330px-Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d1/Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/440px-Religion_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 2x" data-file-width="17284" data-file-height="16862" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percentage Catholic or brought up Catholic</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Most commonly stated national identity"><img alt="Most commonly stated national identity" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/220px-National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/330px-National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/28/National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/440px-National_Identity_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 2x" data-file-width="17342" data-file-height="16919" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Most commonly stated national identity</div> </li> <li class="gallerybox" style="width: 255px"> <div class="thumb" style="width: 250px; height: 250px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Percentage born outside the UK and Ireland"><img alt="Percentage born outside the UK and Ireland" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/220px-Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="215" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/330px-Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png/440px-Born_Outside_UK_And_Ireland_Belfast_City_Council_2011_Census.png 2x" data-file-width="17284" data-file-height="16862" /></a></div> <div class="gallerytext">Percentage born outside the UK and Ireland</div> </li> </ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Belfast" title="Economy of Belfast">Economy of Belfast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/220px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/330px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c5/Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG/440px-Harlandandwolffcranes.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3008" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Samson_and_Goliath_(cranes)" title="Samson and Goliath (cranes)">Samson and Goliath</a>, Harland & Wolff's gantry cranes</figcaption></figure> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Employment_profile">Employment profile</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Employment profile">edit</a>]</div> Services (including retail, health, professional & scientific) account for three quarters of jobs in Belfast. Only 6% remain in manufacturing. The balance is in distribution and construction.<a href="#cite_note-244">[243]</a> In recent years, unemployment has been comparatively low (under 3% in the summer of 2023) for the UK. On the other hand, Belfast has a high rate of people economically inactive (close to 30%).<a href="#cite_note-245">[244]</a> It is a group, encompassing homemakers, full-time carers, students and retirees,<a href="#cite_note-246">[245]</a> that in Belfast has been swollen by the exceptionally large proportion of the population (27%) with <a href="/wiki/Disability_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Disability in Northern Ireland">long-term health problems or disabilities</a><a href="#cite_note-247">[246]</a> (and who, in Northern Ireland generally, are less likely to be employed than in other UK regions).<a href="#cite_note-248">[247]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Shipbuilding,_aerospace_and_defence">Shipbuilding, aerospace and defence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Shipbuilding, aerospace and defence">edit</a>]</div> Of Belfast's Victorian-era industry, little remains. The last working linen factory—Copeland Linens Limited, based in the Shankill area—closed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-249">[248]</a> In recent years <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a>, which at peak production in the Second World War had employed around 35,000 people, has had a workforce of no more than two or three hundred refurbishing oil rigs and fabricating off-shore wind turbines. A £1.6 billion <a href="/wiki/Royal_Navy" title="Royal Navy">Royal Navy</a> contract has offered the yard a new lease, returning it to shipbuilding in 2025.<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[32]</a>: 261–262 <a href="#cite_note-250">[249]</a> In 1936, Short & Harland Ltd, a joint venture of <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a> and Harland & Wolff, began the manufacture of aircraft in the docks area. In 1989, the British government, which had nationalised the company during the Second World War, sold it to the Canadian aerospace company <a href="/wiki/Bombardier_Inc." title="Bombardier Inc.">Bombardier</a>. In 2020, it was sold on to <a href="/wiki/Spirit_AeroSystems" title="Spirit AeroSystems">Spirit AeroSystems</a>.<a href="#cite_note-spirt-completes-251">[250]</a> Producing aircraft components, it remains the largest manufacturing concern in Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-252">[251]</a> Originating in the <a href="/wiki/Short_Brothers" title="Short Brothers">Short Brothers</a>' missile division, since 2001 <a href="/wiki/Thales_Group" title="Thales Group">Thales Group</a><a href="#cite_note-253">[252]</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Thales_Air_Defence" title="Thales Air Defence">Thales Air Defence</a> Limited<a href="#cite_note-254">[253]</a> has been producing <a href="/wiki/Short_range_air_defence" class="mw-redirect" title="Short range air defence">short range air defence</a> and <a href="/wiki/Anti-tank_guided_missile" title="Anti-tank guided missile">anti-tank</a> <a href="/wiki/Missile" title="Missile">missiles</a><a href="#cite_note-255">[254]</a> (including the <a href="/wiki/NLAW" title="NLAW">NLAW</a> shoulder-launched system deployed against the <a href="/wiki/Russian_invasion_of_Ukraine" title="Russian invasion of Ukraine">Russian invasion</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ukraine" title="Ukraine">Ukraine</a>).<a href="#cite_note-256">[255]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Coal_Industry">Coal Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Coal Industry">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg/220px-The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="142" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg/330px-The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b4/The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg/440px-The_%22Margaretha%22_at_Belfast_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1201078.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="412" /></a><figcaption>The "Margaretha" at Belfast January 1990. The coaster discharging a cargo of coal at Queen's Quay. At the time some coal was loaded direct to containers - note the lorry, with container, visible in the background beyond the swan-neck crane.</figcaption></figure> The docks of Belfast contained multiple <a href="/wiki/Coal" title="Coal">coal</a> yards in the 20-century. It became known as the "coal quay" up until the 1990's when Queen's Quay was redeveloped to make way for the weir and cross-harbour bridges project, completed in 1994.<a href="#cite_note-257">[256]</a> The big three coal companies were Cawoods Coal,<a href="#cite_note-258">[257]</a> Hugh Craig & Co,<a href="#cite_note-259">[258]</a> and <a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_Limited" title="John Kelly Limited">John Kelly Limited</a>.<a href="#cite_note-260">[259]</a> <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Kelly_(coal_merchant)" title="Samuel Kelly (coal merchant)">Samuel Kelly</a> started out as a coal commissions and grocer in the 1840s. It was then taken over by <a href="/wiki/John_Kelly_(coal_merchant)" title="John Kelly (coal merchant)">John Kelly</a> following his father's death in 1877 as "John Kelly Coal Company". John Kelly's son, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Samuel_Kelly" title="Sir Samuel Kelly">Sir Samuel Kelly</a>, created the business under a limited company in 1911 as John Kelly Limited with a capital of £50,000.<a href="#cite_note-261">[260]</a><a href="#cite_note-262">[261]</a> The fleet would be expanded, as well as Kelly's Coal, Samuel was knighted for his impact on the industry. In the 1990s, the company became known as Kelly's Fuels, as it turned it's attention to the oil industry.<a href="#cite_note-263">[262]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fintech_and_cybersecurity">Fintech and cybersecurity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: Fintech and cybersecurity">edit</a>]</div> From the 1990s, Belfast established itself as a significant location for call centres and for other back-office services.<a href="#cite_note-The_Times-264">[263]</a> Attracting U.S. operators such as <a href="/wiki/Citigroup" title="Citigroup">Citi</a>, <a href="/wiki/Allstate" title="Allstate">Allstate</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberty_Mutual" title="Liberty Mutual">Liberty Mutual</a>, <a href="/wiki/Aflac" title="Aflac">Aflac</a> and <a href="/wiki/Kx_Systems" title="Kx Systems">FD Technologies (Kx Systems)</a>,<a href="#cite_note-265">[264]</a> it as since been identified by the <a href="/wiki/HM_Treasury" title="HM Treasury">UK Treasury</a> as "key <a href="/wiki/Fintech" title="Fintech">fintech</a> [financial technology] hub".<a href="#cite_note-266">[265]</a> Fintech's key areas (its "ABCD") are <a href="/wiki/Artificial_intelligence" title="Artificial intelligence">artificial intelligence</a>, <a href="/wiki/Blockchain" title="Blockchain">blockchain</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cloud_computing" title="Cloud computing">cloud computing</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Big_data" title="Big data">big data</a>.<a href="#cite_note-LaiLiao2020-267">[266]</a> The sector's principal constraint, cyber security, has been addressed since 2004 by the Queens University Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology (IECIT), and its Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT).<a href="#cite_note-268">[267]</a> The IECIT is the anchor tenant at <a href="/wiki/Catalyst_(science_park)" title="Catalyst (science park)">Catalyst (science park)</a><a href="#cite_note-269">[268]</a> in the Titanic Quarter, which hosts a cluster of companies seeking to offer innovative cyber-security solutions.<a href="#cite_note-270">[269]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film">Film</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: Film">edit</a>]</div> Between 2018 and 2023, film and television production based largely in Belfast, and occupying significant new studio capacity in the ports area, contributed £330m to Northern Ireland's economy.<a href="#cite_note-271">[270]</a> There are two 8-acre media complexes (serviced by the adjacent <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">City Airport</a>): the Titanic Studios on Queen's Island (the <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter" title="Titanic Quarter">Titanic Quarter</a>) and across the Victoria Channel in <a href="/wiki/Giant%27s_Park" title="Giant's Park">Giant's Park</a> on the Lough's north foreshore, the Belfast Harbour Studios.<a href="#cite_note-:19-272">[271]</a> Together they offer 226,000 ft2 of studio space, plus offices and workshops,<a href="#cite_note-Film_&_Television_Studios-273">[272]</a> and have attracted U.S. production companies such as <a href="/wiki/Amazon_Prime_Video" title="Amazon Prime Video">Amazon</a>, <a href="/wiki/HBO" title="HBO">HBO</a> (including all eight series of its fantasy drama <a href="/wiki/Game_of_Thrones" title="Game of Thrones">Game of Thrones</a>), <a href="/wiki/Paramount_Pictures" title="Paramount Pictures">Paramount</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Playtone</a>, <a href="/wiki/Universal_Pictures" title="Universal Pictures">Universal</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Warner_Bros." title="Warner Bros.">Warner Bros</a>.<a href="#cite_note-:15-274">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-:19-272">[271]</a> At the beginning of 2024, <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, in partnership with <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harbour" title="Belfast Harbour">Belfast Harbour</a> and supported by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Screen" title="Northern Ireland Screen">Northern Ireland Screen</a>, announced an £72m investment to add to the complex a new virtual production, research and development, facility, Studio Ulster.<a href="#cite_note-275">[274]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[275]</a> Additional studio space is available at Loop Studios (formerly Britvic) on the Castlereagh Road in East Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-Film_&_Television_Studios-273">[272]</a><a href="#cite_note-277">[276]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Tourism_and_hospitality">Tourism and hospitality</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Tourism and hospitality">edit</a>]</div> Northern Ireland's <a href="/wiki/Peace_dividend" title="Peace dividend">peace dividend</a> since the 1990s, which includes a marked increase in <a href="/wiki/Inward_investment" title="Inward investment">inward investment</a>,<a href="#cite_note-278">[277]</a><a href="#cite_note-279">[278]</a> has contributed to a large-scale redevelopment of the city centre. Significant projects included <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Square,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria Square, Belfast">Victoria Square</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Cathedral Quarter, Belfast">Cathedral Quarter</a>, <a href="/wiki/Laganside" class="mw-redirect" title="Laganside">Laganside</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Odyssey_(Belfast)" class="mw-redirect" title="Odyssey (Belfast)">Odyssey</a> complex and the landmark <a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Hall" title="Waterfront Hall">Waterfront Hall</a>, the new <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Quarter,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Titanic Quarter, Belfast">Titanic Quarter</a> with its <a href="/wiki/Titanic_Belfast" title="Titanic Belfast">Titanic Belfast</a> visitor attraction, and the development of the original Short's harbour airfield as <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City Airport</a>. These developments reflect a boom in tourism (32 million visitors between 2011 and 2018),<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[32]</a>: 179  and related hotel construction. This has included an entirely new phenomenon for Belfast: in 1999, the port received its first cruise ship.<a href="#cite_note-280">[279]</a> In 2023, Belfast welcomed 153 calls, 8% up from the pre-<a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">pandemic</a> record set in 2019. Ship from 32 different countries landed 320,000 passengers.<a href="#cite_note-281">[280]</a> Belfast has also seen growth of "conflict tourism".<a href="#cite_note-:3-33">[32]</a>: 186–191  To the dismay of some, "tourists take photos of the division lines that are not consigned to history, but are a part of living Belfast: children play football against the walls that tourists flock to. The places and the people themselves have become a spectacle, an attraction."<a href="#cite_note-282">[281]</a> Tourist bosses and guides, however, are satisfied that the greater draw is city's other "must-see attractions",<a href="#cite_note-283">[282]</a> and its "convivial food and nightlife scene".<a href="#cite_note-284">[283]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="EU/GB_Trade">EU/GB Trade</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: EU/GB Trade">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Invest_Northern_Ireland" title="Invest Northern Ireland">Invest NI</a>, Northern Ireland's economic development agency is pitching Belfast and its hinterland to foreign investors as "only region in the world able to trade goods freely with both <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">GB</a> and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">EU</a> markets".<a href="#cite_note-285">[284]</a> This follows the 2020 <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Protocol" title="Northern Ireland Protocol">Northern Ireland Protocol</a> and the 2023 <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Framework" title="Windsor Framework">Windsor Framework</a>, agreements between the British government and <a href="/wiki/European_Union" title="European Union">European Union</a>, whereby, post-Brexit, Northern Ireland would effectively remain within the <a href="/wiki/European_single_market" title="European single market">European Single Market</a> for goods while, in principle, retaining unfettered access to the British domestic market. Despite the DUP's derailment of devolved government in protest, local business leaders largely welcomed the new trade regime, hailing the promise of dual EU-GB access as a critical opportunity.<a href="#cite_note-286">[285]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[286]</a> In February 2024, the DUP consented to a return of the devolved Assembly and Executive on the understanding that neither the EU nor the British government would defend the integrity of their respective internal markets by conducting routine checks on the bulk of goods passing through Belfast, or other Northern Ireland, ports.<a href="#cite_note-288">[287]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_primary_schools_in_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="List of primary schools in Belfast">List of primary schools in Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Belfast" title="List of secondary schools in Belfast">List of secondary schools in Belfast</a>, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_grammar_schools_in_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="List of grammar schools in Belfast">List of grammar schools in Belfast</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Primary_and_secondary_education">Primary and secondary education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Primary and secondary education">edit</a>]</div> Children from Catholic and Protestant homes in Belfast are taught, for the most part, separately on a pattern that, by the mid-nineteenth century, had been established throughout Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-289">[288]</a> Primary and secondary education is divided between (Catholic) Maintained Schools and (non-Catholic/ "Protestant") Controlled Schools.<a href="#cite_note-:7-290">[289]</a> They are bound by the same curriculum, but their teaching staff are trained separately (in the university colleges of <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_University_College,_Belfast" title="St Mary's University College, Belfast">St Mary's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Stranmillis_University_College" title="Stranmillis University College">Stranmillis</a>).<a href="#cite_note-291">[290]</a><a href="#cite_note-:23-292">[291]</a>: 200–202  Since the 1980s, two smaller school sectors have emerged: grant-maintained <a href="/wiki/Integrated_education_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Integrated education in Northern Ireland">Integrated schools</a>, which by design bring together children and staff from both communities, and <a href="/wiki/Comhairle_na_Gaelscola%C3%ADochta" title="Comhairle na Gaelscolaíochta">Irish language medium schools</a><a href="#cite_note-:7-290">[289]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution">Belfast [later Royal Belfast] Academical Institution</a>, opened its doors in 1810 with the intention, in the words of its founder, former <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishman</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Drennan" title="William Drennan">William Drennan</a> of being "perfectly unbiased by religious distinctions".<a href="#cite_note-293">[292]</a> The principle was not embraced by the town's middle-classes: in practice "Inst" provided a <a href="/wiki/Grammar_school" title="Grammar school">grammar education</a> to the town's Presbyterian families while Anglicans favoured the older <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Royal_Academy" title="Belfast Royal Academy">Royal Belfast Academy</a> (1785); Catholics, <a href="/wiki/St_Malachy%27s_College" title="St Malachy's College">St Malachy's</a> <a href="/wiki/Diocese" title="Diocese">diocesan</a> college (1833) and <a href="/wiki/Wesleyans" class="mw-redirect" title="Wesleyans">Wesleyans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Methodist_College_Belfast" title="Methodist College Belfast">Methodist College Belfast</a> (1865). Denominational lines have since blurred, with Catholics in particular moving into the controlled grammars.<a href="#cite_note-294">[293]</a> But the presence of 18 <a href="/wiki/Category:Grammar_schools_in_Belfast" title="Category:Grammar schools in Belfast">selective grammar schools in Belfast</a> is a further feature of post-primary education in Belfast that distinguishes it from that of comparable cities in Great Britain where academic selection was abandoned in the 1960s and 70s.<a href="#cite_note-295">[294]</a> Partly prompted by the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19" title="COVID-19">COVID</a> disruption of external testing in 2021/22,<a href="#cite_note-296">[295]</a> some the city's grammars have begun to review and amend the practice. It is not clear that this will be on terms that reduce the degree of social segregation they have represented within the system.<a href="#cite_note-297">[296]</a> In 2006, the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Education_and_Library_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Education and Library Board">Belfast Education and Library Board</a> became part of the consolidated <a href="/wiki/Education_Authority" title="Education Authority">Education Authority</a> for Northern Ireland. In Belfast, the Authority has responsibility for 156 primary,<a href="#cite_note-298">[297]</a> and 48 <a href="/wiki/List_of_secondary_schools_in_Belfast" title="List of secondary schools in Belfast">secondary</a> schools (including the 18 grammars).<a href="#cite_note-299">[298]</a> The system is marked by stark inequalities in outcome.<a href="#cite_note-300">[299]</a> Around 30% of school leavers in the city do not attain 5 <a href="/wiki/GCSE" title="GCSE">GCSEs</a>, A* - C (including Maths and English). For those in receipt of free school meals, the figure rises to over 50%.<a href="#cite_note-301">[300]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Further_and_Higher_education">Further and Higher education</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Further and Higher education">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Metropolitan_College" title="Belfast Metropolitan College">Belfast Metropolitan College</a> ("Belfast Met") is a <a href="/wiki/Further_education" title="Further education">further education</a> college with three main campuses around the city, including several smaller buildings. Formerly known as <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Institute_of_Further_and_Higher_Education" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education">Belfast Institute of Further and Higher Education</a>, it specialises in <a href="/wiki/Vocational_education" title="Vocational education">vocational education</a>. The college has over 53,000 students enrolled on full-time and part-time courses, making it one of the largest further education colleges in the UK and the largest in the island of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-302">[301]</a> Belfast has two universities. <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_Belfast" title="Queen's University Belfast">Queen's University Belfast</a> was founded as a college in 1845. In 1908, the Catholic bishops lifted their ban on attendance and Queen's was granted university status.<a href="#cite_note-:23-292">[291]</a>: 164, 166  It is a member of the <a href="/wiki/Russell_Group" title="Russell Group">Russell Group</a>, an association of 24 leading research-intensive universities in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-303">[302]</a> and is one of the largest universities in the UK with over 25,000 students – among them over 4,000 international students.<a href="#cite_note-304">[303]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ulster_University" title="Ulster University">Ulster University</a>, created in its current form in 1984, is a multi-centre university with a campus on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Cathedral_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Cathedral Quarter, Belfast">Cathedral Quarter</a> of Belfast. Since 2021, this original "Arts College" campus has undergone a £1.4bn expansion to accommodate offerings across all departments. The project promises to bring 15,500 staff and students into the city, and to generate 5,000 new jobs.<a href="#cite_note-305">[304]</a><a href="#cite_note-306">[305]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> Belfast was granted <a href="/wiki/Borough_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Borough status in the United Kingdom">borough status</a> by <a href="/wiki/James_VI_and_I" title="James VI and I">James VI and I</a> in 1613 and official <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">city status</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1888.<a href="#cite_note-307">[306]</a> Since 1973 it has been a <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_(Boundaries)_Act_(Northern_Ireland)_1971" title="Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971">local government district</a> under local administration by <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-308">[307]</a> Belfast has been represented in the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">British House of Commons</a> since 1801, and in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a>, as presently constituted, since 1998. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Local_government">Local government</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Local government">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a></div> Belfast City Council is responsible for a range of powers and services, including land-use and community planning, parks and recreation, building control, arts and cultural heritage.<a href="#cite_note-309">[308]</a> The city's principal offices are those of the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Belfast">Lord Mayor of Belfast</a>, Deputy Lord Mayor and <a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff">High Sheriff</a>. Like other elected positions within the Council such as Committee chairs, these are filled since 1998 using the <a href="/wiki/D%27Hondt_system" class="mw-redirect" title="D'Hondt system">D'Hondt system</a> so that in recent years the position has rotated between councillors from the three largest factions, <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a>. The first Lord Mayor of Belfast in 1892, <a href="/wiki/Sir_Daniel_Dixon,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Daniel Dixon, 1st Baronet">Daniel Dixon</a>, like <a href="/wiki/List_of_mayors_of_Belfast" title="List of mayors of Belfast">every mayor but one</a> until 1997 (Alliance in 1979), was a <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">unionist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Belfast_City_Council_–_Lord_Mayor-310">[309]</a> The first <a href="/wiki/Irish_nationalism" title="Irish nationalism">nationalist</a> Lord Mayor of Belfast was <a href="/wiki/Alban_Maginness" title="Alban Maginness">Alban Maginness</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">Social Democratic and Labour Party</a> (SDLP) in 1997. The current <a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor">Lord Mayor</a> is Micky Murray of the Alliance Party of Northern Ireland, who has been in the position of Lord Mayor since 3 June 2024. His duties include presiding over meetings of the council, receiving distinguished visitors to the city, representing and promoting the city on the national and international stage.<a href="#cite_note-Belfast_City_Council_–_Lord_Mayor-310">[309]</a> In 1997, unionists lost overall control of Belfast City Council for the first time in its history, with the Alliance Party holding the balance of power. In 2023, unionists retained just 17 of 60 seats on the council, leaving nationalists (Sinn Féin and the SDLP) just 4 seats short of a majority.<a href="#cite_note-311">[310]</a> In addition to the 11 Alliance members there are four other councillors, 3 <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_Northern_Ireland" title="Green Party Northern Ireland">Green</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit" title="People Before Profit">People Before Profit</a>, who refuse a nationalist/unionist designation. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Northern_Ireland_Assembly_and_Westminster_elections">Northern Ireland Assembly and Westminster elections</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Northern Ireland Assembly and Westminster elections">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_(Northern_Ireland_Parliament_constituencies)" title="Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies)">Belfast (Northern Ireland Parliament constituencies)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> As Northern Ireland's capital city, Belfast is host to the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> at <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>, the site of the <a href="/wiki/Devolution#Northern_Ireland" title="Devolution">devolved</a> legislature for Northern Ireland. Belfast is divided into four <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">Northern Ireland Assembly</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">UK parliamentary</a> constituencies: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_North_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast North (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast North</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_West_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast West (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast West</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_South_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast South (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast South</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_East_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Belfast East (UK Parliament constituency)">Belfast East</a>. All four extend beyond the city boundaries to include parts of <a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_(borough)" title="Castlereagh (borough)">Castlereagh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council" title="Lisburn City Council">Lisburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council" title="Newtownabbey Borough Council">Newtownabbey</a> districts. In <a href="/wiki/Elections_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Elections in the United Kingdom">United Kingdom elections</a>, each constituency returns one <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, on a "<a href="/wiki/First-past-the-post_voting" title="First-past-the-post voting">first past the post</a>" basis to Westminster. In NI Assembly elections each returns, on the basis of <a href="/wiki/Proportional_representation" title="Proportional representation">proportional representation</a>, five <a href="/wiki/Member_of_the_Legislative_Assembly_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Member of the Legislative Assembly (Northern Ireland)">MLAs</a> to <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Stormont</a>. In the <a href="/wiki/2022_Northern_Ireland_Assembly_election" title="2022 Northern Ireland Assembly election">Northern Ireland Assembly Elections in 2022</a>, Belfast elected 7 <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a>, 5 <a href="/wiki/Alliance_Party_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Alliance Party of Northern Ireland">Alliance Party</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a>, 1 <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">UUP</a> and 1 <a href="/wiki/People_Before_Profit_Alliance" class="mw-redirect" title="People Before Profit Alliance">PBPA</a> MLAs.<a href="#cite_note-312">[311]</a> In the <a href="/wiki/2017_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2017 United Kingdom general election">2017 UK general election</a>, the DUP won all but the Sinn Féin stronghold of Belfast West. In the <a href="/wiki/2019_UK_General_Election" class="mw-redirect" title="2019 UK General Election">2019</a> and <a href="/wiki/2024_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2024 United Kingdom general election">2024 UK general elections</a>, they retained only Belfast East, losing Belfast North to Sinn Féin and Belfast South to the SDLP. For the next elections the constituencies are redrawn, with Belfast South extended as Belfast South and Mid Down to include parts of <a href="/wiki/Lagan_Valley_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Lagan Valley (UK Parliament constituency)">Lagan Valley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Strangford_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Strangford (UK Parliament constituency)">Strangford</a>.<a href="#cite_note-313">[312]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Infrastructure">Infrastructure</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Infrastructure">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hospitals">Hospitals</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Hospitals">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Health_and_Social_Care_Trust" title="Belfast Health and Social Care Trust">Belfast Health & Social Care Trust</a> is one of five trusts that were created on 1 April 2007 by the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Health,_Social_Services_and_Public_Safety" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Health, Social Services and Public Safety">Department of Health</a>. Belfast contains most of Northern Ireland's regional specialist centres.<a href="#cite_note-314">[313]</a> The Royal Hospitals site in west Belfast (junction of Grosvenor and Falls roads) contains two hospitals. The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Belfast" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast">Royal Victoria Hospital</a> (its origins in a number of successive institutions, beginning in 1797 with The Belfast Fever Hospital)<a href="#cite_note-315">[314]</a> provides both local and regional services. Specialist services include cardiac surgery, critical care and the Regional Trauma Centre.<a href="#cite_note-316">[315]</a> The Children's Hospital (<a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Hospital_for_Sick_Children" title="Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children">Royal Belfast Hospital for Sick Children</a>) provides general hospital care for children in Belfast and provides most of the paediatric regional specialities.<a href="#cite_note-317">[316]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hospital" title="Belfast City Hospital">Belfast City Hospital</a> (evolved from <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Union_Workhouse" title="Belfast Union Workhouse">Belfast Union Workhouse</a> and infirmary)<a href="#cite_note-318">[317]</a> on the Lisburn Road is the regional specialist centre for haematology and is home to a major cancer centre.<a href="#cite_note-319">[318]</a> The Mary G McGeown Regional Nephrology Unit at the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hospital" title="Belfast City Hospital">City Hospital</a> is the kidney transplant centre and provides regional renal services for Northern Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-320">[319]</a> <a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park_Hospital" title="Musgrave Park Hospital">Musgrave Park Hospital</a> in south Belfast specialises in <a href="/wiki/Orthopedic_surgery" title="Orthopedic surgery">orthopaedics</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rheumatology" title="Rheumatology">rheumatology</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sports_medicine" title="Sports medicine">sports medicine</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rehabilitation_psychology" title="Rehabilitation psychology">rehabilitation</a>. It is home to Northern Ireland's first Acquired Brain Injury Unit.<a href="#cite_note-321">[320]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Mater_Infirmorum_Hospital" title="Mater Infirmorum Hospital">Mater Hospital</a> (founded in 1883 by the <a href="/wiki/Sisters_of_Mercy" title="Sisters of Mercy">Sisters of Mercy</a>)<a href="#cite_note-322">[321]</a> on the Crumlin Road provides a wide range of services, including acute inpatient, emergency and maternity services, to north Belfast and the surrounding areas.<a href="#cite_note-323">[322]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hospital" title="Ulster Hospital">Ulster Hospital</a>, Upper Newtownards Road, <a href="/wiki/Dundonald,_County_Down" title="Dundonald, County Down">Dundonald</a>, on the eastern edge of the city, first founded as the Ulster Hospital for Women and Sick Children in 1872,<a href="#cite_note-journal-324">[323]</a> is the major acute hospital for the <a href="/wiki/South_Eastern_Health_and_Social_Care_Trust" title="South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust">South Eastern Health and Social Care Trust</a>. It delivers a full range of outpatient, inpatient and daycare medical and surgical services.<a href="#cite_note-325">[324]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Transport">Transport</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Transport_in_Belfast" title="Transport in Belfast">Transport in Belfast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Gt_Victoria_Street_station,_Belfast_(9)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg/220px-Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg/330px-Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg/440px-Gt_Victoria_Street_station%2C_Belfast_%289%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2223181.jpg 2x" data-file-width="799" data-file-height="407" /></a><figcaption>The former station <a href="/wiki/Great_Victoria_Street_railway_station" class="mw-redirect" title="Great Victoria Street railway station">Great Victoria Street</a> on <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a></figcaption></figure> Belfast is a relatively <a href="/wiki/Car_dependency" title="Car dependency">car-dependent</a> city by European standards, with an extensive road network including the 22.5 miles (36 km) <a href="/wiki/M2_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M2 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M2</a> and <a href="/wiki/M22_motorway_(Northern_Ireland)" title="M22 motorway (Northern Ireland)">M22 motorway</a> route.<a href="#cite_note-326">[325]</a> <a href="/wiki/Hackney_carriage" title="Hackney carriage">Black taxis</a> are common in the city, operating on a <a href="/wiki/Share_taxi" title="Share taxi">share</a> basis in some areas.<a href="#cite_note-327">[326]</a> These are outnumbered by <a href="/wiki/Taxicabs_of_the_United_Kingdom#Private_hire_('minicabs')" class="mw-redirect" title="Taxicabs of the United Kingdom">private hire taxis</a>. Bus and rail public transport in Northern Ireland is operated by subsidiaries of <a href="/wiki/Translink_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Translink (Northern Ireland)">Translink</a>. Bus services in the city proper and the nearer suburbs are operated by <a href="/wiki/Metro_(Belfast)" title="Metro (Belfast)">Translink Metro</a>, with services focusing on linking residential districts with the city centre on 12 <a href="/wiki/Quality_bus_corridor" class="mw-redirect" title="Quality bus corridor">quality bus corridors</a> running along main radial roads,<a href="#cite_note-328">[327]</a> More distant suburbs are served by <a href="/wiki/Ulsterbus" title="Ulsterbus">Ulsterbus</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Railways">Northern Ireland Railways</a> provides <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Suburban_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Suburban Rail">suburban services</a> along three lines running through Belfast's northern suburbs to <a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus" title="Carrickfergus">Carrickfergus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Larne" title="Larne">Larne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Larne_Harbour_railway_station" title="Larne Harbour railway station">Larne Harbour</a>, eastwards towards <a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a> and south-westwards towards <a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Portadown_railway_station" title="Portadown railway station">Portadown</a>. This service is known as the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Suburban_Rail" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Suburban Rail">Belfast Suburban Rail</a> system. Belfast is linked <a href="/wiki/Belfast-Derry_railway_line" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast-Derry railway line">directly</a> to <a href="/wiki/Coleraine_railway_station" title="Coleraine railway station">Coleraine</a>, <a href="/wiki/Portrush_railway_station" title="Portrush railway station">Portrush</a> and <a href="/wiki/Derry_~_Londonderry_railway_station" title="Derry ~ Londonderry railway station">Derry</a>. Belfast has a direct rail connection with <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> called <a href="/wiki/Enterprise_(train)" class="mw-redirect" title="Enterprise (train)">Enterprise</a> operated jointly by NIR and the Irish rail company <a href="/wiki/Iarnr%C3%B3d_%C3%89ireann" title="Iarnród Éireann">Iarnród Éireann</a>. In 2024, the city's Europa Bus Centre and Great Victoria Street rail station, was replaced by a new Belfast Central Station. It is "the largest integrated transport facility on the island of Ireland" with bus stands, railway platforms, and facilities for taxis and bicycles.<a href="#cite_note-329">[328]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg/220px-George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg/330px-George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e8/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg/440px-George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport_-_geograph.org.uk_-_714574.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City Airport</a></figcaption></figure> The city has two airports: <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">George Best Belfast City Airport</a>, close to the city centre on the eastern shore of Belfast Lough and <a href="/wiki/Belfast_International_Airport" title="Belfast International Airport">Belfast International Airport</a> 30–40 minutes to the west on the shore of <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a>. Both operate UK domestic and European flights. The city is also served by <a href="/wiki/Dublin_Airport" title="Dublin Airport">Dublin Airport</a>, two hours to the south, with direct inter-continental connections. In addition to its extensive freight business, the Belfast Port offers car-ferry sailings, operated by <a href="/wiki/Stena_Line" title="Stena Line">Stena Line</a>, to <a href="/wiki/Cairnryan" title="Cairnryan">Cairnryan</a> in Scotland (5 Sailings Daily. 2 hours 22 minutes) and to <a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a>-<a href="/wiki/Birkenhead" title="Birkenhead">Birkenhead</a> (14 sailings weekly. 8 hours). The <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man_Steam_Packet" class="mw-redirect" title="Isle of Man Steam Packet">Isle of Man Steam Packet</a> Company provides a seasonal connection to <a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas, Isle of Man</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Glider_(Belfast)" title="Glider (Belfast)">Glider</a> bus service is a new form of transport in Belfast. Introduced in 2018, it is a <a href="/wiki/Bus_rapid_transit" title="Bus rapid transit">bus rapid transit</a> system linking East Belfast, West Belfast and the Titanic Quarter from the City Centre.<a href="#cite_note-330">[329]</a> Using <a href="/wiki/Articulated_buses" class="mw-redirect" title="Articulated buses">articulated buses</a>, the £90 million service saw a 17% increase in its first month in Belfast, with 30,000 more people using the Gliders every week. The service is being recognised as helping to modernise the city's public transport.<a href="#cite_note-331">[330]</a> <a href="/wiki/National_Cycle_Route_9" title="National Cycle Route 9">National Cycle Route 9</a> to <a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a>,<a href="#cite_note-332">[331]</a> which will eventually connect with Dublin,<a href="#cite_note-333">[332]</a> starts in Belfast. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Utilities">Utilities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Utilities">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:SilentValley.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SilentValley.jpg/220px-SilentValley.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SilentValley.jpg/330px-SilentValley.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/SilentValley.jpg/440px-SilentValley.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Silent Valley Reservoir, showing the brick-built overflow</figcaption></figure> Half of Belfast's water is supplied via the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Conduit" title="Mourne Conduit">Aquarius pipeline</a> from the <a href="/wiki/Silent_Valley_Reservoir" title="Silent Valley Reservoir">Silent Valley Reservoir</a> in <a href="/wiki/County_Down" title="County Down">County Down</a>, created to collect water from the <a href="/wiki/Mourne_Mountains" title="Mourne Mountains">Mourne Mountains</a>.<a href="#cite_note-334">[333]</a> The other half is now supplied from <a href="/wiki/Lough_Neagh" title="Lough Neagh">Lough Neagh</a> via Dunore Water Treatment Works in County Antrim.<a href="#cite_note-BMA_plan-335">[334]</a><a href="#cite_note-336">[335]</a> The citizens of Belfast pay for their water in their <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">rates</a> bill. Plans to bring in additional water tariffs were deferred by <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Northern Ireland Assembly">devolution</a> in May 2007.<a href="#cite_note-337">[336]</a> Power is provided from a number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_power_stations_in_Northern_Ireland" title="List of power stations in Northern Ireland">power stations</a> via <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Electricity" title="Northern Ireland Electricity">NIE Networks Limited</a> transmission lines. (Just under a half of electricity consumption in Northern Ireland is generated from <a href="/wiki/Renewable_resource" title="Renewable resource">renewable sources</a>).<a href="#cite_note-338">[337]</a> <a href="/wiki/Phoenix_Natural_Gas" title="Phoenix Natural Gas">Phoenix Natural Gas</a> Ltd. started supplying customers in Larne and Greater Belfast with natural gas in 1996 via the newly constructed <a href="/wiki/Scotland-Northern_Ireland_pipeline" class="mw-redirect" title="Scotland-Northern Ireland pipeline">Scotland-Northern Ireland pipeline</a>.<a href="#cite_note-BMA_plan-335">[334]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rates_(tax)" title="Rates (tax)">Rates</a> in Belfast (and the rest of Northern Ireland) were reformed in April 2007. The discrete <a href="/wiki/Capital_(economics)" title="Capital (economics)">capital</a> value system means rates bills are determined by the capital value of each domestic property as assessed by the Valuation and Lands Agency.<a href="#cite_note-339">[338]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Recreation_and_sports">Recreation and sports</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Recreation and sports">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Leisure_centres">Leisure centres</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Leisure centres">edit</a>]</div> Belfast City Council owns and maintains 17 leisure centres across the city, run on its behalf by the non-profit <a href="/wiki/Social_enterprise" title="Social enterprise">social enterprise</a> <a href="/wiki/Greenwich_Leisure_Limited" title="Greenwich Leisure Limited">GLL</a> under the 'Better' brand.<a href="#cite_note-340">[339]</a> These include eight large multipurposed centres complete with swimming pools: Ballysillan Leisure Centre and Grove Wellbeing Centre in North Belfast; the Andersonstown, Falls, Shankill and Whiterock leisure centres in West Belfast; Templemore Baths and Lisnasharragh Leisure Centre in East Belfast, and close to the city centre in South Belfast, the Olympia Leisure Centre and Spa,<a href="#cite_note-341">[340]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parks_and_gardens">Parks and gardens</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Parks and gardens">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Belfast" title="List of parks and gardens in Belfast">List of parks and gardens in Belfast</a></div> Belfast has over <a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Belfast" title="List of parks and gardens in Belfast">forty parks</a>. The oldest (1828) and one of the most popular parks <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Botanic_Gardens" class="mw-redirect" title="Belfast Botanic Gardens">Botanic Gardens</a><a href="#cite_note-342">[341]</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Quarter,_Belfast" title="Queen's Quarter, Belfast">Queen's Quarter</a>. Built in the 1830s and designed by <a href="/wiki/Charles_Lanyon" title="Charles Lanyon">Sir Charles Lanyon</a>, its Palm House is one of the earliest examples of a curvilinear and cast iron <a href="/wiki/Greenhouse" title="Greenhouse">glasshouse</a>.<a href="#cite_note-343">[342]</a> Other attractions in the park include the recently restored Tropical Ravine, a humid jungle glen built in 1889,<a href="#cite_note-344">[343]</a> rose gardens and public events ranging from live opera broadcasts to pop concerts.<a href="#cite_note-345">[344]</a> The largest municipal park in the city, and closest to the city centre, lies on the right bank of Lagan. The 100-acres of <a href="/wiki/Ormeau_Park" title="Ormeau Park">Ormeau Park</a> were opened to the public in 1871 on what was the last demesne of the town's former proprietors, the Chichesters, <a href="/wiki/Marquess_of_Donegall" title="Marquess of Donegall">Marquesses of Donegall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-346">[345]</a> In north Belfast, the Waterworks, two reservoirs to which the public have had access since 1897, are features of a park supporting angling and waterfowl.<a href="#cite_note-347">[346]</a> In 1906, a further water park, Victoria, opened behind industrial dockland on what had been the eastern shore of the Lough.<a href="#cite_note-348">[347]</a> It is now connected through east Belfast by the Connswater Community Greenway which offers 16 km of continuous cycle and walkway through east Belfast.<a href="#cite_note-349">[348]</a> The largest green conservation area within the city's boundaries is a 2,116 hectares patchwork of "parks, demesnes, woodland and meadows" stretching upriver along the banks of the Lagan river and canal;<a href="#cite_note-:12-118">[117]</a> Established in 1967, the Lagan Valley Regional Park envelopes in its course, Belvoir Park Forest, which contains ancient oaks and a 12th-century Norman <a href="/wiki/Motte-and-bailey_castle" title="Motte-and-bailey castle">Motte</a>,<a href="#cite_note-350">[349]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park" title="Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park">Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park</a>, whose International Rose Garden attracts thousands of visitors each July.<a href="#cite_note-Go_To_Belfast:_Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park-351">[350]</a> Colin Glenn Forest Park,<a href="#cite_note-352">[351]</a> the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a> Divis and the Black Mountain Ridge Trail,<a href="#cite_note-:14-353">[352]</a> and Cave Hill Country Park.<a href="#cite_note-354">[353]</a> offer panoramic views over Belfast and beyond from the west.<a href="#cite_note-:14-353">[352]</a> Climbing the Castlereagh Hills, the National Trust Lisnabreeny Cregagh Glen does the same from the east.<a href="#cite_note-355">[354]</a> Below Cave Hill, the council maintains one of the few local government-funded zoos in the British Isles. The <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Zoo" title="Belfast Zoo">Belfast Zoo</a> houses more than 1,200 animals of 140 species including <a href="/wiki/Asian_elephant" title="Asian elephant">Asian elephants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbary_lion" title="Barbary lion">Barbary lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/Malayan_sun_bear" title="Malayan sun bear">Malayan sun bears</a> (one of the few in the United Kingdom), two species of penguin, a family of <a href="/wiki/Western_lowland_gorilla" title="Western lowland gorilla">western lowland gorillas</a>, a troop of <a href="/wiki/Common_chimpanzee" class="mw-redirect" title="Common chimpanzee">common chimpanzees</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Red_panda" title="Red panda">red pandas</a>, a pair of <a href="/wiki/Goodfellow%27s_tree-kangaroo" title="Goodfellow's tree-kangaroo">Goodfellow's tree-kangaroos</a> and <a href="/wiki/Francois%27_langur" class="mw-redirect" title="Francois' langur">Francois' langurs</a>. It carries out important conservation work and takes part in European and international breeding programmes which help to ensure the survival of many species under threat.<a href="#cite_note-356">[355]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sports">Sports</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Sports">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Sport_in_Belfast" title="Sport in Belfast">Sport in Belfast</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/220px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="66" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/330px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d3/Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg/440px-Windsor_Park_redevelopment_.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1049" data-file-height="314" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Irish_Football_Association" title="Irish Football Association">Irish Football Association</a> stadium Windsor Park</figcaption></figure> Belfast has several notable sports teams playing a diverse variety of sports such as <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_games" title="Gaelic games">Gaelic games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_football" title="Rugby football">rugby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Marathon" title="Belfast Marathon">Belfast Marathon</a> is run annually on May Day, The 41st Marathon in 2023, with related events (Wheelchair Race, Team Relay and 8 Mile Walk) attracted 15,000 participants.<a href="#cite_note-357">[356]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_national_football_team" title="Northern Ireland national football team">Northern Ireland national football team</a> plays its home matches at <a href="/wiki/Windsor_Park" title="Windsor Park">Windsor Park</a>. Football clubs with stadia and training grounds in the city include: <a href="/wiki/Linfield_F.C." title="Linfield F.C.">Linfield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Glentoran_F.C." title="Glentoran F.C.">Glentoran</a>, <a href="/wiki/Crusaders_F.C." title="Crusaders F.C.">Crusaders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cliftonville_F.C." title="Cliftonville F.C.">Cliftonville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Donegal_Celtic" class="mw-redirect" title="Donegal Celtic">Donegal Celtic</a>, <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff_Welders_F.C." title="Harland & Wolff Welders F.C.">Harland & Wolff Welders</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dundela_F.C." title="Dundela F.C.">Dundela</a>, <a href="/wiki/Knockbreda_F.C." title="Knockbreda F.C.">Knockbreda</a>, <a href="/wiki/PSNI_F.C." title="PSNI F.C.">PSNI</a>, <a href="/wiki/Newington_Youth_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Newington Youth F.C.">Newington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sport_%26_Leisure_Swifts_F.C." class="mw-redirect" title="Sport & Leisure Swifts F.C.">Sport & Leisure</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brantwood_F.C." title="Brantwood F.C.">Brantwood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[357]</a> Belfast is home to over twenty <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_football" title="Gaelic football">Gaelic football</a> and <a href="/wiki/Hurling" title="Hurling">hurling</a> clubs.<a href="#cite_note-359">[358]</a> <a href="/wiki/Casement_Park" title="Casement Park">Casement Park</a> in west Belfast, home to the <a href="/wiki/Antrim_GAA" title="Antrim GAA">Antrim</a> county teams, had a capacity of 31,500 making it the second largest <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_Athletic_Association" title="Gaelic Athletic Association">Gaelic Athletic Association</a> ground in <a href="/wiki/Ulster" title="Ulster">Ulster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-360">[359]</a> Listed as one of the venues for the UK and Ireland's successful <a href="/wiki/UEFA_Euro_2028" title="UEFA Euro 2028">UEFA Euro 2028</a> bid, with co-funding from the Irish government there are plans for a complete rebuild.<a href="#cite_note-361">[360]</a> In May 2020, the foundation of <a href="/wiki/East_Belfast_GAA" title="East Belfast GAA">East Belfast GAA</a> returned Gaelic Games to East Belfast after decades of its absence in the area. The current club president is Irish-language enthusiast <a href="/wiki/Linda_Ervine" title="Linda Ervine">Linda Ervine</a> who comes from a unionist background in the area. The team currently plays in the Down Senior County League.<a href="#cite_note-362">[361]</a> The 1999 <a href="/wiki/Heineken_Cup" class="mw-redirect" title="Heineken Cup">Heineken Cup</a> champions <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Rugby" title="Ulster Rugby">Ulster Rugby</a> play at <a href="/wiki/Ravenhill_Stadium" title="Ravenhill Stadium">Ravenhill Stadium</a> in the south of the city. Belfast has four teams in rugby's <a href="/wiki/All-Ireland_League_(rugby_union)" title="All-Ireland League (rugby union)">All-Ireland League</a>: <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harlequins" title="Belfast Harlequins">Belfast Harlequins</a> in Division 1B; and <a href="/wiki/Instonians" title="Instonians">Instonians</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_University_RFC" title="Queen's University RFC">Queen's University</a> and <a href="/wiki/Malone_RFC" title="Malone RFC">Malone</a> in Division 2A. Belfast is home to the <a href="/wiki/Stormont_(cricket_ground)" title="Stormont (cricket ground)">Stormont cricket ground</a> since 1949 and was the venue for the <a href="/wiki/Irish_cricket_team" class="mw-redirect" title="Irish cricket team">Irish cricket team</a>'s first ever <a href="/wiki/One_Day_International" title="One Day International">One Day International</a> against <a href="/wiki/England_cricket_team" title="England cricket team">England</a> in 2006.<a href="#cite_note-363">[362]</a> The 9,500 capacity <a href="/wiki/SSE_Arena,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="SSE Arena, Belfast">SSE Arena</a> accommodates the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Giants" title="Belfast Giants">Belfast Giants</a>, one of the biggest <a href="/wiki/Ice_hockey" title="Ice hockey">ice hockey</a> clubs in the UK. Featuring Canadian, ex-<a href="/wiki/National_Hockey_League" title="National Hockey League">NHL</a> players, the club competes the British <a href="/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Elite Ice Hockey League">Elite Ice Hockey League</a>. Belfast was the home town of former <a href="/wiki/Manchester_United_F.C." title="Manchester United F.C.">Manchester United</a> player <a href="/wiki/George_Best" title="George Best">George Best</a>, the 1968 <a href="/wiki/European_Footballer_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="European Footballer of the Year">European Footballer of the Year</a>, who died in November 2005. On the day he was buried in the city, 100,000 people lined the route from his home on the Cregagh Road to Roselawn cemetery.<a href="#cite_note-364">[363]</a> Since his death the <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">City Airport</a> was named after him and a trust has been set up to fund a memorial to him in the city centre.<a href="#cite_note-365">[364]</a> Other sportspeople celebrated in the city include double world snooker champion <a href="/wiki/Alex_Higgins" title="Alex Higgins">Alex "Hurricane" Higgins</a><a href="#cite_note-366">[365]</a> and world champion boxers <a href="/wiki/Wayne_McCullough" title="Wayne McCullough">Wayne McCullough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rinty_Monaghan" title="Rinty Monaghan">Rinty Monaghan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Carl_Frampton" title="Carl Frampton">Carl Frampton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-367">[366]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Climate">Climate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Climate">edit</a>]</div> At <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1156832818"><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Belfast&params=54_35_49_N_05_55_45_W_">54°35′49″N 05°55′45″W / 54.59694°N 5.92917°W / 54.59694; -5.92917</a>, its northern latitude is characterised by short winter days and long summer evenings. During the <a href="/wiki/Winter_solstice" title="Winter solstice">winter solstice</a>, the shortest day of the year, local sunset is before 16:00 while sunrise is around 08:45. At the <a href="/wiki/Solstice" title="Solstice">summer solstice</a> in June, the sun sets after 22:00 and rises before 05:00.<a href="#cite_note-368">[367]</a> For this northern latitude, thanks to the influence of the <a href="/wiki/Gulf_Stream" title="Gulf Stream">Gulf Stream</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Atlantic_Current" title="North Atlantic Current">North Atlantic Drift</a>, Belfast has a comparatively mild climate. In summer the temperatures rarely range above 25 °C (77 °F) or dip in winter below −5 °C (23 °F).<a href="#cite_note-369">[368]</a><a href="#cite_note-370">[369]</a> The maritime influence, also ensures that the city gets significant precipitation. On 157 days in an average year, rainfall is greater than 1 mm. Average annual rainfall is 846 millimetres (33.3 in),<a href="#cite_note-Belfast_Weather2-371">[370]</a> less than areas of northern England or most of <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Met_Office2-372">[371]</a> but higher than <a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a> or the south-east coast of Ireland.<a href="#cite_note-373">[372]</a> With its moderate temperatures and abundant <a href="/wiki/Rainfall" class="mw-redirect" title="Rainfall">rainfall</a>, Belfast's climate is defined as a <a href="/wiki/Temperate" class="mw-redirect" title="Temperate">temperate</a> <a href="/wiki/Oceanic_climate" title="Oceanic climate">oceanic climate</a> (Cfb in the <a href="/wiki/K%C3%B6ppen_climate_classification" title="Köppen climate classification">Köppen climate classification</a> system), a classification it shares with most of northwest Europe.<a href="#cite_note-374">[373]</a> <div> <table class="wikitable mw-collapsible mw-collapsed" style="width:auto; text-align:center; line-height:1.2em;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="14">Climate data for Belfast (Newforge),<a href="#cite_note-375">[b]</a> elevation: 40 m (131 ft), 1991–2020 normals, extremes 1982–present </th></tr> <tr> <th scope="row">Month </th> <th scope="col">Jan </th> <th scope="col">Feb </th> <th scope="col">Mar </th> <th scope="col">Apr </th> <th scope="col">May </th> <th scope="col">Jun </th> <th scope="col">Jul </th> <th scope="col">Aug </th> <th scope="col">Sep </th> <th scope="col">Oct </th> <th scope="col">Nov </th> <th scope="col">Dec </th> <th scope="col" style="border-left-width:medium">Year </th></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record high °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFB66E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.0 (59.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFAC5A; color:#000000;" class="notheme">16.4 (61.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF850C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">22.1 (71.8) </td> <td style="background: #FF6E00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">25.4 (77.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF5800; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.6 (83.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF5C00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">28.1 (82.6) </td> <td style="background: #FF7A00; color:#000000;" class="notheme">23.7 (74.7) </td> <td style="background: #FF9022; color:#000000;" class="notheme">20.5 (68.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA851; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.1 (62.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFB56B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.2 (59.4) </td> <td style="background: #FF4D00; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">30.2 (86.4) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily maximum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFE5CC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.2 (46.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD5AC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.5 (50.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFC58C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">12.8 (55.0) </td> <td style="background: #FFB164; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.7 (60.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFA74F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.2 (63.0) </td> <td style="background: #FF962D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.7 (67.5) </td> <td style="background: #FF9831; color:#000000;" class="notheme">19.4 (66.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFA64E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">17.3 (63.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBE7E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.8 (56.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFD4A9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.7 (51.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFE4C9; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.4 (47.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFBF80; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">13.7 (56.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Daily mean °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #FFFAF5; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.2 (41.4) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.5 (41.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFEFDF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.8 (44.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFE1C3; color:#000000;" class="notheme">8.8 (47.8) </td> <td style="background: #FFCF9F; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 (52.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFBD7C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">14.0 (57.2) </td> <td style="background: #FFB266; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.6 (60.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFB368; color:#000000;" class="notheme">15.4 (59.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFC082; color:#000000;" class="notheme">13.5 (56.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFD6AD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">10.4 (50.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFEBD7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.4 (45.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFF8F2; color:#000000;" class="notheme">5.4 (41.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFD9B4; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">9.9 (49.8) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean daily minimum °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.2 (36.0) </td> <td style="background: #F2F2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.1 (35.8) </td> <td style="background: #F7F7FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">3.1 (37.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFFDFC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.7 (40.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFEDDC; color:#000000;" class="notheme">7.0 (44.6) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB7; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.7 (49.5) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 (52.9) </td> <td style="background: #FFCE9E; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 (52.7) </td> <td style="background: #FFDBB8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">9.6 (49.3) </td> <td style="background: #FFEEDD; color:#000000;" class="notheme">6.9 (44.4) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F3F3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.3 (36.1) </td> <td style="background: #FFF2E6; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">6.3 (43.3) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Record low °C (°F) </th> <td style="background: #B0B0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−10.1 (13.8) </td> <td style="background: #C0C0FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.1 (19.2) </td> <td style="background: #C3C3FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−6.5 (20.3) </td> <td style="background: #D2D2FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.8 (25.2) </td> <td style="background: #D8D8FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−2.6 (27.3) </td> <td style="background: #EDEDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">1.3 (34.3) </td> <td style="background: #FDFDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">4.2 (39.6) </td> <td style="background: #F4F4FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">2.5 (36.5) </td> <td style="background: #EBEBFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">0.8 (33.4) </td> <td style="background: #D6D6FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−3.0 (26.6) </td> <td style="background: #BDBDFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−7.6 (18.3) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td> <td style="background: #9D9DFF; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">−13.5 (7.7) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average <a href="/wiki/Precipitation" title="Precipitation">precipitation</a> mm (inches) </th> <td style="background: #7BFF7B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">88.5 (3.48) </td> <td style="background: #8CFF8C; color:#000000;" class="notheme">70.3 (2.77) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">71.4 (2.81) </td> <td style="background: #A1FFA1; color:#000000;" class="notheme">60.4 (2.38) </td> <td style="background: #A6FFA6; color:#000000;" class="notheme">59.6 (2.35) </td> <td style="background: #94FF94; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.0 (2.72) </td> <td style="background: #91FF91; color:#000000;" class="notheme">73.6 (2.90) </td> <td style="background: #80FF80; color:#000000;" class="notheme">85.0 (3.35) </td> <td style="background: #93FF93; color:#000000;" class="notheme">69.6 (2.74) </td> <td style="background: #70FF70; color:#000000;" class="notheme">95.8 (3.77) </td> <td style="background: #61FF61; color:#000000;" class="notheme">102.3 (4.03) </td> <td style="background: #73FF73; color:#000000;" class="notheme">93.3 (3.67) </td> <td style="background: #88FF88; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">938.7 (36.96) </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Average precipitation days (≥ 1.0 mm) </th> <td style="background: #4D4DFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.4 </td> <td style="background: #5353FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.7 </td> <td style="background: #6363FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">12.6 </td> <td style="background: #6E6EFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.3 </td> <td style="background: #7171FF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.5 </td> <td style="background: #6D6DFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.4 </td> <td style="background: #5E5EFF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.0 </td> <td style="background: #5858FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.5 </td> <td style="background: #6B6BFF; color:#000000;" class="notheme">11.6 </td> <td style="background: #5454FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">13.8 </td> <td style="background: #3939FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">15.5 </td> <td style="background: #4848FF; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">14.8 </td> <td style="background: #5B5BFF; color:#FFFFFF; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">156.2 </td></tr> <tr style="text-align: center;"> <th scope="row" style="height: 16px;">Mean monthly <a href="/wiki/Sunshine_duration" title="Sunshine duration">sunshine hours</a> </th> <td style="background: #494949; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">40.1 </td> <td style="background: #828282; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">65.2 </td> <td style="background: #ACAC9D; color:#000000;" class="notheme">97.7 </td> <td style="background: #C9C900; color:#000000;" class="notheme">157.1 </td> <td style="background: #D4D400; color:#000000;" class="notheme">185.1 </td> <td style="background: #C6C600; color:#000000;" class="notheme">151.1 </td> <td style="background: #C2C217; color:#000000;" class="notheme">146.3 </td> <td style="background: #C0C023; color:#000000;" class="notheme">141.9 </td> <td style="background: #B4B46B; color:#000000;" class="notheme">112.0 </td> <td style="background: #A8A8A8; color:#000000;" class="notheme">92.4 </td> <td style="background: #636363; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">52.9 </td> <td style="background: #404040; color:#FFFFFF;" class="notheme">35.3 </td> <td style="background: #B1B17F; color:#000000; border-left-width:medium" class="notheme">1,277 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 1: <a href="/wiki/Met_Office" title="Met Office">Met Office</a><a href="#cite_note-376">[374]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="14" style="text-align:center;font-size:95%;">Source 2: Starlings Roost Weather<a href="#cite_note-377">[375]</a><a href="#cite_note-378">[376]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="In_fiction">In fiction</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: In fiction">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St._John_Greer_Ervine" title="St. John Greer Ervine">John Greer Ervine</a>, The Wayward Man (1927)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/F._L._Green" title="F. L. Green">F. L. Green</a>, Odd Man Out (1945), basis of <a href="/wiki/Odd_Man_Out" title="Odd Man Out">Odd Man Out</a>, a 1947 British <a href="/wiki/Film_noir" title="Film noir">film noir</a> directed by <a href="/wiki/Carol_Reed" title="Carol Reed">Carol Reed</a>, and starring <a href="/wiki/James_Mason" title="James Mason">James Mason</a>, <a href="/wiki/Robert_Newton" title="Robert Newton">Robert Newton</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(novelist)" title="Brian Moore (novelist)">Brian Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_Ice-Cream_(novel)" title="The Emperor of Ice-Cream (novel)">The Emperor of Ice Cream</a> (1965).</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maurice_Leitch" title="Maurice Leitch">Maurice Leitch</a>, <a href="/wiki/Silver%27s_City_(novel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver's City (novel)">Silver's City</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_MacLaverty" title="Bernard MacLaverty">Bernard MacLaverty</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cal_(novel)" title="Cal (novel)">Cal</a> (1983)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_McLiam_Wilson" title="Robert McLiam Wilson">Robert McLiam Wilson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eureka_Street_(novel)" title="Eureka Street (novel)">Eureka Street</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucy_Caldwell" title="Lucy Caldwell">Lucy Caldwell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Where_They_Were_Missed" title="Where They Were Missed">Where They Were Missed</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anna_Burns" title="Anna Burns">Anna Burns</a>, <a href="/wiki/Milkman_(novel)" title="Milkman (novel)">Milkman</a> (2018)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Louise_Kennedy_(writer)" title="Louise Kennedy (writer)">Louise Kennedy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trespasses_(novel)" title="Trespasses (novel)">Trespasses</a> (2022)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Magee_(writer)" title="Michael Magee (writer)">Michael Magee</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/books/2023/apr/21/close-to-home-by-michael-magee-review-belfast-struggles">Close to Home</a> (2023)</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Belfast" title="List of people from Belfast">List of people from Belfast</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col div-col-rules" style="column-width: 30em;column-gap: 2em;"> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Georgian_Belfast">Georgian Belfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Georgian Belfast">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Bunting" title="Edward Bunting">Edward Bunting</a> (1773–1843), Irish folklorist, organiser of the 1792 <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Harp_Festival" title="Belfast Harp Festival">Belfast Harp Festival</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Henry_Cooke_(minister)" title="Henry Cooke (minister)">Henry Cooke</a> (1788–1868), <a href="/wiki/List_of_Moderators_of_the_Presbyterian_Church_in_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Moderators of the Presbyterian Church in Ireland">Presbyterian Moderator</a>, evangelist, proponent of "Protestant unity", commemorated in Cooke Memorial Church, May Street, and by the "Black Man" statue in College Square East</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waddell_Cunningham" title="Waddell Cunningham">Waddell Cunningham</a> (1729–1797) Trans-Atlantic trader, <a href="/wiki/West_Indies" title="West Indies">West-Indian slaveholder</a>, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Volunteers_(18th_century)" title="Irish Volunteers (18th century)">Irish Volunteer</a>, liberal patron</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Drennan" title="William Drennan">William Drennan</a> (1754–1820), <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishman</a>, founder of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution">Royal Belfast Academical Institution</a> (RBAI)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mary_Ann_McCracken" title="Mary Ann McCracken">Mary Ann McCracken</a> (1766–1866) <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishwoman</a>, social activist, <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism" title="Abolitionism">abolitionist</a>, sister of <a href="/wiki/Henry_Joy_McCracken" title="Henry Joy McCracken">Henry Joy McCracken</a> hanged 1798, statue at City Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_MacDonnell_(physician)" title="James MacDonnell (physician)">James MacDonnell</a> (1763–1845), physician, <a href="/wiki/Polymath" title="Polymath">polymath</a> patron of institutions since developed as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Victoria_Hospital,_Belfast" title="Royal Victoria Hospital, Belfast">Royal Victoria Hospital</a>, <a href="/wiki/Royal_Belfast_Academical_Institution" title="Royal Belfast Academical Institution">RBAI</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Linen_Hall_Library" title="Linen Hall Library">Linen Hall Library</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Martha_McTier" title="Martha McTier">Martha McTier</a> (1742–1837), <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishwoman</a>, advocate for women's health and education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Manson_(schoolmaster)" title="David Manson (schoolmaster)">David Manson</a>, (1726–1792), schoolmaster, pioneer of play and peer tutoring. Freedom of the Borough 1779</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samuel_Neilson" title="Samuel Neilson">Samuel Neilson</a> (1761–1803) woollen merchant, publisher of the <a href="/wiki/Northern_Star_(newspaper_of_the_Society_of_United_Irishmen)" title="Northern Star (newspaper of the Society of United Irishmen)">Northern Star</a>, <a href="/wiki/Society_of_United_Irishmen" title="Society of United Irishmen">United Irishman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Templeton_(Botanist)" class="mw-redirect" title="John Templeton (Botanist)">John Templeton</a> (1766–1825), "Father of Irish Botany", patron of the town's scientific and literary societies</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Victorian_Belfast">Victorian Belfast</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Victorian Belfast">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Andrews" title="Thomas Andrews">Thomas Andrews</a> (1873–1912, chief naval architect at Harland & Wolff, went down with <a href="/wiki/RMS_Titanic" class="mw-redirect" title="RMS Titanic">RMS Titanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Biggar" title="Joseph Biggar">Joseph Biggar</a> (1828–1890),<a href="/wiki/Obstructionism" title="Obstructionism">"obstructionist"</a> <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_(United_Kingdom)" title="Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)">MP</a>, women's suffragist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_Byers" title="Margaret Byers">Margaret Byers</a> (1832–1912), educator, activist, social reformer, missionary, founder of <a href="/wiki/Victoria_College,_Belfast" title="Victoria College, Belfast">Victoria College</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hugh_Hanna" title="Hugh Hanna">Hugh "Roaring" Hanna</a> (1821–1892), Protestant evangelist associated with sectarian riot, commemorated, until targeted and destroyed in <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Troubles" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Troubles">the Troubles</a>, by his statue and church at Carlisle Circus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Harland" title="Edward Harland">Edward Harland</a> (1831–1895) and <a href="/wiki/Gustav_Wilhelm_Wolff" title="Gustav Wilhelm Wolff">Gustave Wolff</a> (1834–1913), partners in the <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">world's largest shipyard</a>. Statue at City Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bernard_Hughes" title="Bernard Hughes">Bernard "Barney" Hughes</a> (1808–1878), Ireland's largest miller and baker (producer of the <a href="/wiki/Belfast_bap" title="Belfast bap">Belfast bap</a>), first elected Catholic town councillor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Otto_Jaffe" title="Otto Jaffe">Otto Jaffe</a> (1846–1929), business, and Jewish community, leader, twice <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Mayor of Belfast">Mayor of Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_(Irish_politician)" title="William Johnston (Irish politician)">William Johnston</a> (1829–1902), Orangeman celebrated for breaking the <a href="/wiki/Party_Processions_Act_1850" title="Party Processions Act 1850">Party Processions Act</a>, Belfast MP, women's suffragist</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Richard_Rutledge_Kane_(senior)" title="Richard Rutledge Kane (senior)">Richard Rutledge Kane</a> (1841–1898), <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order" title="Orange Order">Orange Order</a> Grand Master, patron of the first Belfast branch of the <a href="/wiki/Gaelic_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Gaelic League">Gaelic League</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_Lanyon" title="Charles Lanyon">Charles Lanyon</a> (1813–1889), architect of main ("Lanyon") building of <a href="/wiki/Queens_University,_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Queens University, Belfast">Queens University</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)" title="Botanic Gardens (Belfast)">Palm House, Botanic Gardens</a>, <a href="/wiki/Linenhall_Library" class="mw-redirect" title="Linenhall Library">Linenhall Library</a>, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Castle" title="Belfast Castle">Belfast Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/HM_Prison_Belfast" title="HM Prison Belfast">Crumlin Road Goal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Crumlin_Road_Courthouse" title="Crumlin Road Courthouse">Courthouse</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Robert_Shipboy_MacAdam" title="Robert Shipboy MacAdam">Robert Shipboy MacAdam</a> (1808–1895) Irish folklorist and linguist, honoured with <a href="/wiki/Tom%C3%A1s_%C3%93_Fiaich" title="Tomás Ó Fiaich">Cardinal Ó Fiaich</a> in <a href="/wiki/Cult%C3%BArlann_McAdam_%C3%93_Fiaich" title="Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich">Cultúrlann McAdam Ó Fiaich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Mulholland,_1st_Baron_Dunleath" title="John Mulholland, 1st Baron Dunleath">John Mulholland</a> (1819–1895), established the world's largest flax-spinning operation, York Street Mill; MP</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pirrie,_1st_Viscount_Pirrie" title="William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie">William Pirrie</a> (1847–1924) Chairman of <a href="/wiki/Harland_%26_Wolff" title="Harland & Wolff">Harland & Wolff</a>, Mayor of Belfast; Freedom of the city, 1898. Statue at City Hall.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Thomson,_1st_Baron_Kelvin" class="mw-redirect" title="William Thomson, 1st Baron Kelvin">William Thomson, Lord Kelvin</a> (1824–1907), physicist renowned for his work on mechanical energy and heat; memorial statue stands before the <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Museum" title="Ulster Museum">Ulster Museum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Isabella_Tod" title="Isabella Tod">Isabella Tod</a> (1836–1896) suffragist, with <a href="/wiki/William_Johnston_(Irish_politician)" title="William Johnston (Irish politician)">William Johnston</a> secured the municipal vote for women, 1888</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Early_20th_century">Early 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Early 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Winifred_Carney" title="Winifred Carney">Winifred Carney</a> (1887–1943), <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_suffrage" title="Women's suffrage">suffragist</a>, <a href="/wiki/Easter_Rising" title="Easter Rising">rebel 1916</a>, labour activist, statue at City Hall</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thomas_Carnduff" title="Thomas Carnduff">Thomas Carnduff</a> (1886–1956), shipyard poet, playwright, trade unionist, <a href="/wiki/Independent_Orange_Order" class="mw-redirect" title="Independent Orange Order">Independent Orangeman</a>.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_Carson" title="Edward Carson">Edward Carson</a> (1854–1935), leader of <a href="/wiki/Unionism_in_Ireland" title="Unionism in Ireland">Ulster Unionism</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Home_Rule_Crisis" title="Home Rule Crisis">Home Rule Crisis</a>; memorial statue stands before <a href="/wiki/Parliament_Buildings_(Northern_Ireland)" title="Parliament Buildings (Northern Ireland)">Parliament Buildings at Stormont</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Conor" title="William Conor">William Conor</a> <a href="/wiki/Order_of_the_British_Empire" title="Order of the British Empire">OBE</a> (1881–1968), painter renowned for his sympathetic portrayals of working-class life</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Conway_(cardinal)" title="William Conway (cardinal)">William Conway</a> (1913–1977), <a href="/wiki/Cardinal_(Catholic_Church)" title="Cardinal (Catholic Church)">Cardinal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Roman_Catholic_Archdiocese_of_Armagh" title="Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Armagh">All--Ireland Primate</a>, co-founder of <a href="/wiki/Tr%C3%B3caire" title="Trócaire">Trócaire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/James_Craig,_1st_Viscount_Craigavon" title="James Craig, 1st Viscount Craigavon">James Craig</a> (1871–1940), <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist</a>, first <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Prime Minister of Northern Ireland">Prime Minister of Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Devlin" title="Joseph Devlin">Joseph Devlin</a> (1871–1934), journalist, <a href="/wiki/Irish_Parliamentary_Party" title="Irish Parliamentary Party">Irish nationalist</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Westminster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Parliament of Northern Ireland">Stormont</a> MP, President of the <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Order_of_Hibernians" title="Ancient Order of Hibernians">Ancient Order of Hibernians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Ferguson" title="Harry Ferguson">Harry Ferguson</a> (1884–1960) developer of the modern agricultural tractor, first person in Ireland to build and fly an aeroplane</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a> (1907–1987), poet ("The Bloody Brae"). Freedom of the City 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/C._S._Lewis" title="C. S. Lewis">C. S. Lewis</a> (1898–1963), writer and <a href="/wiki/Anglicanism" title="Anglicanism">Anglican</a> <a href="/wiki/Lay_theologian" title="Lay theologian">lay theologian</a>; honoured as author of <a href="/wiki/The_Chronicles_of_Narnia" title="The Chronicles of Narnia">The Chronicles of Narnia</a> in C. S. Lewis Square, East Belfast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Margaret_McCoubrey" title="Margaret McCoubrey">Margaret McCoubrey</a> (1880–1955) militant <a href="/wiki/Women%27s_Social_and_Political_Union" title="Women's Social and Political Union">WPSU</a> suffragette, peace campaigner, <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Labour_Party" title="Belfast Labour Party">Labour</a> City Councillor</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harry_Midgley" title="Harry Midgley">Harry Midgley</a> (1893–1957), labour union and <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Labour_Party" title="Northern Ireland Labour Party">party</a> organiser, post-war <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Unionist</a> Minister for Education</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Alexander_Robinson" title="Alexander Robinson">Alexander "Buck Alec" Robinson</a> (1901–1995), docklands streetfighter and loyalist gunman. Kept lions in his <a href="/wiki/Sailortown_(Belfast)" title="Sailortown (Belfast)">Sailortown</a> home</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Betty_Sinclair" title="Betty Sinclair">Betty Sinclair</a> (1910–1981), <a href="/wiki/Communist_Party_of_Ireland" title="Communist Party of Ireland">Communist party</a> activist, 1932 Outdoor Relief protest, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Civil_Rights_Association" title="Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association">Northern Ireland Civil Rights Association</a> chair</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joseph_Tomelty" title="Joseph Tomelty">Joseph Tomelty</a> (1911–1995), stage and screen (<a href="/wiki/Odd_Man_Out" title="Odd Man Out">Odd Man Out</a>) actor, writer and broadcaster</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Walker_(trade_unionist)" title="William Walker (trade unionist)">William Walker</a> (1871–1918), unionist labour organiser and vice-chair of the <a href="/wiki/Labour_Party_(UK)" title="Labour Party (UK)">British Labour Party</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ernest_Walton" title="Ernest Walton">Ernest Walton</a> (1903–95), with <a href="/wiki/John_Cockcroft" title="John Cockcroft">John Cockcroft</a> Nobel Prize for splitting the atom</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Late_20th_century">Late 20th century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Late 20th century">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Adams" title="Gerry Adams">Gerry Adams</a> (born 1948), reputed republican paramilitary (<a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">PIRA</a>) leader, president of <a href="/wiki/Sinn_F%C3%A9in" title="Sinn Féin">Sinn Féin</a>; MP Belfast West. rtd.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derek_Bell_(musician)" title="Derek Bell (musician)">Derek Bell</a> (1935–2002), harpist, musicologist and composer, <a href="/wiki/The_Chieftains" title="The Chieftains">The Chieftains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Best" title="George Best">George Best</a> (1946–2005), football international, iconic sports figure, <a href="/wiki/George_Best_Belfast_City_Airport" title="George Best Belfast City Airport">City Airport</a> named in his honour</li> <li><a href="/wiki/May_Blood,_Baroness_Blood" title="May Blood, Baroness Blood">May Blood</a> (1938–2022), <a href="/wiki/Union_representative" title="Union representative">shop steward</a> in one of the city's last linen mills, community worker, co-founder <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Women%27s_Coalition" title="Northern Ireland Women's Coalition">Northern Ireland Women's Coalition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ciaran_Carson" title="Ciaran Carson">Ciaran Carson</a> (1948–2019), writer, poet (<a href="/wiki/Belfast_Confetti_(poem)" title="Belfast Confetti (poem)">Belfast Confetti</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Cassidy_(jazz_musician)" title="George Cassidy (jazz musician)">George Cassidy</a> (1936–2023), jazz musician and music teacher</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mairead_Maguire" title="Mairead Maguire">Mairéad Corrigan</a> (born 1944), with <a href="/wiki/Betty_Williams" title="Betty Williams">Betty Williams</a> awarded the 1976 <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a>, as co-founder of Women for Peace / the Peace People, critic of US and UK foreign policy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Ervine" title="David Ervine">David Ervine</a> (1953–2007), loyalist paramilitary (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Volunteer_Force" title="Ulster Volunteer Force">UVF</a>) veteran, leader of the pro-<a href="/wiki/Good_Friday_Agreement" title="Good Friday Agreement">Agreement</a> <a href="/wiki/Progressive_Unionist_Party" title="Progressive Unionist Party">Progressive Unionist Party</a>; MLA</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gerry_Fitt" title="Gerry Fitt">Gerry Fitt</a> (1926–2005), <a href="/wiki/Republican_Labour_Party" title="Republican Labour Party">Republican Labour</a>/<a href="/wiki/Social_Democratic_and_Labour_Party" title="Social Democratic and Labour Party">SDLP</a> MP. Deputy Chief of the first NI <a href="/wiki/Power-sharing" class="mw-redirect" title="Power-sharing">power-sharing</a> <a href="/wiki/Executive_of_the_1974_Northern_Ireland_Assembly" title="Executive of the 1974 Northern Ireland Assembly">executive, 1974</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Hammond_(broadcaster)" title="David Hammond (broadcaster)">David Hammond</a> (1928–2008), teacher, singer, broadcaster, and film-maker who documented the culture of the city's shipyards and streets</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terri_Hooley" title="Terri Hooley">Terri Hooley</a> (born 1948), key figure in the Belfast punk scene, celebrated in the 2013 biopic <a href="/wiki/Good_Vibrations_(film)" title="Good Vibrations (film)">Good Vibrations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Keenan_(Irish_republican)" title="Brian Keenan (Irish republican)">Brian Keenan</a> (1942–2008), directed <a href="/wiki/Provisional_Irish_Republican_Army" title="Provisional Irish Republican Army">PIRA</a> bombing in the city, interlocutor for <a href="/wiki/Decommissioning_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Decommissioning in Northern Ireland">arms decommissioning</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helen_Lewis_(choreographer)" title="Helen Lewis (choreographer)">Helen Lewis</a> (née Katz; 1916–2009), <a href="/wiki/Holocaust" class="mw-redirect" title="Holocaust">Holocaust</a> survivor, teacher and choreographer, pioneer in Northern Ireland of modern dance</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(novelist)" title="Brian Moore (novelist)">Brian Moore</a> (1921–1999), novelist (<a href="/wiki/Judith_Hearne" title="Judith Hearne">The Lonely Passion of Judith Hearne</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Emperor_of_Ice-Cream_(novel)" title="The Emperor of Ice-Cream (novel)">The Emperor of Ice Cream</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Van_Morrison" title="Van Morrison">Van Morrison</a> (born 1945), singer-songwriter and musician</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ian_Paisley" title="Ian Paisley">Ian Paisley</a> (1926–2014), Protestant evangelist (<a href="/wiki/Free_Presbyterian_Church_of_Ulster" title="Free Presbyterian Church of Ulster">Martyrs Memorial Church, Belfast</a>), founder of the <a href="/wiki/Democratic_Unionist_Party" title="Democratic Unionist Party">DUP</a>, <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister of Northern Ireland">NI First Minister</a></li> <li>Fr <a href="/wiki/Alec_Reid" title="Alec Reid">Alec Reid</a> (1931–2013), Catholic priest, mediator in the <a href="/wiki/Hume%E2%80%93Adams_dialogue" title="Hume–Adams dialogue">Hume–Adams talks</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">Northern Ireland peace process</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/David_Trimble,_Baron_Trimble" class="mw-redirect" title="David Trimble, Baron Trimble">David Trimble</a> (1944–2022), <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Unionist_Party" title="Ulster Unionist Party">Ulster Unionist</a> leader, <a href="/wiki/Nobel_Peace_Prize" title="Nobel Peace Prize">Nobel Peace Prize</a> laureate, <a href="/wiki/First_Minister_of_Northern_Ireland" class="mw-redirect" title="First Minister of Northern Ireland">NI First Minister</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andy_Tyrie" title="Andy Tyrie">Andy Tyrie</a> (born 1940), loyalist paramilitary (<a href="/wiki/Ulster_Defence_Association" title="Ulster Defence Association">UDA</a>) leader (rtd), <a href="/wiki/Ulster_Workers%27_Council_strike" title="Ulster Workers' Council strike">Ulster Workers' Council strike</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_peace_process" title="Northern Ireland peace process">NI peace process</a> advocate</li> <li>Fr. <a href="/wiki/Des_Wilson_(Irish_Catholic_priest)" title="Des Wilson (Irish Catholic priest)">Des Wilson</a> (1925–2019), <a href="/wiki/Liberation_theology" title="Liberation theology">dissident Catholic priest</a>, west Belfast community activist, republican-loyalist mediator</li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Twin_towns_–_sister_cities">Twin towns – sister cities</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Twin towns – sister cities">edit</a>]</div> Belfast City Council takes part in the <a href="/wiki/Twin_towns_and_sister_cities" class="mw-redirect" title="Twin towns and sister cities">twinning scheme</a>,<a href="#cite_note-2014_cities-379">[377]</a> and is twinned with the following sister cities: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Nashville" class="mw-redirect" title="Nashville">Nashville</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tennessee" title="Tennessee">Tennessee</a>, United States (since 1994)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hefei" title="Hefei">Hefei</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anhui" title="Anhui">Anhui</a> Province, China (since 2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Boston" title="Boston">Boston</a>, <a href="/wiki/Massachusetts" title="Massachusetts">Massachusetts</a>, United States (since 2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shenyang" title="Shenyang">Shenyang</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liaoning" title="Liaoning">Liaoning</a> Province, China (since 2016)<a href="#cite_note-380">[378]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Melbourne" title="Melbourne">Melbourne</a>, <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(state)" title="Victoria (state)">Victoria</a>, Australia</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Freedom_of_the_City">Freedom of the City</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Freedom of the City">edit</a>]</div> Those who have received the <a href="/wiki/Freedom_of_the_City" title="Freedom of the City">Freedom of the City</a><a href="#cite_note-:10-381">[379]</a> <ul><li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Branagh" title="Kenneth Branagh">Kenneth Branagh</a>: 30 January 2018.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andrew_Carnegie" title="Andrew Carnegie">Andrew Carnegie</a>: 28 September 1910.</li> <li>Sir <a href="/wiki/Winston_Churchill" title="Winston Churchill">Winston Churchill</a>: 16 December 1955.<a href="#cite_note-382">[380]</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bill_Clinton" title="Bill Clinton">Bill Clinton</a>, 9 April 2018</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Robert_Hart,_1st_Baronet" title="Sir Robert Hart, 1st Baronet">Sir Robert Hart</a>, 1 July 1908</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Hewitt_(poet)" title="John Hewitt (poet)">John Hewitt</a>: 26 May 1983</li> <li><a href="/wiki/John_Jordan_(diplomat)" title="John Jordan (diplomat)">Sir John Jordan</a>: 28 September 1910.</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Michael_Longley" title="Michael Longley">Michael Longley</a>: 23 March 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_J._Mitchell" title="George J. Mitchell">George J. Mitchell</a>, 9 April 2018</li> <li>Nurses of Belfast, 1 December 2015</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Ulster_Constabulary" title="Royal Ulster Constabulary">Royal Ulster Constabulary</a> and Reserve: 30 May 1980</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William_Pirrie,_1st_Viscount_Pirrie" title="William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie">William Pirrie, 1st Viscount Pirrie</a>: 1898, the first person to be awarded Freedom Of The City of Belfast.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-3"><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-fɑːst/</a> for speakers with the <a href="/wiki/Trap-bath_split" class="mw-redirect" title="Trap-bath split">Trap-bath split</a>, <a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/-fæst/</a> for speakers without it </li> <li id="cite_note-375"><a href="#cite_ref-375">^</a> Weather station is located 2.5 miles (4.0 km) from the Belfast city centre. </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Council_leadership-1"><a href="#cite_ref-Council_leadership_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/council">"Council"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 7 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fcouncil&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-popstats-2">^ <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_2-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_2-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-popstats_2-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ons.gov.uk/file?uri=/peoplepopulationandcommunity/populationandmigration/populationestimates/datasets/populationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland/mid2022/mye22final.xlsx">"Mid-Year Population Estimates, UK, June 2022"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Office_for_National_Statistics" title="Office for National Statistics">Office for National Statistics</a>. 26 March 2024. Retrieved 3 May 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Office+for+National+Statistics&rft.atitle=Mid-Year+Population+Estimates%2C+UK%2C+June+2022&rft.date=2024-03-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ons.gov.uk%2Ffile%3Furi%3D%2Fpeoplepopulationandcommunity%2Fpopulationandmigration%2Fpopulationestimates%2Fdatasets%2Fpopulationestimatesforukenglandandwalesscotlandandnorthernireland%2Fmid2022%2Fmye22final.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcKay2007" class="citation book cs1">McKay, Patrick (2007). A Dictionary of Ulster Place-Names (2nd ed.). Belfast: Cló Ollscoil na Banríona / Queen's University Press. p. 21. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85389-896-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85389-896-2"><bdi>978-0-85389-896-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=A+Dictionary+of+Ulster+Place-Names&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=21&rft.edition=2nd&rft.pub=Cl%C3%B3+Ollscoil+na+Banr%C3%ADona+%2F+Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-85389-896-2&rft.aulast=McKay&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Logainm-5">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Logainm_5-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Logainm_5-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.logainm.ie/118005.aspx">"Placenames Database of Ireland – Belfast: view the scanned records"</a>. Logainm.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20130702093937/http://www.logainm.ie/118005.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 2 July 2013. Retrieved 25 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Placenames+Database+of+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Belfast%3A+view+the+scanned+records&rft.pub=Logainm.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.logainm.ie%2F118005.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:17-6"><a href="#cite_ref-:17_6-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://worldpopulationreview.com/world-cities/belfast-population">"Belfast Population 2024"</a>. worldpopulationreview.com. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=worldpopulationreview.com&rft.atitle=Belfast+Population+2024&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fworldpopulationreview.com%2Fworld-cities%2Fbelfast-population&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><a href="#cite_ref-7">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHogan1910" class="citation book cs1">Hogan, Edmund (1910). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://publish.ucc.ie/doi/locus/B">Onomasticon Goedelicum</a>. Dublin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110717183101/http://publish.ucc.ie/doi/locus/B">Archived</a> from the original on 17 July 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Onomasticon+Goedelicum&rft.place=Dublin&rft.date=1910&rft.aulast=Hogan&rft.aufirst=Edmund&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fpublish.ucc.ie%2Fdoi%2Flocus%2FB&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfast_name-8"><a href="#cite_ref-Belfast_name_8-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/1belfast.shtml">"Placenames/Logainmneacha – Belfast"</a>. BBC Northern Ireland – Education. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115045404/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/irish/blas/education/beginnersblas/1belfast.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 17 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Education&rft.atitle=Placenames%2FLogainmneacha+%E2%80%93+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Firish%2Fblas%2Feducation%2Fbeginnersblas%2F1belfast.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-townbook-1892-9"><a href="#cite_ref-townbook-1892_9-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFYoung1892" class="citation book cs1">Young, Robert M., ed. (1892). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/townbookofcorpor00belf#page/n5/mode/2up">The Town Book of the Corporation of Belfast</a>. Belfast: Marcus Ward. Retrieved 16 August 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Town+Book+of+the+Corporation+of+Belfast&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Marcus+Ward&rft.date=1892&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Ftownbookofcorpor00belf%23page%2Fn5%2Fmode%2F2up&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:22-10">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:22_10-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFÓ_Baoill2011" class="citation book cs1">Ó Baoill, Ruairí (2011). Hidden History Below Our Feet: The Archaeological Story of Belfast. Belfast: Tandem Design, Northern Ireland Environment Agency. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9569671-0-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9569671-0-7"><bdi>978-0-9569671-0-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+History+Below+Our+Feet%3A+The+Archaeological+Story+of+Belfast&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Tandem+Design%2C+Northern+Ireland+Environment+Agency&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-9569671-0-7&rft.aulast=%C3%93+Baoill&rft.aufirst=Ruair%C3%AD&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><a href="#cite_ref-11">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227120523/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/annual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf">"North-South Ministerial Council: 2010 Annual Report in Ulster Scots"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/annual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 27 February 2013. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-South+Ministerial+Council%3A+2010+Annual+Report+in+Ulster+Scots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northsouthministerialcouncil.org%2Fannual_report_2010_ulster_scots.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><a href="#cite_ref-12">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401014648/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/ulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf">"North-South Ministerial Council: 2009 Annual Report in Ulster Scots"</a> (PDF). Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/ulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 2 August 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North-South+Ministerial+Council%3A+2009+Annual+Report+in+Ulster+Scots&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.northsouthministerialcouncil.org%2Fulster_scots_nsmc_2009_annual_report-3.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><a href="#cite_ref-13">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130225140201/https://www.linenhall.com/pages/irish-and-reference">"Ulster Scots Language & Dialects of Ulster"</a>. The Linen Hall Library. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linenhall.com/pages/irish-and-reference">the original</a> on 25 February 2013. Retrieved 3 March 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Ulster+Scots+Language+%26+Dialects+of+Ulster&rft.pub=The+Linen+Hall+Library&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linenhall.com%2Fpages%2Firish-and-reference&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-14"><a href="#cite_ref-14">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/web_2006_ulster_scots_report.pdf">2006 annual report in Ulster-Scots</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130227120556/http://www.northsouthministerialcouncil.org/web_2006_ulster_scots_report.pdf">Archived</a> 27 February 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> North/South Ministerial Council. </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/library/switherin-agen">BBC Ulster-Scots Library – Switherin agen</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120724110325/http://www.bbc.co.uk/ulsterscots/library/switherin-agen">Archived</a> 24 July 2012 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> Ullans Speakers Association. Retrieved 6 October 2011. </li> <li id="cite_note-16"><a href="#cite_ref-16">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180109091019/https://www.midulstercouncil.org/getmedia/b944e065-0b67-4eb7-bca7-09c694caf3f2/Final-EQIA-Equality-Impact-Assessment-in-Ulster-Scots_11.pdf?ext=.pdf">"Equality Impect Assessment o tha Draft Ullans Leid Policy"</a> (PDF). Mid Ulster District Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.midulstercouncil.org/getmedia/b944e065-0b67-4eb7-bca7-09c694caf3f2/Final-EQIA-Equality-Impact-Assessment-in-Ulster-Scots_11.pdf?ext=.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 January 2018. Retrieved 16 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Equality+Impect+Assessment+o+tha+Draft+Ullans+Leid+Policy&rft.pub=Mid+Ulster+District+Council&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.midulstercouncil.org%2Fgetmedia%2Fb944e065-0b67-4eb7-bca7-09c694caf3f2%2FFinal-EQIA-Equality-Impact-Assessment-in-Ulster-Scots_11.pdf%3Fext%3D.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/may/12/giants-ring-trail-belfast-walk">"A walk on the outskirts of Belfast: Giant's Ring Trail, Northern Ireland"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a>. 12 May 2012. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131030002902/http://www.theguardian.com/travel/2012/may/12/giants-ring-trail-belfast-walk">Archived</a> from the original on 30 October 2013. Retrieved 1 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=A+walk+on+the+outskirts+of+Belfast%3A+Giant%27s+Ring+Trail%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2012-05-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ftravel%2F2012%2Fmay%2F12%2Fgiants-ring-trail-belfast-walk&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-18"><a href="#cite_ref-18">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFReeves1847" class="citation book cs1">Reeves, Rev. William (1847). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/stream/ecclesiasticalan00reev#page/6/mode/2up/search/ford">Ecclesiastical antiquities of Down, Connor, and Dromore, consisting of a taxation of those dioceses, compiled in the year MCCCVI; with notes and illustrations</a>. Dublin: Hodges and Smith. p. 7. Retrieved 31 March 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ecclesiastical+antiquities+of+Down%2C+Connor%2C+and+Dromore%2C+consisting+of+a+taxation+of+those+dioceses%2C+compiled+in+the+year+MCCCVI%3B+with+notes+and+illustrations&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Hodges+and+Smith&rft.date=1847&rft.aulast=Reeves&rft.aufirst=Rev.+William&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fstream%2Fecclesiasticalan00reev%23page%2F6%2Fmode%2F2up%2Fsearch%2Fford&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:21-19">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:21_19-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:21_19-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire1993" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, W. A. (1993). Belfast. Keele University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85331-060-3" title="Special:BookSources/1-85331-060-3"><bdi>1-85331-060-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast&rft.pub=Keele+University+Press&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=1-85331-060-3&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=W.+A.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-20"><a href="#cite_ref-20">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/News/Allnews/2022/150yearsofhistoryandbeyond.html">"150 years of history and beyond"</a>. qub.ac.uk. 5 January 2022. Retrieved 7 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=150+years+of+history+and+beyond&rft.date=2022-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2FNews%2FAllnews%2F2022%2F150yearsofhistoryandbeyond.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-21"><a href="#cite_ref-21">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150402144113/http://greatershankillpartnership.org/shankill/history.html">"Shankill 455AD"</a>. Greater Shankill Partnership. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://greatershankillpartnership.org/shankill/history.html">the original</a> on 2 April 2015. Retrieved 22 December 2013.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Greater+Shankill+Partnership&rft.atitle=Shankill+455AD&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgreatershankillpartnership.org%2Fshankill%2Fhistory.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:162-22"><a href="#cite_ref-:162_22-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMacDonald2012" class="citation book cs1">MacDonald, Philip (2012). "The Medieval Settlement". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.). Belfast 400: People, Place and History. Liverpool. pp. 91–122. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7"><bdi>978-1-84631-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Medieval+Settlement&rft.btitle=Belfast+400%3A+People%2C+Place+and+History&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pages=91-122&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-635-7&rft.aulast=MacDonald&rft.aufirst=Philip&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-:202-23"><a href="#cite_ref-:202_23-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWilson1967" class="citation book cs1">Wilson, Basil C. S. (1967). "The Birth of Belfast". In Beckett, J. C.; Glasscock, R. E. (eds.). Belfast: The Origin and Growth of an Industrial City. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 14–25.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Birth+of+Belfast&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+The+Origin+and+Growth+of+an+Industrial+City&rft.place=London&rft.pages=14-25&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Wilson&rft.aufirst=Basil+C.+S.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-24"><a href="#cite_ref-24">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckett1983" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, J. C. (1983). Belfast: The Making of the City. Belfast: Appletree Press. p. 15. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7"><bdi>0-86281-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+The+Making+of+the+City&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=15&rft.pub=Appletree+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86281-100-7&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=J.+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-25"><a href="#cite_ref-25">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation journal cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30074456">"The Answer of John Milton to the Representation of the Presbytery of Belfast, Published at Page 95 of Our Last Number"</a>. The Belfast Monthly Magazine. 10 (56): (207–215) 215. 1813. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1758-1605">1758-1605</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30074456">30074456</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+Monthly+Magazine&rft.atitle=The+Answer+of+John+Milton+to+the+Representation+of+the+Presbytery+of+Belfast%2C+Published+at+Page+95+of+Our+Last+Number&rft.volume=10&rft.issue=56&rft.pages=%28207-215%29+215&rft.date=1813&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30074456%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=1758-1605&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30074456&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:16-26">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:16_26-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:16_26-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyMcIntosh2012" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, S. J.; McIntosh, Gillian (2012). "Imagining Belfast". In Connolly, S. J. (ed.). Belfast 400: People, Place and History. Liverpool: Liverpool University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7"><bdi>978-1-84631-635-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Imagining+Belfast&rft.btitle=Belfast+400%3A+People%2C+Place+and+History&rft.place=Liverpool&rft.pub=Liverpool+University+Press&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-635-7&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=S.+J.&rft.au=McIntosh%2C+Gillian&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2009" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, William (2009). Belfast: A History. Lancaster: Carnegie Publishing. p. 32. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781859361894" title="Special:BookSources/9781859361894"><bdi>9781859361894</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pages=32&rft.pub=Carnegie+Publishing&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=9781859361894&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a> Childs, John (2007). The Williamite Wars in Ireland. London: Hambledon Continuum, p. 150. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-573-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85285-573-4">978-1-85285-573-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orangeheritage.co.uk/king-william-in-ulster">"King William in Ulster | Museum of Orange Heritage"</a>. Museum. Retrieved 3 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum&rft.atitle=King+William+in+Ulster+%7C+Museum+of+Orange+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangeheritage.co.uk%2Fking-william-in-ulster&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-30"><a href="#cite_ref-30">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon2011" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathon Bardon (2011). The Plantation of Ulster. Dublin: Gill & Macmillan. p. 322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-4738-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7171-4738-0"><bdi>978-0-7171-4738-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Plantation+of+Ulster&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=322&rft.pub=Gill+%26+Macmillan&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-0-7171-4738-0&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathon+Bardon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-31"><a href="#cite_ref-31">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcMaster2011" class="citation web cs1">McMaster, Richard (2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.booksireland.org.uk/store/all-departments/scotch-irish-merchants-in-colonial-america-ebook">"Scotch-Irish Merchants in Colonial America: The Flaxseed Trade and Emigration from Ireland, 1718–1755"</a>. Ulster Historical Foundation. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210522182339/http://www.booksireland.org.uk/store/all-departments/scotch-irish-merchants-in-colonial-america-ebook">Archived</a> from the original on 22 May 2021. Retrieved 22 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Historical+Foundation&rft.atitle=Scotch-Irish+Merchants+in+Colonial+America%3A+The+Flaxseed+Trade+and+Emigration+from+Ireland%2C+1718%E2%80%931755&rft.date=2011&rft.aulast=McMaster&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.booksireland.org.uk%2Fstore%2Fall-departments%2Fscotch-irish-merchants-in-colonial-america-ebook&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Rodgers-32"><a href="#cite_ref-Rodgers_32-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRodgers1997" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Rodgers, Nini (1997). "Equiano in Belfast: a study of the anti-slavery ethos in a northern town". Slavery and Abolition. xviii: 82–84.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Slavery+and+Abolition&rft.atitle=Equiano+in+Belfast%3A+a+study+of+the+anti-slavery+ethos+in+a+northern+town&rft.volume=xviii&rft.pages=82-84&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Rodgers&rft.aufirst=Nini&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:3-33">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:3_33-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_33-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_33-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_33-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:3_33-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2023" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Feargal (2023). Belfast, the Story of a City and its People. London: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9"><bdi>978-0-300-26444-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+the+Story+of+a+City+and+its+People&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26444-9&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Feargal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-34"><a href="#cite_ref-34">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFF.X._Martin1980" class="citation book cs1">F.X. Martin, T.W. Moody (1980). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856351089/page/232">The Course of Irish History</a>. Mercier Press. pp. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/isbn_9781856351089/page/232">232–233</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-85635-108-4" title="Special:BookSources/1-85635-108-4"><bdi>1-85635-108-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Course+of+Irish+History&rft.pages=232-233&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=1980&rft.isbn=1-85635-108-4&rft.aulast=F.X.+Martin&rft.aufirst=T.W.+Moody&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fisbn_9781856351089%2Fpage%2F232&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Connolly-35"><a href="#cite_ref-Connolly_35-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnolly2008" class="citation book cs1">Connolly, Sean J. (2008). Divided Kingdom; Ireland 1630–1800. <a href="/wiki/Oxford_University_Press" title="Oxford University Press">Oxford University Press</a>. pp. 434–449. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958387-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-19-958387-4"><bdi>978-0-19-958387-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Divided+Kingdom%3B+Ireland+1630%E2%80%931800&rft.pages=434-449&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2008&rft.isbn=978-0-19-958387-4&rft.aulast=Connolly&rft.aufirst=Sean+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:11-36"><a href="#cite_ref-:11_36-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/ATQ_Stewart" class="mw-redirect" title="ATQ Stewart">Stewart, A.T.Q.</a> (1995), The Summer Soldiers: The 1798 Rebellion in Antrim and Down Belfast, Blackstaff Press, 1995,<link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-558-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85640-558-7">978-0-85640-558-7</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-37"><a href="#cite_ref-37">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon2012" class="citation web cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120415061235/http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm">"The Act of Union"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.actofunion.ac.uk/actofunion.htm">the original</a> on 15 April 2012. Retrieved 30 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Act+of+Union&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.actofunion.ac.uk%2Factofunion.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-38"><a href="#cite_ref-38">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyofparliamentonline.org/volume/1820-1832/constituencies/belfast">"Belfast | History of Parliament Online"</a>. historyofparliamentonline.org. Retrieved 10 February 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=historyofparliamentonline.org&rft.atitle=Belfast+%7C+History+of+Parliament+Online&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyofparliamentonline.org%2Fvolume%2F1820-1832%2Fconstituencies%2Fbelfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:18-39">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:18_39-4">e</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1982" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (1982). Belfast, An Illustrated History. Belfast: The Balckstaff Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9"><bdi>0-85640-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=The+Balckstaff+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-85640-272-9&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfast,_The_Making_of_the_City_32-40"><a href="#cite_ref-Belfast,_The_Making_of_the_City_32_40-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBeckettBoyle,_E2003" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, JC; Boyle, E (2003). Belfast, The Making of the City. Chapter 3: "Linenopolis": the rise of the textile industry. Belfast: Appletree Press Ltd. pp. 41–56. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-878-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-878-8"><bdi>0-86281-878-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+The+Making+of+the+City.+Chapter+3%3A+%22Linenopolis%22%3A+the+rise+of+the+textile+industry&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=41-56&rft.pub=Appletree+Press+Ltd&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=0-86281-878-8&rft.aulast=Beckett&rft.aufirst=JC&rft.au=Boyle%2C+E&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-41"><a href="#cite_ref-41">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnollyCove2019" class="citation web cs1">ConnollyCove (12 August 2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.connollycove.com/linenopolis-linen-quarter-belfast/">"Linenopolis: The Linen Quarter of Belfast | Connolly Cove |"</a>. Connolly Cove. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210214064424/https://www.connollycove.com/linenopolis-linen-quarter-belfast/">Archived</a> from the original on 14 February 2021. Retrieved 6 November 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Connolly+Cove&rft.atitle=Linenopolis%3A+The+Linen+Quarter+of+Belfast+%7C+Connolly+Cove+%7C&rft.date=2019-08-12&rft.au=ConnollyCove&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.connollycove.com%2Flinenopolis-linen-quarter-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Johnson2020-42"><a href="#cite_ref-Johnson2020_42-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnson2020" class="citation book cs1">Johnson, Alice (2020). "A British or an Irish city? The identity of Victorian Belfast". Middle-Class Life in Victorian Belfast. Reappraisals in Irish History LUP. Oxford University Press. p. 277. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-449-6" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78962-449-6"><bdi>978-1-78962-449-6</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=A+British+or+an+Irish+city%3F+The+identity+of+Victorian+Belfast&rft.btitle=Middle-Class+Life+in+Victorian+Belfast&rft.series=Reappraisals+in+Irish+History+LUP&rft.pages=277&rft.pub=Oxford+University+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78962-449-6&rft.aulast=Johnson&rft.aufirst=Alice&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-43"><a href="#cite_ref-43">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEoin1981" class="citation journal cs1">Eoin, O'Malley (1981). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.tara.tcd.ie/bitstream/handle/2262/68696/v13n11981_2.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y">"The Decline of Irish Industry in the Nineteenth Century"</a> (PDF). The Economic and Social Review. 13 (1): (21–42) 22 – via Trinity College Dublin.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+and+Social+Review&rft.atitle=The+Decline+of+Irish+Industry+in+the+Nineteenth+Century&rft.volume=13&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=%2821-42%29+22&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Eoin&rft.aufirst=O%27Malley&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.tara.tcd.ie%2Fbitstream%2Fhandle%2F2262%2F68696%2Fv13n11981_2.pdf%3Fsequence%3D1%26isAllowed%3Dy&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titanic_In_History-44"><a href="#cite_ref-Titanic_In_History_44-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040144/http://www.titanicinbelfast.com/template.aspx?pid=342&area=1&parent=321">"Introduction To Titanic – Titanic in History"</a>. Titanic. Built in Belfast. Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanicinbelfast.com/template.aspx?pid=342&area=1&parent=321">the original</a> on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Titanic.+Built+in+Belfast&rft.atitle=Introduction+To+Titanic+%E2%80%93+Titanic+in+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanicinbelfast.com%2Ftemplate.aspx%3Fpid%3D342%26area%3D1%26parent%3D321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKelly2013" class="citation journal cs1">Kelly, Mary (April 2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/proceedingsonline/GISRUK2013/gisruk2013_submission_63.pdf">"Historical Internal Migration in Ireland"</a> (PDF). GIS Research UK. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180817225743/https://www.geos.ed.ac.uk/~gisteac/proceedingsonline/GISRUK2013/gisruk2013_submission_63.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 17 August 2018. Retrieved 17 August 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=GIS+Research+UK&rft.atitle=Historical+Internal+Migration+in+Ireland&rft.date=2013-04&rft.aulast=Kelly&rft.aufirst=Mary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geos.ed.ac.uk%2F~gisteac%2Fproceedingsonline%2FGISRUK2013%2Fgisruk2013_submission_63.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:4-46">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:4_46-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHeatley1983" class="citation book cs1">Heatley, Fred (1983). "Community relations and religious geography 1800-86". In Beckett, J. C.; et al. (eds.). Belfast, The Making of the City. Belfast: Appletree Press. pp. 129–142. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7"><bdi>0-86281-100-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Community+relations+and+religious+geography+1800-86&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+The+Making+of+the+City&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=129-142&rft.pub=Appletree+Press&rft.date=1983&rft.isbn=0-86281-100-7&rft.aulast=Heatley&rft.aufirst=Fred&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:9-47">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:9_47-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:9_47-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunck1985" class="citation journal cs1">Munck, Ronald (1985). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260533">"Class and Religion in Belfast – A Historical Perspective"</a>. Journal of Contemporary History. 20 (2): 241–259. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1177%2F002200948502000203">10.1177/002200948502000203</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0022-0094">0022-0094</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/260533">260533</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:159836923">159836923</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Contemporary+History&rft.atitle=Class+and+Religion+in+Belfast+%E2%80%93+A+Historical+Perspective&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=241-259&rft.date=1985&rft.issn=0022-0094&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A159836923%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260533%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1177%2F002200948502000203&rft.aulast=Munck&rft.aufirst=Ronald&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F260533&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:8-48"><a href="#cite_ref-:8_48-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFoster1988" class="citation book cs1">Foster, R. F. (1988). Modern Ireland 1600–1972. London: Allen Lane. pp. 389–396. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7139-9010-4" title="Special:BookSources/0-7139-9010-4"><bdi>0-7139-9010-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Modern+Ireland+1600%E2%80%931972&rft.place=London&rft.pages=389-396&rft.pub=Allen+Lane&rft.date=1988&rft.isbn=0-7139-9010-4&rft.aulast=Foster&rft.aufirst=R.+F.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-49"><a href="#cite_ref-49">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFarrell2000" class="citation book cs1">Farrell, Sean (2000). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200506135301/https://uknowledge.uky.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1000&context=upk_european_history">Rituals and Riots: Sectarian Violence and Political Culture in Ulster, 1784–1886</a>. University Press of Kentucky. pp. 125–150. Archived from the original on 6 May 2020. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Rituals+and+Riots%3A+Sectarian+Violence+and+Political+Culture+in+Ulster%2C+1784%E2%80%931886&rft.pages=125-150&rft.pub=University+Press+of+Kentucky&rft.date=2000&rft.aulast=Farrell&rft.aufirst=Sean&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuknowledge.uky.edu%2Fcgi%2Fviewcontent.cgi%3Farticle%3D1000%26context%3Dupk_european_history&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-50"><a href="#cite_ref-50">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConnell_Jr2012" class="citation web cs1">Connell Jr, Joseph E.A. (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-1912-ulster-covenant-by-joseph-e-a-connell-jr/">"The 1912 Ulster Covenant by Joseph E.A. Connell Jr"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+1912+Ulster+Covenant+by+Joseph+E.A.+Connell+Jr&rft.date=2012&rft.aulast=Connell+Jr&rft.aufirst=Joseph+E.A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-1912-ulster-covenant-by-joseph-e-a-connell-jr%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-51"><a href="#cite_ref-51">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowman2013" class="citation web cs1">Bowman, Timothy (2013). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/the-ulster-volunteers-1913-1914-force-or-farce/">"The Ulster Volunteers 1913–1914: force or farce?"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+Ulster+Volunteers+1913%E2%80%931914%3A+force+or+farce%3F&rft.date=2013&rft.aulast=Bowman&rft.aufirst=Timothy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Fthe-ulster-volunteers-1913-1914-force-or-farce%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-52"><a href="#cite_ref-52">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvershed2018" class="citation book cs1">Evershed, Jonathan (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvpg869s">Ghosts of the Somme: Commemoration and Culture War in Northern Ireland</a>. University of Notre Dame Press. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.2307%2Fj.ctvpg869s">10.2307/j.ctvpg869s</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctvpg869s">j.ctvpg869s</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:243890001">243890001</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Ghosts+of+the+Somme%3A+Commemoration+and+Culture+War+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=University+of+Notre+Dame+Press&rft.date=2018&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A243890001%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvpg869s%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.2307%2Fj.ctvpg869s&rft.aulast=Evershed&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2Fj.ctvpg869s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-53"><a href="#cite_ref-53">^</a> Lynch, Robert. The Partition of Ireland: 1918–1925. Cambridge University Press, 2019. pp.92–93 </li> <li id="cite_note-:13-54">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:13_54-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_54-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:13_54-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCochrane2023" class="citation book cs1">Cochrane, Feargal (2023). Belfast, the Story of a City and its People. New Haven: Yale University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9"><bdi>978-0-300-26444-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+the+Story+of+a+City+and+its+People&rft.place=New+Haven&rft.pub=Yale+University+Press&rft.date=2023&rft.isbn=978-0-300-26444-9&rft.aulast=Cochrane&rft.aufirst=Feargal&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-55"><a href="#cite_ref-55">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGlennon2020" class="citation web cs1">Glennon, Kieran (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.historyireland.com/facts-and-fallacies-of-the-belfast-pogrom/">"Facts and fallacies of the Belfast pogrom"</a>. History Ireland. Retrieved 19 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=History+Ireland&rft.atitle=Facts+and+fallacies+of+the+Belfast+pogrom&rft.date=2020&rft.aulast=Glennon&rft.aufirst=Kieran&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.historyireland.com%2Ffacts-and-fallacies-of-the-belfast-pogrom%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-56"><a href="#cite_ref-56">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBardon1982" class="citation book cs1">Bardon, Jonathan (1982). Belfast, An Illustrated History. Belfast: The Blackstaff Press. p. 194. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9"><bdi>0-85640-272-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+An+Illustrated+History&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=194&rft.pub=The+Blackstaff+Press&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=0-85640-272-9&rft.aulast=Bardon&rft.aufirst=Jonathan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWalker1984" class="citation journal cs1">Walker, Graham (1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195875">"The Northern Ireland Labour Party in the 1920s"</a>. Saothar. 10: 19–30. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0332-1169">0332-1169</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/23195875">23195875</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Saothar&rft.atitle=The+Northern+Ireland+Labour+Party+in+the+1920s&rft.volume=10&rft.pages=19-30&rft.date=1984&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23195875%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft.issn=0332-1169&rft.aulast=Walker&rft.aufirst=Graham&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F23195875&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-58"><a href="#cite_ref-58">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBudgeO'Leary2016" class="citation book cs1">Budge, Ian; O'Leary, Cornelius (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=jIWMCwAAQBAJ">Belfast: Approach to Crisis: A Study of Belfast Politics 1613–1970</a>. 173-197: Springer. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00126-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-349-00126-2"><bdi>978-1-349-00126-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+Approach+to+Crisis%3A+A+Study+of+Belfast+Politics+1613%E2%80%931970&rft.place=173-197&rft.pub=Springer&rft.date=2016&rft.isbn=978-1-349-00126-2&rft.aulast=Budge&rft.aufirst=Ian&rft.au=O%27Leary%2C+Cornelius&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DjIWMCwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-59"><a href="#cite_ref-59">^</a> Walker, B.M., ed. (1978). Parliamentary Election Results in Ireland, 1801–1922. Dublin: Royal Irish Academy. p. 331. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-901714-12-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-901714-12-7">0-901714-12-7</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-60"><a href="#cite_ref-60">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGreer1999" class="citation journal cs1">Greer, Alan (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007148">"Sir James Craig and the Construction of Parliament Buildings at Stormont"</a>. Irish Historical Studies. 31 (123): 373–388. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1017%2FS0021121400014218">10.1017/S0021121400014218</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0021-1214">0021-1214</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/30007148">30007148</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:155713707">155713707</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Historical+Studies&rft.atitle=Sir+James+Craig+and+the+Construction+of+Parliament+Buildings+at+Stormont&rft.volume=31&rft.issue=123&rft.pages=373-388&rft.date=1999&rft.issn=0021-1214&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A155713707%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007148%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1017%2FS0021121400014218&rft.aulast=Greer&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F30007148&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-61"><a href="#cite_ref-61">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHarbinson1966" class="citation web cs1">Harbinson, John Fitzsimons (1966). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091028150414/http://geocities.com/irelandscw/docs-Midgley.htm">"Extract from A History of the Northern Ireland Labour Party, 1891-1949 (Queens University Belfast thesis)"</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://geocities.com/irelandscw/docs-Midgley.htm">the original</a> on 28 October 2009. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Extract+from+A+History+of+the+Northern+Ireland+Labour+Party%2C+1891-1949+%28Queens+University+Belfast+thesis%29.&rft.date=1966&rft.aulast=Harbinson&rft.aufirst=John+Fitzsimons&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fgeocities.com%2Firelandscw%2Fdocs-Midgley.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-62"><a href="#cite_ref-62">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/opinion/news-analysis/honouring-belfast-men-who-died-for-democracy-of-spain/34183759.html">"Honouring Belfast men who died for democracy of Spain"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 10 November 2015. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Honouring+Belfast+men+who+died+for+democracy+of+Spain&rft.date=2015-11-10&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fopinion%2Fnews-analysis%2Fhonouring-belfast-men-who-died-for-democracy-of-spain%2F34183759.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-episode_48-63"><a href="#cite_ref-episode_48_63-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDr._Jonathan_Bardon2006" class="citation episode cs1">Dr. Jonathan Bardon (2006). A Short History of Ireland. Episode 48. BBC Audio.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Short+History+of+Ireland&rft.series=Episode+48&rft.pub=BBC+Audio&rft.date=2006&rft.au=Dr.+Jonathan+Bardon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-64"><a href="#cite_ref-64">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1269206.stm">"The Belfast blitz is remembered"</a>. BBC News. 11 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111212052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1269206.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Belfast+blitz+is+remembered&rft.date=2001-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F1269206.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-65"><a href="#cite_ref-65">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1269206.stm">"The Belfast blitz is remembered"</a>. BBC News. 11 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090111212052/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/1269206.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 11 January 2009. Retrieved 12 March 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=The+Belfast+blitz+is+remembered&rft.date=2001-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F1269206.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-66"><a href="#cite_ref-66">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.progressivepulse.org/post-war-housing-in-northern-ireland">"Post-War Housing in Northern Ireland"</a>. Progressive Pulse. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210525205938/http://www.progressivepulse.org/post-war-housing-in-northern-ireland">Archived</a> from the original on 25 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Progressive+Pulse&rft.atitle=Post-War+Housing+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.progressivepulse.org%2Fpost-war-housing-in-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:2-67">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:2_67-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGaffikin2014" class="citation cs2">Gaffikin, Frank (2014), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UBfXRLB8hek">New and Shifting Populations in Belfast: Analysis and Impact</a>, Northern Ireland Assembly, retrieved 21 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=New+and+Shifting+Populations+in+Belfast%3A+Analysis+and+Impact&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Assembly&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Gaffikin&rft.aufirst=Frank&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DUBfXRLB8hek&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWichert1991" class="citation book cs1">Wichert, Sabine (1991). Northern Ireland Since 1945. London: Longman. pp. 43–49. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-582-02392-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-582-02392-0"><bdi>0-582-02392-0</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Since+1945&rft.place=London&rft.pages=43-49&rft.pub=Longman&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=0-582-02392-0&rft.aulast=Wichert&rft.aufirst=Sabine&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-69"><a href="#cite_ref-69">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/irishhistorylive/IrishHistoryResources/Articlesandlecturesbyourteachingstaff/NorthernIreland1963-1998/">"Northern Ireland 1963–1998 | Irish history Live"</a>. qub.ac.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210524213142/https://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/irishhistorylive/IrishHistoryResources/Articlesandlecturesbyourteachingstaff/NorthernIreland1963-1998/">Archived</a> from the original on 24 May 2021. Retrieved 24 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+1963%E2%80%931998+%7C+Irish+history+Live&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fsites%2Firishhistorylive%2FIrishHistoryResources%2FArticlesandlecturesbyourteachingstaff%2FNorthernIreland1963-1998%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-70"><a href="#cite_ref-70">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRocheBrian_Barton2020" class="citation book cs1">Roche, Patrick; Brian Barton (2020). The Northern Ireland Question: Perspectives on Nationalism and Unionism. Wordzworth Publishing. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78324-145-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78324-145-3"><bdi>978-1-78324-145-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Northern+Ireland+Question%3A+Perspectives+on+Nationalism+and+Unionism&rft.pub=Wordzworth+Publishing&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78324-145-3&rft.aulast=Roche&rft.aufirst=Patrick&rft.au=Brian+Barton&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:0-71">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:0_71-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFShirlowMurtagh2006" class="citation book cs1">Shirlow, Peter; Murtagh, Brendan (2006). Belfast: Segregation, Violence and the City. London: Pluto. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2480-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7453-2480-7"><bdi>978-0-7453-2480-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+Segregation%2C+Violence+and+the+City&rft.place=London&rft.pub=Pluto&rft.date=2006&rft.isbn=978-0-7453-2480-7&rft.aulast=Shirlow&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft.au=Murtagh%2C+Brendan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-72"><a href="#cite_ref-72">^</a> Holland, Jack (1999). Hope Against History: The Course of Terrorist trouble in Northern Ireland. <a href="/wiki/Henry_Holt_and_Company" title="Henry Holt and Company">Henry Holt and Company</a>. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-8050-6087-4">978-0-8050-6087-4</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-73"><a href="#cite_ref-73">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/othelem/landon.htm">"CAIN: Background Essay on the Northern Ireland Conflict"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Background+Essay+on+the+Northern+Ireland+Conflict&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fothelem%2Flandon.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-74"><a href="#cite_ref-74">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/politics/good-friday-agreement-what-it-northern-ireland-belfast-1998-sinn-fein-troubles-a8278156.html">"20 years on: What was agreed in the Good Friday Agreement?"</a>. The Independent. 21 January 2019. Retrieved 26 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=20+years+on%3A+What+was+agreed+in+the+Good+Friday+Agreement%3F&rft.date=2019-01-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Fpolitics%2Fgood-friday-agreement-what-it-northern-ireland-belfast-1998-sinn-fein-troubles-a8278156.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-75"><a href="#cite_ref-75">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/search.html">"Sutton Index of Deaths"</a>. CAIN. 11 April 2001. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110927075228/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/sutton/search.html">Archived</a> from the original on 27 September 2011. Retrieved 9 July 2013. <q>Search for Belfast in "Text Search of Description (and key words)"</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Sutton+Index+of+Deaths&rft.date=2001-04-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fsutton%2Fsearch.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:1-76">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:1_76-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_76-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:1_76-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2012" class="citation cs2">Bryan, Dominic (2012), Connolly, Sean (ed.), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/titanic-town-living-in-a-lndscape-of-conflict">"Titanic Town: Living in a Lndscape of Conflict"</a>, Belfast 400: People Place and History, Liverpool: Liverpool University Press (BHS), pp. 317–353, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-636-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-636-4"><bdi>978-1-84631-636-4</bdi></a>, retrieved 17 January 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+400%3A+People+Place+and+History&rft.atitle=Titanic+Town%3A+Living+in+a+Lndscape+of+Conflict&rft.pages=317-353&rft.date=2012&rft.isbn=978-1-84631-636-4&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Ftitanic-town-living-in-a-lndscape-of-conflict&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-77"><a href="#cite_ref-77">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theweek.co.uk/northern-ireland/952591/a-history-of-the-peace-walls-in-belfast">"A history of the peace walls in Belfast"</a>. The Week UK. 21 April 2021. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Week+UK&rft.atitle=A+history+of+the+peace+walls+in+Belfast&rft.date=2021-04-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theweek.co.uk%2Fnorthern-ireland%2F952591%2Fa-history-of-the-peace-walls-in-belfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.justice-ni.gov.uk/articles/department-justice-interface-programme">"Department of Justice Interface Programme – Department of Justice"</a>. Justice. 31 July 2017. Retrieved 13 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Justice&rft.atitle=Department+of+Justice+Interface+Programme+%E2%80%93+Department+of+Justice&rft.date=2017-07-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.justice-ni.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fdepartment-justice-interface-programme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-79"><a href="#cite_ref-79">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCathy_Gormley-Heenan,_Duncan_Morrow_and_Jonny_Byrne2015" class="citation book cs1">Cathy Gormley-Heenan, Duncan Morrow and Jonny Byrne (2015). Removing Peace Walls and Public Policy Brief (1): the challenge of definition and design. Northern Ireland Assembly.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Removing+Peace+Walls+and+Public+Policy+Brief+%281%29%3A+the+challenge+of+definition+and+design&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Assembly&rft.date=2015&rft.au=Cathy+Gormley-Heenan%2C+Duncan+Morrow+and+Jonny+Byrne&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeebody2020" class="citation news cs1">Leebody, Christopher (9 December 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/belfast-interface-residents-remain-divided-over-peace-walls-39846514.html">"Belfast interface residents remain divided over peace walls"</a>. belfasttelegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 22 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=belfasttelegraph&rft.atitle=Belfast+interface+residents+remain+divided+over+peace+walls&rft.date=2020-12-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Leebody&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast-interface-residents-remain-divided-over-peace-walls-39846514.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-81"><a href="#cite_ref-81">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCarroll2023" class="citation news cs1">Carroll, Rory (7 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/apr/07/belfasts-peace-walls-potent-symbols-of-division-are-dwindling-but-slowly">"Belfast's peace walls: potent symbols of division are dwindling – but slowly"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 16 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belfast%27s+peace+walls%3A+potent+symbols+of+division+are+dwindling+%E2%80%93+but+slowly&rft.date=2023-04-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Carroll&rft.aufirst=Rory&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fworld%2F2023%2Fapr%2F07%2Fbelfasts-peace-walls-potent-symbols-of-division-are-dwindling-but-slowly&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1993" class="citation book cs1">Patton, Marcus (1993). Central Belfast, A Historical Gazetteer. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society. pp. xii. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9"><bdi>0-900457-44-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Belfast%2C+A+Historical+Gazetteer&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=xii&rft.pub=Ulster+Architectural+Heritage+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-900457-44-9&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-83"><a href="#cite_ref-83">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeyronel2009" class="citation journal cs1">Peyronel, Valérie (2009). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.efacis.eu/sites/default/files/ISE%202_Olinder,%20Huber%20vol%20II-37-46.pdf">"Urban Regeneration in Belfast: Landscape and Memory"</a> (PDF). Irish Studies in Europe. 2: 37–46.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+in+Europe&rft.atitle=Urban+Regeneration+in+Belfast%3A+Landscape+and+Memory&rft.volume=2&rft.pages=37-46&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Peyronel&rft.aufirst=Val%C3%A9rie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.efacis.eu%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2FISE%25202_Olinder%2C%2520Huber%2520vol%2520II-37-46.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-84"><a href="#cite_ref-84">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.france24.com/en/live-news/20231031-flags-and-murals-as-n-irish-pick-sides-in-israel-hamas-war">"Flags and murals as N. Irish pick sides in Israel-Hamas war"</a>. France 24. 31 October 2023. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=France+24&rft.atitle=Flags+and+murals+as+N.+Irish+pick+sides+in+Israel-Hamas+war&rft.date=2023-10-31&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.france24.com%2Fen%2Flive-news%2F20231031-flags-and-murals-as-n-irish-pick-sides-in-israel-hamas-war&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:5-85">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:5_85-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:5_85-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNorthern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency2022" class="citation book cs1">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-country-of-birth.pdf">Census 2022: Main statistics for Northern Ireland, Statistical bulletin, Country of birth</a> (PDF). Belfast. p. 7.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2022%3A+Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland%2C+Statistical+bulletin%2C+Country+of+birth&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pages=7&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-1-statistical-bulletin-country-of-birth.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_book" title="Template:Cite book">cite book</a>}}</code>: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (<a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">link</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-86"><a href="#cite_ref-86">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ark.ac.uk/elections/lgbelfast.htm">"Belfast City Council, 1993–2011"</a>. ark.ac.uk. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ark.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Belfast+City+Council%2C+1993%E2%80%932011&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ark.ac.uk%2Felections%2Flgbelfast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-87"><a href="#cite_ref-87">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/politics/eu_referendum/results">"EU Referendum Results – BBC News"</a>. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=EU+Referendum+Results+%E2%80%93+BBC+News&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Feu_referendum%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-88"><a href="#cite_ref-88">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Carroll2022" class="citation web cs1">O'Carroll, Lisa (3 February 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2022/feb/03/northern-ireland-first-minister-poised-to-quit-over-brexit-reports-say">"Northern Ireland first minister resigns over Brexit checks on goods"</a>. the Guardian. Retrieved 15 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=the+Guardian&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+first+minister+resigns+over+Brexit+checks+on+goods&rft.date=2022-02-03&rft.aulast=O%27Carroll&rft.aufirst=Lisa&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2022%2Ffeb%2F03%2Fnorthern-ireland-first-minister-poised-to-quit-over-brexit-reports-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-89"><a href="#cite_ref-89">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68136950">"Northern Ireland: Stormont stage set for return of devolution"</a>. BBC News. 30 January 2024. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%3A+Stormont+stage+set+for+return+of+devolution&rft.date=2024-01-30&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-68136950&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:20-90">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:20_90-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:20_90-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFEvans1967" class="citation book cs1">Evans, E Estyn (1967). "The Geographical Setting". In Beckett, J. C.; Glasscock, R. E. (eds.). Belfast: The Origin and Growth of the Industrial City. London: British Broadcasting Corporation. pp. 1–13.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=The+Geographical+Setting&rft.btitle=Belfast%3A+The+Origin+and+Growth+of+the+Industrial+City&rft.place=London&rft.pages=1-13&rft.pub=British+Broadcasting+Corporation&rft.date=1967&rft.aulast=Evans&rft.aufirst=E+Estyn&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-91"><a href="#cite_ref-91">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070418044643/http://www.laganside.com/laganweir.asp">"Lagan Weir – Why it exists"</a>. Laganside. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.laganside.com/laganweir.asp">the original</a> on 18 April 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Lagan+Weir+%E2%80%93+Why+it+exists&rft.pub=Laganside&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.laganside.com%2Flaganweir.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-92"><a href="#cite_ref-92">^</a> Des O'Reilly, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.colourpointbooks.co.uk/more_details.php?id=1016">Rivers of Belfast – A History</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20130723042224/http://www.colourpointbooks.co.uk/more_details.php?id=1016">Archived</a> 23 July 2013 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-93"><a href="#cite_ref-93">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/topics/living-water-programme">"Living With Water Programme | Department for Infrastructure"</a>. Infrastructure. 1 May 2018. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infrastructure&rft.atitle=Living+With+Water+Programme+%7C+Department+for+Infrastructure&rft.date=2018-05-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk%2Ftopics%2Fliving-water-programme&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-94"><a href="#cite_ref-94">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHancock2019" class="citation web cs1">Hancock, Michaila (2019). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geplus.co.uk/features/ground-improvement-slaying-sleech-20-11-2019/">"Ground improvement: Slaying the sleech"</a>. Ground Engineering. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ground+Engineering&rft.atitle=Ground+improvement%3A+Slaying+the+sleech&rft.date=2019&rft.aulast=Hancock&rft.aufirst=Michaila&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geplus.co.uk%2Ffeatures%2Fground-improvement-slaying-sleech-20-11-2019%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-95"><a href="#cite_ref-95">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcathedral.org/tourism/the-spire-of-hope">"The Spire of Hope"</a>. Belfast Cathedral. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Cathedral&rft.atitle=The+Spire+of+Hope&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcathedral.org%2Ftourism%2Fthe-spire-of-hope&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-96"><a href="#cite_ref-96">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDeeney2021" class="citation news cs1">Deeney, Naill (20 August 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/environment/large-parts-of-belfast-underwater-by-2050-climate-map-shows-3353261">"Experts predict rising sea levels will flood much of Belfast by 2050"</a>. News Letter, Belfast.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=News+Letter%2C+Belfast&rft.atitle=Experts+predict+rising+sea+levels+will+flood+much+of+Belfast+by+2050&rft.date=2021-08-20&rft.aulast=Deeney&rft.aufirst=Naill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fenvironment%2Flarge-parts-of-belfast-underwater-by-2050-climate-map-shows-3353261&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-97"><a href="#cite_ref-97">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP&P2021" class="citation web cs1">P&P (13 November 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastentries.com/places/ardoyne/">"Ardoyne – The Story of a Village"</a>. Belfast Entries. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Entries&rft.atitle=Ardoyne+%E2%80%93+The+Story+of+a+Village&rft.date=2021-11-13&rft.au=P%26P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastentries.com%2Fplaces%2Fardoyne%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-98"><a href="#cite_ref-98">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLiggett1994" class="citation book cs1">Liggett, Michael (1994). District Called the Bone: Brief History of the 'Marrowbone' Area of Belfast. Belfast: Glenravel Publications. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9519261-2-3" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9519261-2-3"><bdi>978-0-9519261-2-3</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=District+Called+the+Bone%3A+Brief+History+of+the+%27Marrowbone%27+Area+of+Belfast&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Glenravel+Publications&rft.date=1994&rft.isbn=978-0-9519261-2-3&rft.aulast=Liggett&rft.aufirst=Michael&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-99"><a href="#cite_ref-99">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.wesleyjohnston.com/users/ireland/geography/belfast.html">"City of Belfast – Industry, Tourism, Religious Segregation, Map"</a>. wesleyjohnston.com. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=wesleyjohnston.com&rft.atitle=City+of+Belfast+%E2%80%93+Industry%2C+Tourism%2C+Religious+Segregation%2C+Map&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyjohnston.com%2Fusers%2Fireland%2Fgeography%2Fbelfast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-100"><a href="#cite_ref-100">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNaked_Ireland2022" class="citation cs2">Naked Ireland (2022), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=b3xls7PLnAM">The West Belfast Peace Wall between the Nationalist Falls/Springfield road and the Loyalist Shankill</a>, retrieved 10 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+West+Belfast+Peace+Wall+between+the+Nationalist+Falls%2FSpringfield+road+and+the+Loyalist+Shankill&rft.date=2022&rft.au=Naked+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Db3xls7PLnAM&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-101"><a href="#cite_ref-101">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFactCheckNI2016" class="citation web cs1">FactCheckNI (16 December 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://factcheckni.org/topics/peace/who-opens-and-closes-interface-gates/">"Who opens and closes interface gates?"</a>. FactCheckNI. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=FactCheckNI&rft.atitle=Who+opens+and+closes+interface+gates%3F&rft.date=2016-12-16&rft.au=FactCheckNI&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffactcheckni.org%2Ftopics%2Fpeace%2Fwho-opens-and-closes-interface-gates%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-102"><a href="#cite_ref-102">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2023/07/27/news/what_is_a_peace_line_-3474436/">"What is a peace wall? An explainer"</a>. The Irish News. 27 July 2023. Retrieved 7 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=What+is+a+peace+wall%3F+An+explainer&rft.date=2023-07-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2023%2F07%2F27%2Fnews%2Fwhat_is_a_peace_line_-3474436%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:03-103">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:03_103-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:03_103-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.northernvisions.org/specialcollections/ogfeatures/the-rape-and-plunder-of-the-shankill-revisited/">"The Rape and Plunder of the Shankill Revisited"</a>. Northern Visions. 2009. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Visions&rft.atitle=The+Rape+and+Plunder+of+the+Shankill+Revisited&rft.date=2009&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.northernvisions.org%2Fspecialcollections%2Fogfeatures%2Fthe-rape-and-plunder-of-the-shankill-revisited%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-104"><a href="#cite_ref-104">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRedpath1995" class="citation web cs1">Redpath, Jackie (1995). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/segregat/temple/discus5.htm">"CAIN: Templegrove: Fifth Public Discussion – The Shankill and the Falls: The Minority Experiences"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Templegrove%3A+Fifth+Public+Discussion+%E2%80%93+The+Shankill+and+the+Falls%3A+The+Minority+Experiences&rft.date=1995&rft.aulast=Redpath&rft.aufirst=Jackie&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fsegregat%2Ftemple%2Fdiscus5.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-105"><a href="#cite_ref-105">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFFitzmaurice2021" class="citation web cs1">Fitzmaurice, Maurice (29 June 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/shankill-road-project-highlights-acres-20929613">"Project highlights over 100 acres of wasteground in Greater Shankill"</a>. Belfast Live. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Live&rft.atitle=Project+highlights+over+100+acres+of+wasteground+in+Greater+Shankill&rft.date=2021-06-29&rft.aulast=Fitzmaurice&rft.aufirst=Maurice&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbelfast-news%2Fshankill-road-project-highlights-acres-20929613&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-106"><a href="#cite_ref-106">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMartire2017" class="citation journal cs1">Martire, Agustina (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/162507950/F17_57502_Final_OA.pdf">"Walking the Streets: No More Motorways for Belfast"</a> (PDF). Spaces and Flows. 8 (3). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200610231419/https://pureadmin.qub.ac.uk/ws/portalfiles/portal/162507950/F17_57502_Final_OA.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 10 June 2020. Retrieved 25 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Spaces+and+Flows&rft.atitle=Walking+the+Streets%3A+No+More+Motorways+for+Belfast&rft.volume=8&rft.issue=3&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Martire&rft.aufirst=Agustina&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpureadmin.qub.ac.uk%2Fws%2Fportalfiles%2Fportal%2F162507950%2FF17_57502_Final_OA.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-107"><a href="#cite_ref-107">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston2014" class="citation book cs1">Johnston, Wesley (2014). The Belfast Urban Motorway: Engineering, Ambition and Social Conflict. Colourpoint Books. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78073-047-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78073-047-9"><bdi>978-1-78073-047-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Belfast+Urban+Motorway%3A+Engineering%2C+Ambition+and+Social+Conflict&rft.pub=Colourpoint+Books&rft.date=2014&rft.isbn=978-1-78073-047-9&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Wesley&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-108"><a href="#cite_ref-108">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/housing/docs/nicrc6.htm">"CAIN: Issues: Housing – Intimidation in Housing by John Darby (1974) – Chapter 6"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Issues%3A+Housing+%E2%80%93+Intimidation+in+Housing+by+John+Darby+%281974%29+%E2%80%93+Chapter+6&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fhousing%2Fdocs%2Fnicrc6.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-SelfImposed-109"><a href="#cite_ref-SelfImposed_109-0">^</a> "<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/Northern_Ireland/Story/0,2763,1191027,00.html">Self-imposed Apartheid</a>", by <a href="/wiki/Mary_O%27Hara" title="Mary O'Hara">Mary O'Hara</a>, published in <a href="/wiki/The_Guardian" title="The Guardian">The Guardian</a> on Wednesday 14 April 2004. Accessed on Sunday, 22 July 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-110"><a href="#cite_ref-110">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2020/02/24/news/first-ecumenical-ash-wednesday-service-to-take-place-in-belfast-1849878/">"First Ecumenical Ash Wednesday Service to take place in Belfast"</a>. The Irish News. 24 February 2020. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=First+Ecumenical+Ash+Wednesday+Service+to+take+place+in+Belfast&rft.date=2020-02-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2020%2F02%2F24%2Fnews%2Ffirst-ecumenical-ash-wednesday-service-to-take-place-in-belfast-1849878%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-clarke-111"><a href="#cite_ref-clarke_111-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFClarke1997" class="citation web cs1">Clarke, Richard (1997). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ums.ac.uk/inst/hrvh_rc.pdf">"History of the Royal Victoria Hospital"</a> (PDF). Ulster Medical Society. Retrieved 1 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Royal+Victoria+Hospital&rft.pub=Ulster+Medical+Society&rft.date=1997&rft.aulast=Clarke&rft.aufirst=Richard&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ums.ac.uk%2Finst%2Fhrvh_rc.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-112"><a href="#cite_ref-112">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67380561">"Royal Victoria Hospital staff parking in 80% of visitor spaces"</a>. BBC News. 10 November 2023. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Royal+Victoria+Hospital+staff+parking+in+80%25+of+visitor+spaces&rft.date=2023-11-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-67380561&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-113"><a href="#cite_ref-113">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.inyourpocket.com/belfast/St.-Peter-s-Roman-Catholic-Cathedral_27946v">"St. Peter's Roman Catholic Cathedral | What to See | Belfast & Northern Ireland"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=St.+Peter%27s+Roman+Catholic+Cathedral+%26%23124%3B+What+to+See+%26%23124%3B+Belfast+%26+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.inyourpocket.com%2Fbelfast%2FSt.-Peter-s-Roman-Catholic-Cathedral_27946v&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-114"><a href="#cite_ref-114">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://conway-mill.ie/">"Conway Mill"</a>. Conway Mill. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Conway+Mill&rft.atitle=Conway+Mill&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fconway-mill.ie%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-115"><a href="#cite_ref-115">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/bibdbs/murals/rolston1.htm#murals">"CAIN: Murals: Rolston, Bill. Drawing Support: Murals in the North of Ireland"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 8 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Murals%3A+Rolston%2C+Bill.+Drawing+Support%3A+Murals+in+the+North+of+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fbibdbs%2Fmurals%2Frolston1.htm%23murals&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-116"><a href="#cite_ref-116">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/bibdbs/murals/slide9.htm">"CAIN: Rolston, Bill. Contemporary Murals in Northern Ireland – Republican Tradition"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Rolston%2C+Bill.+Contemporary+Murals+in+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Republican+Tradition&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fbibdbs%2Fmurals%2Fslide9.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-117"><a href="#cite_ref-117">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWeatherall2002" class="citation book cs1">Weatherall, Norman (2002). South Belfast, Terrace and Villa. Donaghadee: Cottage Publications. p. 7. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-900935-28-7" title="Special:BookSources/1-900935-28-7"><bdi>1-900935-28-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=South+Belfast%2C+Terrace+and+Villa&rft.place=Donaghadee&rft.pages=7&rft.pub=Cottage+Publications&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-900935-28-7&rft.aulast=Weatherall&rft.aufirst=Norman&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:12-118">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:12_118-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:12_118-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.laganvalley.co.uk/">"Lagan Valley Regional Park |"</a>. laganvalley.co.uk. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=laganvalley.co.uk&rft.atitle=Lagan+Valley+Regional+Park+%7C&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.laganvalley.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-119"><a href="#cite_ref-119">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfast.china-consulate.gov.cn/eng/">"CONSULATE-GENERAL OF THE PEOPLE'S REPUBLIC OF CHINA IN BELFAST"</a>. belfast.china-consulate.gov.cn. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belfast.china-consulate.gov.cn&rft.atitle=CONSULATE-GENERAL+OF+THE+PEOPLE%27S+REPUBLIC+OF+CHINA+IN+BELFAST&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfast.china-consulate.gov.cn%2Feng%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-120"><a href="#cite_ref-120">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.pl/web/unitedkingdom/consulate-belfast">"Consulate General of the Republic of Poland in Belfast – Poland in the UK – Gov.pl website"</a>. Poland in the UK. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Poland+in+the+UK&rft.atitle=Consulate+General+of+the+Republic+of+Poland+in+Belfast+%E2%80%93+Poland+in+the+UK+%E2%80%93+Gov.pl+website&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.pl%2Fweb%2Funitedkingdom%2Fconsulate-belfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://uk.usembassy.gov/embassy-consulates/belfast/">"U.S. Consulate General Belfast"</a>. U.S. Embassy & Consulates in the United Kingdom. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=U.S.+Embassy+%26+Consulates+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.atitle=U.S.+Consulate+General+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fuk.usembassy.gov%2Fembassy-consulates%2Fbelfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-122"><a href="#cite_ref-122">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFP&P2022" class="citation web cs1">P&P (18 January 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastentries.com/places/ballymacarrett/">"Ballymacarrett – From a Rural Village to a Shipbuilding Giant"</a>. Belfast Entries. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Entries&rft.atitle=Ballymacarrett+%E2%80%93+From+a+Rural+Village+to+a+Shipbuilding+Giant&rft.date=2022-01-18&rft.au=P%26P&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastentries.com%2Fplaces%2Fballymacarrett%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-123"><a href="#cite_ref-123">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBowcott2011" class="citation news cs1">Bowcott, Owen (22 June 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk/2011/jun/22/belfast-riots-setback-peace-process">"Belfast riots: a setback for area barely reshaped by peace process"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belfast+riots%3A+a+setback+for+area+barely+reshaped+by+peace+process&rft.date=2011-06-22&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Bowcott&rft.aufirst=Owen&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk%2F2011%2Fjun%2F22%2Fbelfast-riots-setback-peace-process&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-124"><a href="#cite_ref-124">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HMKOZSZc4l8">Short Strand, Catholic enclave SURVIVING over a century in the midst of Protestant East Belfast.</a>, 9 November 2023, retrieved 9 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Short+Strand%2C+Catholic+enclave+SURVIVING+over+a+century+in+the+midst+of+Protestant+East+Belfast.&rft.date=2023-11-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DHMKOZSZc4l8&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-125"><a href="#cite_ref-125">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCentre_for_Regional_Economic_and_Social_Research2014" class="citation web cs1">Centre for Regional Economic and Social Research, Sheffield Hallam University (2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://research.shu.ac.uk/cresr/recession-resilience-rebalancing/east-belfast.htm">"Project overview | Recession, resilience and rebalancing | Inner East Belfast"</a>. research.shu.ac.uk. Retrieved 26 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=research.shu.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Project+overview+%7C+Recession%2C+resilience+and+rebalancing+%7C+Inner+East+Belfast&rft.date=2014&rft.aulast=Centre+for+Regional+Economic+and+Social+Research&rft.aufirst=Sheffield+Hallam+University&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearch.shu.ac.uk%2Fcresr%2Frecession-resilience-rebalancing%2Feast-belfast.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-126"><a href="#cite_ref-126">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitbelfast.com/partners/visit-east-belfast/">"Visit EastSide | Information Services"</a>. Visit Belfast. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Belfast&rft.atitle=Visit+EastSide+%7C+Information+Services&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbelfast.com%2Fpartners%2Fvisit-east-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-127"><a href="#cite_ref-127">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.titanicbelfast.com/explore/about-titanic-belfast/">"About Titanic Belfast – Explore – Titanic Belfast"</a>. titanicbelfast.com. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=titanicbelfast.com&rft.atitle=About+Titanic+Belfast+%E2%80%93+Explore+%E2%80%93+Titanic+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanicbelfast.com%2Fexplore%2Fabout-titanic-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-128"><a href="#cite_ref-128">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLimited" class="citation web cs1">Limited, Alamy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.alamy.com/stock-photo/the-markets-area-belfast.html">"The markets area belfast hi-res stock photography and images"</a>. Alamy. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Alamy&rft.atitle=The+markets+area+belfast+hi-res+stock+photography+and+images&rft.aulast=Limited&rft.aufirst=Alamy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.alamy.com%2Fstock-photo%2Fthe-markets-area-belfast.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> <code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_web" title="Template:Cite web">cite web</a>}}</code>: <code class="cs1-code">|last=</code> has generic name (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#generic_name" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-129"><a href="#cite_ref-129">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.marketsocialhistory.com/the-area/">"Development of the Area – Market Social History"</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+of+the+Area+%E2%80%93+Market+Social+History&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.marketsocialhistory.com%2Fthe-area%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-130"><a href="#cite_ref-130">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/st-georges-market-p676791">"St. George's Market – Belfast"</a>. Discover Northern Ireland. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=St.+George%27s+Market+%E2%80%93+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovernorthernireland.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fst-georges-market-p676791&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-131"><a href="#cite_ref-131">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Regan2010" class="citation book cs1">O'Regan, Raymond (2010). Hidden Belfast. Cork: Mercier Press. pp. 60–63. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-683-1"><bdi>978-1-85635-683-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Belfast&rft.place=Cork&rft.pages=60-63&rft.pub=Mercier+Press&rft.date=2010&rft.isbn=978-1-85635-683-1&rft.aulast=O%27Regan&rft.aufirst=Raymond&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:42-132">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:42_132-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:42_132-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPatton1993" class="citation book cs1">Patton, Marcus (1993). Central Belfast: An Historical Gazetteer. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9"><bdi>0-900457-44-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Central+Belfast%3A+An+Historical+Gazetteer&rft.place=Belfast&rft.pub=Ulster+Architectural+Heritage+Society&rft.date=1993&rft.isbn=0-900457-44-9&rft.aulast=Patton&rft.aufirst=Marcus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-133"><a href="#cite_ref-133">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6388303.stm">"BBC seeks stars of Belfast film noir"</a>. BBC News Northern Ireland. 23 February 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070226113327/http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/northern_ireland/6388303.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 26 February 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=BBC+seeks+stars+of+Belfast+film+noir&rft.date=2007-02-23&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F1%2Fhi%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F6388303.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-134"><a href="#cite_ref-134">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/2061">"Grand Opera House"</a>. Cinema Treasures. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110622053609/http://cinematreasures.org/theaters/2061">Archived</a> from the original on 22 June 2011. Retrieved 1 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Grand+Opera+House&rft.pub=Cinema+Treasures&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcinematreasures.org%2Ftheaters%2F2061&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-135"><a href="#cite_ref-135">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFKrishna2003" class="citation book cs1">Krishna, Dutta (2003). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&pg=PA132">Calcutta: A Cultural and Literary History</a>. Signal Books. p. 132. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-902669-59-5"><bdi>978-1-902669-59-5</bdi></a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529144512/https://books.google.com/books?id=UKfoHi5412UC&pg=PA132">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 21 December 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Calcutta%3A+A+Cultural+and+Literary+History&rft.pages=132&rft.pub=Signal+Books&rft.date=2003&rft.isbn=978-1-902669-59-5&rft.aulast=Krishna&rft.aufirst=Dutta&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DUKfoHi5412UC%26pg%3DPA132&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-136"><a href="#cite_ref-136">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWines,_Michael2006" class="citation news cs1">Wines, Michael (25 May 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/world/africa/25durban.html">"Where the Road to Renaming Does Not Run Smooth"</a>. The New York Times. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090416052505/http://www.nytimes.com/2007/05/25/world/africa/25durban.html?_r=1&oref=slogin">Archived</a> from the original on 16 April 2009. Retrieved 1 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+New+York+Times&rft.atitle=Where+the+Road+to+Renaming+Does+Not+Run+Smooth&rft.date=2006-05-25&rft.au=Wines%2C+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nytimes.com%2F2007%2F05%2F25%2Fworld%2Fafrica%2F25durban.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Go_To_Historic_Buildings2-137"><a href="#cite_ref-Go_To_Historic_Buildings2_137-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070618164651/http://www.gotobelfast.com/index.cfm/level/page/category_key/197/Page_Key/428/Parent_Key/0/type/Page/PaGeName/Historic_Buildings_of_Belfast">"Historic Belfast: A guide to the City's landmark buildings"</a>. Go To Belfast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotobelfast.com/index.cfm/level/page/category_key/197/Page_Key/428/Parent_Key/0/type/Page/PaGeName/Historic_Buildings_of_Belfast">the original</a> on 18 June 2007. Retrieved 23 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Historic+Belfast%3A+A+guide+to+the+City%27s+landmark+buildings&rft.pub=Go+To+Belfast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotobelfast.com%2Findex.cfm%2Flevel%2Fpage%2Fcategory_key%2F197%2FPage_Key%2F428%2FParent_Key%2F0%2Ftype%2FPage%2FPaGeName%2FHistoric_Buildings_of_Belfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-138"><a href="#cite_ref-138">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFArminas2008" class="citation web cs1">Arminas, David (2008). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.building.co.uk/belfasts-victoria-square-marks-retail-revival-with-showpiece-dome/3117116.article">"Belfast's Victoria Square marks retail revival with showpiece dome"</a>. Building. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Building&rft.atitle=Belfast%27s+Victoria+Square+marks+retail+revival+with+showpiece+dome&rft.date=2008&rft.aulast=Arminas&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.building.co.uk%2Fbelfasts-victoria-square-marks-retail-revival-with-showpiece-dome%2F3117116.article&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-139"><a href="#cite_ref-139">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/northern-ireland/belfast-city-centre-footfall-has-not-recovered-to-pre-covid-levels-councillors-told/a1320191857.html">"Belfast city centre footfall has not recovered to pre-Covid levels, councillors told"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 16 November 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Belfast+city+centre+footfall+has+not+recovered+to+pre-Covid+levels%2C+councillors+told&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast-city-centre-footfall-has-not-recovered-to-pre-covid-levels-councillors-told%2Fa1320191857.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-140"><a href="#cite_ref-140">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/investinbelfast/key-sectors/hospitality-and-tourism">"Hospitality and tourism | Invest in Belfast"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Hospitality+and+tourism+%7C+Invest+in+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Finvestinbelfast%2Fkey-sectors%2Fhospitality-and-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-141"><a href="#cite_ref-141">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/business/2023/03/14/news/a_vision_for_belfast_city_living-3124020/">"A vision for Belfast city living"</a>. The Irish News. 14 March 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=A+vision+for+Belfast+city+living&rft.date=2023-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fbusiness%2F2023%2F03%2F14%2Fnews%2Fa_vision_for_belfast_city_living-3124020%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-142"><a href="#cite_ref-142">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/news/council-seeks-development-partner-to-boost-city-po">"Council seeks development partner to boost city population through £630million housing-led regenerat"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 19 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Council+seeks+development+partner+to+boost+city+population+through+%C2%A3630million+housing-led+regenerat&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Fcouncil-seeks-development-partner-to-boost-city-po&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-143"><a href="#cite_ref-143">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-68004725">"Belfast city centre: Almost 700 apartments get go ahead"</a>. BBC News. 17 January 2024. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belfast+city+centre%3A+Almost+700+apartments+get+go+ahead&rft.date=2024-01-17&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-68004725&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-144"><a href="#cite_ref-144">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66867823">"Loft Lines: Fears towers will block Belfast's Titanic building"</a>. BBC News. 20 September 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Loft+Lines%3A+Fears+towers+will+block+Belfast%27s+Titanic+building&rft.date=2023-09-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66867823&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-145"><a href="#cite_ref-145">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/news/2022/september/ulster-universitys-enhanced-belfast-campus-prepares-to-welcome-students-and-staff">"Ulster University's Enhanced Belfast Campus Prepares to Welcome Students and Staff"</a>. ulster.ac.uk. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 9 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ulster+University%27s+Enhanced+Belfast+Campus+Prepares+to+Welcome+Students+and+Staff&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fseptember%2Fulster-universitys-enhanced-belfast-campus-prepares-to-welcome-students-and-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-146"><a href="#cite_ref-146">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanning2023" class="citation news cs1">Canning, Margaret (21 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/analysis/is-queens-going-beyond-its-remit-by-competing-with-private-sector-on-student-housing/a2022426468.html">"Is Queen's going beyond its remit by competing with private sector on student housing?"</a>. Belfast Telegraph. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Is+Queen%27s+going+beyond+its+remit+by+competing+with+private+sector+on+student+housing%3F&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Canning&rft.aufirst=Margaret&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fanalysis%2Fis-queens-going-beyond-its-remit-by-competing-with-private-sector-on-student-housing%2Fa2022426468.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-147"><a href="#cite_ref-147">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartmill2023" class="citation web cs1">Cartmill, Claire (7 February 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/business/the-construction-of-new-university-buildings-and-student-housing-were-key-drivers-of-development-in-belfast-last-year-deloitte-report-reveals-4016628">"The construction of new university buildings and student housing were key drivers of development in Belfast last year, Deloitte report reveals"</a>. News Letter.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Letter&rft.atitle=The+construction+of+new+university+buildings+and+student+housing+were+key+drivers+of+development+in+Belfast+last+year%2C+Deloitte+report+reveals&rft.date=2023-02-07&rft.aulast=Cartmill&rft.aufirst=Claire&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fthe-construction-of-new-university-buildings-and-student-housing-were-key-drivers-of-development-in-belfast-last-year-deloitte-report-reveals-4016628&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-148"><a href="#cite_ref-148">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFThe_Housing_Executive2024" class="citation web cs1">The Housing Executive (2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nihe.gov.uk/housing-help/homelessness/rough-sleeping">"Rough sleeping: Tackling Rough Sleeping in Belfast"</a>. nihe.gov.uk. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nihe.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Rough+sleeping%3A+Tackling+Rough+Sleeping+in+Belfast&rft.date=2024&rft.au=The+Housing+Executive&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nihe.gov.uk%2Fhousing-help%2Fhomelessness%2Frough-sleeping&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-149"><a href="#cite_ref-149">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHomeless_Connect2023" class="citation web cs1">Homeless Connect (21 September 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://homelessconnect.org/latest-homelessness-statistics-show-over-4500-children-living-in-temporary-accommodation/">"Latest Homelessness Statistics show over 4,500 children living in temporary accommodation – Homeless Connect"</a>. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Latest+Homelessness+Statistics+show+over+4%2C500+children+living+in+temporary+accommodation+%E2%80%93+Homeless+Connect&rft.date=2023-09-21&rft.au=Homeless+Connect&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fhomelessconnect.org%2Flatest-homelessness-statistics-show-over-4500-children-living-in-temporary-accommodation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-150"><a href="#cite_ref-150">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFGrayHamilton2022" class="citation book cs1">Gray, Ann Marie; Hamilton, Jennifer (2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://simoncommunity.org/assets/pdfs/Hidden-Homelessness_Report_FINAL_2022-03-04-122611_qzze.pdf">Hidden Homelessness in Northern Ireland</a> (PDF). Simon Community, Ulster University.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Hidden+Homelessness+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Simon+Community%2C+Ulster+University&rft.date=2022&rft.aulast=Gray&rft.aufirst=Ann+Marie&rft.au=Hamilton%2C+Jennifer&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsimoncommunity.org%2Fassets%2Fpdfs%2FHidden-Homelessness_Report_FINAL_2022-03-04-122611_qzze.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-151"><a href="#cite_ref-151">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-60576166">"Northern Ireland's 'hidden homeless' living life in limbo"</a>. BBC News. 2 March 2022. Retrieved 23 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+%27hidden+homeless%27+living+life+in+limbo&rft.date=2022-03-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-60576166&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-152"><a href="#cite_ref-152">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNeil2023" class="citation web cs1">Neil, Shasha (14 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.oldest.org/food/oldest-pubs-in-belfast/">"10 Oldest Pubs in Belfast"</a>. Oldest.org. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Oldest.org&rft.atitle=10+Oldest+Pubs+in+Belfast&rft.date=2023-04-14&rft.aulast=Neil&rft.aufirst=Shasha&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.oldest.org%2Ffood%2Foldest-pubs-in-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-153"><a href="#cite_ref-153">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitbelfast.com/cathedral-quarter/">"Cathedral Quarter"</a>. Visit Belfast. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Belfast&rft.atitle=Cathedral+Quarter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbelfast.com%2Fcathedral-quarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Cathedral_Quarter2-154"><a href="#cite_ref-Cathedral_Quarter2_154-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140518205008/http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/belfast/The-Cathedral-Quarter-Belfast-A2042">"The Cathedral Quarter, Belfast"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Tourist Board">Northern Ireland Tourist Board</a>. 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.discovernorthernireland.com/belfast/The-Cathedral-Quarter-Belfast-A2042">the original</a> on 18 May 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Cathedral+Quarter%2C+Belfast&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Tourist+Board&rft.date=2014&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.discovernorthernireland.com%2Fbelfast%2FThe-Cathedral-Quarter-Belfast-A2042&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:02-155">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:02_155-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_155-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:02_155-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133256/https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021//N09000003/">"Belfast Census Data"</a>. explore.nisra.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021/N09000003/">the original</a> on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 27 September 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=explore.nisra.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Belfast+Census+Data&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.nisra.gov.uk%2Farea-explorer-2021%2FN09000003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-156"><a href="#cite_ref-156">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927032912/http://www.dcalni.gov.uk/index/languages/gaeltacht_quarter.htm">"Gaeltacht Quarter"</a>. Department of Culture, Arts and Leisure. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dcalni.gov.uk/index/languages/gaeltacht_quarter.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gaeltacht+Quarter&rft.pub=Department+of+Culture%2C+Arts+and+Leisure&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dcalni.gov.uk%2Findex%2Flanguages%2Fgaeltacht_quarter.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-157"><a href="#cite_ref-157">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitbelfast.com/gaeltacht-quarter/">"Gaeltacht Quarter"</a>. Visit Belfast. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Belfast&rft.atitle=Gaeltacht+Quarter&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbelfast.com%2Fgaeltacht-quarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-158"><a href="#cite_ref-158">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLynch2023" class="citation web cs1">Lynch, Connor (30 April 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastlive.co.uk/news/belfast-news/turas-celebrates-10-years-irish-26805790">"Turas celebrates 10 years of the Irish language in East Belfast"</a>. Belfast Live. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Live&rft.atitle=Turas+celebrates+10+years+of+the+Irish+language+in+East+Belfast&rft.date=2023-04-30&rft.aulast=Lynch&rft.aufirst=Connor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastlive.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fbelfast-news%2Fturas-celebrates-10-years-irish-26805790&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-159"><a href="#cite_ref-159">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitbelfast.com/partners/linen-quarter/">"Linen Quarter | Attractions, See & Do"</a>. Visit Belfast. Retrieved 17 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Belfast&rft.atitle=Linen+Quarter+%7C+Attractions%2C+See+%26+Do&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbelfast.com%2Fpartners%2Flinen-quarter%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-160"><a href="#cite_ref-160">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/TheUniversity/AboutQueens/UniversityInformation/FactsandFigures/">"About Queen's: Facts and Figures"</a>. Queen's University Belfast. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070513043014/http://www.qub.ac.uk/home/TheUniversity/AboutQueens/UniversityInformation/FactsandFigures/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 May 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Queen%27s%3A+Facts+and+Figures&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fhome%2FTheUniversity%2FAboutQueens%2FUniversityInformation%2FFactsandFigures%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-161"><a href="#cite_ref-161">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070529080126/http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/contact-us/contact-details/">"Contact Details"</a>. The Ulster Museum. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ulstermuseum.org.uk/contact-us/contact-details/">the original</a> on 29 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Contact+Details&rft.pub=The+Ulster+Museum&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulstermuseum.org.uk%2Fcontact-us%2Fcontact-details%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titanic_in_History2-162"><a href="#cite_ref-Titanic_in_History2_162-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070817040144/http://www.titanicinbelfast.com/template.aspx?pid=342&area=1&parent=321">"Introduction To Titanic – Titanic in History"</a>. Titanic. Built in Belfast. Ulster Folk and Transport Museum. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanicinbelfast.com/template.aspx?pid=342&area=1&parent=321">the original</a> on 17 August 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Titanic.+Built+in+Belfast&rft.atitle=Introduction+To+Titanic+%E2%80%93+Titanic+in+History&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanicinbelfast.com%2Ftemplate.aspx%3Fpid%3D342%26area%3D1%26parent%3D321&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Titanic_Quarter2-163"><a href="#cite_ref-Titanic_Quarter2_163-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.titanic-quarter.com/about.php?ID=3">"Corporate Message: The Vision"</a>. About Us at Titanic Quarter. Titanic Quarter. 2006. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070503202406/http://www.titanic-quarter.com/about.php?ID=3">Archived</a> from the original on 3 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=About+Us+at+Titanic+Quarter&rft.atitle=Corporate+Message%3A+The+Vision&rft.date=2006&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.titanic-quarter.com%2Fabout.php%3FID%3D3&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-164"><a href="#cite_ref-164">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harcourtdev.com/titanic-studios">"Titanic Studios"</a>. Harcourt | Design, Develop, Deliver | New Homes | Offices | Retail. Retrieved 10 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harcourt+%7C+Design%2C+Develop%2C+Deliver+%7C+New+Homes+%7C+Offices+%7C+Retail&rft.atitle=Titanic+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharcourtdev.com%2Ftitanic-studios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-165"><a href="#cite_ref-165">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFadmin" class="citation web cs1">admin. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cliftonbelfast.com/">"Home – Clifton House"</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home+%E2%80%93+Clifton+House&rft.au=admin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcliftonbelfast.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-166"><a href="#cite_ref-166">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.linenhall.com/">"Homepage"</a>. The Linen Hall, Belfast. 8 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Linen+Hall%2C+Belfast&rft.atitle=Homepage&rft.date=2024-01-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.linenhall.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Botanic_Gardens-167">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Botanic_Gardens_167-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Botanic_Gardens_167-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/botanicgardens">"Botanic Gardens"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Botanic+Gardens&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fbotanicgardens&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-168"><a href="#cite_ref-168">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66634910">"Belfast Mela: Thousands celebrate diversity at Botanic Gardens"</a>. BBC News. 27 August 2023. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belfast+Mela%3A+Thousands+celebrate+diversity+at+Botanic+Gardens&rft.date=2023-08-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66634910&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-169"><a href="#cite_ref-169">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulsterhall.co.uk/">"Ulster Hall, Belfast – Live Music, Comedy and Entertainment Events"</a>. Ulster Hall. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ulster+Hall&rft.atitle=Ulster+Hall%2C+Belfast+%E2%80%93+Live+Music%2C+Comedy+and+Entertainment+Events&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulsterhall.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-170"><a href="#cite_ref-170">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.goh.co.uk/">"Grand Opera House | Belfast Theatre | Theatre Tickets"</a>. Grand Opera House. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Grand+Opera+House&rft.atitle=Grand+Opera+House+%7C+Belfast+Theatre+%7C+Theatre+Tickets&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.goh.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-171"><a href="#cite_ref-171">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.strandartscentre.com/whats-on/">"What's On – Strand Cinema Belfast"</a>. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=What%27s+On+%E2%80%93+Strand+Cinema+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.strandartscentre.com%2Fwhats-on%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Leebody-172"><a href="#cite_ref-Leebody_172-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLeebody2023" class="citation news cs1">Leebody, Christopher (2 November 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/theatre-arts/iconic-belfast-cinema-building-set-to-undergo-65m-redevelopment/a1947551204.html">"Iconic Belfast cinema building set to undergo £6.5m redevelopment"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 16 December 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Iconic+Belfast+cinema+building+set+to+undergo+%C2%A36.5m+redevelopment&rft.date=2023-11-02&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft.aulast=Leebody&rft.aufirst=Christopher&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fentertainment%2Ftheatre-arts%2Ficonic-belfast-cinema-building-set-to-undergo-65m-redevelopment%2Fa1947551204.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-173"><a href="#cite_ref-173">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://queensfilmtheatre.com/">"Independent Cinema in Northern Ireland"</a>. Queen's Film Theatre. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Queen%27s+Film+Theatre&rft.atitle=Independent+Cinema+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fqueensfilmtheatre.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-174"><a href="#cite_ref-174">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20211014140327/https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/content/lyric-theatre-announces-plans-celebrate-50-years-banks-lagan">"Lyric Theatre announces plans to celebrate 50 years on the banks of the Lagan"</a>. Culture Northern Ireland. 6 February 2018. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturenorthernireland.org/content/lyric-theatre-announces-plans-celebrate-50-years-banks-lagan">the original</a> on 14 October 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Culture+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=Lyric+Theatre+announces+plans+to+celebrate+50+years+on+the+banks+of+the+Lagan&rft.date=2018-02-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturenorthernireland.org%2Fcontent%2Flyric-theatre-announces-plans-celebrate-50-years-banks-lagan&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-175"><a href="#cite_ref-175">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/schools/ael/Discover/facilities/BrianFrielTheatre/index.html">"Brian Friel Theatre | School of Arts, English and Languages | Queen's University Belfast"</a>. qub.ac.uk. 17 September 2019. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Brian+Friel+Theatre+%7C+School+of+Arts%2C+English+and+Languages+%7C+Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2019-09-17&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fschools%2Fael%2FDiscover%2Ffacilities%2FBrianFrielTheatre%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-176"><a href="#cite_ref-176">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFHenry2011" class="citation news cs1">Henry, Lesley-Ann (2 March 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/mtv-awards/mtv-europe-music-awards-to-be-held-in-belfast-28665779.html">"MTV Europe Music Awards to be held in Belfast"</a>. The Belfast Telegraph. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131103141140/http://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/entertainment/mtv-awards/mtv-europe-music-awards-to-be-held-in-belfast-28665779.html">Archived</a> from the original on 3 November 2013. Retrieved 14 November 2011.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MTV+Europe+Music+Awards+to+be+held+in+Belfast&rft.date=2011-03-02&rft.aulast=Henry&rft.aufirst=Lesley-Ann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fentertainment%2Fmtv-awards%2Fmtv-europe-music-awards-to-be-held-in-belfast-28665779.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-177"><a href="#cite_ref-177">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJones2011" class="citation news cs1">Jones, Lucy (6 November 2011). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8871749/MTV-EMAs-2011-as-it-happened.html">"MTV Europe Music Awards 2011: as it happened"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Daily_Telegraph" title="The Daily Telegraph">The Daily Telegraph</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131230223659/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/culture/music/music-news/8871749/MTV-EMAs-2011-as-it-happened.html">Archived</a> from the original on 30 December 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Daily+Telegraph&rft.atitle=MTV+Europe+Music+Awards+2011%3A+as+it+happened&rft.date=2011-11-06&rft.aulast=Jones&rft.aufirst=Lucy&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.telegraph.co.uk%2Fculture%2Fmusic%2Fmusic-news%2F8871749%2FMTV-EMAs-2011-as-it-happened.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-178"><a href="#cite_ref-178">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.virtualvisittours.com/belfast-waterfront/">"Belfast Waterfront"</a>. Virtual Visit Tours. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Virtual+Visit+Tours&rft.atitle=Belfast+Waterfront&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.virtualvisittours.com%2Fbelfast-waterfront%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-179"><a href="#cite_ref-179">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://discovernorthernireland.com/things-to-do/the-mac-p672741">"The MAC – Belfast"</a>. Discover Northern Ireland. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Discover+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=The+MAC+%E2%80%93+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdiscovernorthernireland.com%2Fthings-to-do%2Fthe-mac-p672741&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-180"><a href="#cite_ref-180">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://crescentarts.org/">"Welcome To The Crescent, Belfast Northern Ireland"</a>. The Crescent. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Crescent&rft.atitle=Welcome+To+The+Crescent%2C+Belfast+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcrescentarts.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-181"><a href="#cite_ref-181">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.culturlann.ie/en">"Home"</a>. Cultúrlann. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Cult%C3%BArlann&rft.atitle=Home&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.culturlann.ie%2Fen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-182"><a href="#cite_ref-182">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theduncairn.com/">"The Duncairn"</a>. The Duncairn. 24 January 2024. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Duncairn&rft.atitle=The+Duncairn&rft.date=2024-01-24&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theduncairn.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-183"><a href="#cite_ref-183">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastsidearts.net/">"Eastside Arts: Belfast, Northern Ireland"</a>. 9 September 2021. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Eastside+Arts%3A+Belfast%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2021-09-09&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsidearts.net%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BBC-184"><a href="#cite_ref-BBC_184-0">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/tv/programmes/feile/index.shtml">Féile an Phobail: 20 Years On</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090102183925/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/tv/programmes/feile/index.shtml">Archived</a> 2 January 2009 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a> – <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-185"><a href="#cite_ref-185">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://feilebelfast.com/">"Féile an Phobail – Ireland's Biggest Community Arts Festival"</a>. 16 November 2021. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=F%C3%A9ile+an+Phobail+%E2%80%93+Ireland%27s+Biggest+Community+Arts+Festival&rft.date=2021-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ffeilebelfast.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-186"><a href="#cite_ref-186">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/belfastmusic">"Culture: Belfast music"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Culture%3A+Belfast+music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fbelfastmusic&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-187"><a href="#cite_ref-187">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/uk-northern-ireland-59213363">"Belfast awarded Unesco City of Music status"</a>. BBC News. 8 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belfast+awarded+Unesco+City+of+Music+status&rft.date=2021-11-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-59213363&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-188"><a href="#cite_ref-188">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://visitbelfast.com/partners/belfast-tradfest/">"Belfast TradFest | Arts and Entertainment"</a>. Visit Belfast. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Belfast&rft.atitle=Belfast+TradFest+%7C+Arts+and+Entertainment&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fvisitbelfast.com%2Fpartners%2Fbelfast-tradfest%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-189"><a href="#cite_ref-189">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttraditionalmusic.com/music-masterclasses">"Belfast TradFest"</a>. Belfast TradFest. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+TradFest&rft.atitle=Belfast+TradFest&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttraditionalmusic.com%2Fmusic-masterclasses&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-190"><a href="#cite_ref-190">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCartwright2020" class="citation web cs1">Cartwright, Garth (10 September 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theneweuropean.co.uk/brexit-news-punk-in-troubles-torn-northern-ireland-91176/">"Belfast and the Furious: How punk made its mark on Northern Ireland"</a>. The New European. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+New+European&rft.atitle=Belfast+and+the+Furious%3A+How+punk+made+its+mark+on+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2020-09-10&rft.aulast=Cartwright&rft.aufirst=Garth&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theneweuropean.co.uk%2Fbrexit-news-punk-in-troubles-torn-northern-ireland-91176%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-191"><a href="#cite_ref-191">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastundergroundclubs.com">"The History of Belfast Underground Clubs"</a>. belfastundergroundclubs.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160216113737/http://www.belfastundergroundclubs.com/">Archived</a> from the original on 16 February 2016. Retrieved 7 February 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belfastundergroundclubs.com&rft.atitle=The+History+of+Belfast+Underground+Clubs&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastundergroundclubs.com&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-192"><a href="#cite_ref-192">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurphy2014" class="citation web cs1">Murphy, Clare (3 July 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://theconversation.com/belfasts-punk-scene-brings-good-vibrations-and-troubles-28708">"Belfast's punk scene brings Good Vibrations … and Troubles"</a>. The Conversation. Retrieved 2 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Conversation&rft.atitle=Belfast%27s+punk+scene+brings+Good+Vibrations+%E2%80%A6+and+Troubles&rft.date=2014-07-03&rft.aulast=Murphy&rft.aufirst=Clare&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fbelfasts-punk-scene-brings-good-vibrations-and-troubles-28708&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-193"><a href="#cite_ref-193">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20120908223157/http://www.hotpress.com/news/4413823.html">"Fate Awards planned for Belfast this month"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hot_Press" title="Hot Press">Hot Press</a>. 5 February 2008. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.hotpress.com/news/4413823.html">the original</a> on 8 September 2012. Retrieved 14 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hot+Press&rft.atitle=Fate+Awards+planned+for+Belfast+this+month&rft.date=2008-02-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.hotpress.com%2Fnews%2F4413823.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988">Note: Archived page, can be found. </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.barbican.org.uk/stockhausen/">"Stockhausen: The Father of Electronic Music"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Stockhausen%3A+The+Father+of+Electronic+Music&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.barbican.org.uk%2Fstockhausen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-195"><a href="#cite_ref-195">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWorby2017" class="citation web cs1">Worby, Robert (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://sites.barbican.org.uk/stockhausen/">"Stockhausen: The Father of Electronic Music"</a>. sites.barbican.org.uk. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=sites.barbican.org.uk&rft.atitle=Stockhausen%3A+The+Father+of+Electronic+Music&rft.date=2017&rft.aulast=Worby&rft.aufirst=Robert&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fsites.barbican.org.uk%2Fstockhausen%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-196"><a href="#cite_ref-196">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.qub.ac.uk/sarc/about/">"About | Sonic Arts Research Centre | Queen's University Belfast"</a>. qub.ac.uk. 20 February 2017. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+%7C+Sonic+Arts+Research+Centre+%7C+Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2017-02-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fsarc%2Fabout%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-197"><a href="#cite_ref-197">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070809020149/http://www.bc.edu/libraries/research/guides/s-irishnews/">"Research Guide: Irish News & Newspapers"</a>. Boston College. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bc.edu/libraries/research/guides/s-irishnews/">the original</a> on 9 August 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Research+Guide%3A+Irish+News+%26+Newspapers&rft.pub=Boston+College&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bc.edu%2Flibraries%2Fresearch%2Fguides%2Fs-irishnews%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-198"><a href="#cite_ref-198">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJohnston" class="citation web cs1">Johnston, Ruth. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/belfast/newsletter.shtml">"Belfast News Letter"</a>. Your Place and Mine. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061107233738/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/yourplaceandmine/belfast/newsletter.shtml">Archived</a> from the original on 7 November 2006. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Your+Place+and+Mine&rft.atitle=Belfast+News+Letter&rft.aulast=Johnston&rft.aufirst=Ruth&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fyourplaceandmine%2Fbelfast%2Fnewsletter.shtml&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-199"><a href="#cite_ref-199">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://about.rte.ie/contact/contact-details/">"RTÉ Studios and Offices - Contact Details"</a>. Retrieved 15 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=RT%C3%89+Studios+and+Offices+-+Contact+Details&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fabout.rte.ie%2Fcontact%2Fcontact-details%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-200"><a href="#cite_ref-200">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131205212122/http://www.homelyplanet.org/about-homely-planet/">"About Homely Planet"</a>. Homelyplanet.org. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.homelyplanet.org/about-homely-planet/">the original</a> on 5 December 2013. Retrieved 20 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Homely+Planet&rft.pub=Homelyplanet.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.homelyplanet.org%2Fabout-homely-planet%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-201"><a href="#cite_ref-201">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2009" class="citation cs2">Bryan, Dominic (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/negotiating-civic-space-in-belfast-or-the-tricolour-here-today-go">Negotiating Civic Space in Belfast or The Tricolour: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow'</a>, Economic and Social Research Council, retrieved 5 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Civic+Space+in+Belfast+or+The+Tricolour%3A+Here+Today%2C+Gone+Tomorrow%27&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Research+Council&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fnegotiating-civic-space-in-belfast-or-the-tricolour-here-today-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-202"><a href="#cite_ref-202">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://timetastic.co.uk/blog/history-of-bank-holidays/">"Where did bank holidays originate from?"</a>. Timetastic – A blog about taking and managing time off work. 28 February 2020. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Timetastic+%E2%80%93+A+blog+about+taking+and+managing+time+off+work.&rft.atitle=Where+did+bank+holidays+originate+from%3F&rft.date=2020-02-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftimetastic.co.uk%2Fblog%2Fhistory-of-bank-holidays%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-203"><a href="#cite_ref-203">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-67445302">"Orange Order to stick to traditional Belfast route"</a>. BBC News. 16 November 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Orange+Order+to+stick+to+traditional+Belfast+route&rft.date=2023-11-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-67445302&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-204"><a href="#cite_ref-204">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcParland2023" class="citation web cs1">McParland, Conor (29 June 2023). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfastmedia.com/july-12-parade-rejected-north-belfast">"Controversial July 12 Orange parade past Ardoyne banned by Parades Commission"</a>. Belfast Media Group. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Controversial+July+12+Orange+parade+past+Ardoyne+banned+by+Parades+Commission&rft.date=2023-06-29&rft.aulast=McParland&rft.aufirst=Conor&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfastmedia.com%2Fjuly-12-parade-rejected-north-belfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-205"><a href="#cite_ref-205">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.orangeheritage.co.uk/about-us">"ABOUT US | Museum of Orange Heritage"</a>. Museum. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Museum&rft.atitle=ABOUT+US+%7C+Museum+of+Orange+Heritage&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.orangeheritage.co.uk%2Fabout-us&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-206"><a href="#cite_ref-206">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://cain.ulster.ac.uk/issues/parade/organis.htm">"CAIN: Issues: Parades: Parading Organisations"</a>. cain.ulster.ac.uk. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=cain.ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=CAIN%3A+Issues%3A+Parades%3A+Parading+Organisations&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulster.ac.uk%2Fissues%2Fparade%2Forganis.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-207"><a href="#cite_ref-207">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.paradescommission.org/viewparade.aspx?id=79089">"viewparade – Northern Ireland Parades Commission"</a>. paradescommission.org. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=paradescommission.org&rft.atitle=viewparade+%E2%80%93+Northern+Ireland+Parades+Commission&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.paradescommission.org%2Fviewparade.aspx%3Fid%3D79089&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-208"><a href="#cite_ref-208">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfastmedia.com/easter-parades-a18f01d7-755e-48f0-be5a-2824e987434d">"Republican Easter parades taking place throughout Belfast this week"</a>. Belfast Media Group. 6 April 2023. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Media+Group&rft.atitle=Republican+Easter+parades+taking+place+throughout+Belfast+this+week&rft.date=2023-04-06&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfastmedia.com%2Feaster-parades-a18f01d7-755e-48f0-be5a-2824e987434d&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-209"><a href="#cite_ref-209">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBryan2009" class="citation cs2">Bryan, Dominic (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pure.qub.ac.uk/en/publications/negotiating-civic-space-in-belfast-or-the-tricolour-here-today-go">Negotiating Civic Space in Belfast or The Tricolour: Here Today, Gone Tomorrow'</a>, Economic and Social Research Council, p. 11, retrieved 5 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Negotiating+Civic+Space+in+Belfast+or+The+Tricolour%3A+Here+Today%2C+Gone+Tomorrow%27&rft.pages=11&rft.pub=Economic+and+Social+Research+Council&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Bryan&rft.aufirst=Dominic&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpure.qub.ac.uk%2Fen%2Fpublications%2Fnegotiating-civic-space-in-belfast-or-the-tricolour-here-today-go&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-210"><a href="#cite_ref-210">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'DonnellMuldoonBlaylockStevenson2016" class="citation journal cs1">O'Donnell, Aisling T.; Muldoon, Orla T.; Blaylock, Danielle L.; Stevenson, Clifford; Bryan, Dominic; Reicher, Stephen D.; Pehrson, Samuel (2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/casp.2236">"'Something That Unites Us All': Understandings of St. Patrick's Day Parades as Representing the Irish National Group"</a>. Journal of Community & Applied Social Psychology. 26 (1): 61–74. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1002%2Fcasp.2236">10.1002/casp.2236</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10023%2F6624">10023/6624</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1052-9284">1052-9284</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:55152504">55152504</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Community+%26+Applied+Social+Psychology&rft.atitle=%27Something+That+Unites+Us+All%27%3A+Understandings+of+St.+Patrick%27s+Day+Parades+as+Representing+the+Irish+National+Group&rft.volume=26&rft.issue=1&rft.pages=61-74&rft.date=2016&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10023%2F6624&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A55152504%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=1052-9284&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1002%2Fcasp.2236&rft.aulast=O%27Donnell&rft.aufirst=Aisling+T.&rft.au=Muldoon%2C+Orla+T.&rft.au=Blaylock%2C+Danielle+L.&rft.au=Stevenson%2C+Clifford&rft.au=Bryan%2C+Dominic&rft.au=Reicher%2C+Stephen+D.&rft.au=Pehrson%2C+Samuel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fonlinelibrary.wiley.com%2Fdoi%2F10.1002%2Fcasp.2236&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-211"><a href="#cite_ref-211">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/st-patricks-day-in-belfast-turning-into-st-patricks-week-says-dup/1790730276.html">"St Patrick's Day in Belfast 'turning into St Patrick's Week', says DUP"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 9 February 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=St+Patrick%27s+Day+in+Belfast+%27turning+into+St+Patrick%27s+Week%27%2C+says+DUP&rft.date=2023-02-09&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fst-patricks-day-in-belfast-turning-into-st-patricks-week-says-dup%2F1790730276.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-212"><a href="#cite_ref-212">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.communityni.org/organisation/belfast-pride">"Belfast Pride"</a>. communityni.org.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=communityni.org&rft.atitle=Belfast+Pride&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.communityni.org%2Forganisation%2Fbelfast-pride&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-213"><a href="#cite_ref-213">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66313139">"Belfast Pride 2023: Thousands take part in parade"</a>. BBC News. 29 July 2023. Retrieved 5 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Belfast+Pride+2023%3A+Thousands+take+part+in+parade&rft.date=2023-07-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66313139&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-214"><a href="#cite_ref-214">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/parade-recalls-trade-union-victims/28126477.html">"Parade recalls trade union victims"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 4 May 2002. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Parade+recalls+trade+union+victims&rft.date=2002-05-04&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fparade-recalls-trade-union-victims%2F28126477.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-215"><a href="#cite_ref-215">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/discover/history/the-history-of-may-day">"The history of May Day"</a>. National Trust. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=The+history+of+May+Day&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fdiscover%2Fhistory%2Fthe-history-of-may-day&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-216"><a href="#cite_ref-216">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWakefield1812" class="citation book cs1">Wakefield, Edward (1812). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=YeI_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA693">An account of Ireland, statistical and political: in two volumes</a>. Vol. 2. London: Longman, Hurst, Rees, Orme and Brown. pp. 693–694. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231214225/https://books.google.com/books?id=YeI_AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA693">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=An+account+of+Ireland%2C+statistical+and+political%3A+in+two+volumes&rft.place=London&rft.pages=693-694&rft.pub=Longman%2C+Hurst%2C+Rees%2C+Orme+and+Brown&rft.date=1812&rft.aulast=Wakefield&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DYeI_AAAAcAAJ%26pg%3DPA693&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-217"><a href="#cite_ref-217">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100920090814/http://cso.ie/census">"Census for post 1821 figures"</a>. Cso.ie. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.cso.ie/census">the original</a> on 20 September 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Census+for+post+1821+figures&rft.pub=Cso.ie&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.cso.ie%2Fcensus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-218"><a href="#cite_ref-218">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160507023856/http://www.histpop.org/">"Home"</a>. Histpop.Org. 2 April 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.histpop.org">the original</a> on 7 May 2016. Retrieved 13 November 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Home&rft.pub=Histpop.Org&rft.date=2007-04-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.histpop.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-219"><a href="#cite_ref-219">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100404114651/http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census/">"Northern Ireland Census of Population"</a>. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk/census">the original</a> on 4 April 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Census+of+Population&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisranew.nisra.gov.uk%2Fcensus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-220"><a href="#cite_ref-220">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLee1981" class="citation book cs1">Lee, J. J. (1981). "On the accuracy of the Pre-famine Irish censuses". In Goldstrom, J. M.; Clarkson, L. A. (eds.). Irish Population, Economy, and Society: Essays in Honour of the Late K. H. Connell. Oxford, England: <a href="/wiki/Clarendon_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Clarendon Press">Clarendon Press</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=On+the+accuracy+of+the+Pre-famine+Irish+censuses&rft.btitle=Irish+Population%2C+Economy%2C+and+Society%3A+Essays+in+Honour+of+the+Late+K.+H.+Connell&rft.place=Oxford%2C+England&rft.pub=Clarendon+Press&rft.date=1981&rft.aulast=Lee&rft.aufirst=J.+J.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-221"><a href="#cite_ref-221">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMokyrO_Grada1984" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Joel_Mokyr" title="Joel Mokyr">Mokyr, Joel</a>; O Grada, Cormac (November 1984). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20121204160709/http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract">"New Developments in Irish Population History, 1700–1850"</a>. The Economic History Review. 37 (4): 473–488. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x">10.1111/j.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x</a>. <a href="/wiki/Hdl_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Hdl (identifier)">hdl</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://hdl.handle.net/10197%2F1406">10197/1406</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0013-0117">0013-0117</a>. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www3.interscience.wiley.com/journal/120035880/abstract">the original</a> on 4 December 2012.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Economic+History+Review&rft.atitle=New+Developments+in+Irish+Population+History%2C+1700%E2%80%931850&rft.volume=37&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=473-488&rft.date=1984-11&rft_id=info%3Ahdl%2F10197%2F1406&rft.issn=0013-0117&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2Fj.1468-0289.1984.tb00344.x&rft.aulast=Mokyr&rft.aufirst=Joel&rft.au=O+Grada%2C+Cormac&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww3.interscience.wiley.com%2Fjournal%2F120035880%2Fabstract&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-222"><a href="#cite_ref-222">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100925231740/http://belfastcity.gov.uk/factsandfigures/demographics.asp">"Belfast City Council. Belfast: A Profile of the City. Demographics"</a>. Belfastcity.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/factsandfigures/demographics.asp">the original</a> on 25 September 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+City+Council.+Belfast%3A+A+Profile+of+the+City.+Demographics&rft.pub=Belfastcity.gov.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Ffactsandfigures%2Fdemographics.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2021_populations-223"><a href="#cite_ref-2021_populations_223-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/viewdata?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&~SETTLEMENT15=N11000151+N11000243+N11000438+N11000447+N11000218+N11000564+N11000559+N11000099+N11000040+N11000537+N11000153">"Settlement 2015"</a>. NISRA. Retrieved 17 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Settlement+2015&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fviewdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26~SETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151%2BN11000243%2BN11000438%2BN11000447%2BN11000218%2BN11000564%2BN11000559%2BN11000099%2BN11000040%2BN11000537%2BN11000153&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:6-224"><a href="#cite_ref-:6_224-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220927133256/https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021//N09000003/">"Belfast Census Data 2021"</a>. Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://explore.nisra.gov.uk/area-explorer-2021/N09000003/">the original</a> on 27 September 2022. Retrieved 14 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.atitle=Belfast+Census+Data+2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fexplore.nisra.gov.uk%2Farea-explorer-2021%2FN09000003%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-225"><a href="#cite_ref-225">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.statista.com/statistics/294645/population-of-selected-cities-in-united-kingdom-uk/">"Largest UK cities 2023"</a>. Statista. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Statista&rft.atitle=Largest+UK+cities+2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.statista.com%2Fstatistics%2F294645%2Fpopulation-of-selected-cities-in-united-kingdom-uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Geography_in_Action_Urban_Growth-226"><a href="#cite_ref-Geography_in_Action_Urban_Growth_226-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFStephen2006" class="citation web cs1">Stephen, Roulston (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.geographyinaction.co.uk/Urban_structure/Urban_growth.html">"Urban Structure: Growth of Belfast"</a>. Geography in Action. National Grid for Learning. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070415203906/http://geographyinaction.co.uk/Urban_structure/Urban_growth.html">Archived</a> from the original on 15 April 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Geography+in+Action&rft.atitle=Urban+Structure%3A+Growth+of+Belfast&rft.date=2006&rft.aulast=Stephen&rft.aufirst=Roulston&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.geographyinaction.co.uk%2FUrban_structure%2FUrban_growth.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-227"><a href="#cite_ref-227">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/revealed-northern-irelands-10-most-deprived-areas-37157128.html">"Revealed: Northern Ireland's 10 most deprived areas"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_Telegraph" title="Belfast Telegraph">Belfast Telegraph</a>. 26 July 2018. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20190708191202/https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/revealed-northern-irelands-10-most-deprived-areas-37157128.html">Archived</a> from the original on 8 July 2019. Retrieved 8 July 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Telegraph&rft.atitle=Revealed%3A+Northern+Ireland%27s+10+most+deprived+areas&rft.date=2018-07-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Frevealed-northern-irelands-10-most-deprived-areas-37157128.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-228"><a href="#cite_ref-228">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFAnusiak2021" class="citation web cs1">Anusiak, Julia (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://thegraticule.wixsite.com/journal/post/the-effects-of-religious-segregation-and-deprivation-on-mental-health-a-peace-line-area-case-study">"The Effects of Segregation and Deprivation in the Peace-Line Area of Belfast: Mental Health"</a>. The Graticule. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Graticule&rft.atitle=The+Effects+of+Segregation+and+Deprivation+in+the+Peace-Line+Area+of+Belfast%3A+Mental+Health&rft.date=2021&rft.aulast=Anusiak&rft.aufirst=Julia&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fthegraticule.wixsite.com%2Fjournal%2Fpost%2Fthe-effects-of-religious-segregation-and-deprivation-on-mental-health-a-peace-line-area-case-study&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-229"><a href="#cite_ref-229">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=RELIGION_BELONG_TO_OR_BROUGHT_UP_IN_DVO&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"Religion or religion brought up in"</a>. NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Religion+or+religion+brought+up+in&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DRELIGION_BELONG_TO_OR_BROUGHT_UP_IN_DVO%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-230"><a href="#cite_ref-230">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/public/AreaProfileReportViewer.aspx?FromAPAddressMulipleRecords=Belfast%20City@Partial%20match%20of%20location%20name:%20@Partial%20Match%20Of%20Location%20Name:%20%20Belfast%20City@23?">"Census 2011 Population Statistics for Belfast City Settlement"</a>. NISRA. Retrieved 18 August 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=NISRA&rft.atitle=Census+2011+Population+Statistics+for+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2Fpublic%2FAreaProfileReportViewer.aspx%3FFromAPAddressMulipleRecords%3DBelfast%2520City%40Partial%2520match%2520of%2520location%2520name%3A%2520%40Partial%2520Match%2520Of%2520Location%2520Name%3A%2520%2520Belfast%2520City%4023%3F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-231"><a href="#cite_ref-231">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=IRISH_SKILLS_INTERMEDIATE&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"UK Census 2021 Population Statistics for Irish (Ability) in Belfast City Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a> (NISRA). Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2021+Population+Statistics+for+Irish+%28Ability%29+in+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28NISRA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DIRISH_SKILLS_INTERMEDIATE%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-232"><a href="#cite_ref-232">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=IRISH_SKILLS_SPEAK_FREQUENCY&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"UK Census 2021 Population Statistics for Irish (Speak Frequency) in Belfast City Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a> (NISRA). Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2021+Population+Statistics+for+Irish+%28Speak+Frequency%29+in+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28NISRA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DIRISH_SKILLS_SPEAK_FREQUENCY%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-233"><a href="#cite_ref-233">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=MAIN_LANGUAGE_1000&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"UK Census 2021 Population Statistics for Main Language in Belfast City Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a> (NISRA). Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2021+Population+Statistics+for+Main+Language+in+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28NISRA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DMAIN_LANGUAGE_1000%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-234"><a href="#cite_ref-234">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=ULSTER_SCOTS_SKILLS_INTERMEDIATE&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"UK Census 2021 Population Statistics for Ulster-Scots (Ability) in Belfast City Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a> (NISRA). Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2021+Population+Statistics+for+Ulster-Scots+%28Ability%29+in+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28NISRA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DULSTER_SCOTS_SKILLS_INTERMEDIATE%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-235"><a href="#cite_ref-235">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://build.nisra.gov.uk/en/custom/data?d=PEOPLE&v=SETTLEMENT15&v=ULSTER_SCOTS_SKILLS_SPEAK_FREQUENCY&%7ESETTLEMENT15=N11000151">"UK Census 2021 Population Statistics for Ulster-Scots (Speak Frequency) in Belfast City Settlement"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Statistics_and_Research_Agency" title="Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency">Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency</a> (NISRA). Retrieved 3 August 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=UK+Census+2021+Population+Statistics+for+Ulster-Scots+%28Speak+Frequency%29+in+Belfast+City+Settlement&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency+%28NISRA%29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbuild.nisra.gov.uk%2Fen%2Fcustom%2Fdata%3Fd%3DPEOPLE%26v%3DSETTLEMENT15%26v%3DULSTER_SCOTS_SKILLS_SPEAK_FREQUENCY%26%257ESETTLEMENT15%3DN11000151&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-236"><a href="#cite_ref-236">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://jewishmuseum.ie/jews-of-ireland/the-belfast-community/">"History of the Belfast Community – Irish Jewish Museum"</a>. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=History+of+the+Belfast+Community+%E2%80%93+Irish+Jewish+Museum&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fjewishmuseum.ie%2Fjews-of-ireland%2Fthe-belfast-community%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-237"><a href="#cite_ref-237">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfastjewishheritage.org">"Jewish history in Northern Ireland"</a>. belfastjewishheritage.org. Retrieved 10 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=belfastjewishheritage.org&rft.atitle=Jewish+history+in+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfastjewishheritage.org&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-238"><a href="#cite_ref-238">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/legacies/immig_emig/northern_ireland/ni_4/article_2.shtml#:~:text=By%20the%20end%20of%20the,is%20revealed%20in%20census%20statistics.">"BBC – Legacies – Immigration and Emigration – Northern Ireland – Italians – Radio, Pokes and Marble – Article Page 2"</a>. bbc.co.uk. Retrieved 24 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=bbc.co.uk&rft.atitle=BBC+%E2%80%93+Legacies+%E2%80%93+Immigration+and+Emigration+%E2%80%93+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Italians+%E2%80%93+Radio%2C+Pokes+and+Marble+%E2%80%93+Article+Page+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Flegacies%2Fimmig_emig%2Fnorthern_ireland%2Fni_4%2Farticle_2.shtml%23%3A~%3Atext%3DBy%2520the%2520end%2520of%2520the%2Cis%2520revealed%2520in%2520census%2520statistics.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Who_lives_here-239"><a href="#cite_ref-Who_lives_here_239-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/11_16/citizenship/pdfs/ctz_eth_pg02_tn.pdf">"Ethnic minorities: Who lives here?"</a> (PDF). Northern Ireland Learning: Teacher's Notes. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070605142712/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/11_16/citizenship/pdfs/ctz_eth_pg02_tn.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 5 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Learning%3A+Teacher%27s+Notes&rft.atitle=Ethnic+minorities%3A+Who+lives+here%3F&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fschools%2F11_16%2Fcitizenship%2Fpdfs%2Fctz_eth_pg02_tn.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-QS208NI%20(a)-240">^ <a href="#cite_ref-QS208NI%2520(a)_240-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QS208NI%2520(a)_240-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QS208NI%2520(a)_240-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-QS208NI%2520(a)_240-3">d</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS208NI%20(a).xls">"Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612120812/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011_Excel/2011/QS208NI%20(a).xls">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Neighbourhood+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2FDownload%2FCensus%25202011_Excel%2F2011%2FQS208NI%2520%28a%29.xls&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-KS201NI%20(a)-241">^ <a href="#cite_ref-KS201NI%2520(a)_241-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-KS201NI%2520(a)_241-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/KS201NI%20(a).xlsx">"Northern Ireland Neighbourhood Information Service"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20150612112801/http://www.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk/Download/Census%202011/KS201NI%20(a).xlsx">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2015. Retrieved 11 June 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland+Neighbourhood+Information+Service&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ninis2.nisra.gov.uk%2FDownload%2FCensus%25202011%2FKS201NI%2520%28a%29.xlsx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-242"><a href="#cite_ref-242">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707070907/http://www.belfastislamiccentre.org.uk/about_us/about_us.htm">"About Us"</a>. Belfast Islamic Centre. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://belfastislamiccentre.org.uk/about_us/about_us.htm">the original</a> on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+Us&rft.pub=Belfast+Islamic+Centre&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fbelfastislamiccentre.org.uk%2Fabout_us%2Fabout_us.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-243"><a href="#cite_ref-243">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/4_11/pfocus/citizenship/spring2001">"Hinduism"</a>. Primary Focus: Programme 1 – Indian Community. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070313133102/http://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/schools/4_11/pfocus/citizenship/spring2001/">Archived</a> from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 8 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Primary+Focus%3A+Programme+1+%E2%80%93+Indian+Community&rft.atitle=Hinduism&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fschools%2F4_11%2Fpfocus%2Fcitizenship%2Fspring2001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-244"><a href="#cite_ref-244">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/BRES-2021-Publication_1.pdf">Business Register and Employment Survey 2021</a> (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Business+Register+and+Employment+Survey+2021&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.date=2021&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2FBRES-2021-Publication_1.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-245"><a href="#cite_ref-245">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy-ni.gov.uk/news/labour-market-statistics-56">"Labour market statistics"</a>. Economy. 12 September 2023. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economy&rft.atitle=Labour+market+statistics&rft.date=2023-09-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy-ni.gov.uk%2Fnews%2Flabour-market-statistics-56&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-246"><a href="#cite_ref-246">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFDuncanSheehyScrutonCutler2021" class="citation news cs1">Duncan, Pamela; Sheehy, Finbarr; Scruton, Paul; Cutler, Sam (2 May 2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2021/may/02/life-in-northern-ireland-v-the-rest-of-the-uk-what-does-the-data-say">"Life in Northern Ireland v the rest of the UK: what does the data say?"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Life+in+Northern+Ireland+v+the+rest+of+the+UK%3A+what+does+the+data+say%3F&rft.date=2021-05-02&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Duncan&rft.aufirst=Pamela&rft.au=Sheehy%2C+Finbarr&rft.au=Scruton%2C+Paul&rft.au=Cutler%2C+Sam&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fuk-news%2F2021%2Fmay%2F02%2Flife-in-northern-ireland-v-the-rest-of-the-uk-what-does-the-data-say&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-247"><a href="#cite_ref-247">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nisra.gov.uk/system/files/statistics/census-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-2-statistical-bulletin-health-disability-and-unpaid-care.pdf">Census 2021: Main statistics for Northern Ireland Statistical bulletin, Health, disability and unpaid care</a> (PDF). Northern Ireland Statistics and Research Agency. 15 December 2022. p. 21.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Census+2021%3A+Main+statistics+for+Northern+Ireland+Statistical+bulletin%2C+Health%2C+disability+and+unpaid+care&rft.pages=21&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Statistics+and+Research+Agency&rft.date=2022-12-15&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nisra.gov.uk%2Fsystem%2Ffiles%2Fstatistics%2Fcensus-2021-main-statistics-for-northern-ireland-phase-2-statistical-bulletin-health-disability-and-unpaid-care.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-248"><a href="#cite_ref-248">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation book cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/__data/assets/pdf_file/0007/1275811/Disability-and-the-labour-market.pdf">Maximising potential: A review of labour market outcomes for people with disabilities in Northern Ireland</a> (PDF). Ulster University Economic Policy Centre. 2023. p. 18.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Maximising+potential%3A+A+review+of+labour+market+outcomes+for+people+with+disabilities+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.pages=18&rft.pub=Ulster+University+Economic+Policy+Centre&rft.date=2023&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2F__data%2Fassets%2Fpdf_file%2F0007%2F1275811%2FDisability-and-the-labour-market.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-249"><a href="#cite_ref-249">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-21192216">"Copeland Linens, Belfast's last working linen factory closes"</a>. BBC News. 25 January 2013. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Copeland+Linens%2C+Belfast%27s+last+working+linen+factory+closes&rft.date=2013-01-25&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-21192216&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-250"><a href="#cite_ref-250">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.gov.uk/government/news/100-million-boost-as-naval-shipbuilding-confirms-return-to-belfast">"£100 million boost as naval shipbuilding confirms return to Belfast"</a>. GOV.UK. Retrieved 23 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=GOV.UK&rft.atitle=%C2%A3100+million+boost+as+naval+shipbuilding+confirms+return+to+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.gov.uk%2Fgovernment%2Fnews%2F100-million-boost-as-naval-shipbuilding-confirms-return-to-belfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-spirt-completes-251"><a href="#cite_ref-spirt-completes_251-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcAleer2020" class="citation news cs1">McAleer, Ryan (29 November 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/business/2020/11/04/news/short-brothers-new-us-owner-reports-136m-operating-loss-for-third-quarter-2118573/">"Short Brothers' new US owner reports £136m operating loss for third quarter"</a>. The Irish News. Belfast. Retrieved 29 November 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Short+Brothers%27+new+US+owner+reports+%C2%A3136m+operating+loss+for+third+quarter&rft.date=2020-11-29&rft.aulast=McAleer&rft.aufirst=Ryan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fbusiness%2F2020%2F11%2F04%2Fnews%2Fshort-brothers-new-us-owner-reports-136m-operating-loss-for-third-quarter-2118573%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-252"><a href="#cite_ref-252">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nics.gov.uk/irtu/research/engineering-4.html">Shorts as a "Centre of Excellence" within Bombardier, 2007</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-253"><a href="#cite_ref-253">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.aerospaceonline.com/doc/thomson-csf-changes-name-to-thales-0001">"Thomson-CSF changes name to Thales"</a>. aerospaceonline.com. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=aerospaceonline.com&rft.atitle=Thomson-CSF+changes+name+to+Thales&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.aerospaceonline.com%2Fdoc%2Fthomson-csf-changes-name-to-thales-0001&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-254"><a href="#cite_ref-254">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thalesgroup.com/en/countries/europe/united-kingdom/about-thales-uk/our-uk-locations">"Our UK locations"</a>. Thales Group. Retrieved 3 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Thales+Group&rft.atitle=Our+UK+locations&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thalesgroup.com%2Fen%2Fcountries%2Feurope%2Funited-kingdom%2Fabout-thales-uk%2Four-uk-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-255"><a href="#cite_ref-255">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.thalesgroup.com/sites/default/files/database/document/2019-09/Thales_Belfast_Report%20final.pdf">"Economic Impact of Thales in Northern Ireland"</a> (PDF). thalesgroup.com. July 2019. Retrieved 2 May 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=thalesgroup.com&rft.atitle=Economic+Impact+of+Thales+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2019-07&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thalesgroup.com%2Fsites%2Fdefault%2Ffiles%2Fdatabase%2Fdocument%2F2019-09%2FThales_Belfast_Report%2520final.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-256"><a href="#cite_ref-256">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/northern-ireland/belfast-weapons-factory-receives-contract-to-produce-anti-tank-missiles/42235861.html">"Belfast weapons factory receives contract to produce anti-tank missiles"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 21 December 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Belfast+weapons+factory+receives+contract+to+produce+anti-tank+missiles&rft.date=2022-12-21&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast-weapons-factory-receives-contract-to-produce-anti-tank-missiles%2F42235861.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-257"><a href="#cite_ref-257">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.ie/photo/4687123">"Geograph:: Weir and cross-harbour bridges, Belfast... © Albert Bridge"</a>. www.geograph.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geograph.ie&rft.atitle=Geograph%3A%3A+Weir+and+cross-harbour+bridges%2C+Belfast...+%C2%A9+Albert+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.ie%2Fphoto%2F4687123&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-258"><a href="#cite_ref-258">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.geograph.ie/photo/1481393">"Geograph:: Site of former Queen's Quay station,... © Albert Bridge"</a>. www.geograph.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.geograph.ie&rft.atitle=Geograph%3A%3A+Site+of+former+Queen%27s+Quay+station%2C...+%C2%A9+Albert+Bridge&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.geograph.ie%2Fphoto%2F1481393&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-259"><a href="#cite_ref-259">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.google.com.hk/?ref=238">"Google"</a>. www.google.com.hk. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.google.com.hk&rft.atitle=Google&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.google.com.hk%2F%3Fref%3D238&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-260"><a href="#cite_ref-260">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://shippingtandy.com/features/john-kelly-belfast/">"John Kelly of Belfast - Shipping Today & Yesterday Magazine"</a>. Shipping Today & Yesterday. 14 October 2014. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Shipping+Today+%26+Yesterday&rft.atitle=John+Kelly+of+Belfast+-+Shipping+Today+%26+Yesterday+Magazine&rft.date=2014-10-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fshippingtandy.com%2Ffeatures%2Fjohn-kelly-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-261"><a href="#cite_ref-261">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFuhistadmin2015" class="citation web cs1">uhistadmin (12 April 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ulsterhistorycircle.org.uk/sir-samuel-kelly/">"Sir Samuel Kelly"</a>. Ulster History Circle. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Ulster+History+Circle&rft.atitle=Sir+Samuel+Kelly&rft.date=2015-04-12&rft.au=uhistadmin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fulsterhistorycircle.org.uk%2Fsir-samuel-kelly%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-262"><a href="#cite_ref-262">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulsterarchitecturalheritage.org.uk/case-studies/kellys-coal-office/">"Kelly's Coal Office"</a>. UAH. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=UAH&rft.atitle=Kelly%27s+Coal+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulsterarchitecturalheritage.org.uk%2Fcase-studies%2Fkellys-coal-office%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-263"><a href="#cite_ref-263">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lkshields.ie/news-insights/news/sale-of-john-kelly-fuels-northern-ireland-coal-and-retail-business-to-cpl-f">"Sale of John Kelly Fuels Northern Ireland coal and retail business to CPL Fuels Ireland Limited | LK Shields"</a>. www.lkshields.ie. Retrieved 21 November 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=www.lkshields.ie&rft.atitle=Sale+of+John+Kelly+Fuels+Northern+Ireland+coal+and+retail+business+to+CPL+Fuels+Ireland+Limited+%7C+LK+Shields&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lkshields.ie%2Fnews-insights%2Fnews%2Fsale-of-john-kelly-fuels-northern-ireland-coal-and-retail-business-to-cpl-f&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-The_Times-264"><a href="#cite_ref-The_Times_264-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.today/20061104103706/http://www.bcglocations.com/uk/northernireland/northernireland_intro.html">"Northern Ireland – Overview"</a>. The Times. Bcglocations.com. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.bcglocations.com/uk/northernireland/northernireland_intro.html">the original</a> on 4 November 2006. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Times&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Overview&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bcglocations.com%2Fuk%2Fnorthernireland%2Fnorthernireland_intro.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-265"><a href="#cite_ref-265">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/investinbelfast/key-sectors/financial-and-professional-services">"Financial and professional services | Invest in Belfast"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Financial+and+professional+services+%7C+Invest+in+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Finvestinbelfast%2Fkey-sectors%2Ffinancial-and-professional-services&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-266"><a href="#cite_ref-266">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFO'Dea2022" class="citation news cs1">O'Dea, Blathnaid (5 December 2022). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.siliconrepublic.com/careers/belfast-fintech-hiring-hub">"Up there with the best: Belfast's reputation as a fintech hiring hub"</a>. Silicon Republic. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Silicon+Republic&rft.atitle=Up+there+with+the+best%3A+Belfast%27s+reputation+as+a+fintech+hiring+hub&rft.date=2022-12-05&rft.aulast=O%27Dea&rft.aufirst=Blathnaid&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.siliconrepublic.com%2Fcareers%2Fbelfast-fintech-hiring-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LaiLiao2020-267"><a href="#cite_ref-LaiLiao2020_267-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLaiLiaoWongXu2020" class="citation journal cs1">Lai, T. L.; Liao, S.-W.; Wong, S. P. S.; Xu, H. (2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://tzelai.ckirby.su.domains/pubs/2020_AMSA_05_02_A05.pdf">"Statistical models and stochastic optimization in financial technology and investment science"</a> (PDF). Annals of Mathematical Sciences and Applications. 5 (2): 317–345. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.4310%2FAMSA.2020.v5.n2.a5">10.4310/AMSA.2020.v5.n2.a5</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2380-288X">2380-288X</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:240302839">240302839</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Annals+of+Mathematical+Sciences+and+Applications&rft.atitle=Statistical+models+and+stochastic+optimization+in+financial+technology+and+investment+science&rft.volume=5&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=317-345&rft.date=2020&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A240302839%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft.issn=2380-288X&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.4310%2FAMSA.2020.v5.n2.a5&rft.aulast=Lai&rft.aufirst=T.+L.&rft.au=Liao%2C+S.-W.&rft.au=Wong%2C+S.+P.+S.&rft.au=Xu%2C+H.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftzelai.ckirby.su.domains%2Fpubs%2F2020_AMSA_05_02_A05.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-268"><a href="#cite_ref-268">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/ECIT/News/ROLLS-ROYCEANNOUNCESUKUNIVERSITYTOJOINCYBERTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHNETWORK.html">"News | ROLLS-ROYCE ANNOUNCES UK UNIVERSITY TO JOIN CYBER TECHNOLOGY RESEARCH NETWORK | ECIT | Queen's University Belfast"</a>. qub.ac.uk. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=News+%7C+ROLLS-ROYCE+ANNOUNCES+UK+UNIVERSITY+TO+JOIN+CYBER+TECHNOLOGY+RESEARCH+NETWORK+%7C+ECIT+%7C+Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fsites%2FECIT%2FNews%2FROLLS-ROYCEANNOUNCESUKUNIVERSITYTOJOINCYBERTECHNOLOGYRESEARCHNETWORK.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-269"><a href="#cite_ref-269">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://titanicquarter.com/work/office/catalyst/">"Catalyst : Titanic Quarter Belfast"</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Catalyst+%3A+Titanic+Quarter+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Ftitanicquarter.com%2Fwork%2Foffice%2Fcatalyst%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-270"><a href="#cite_ref-270">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.qub.ac.uk/sites/ECIT/Aboutus/index.html">"About us | ECIT | Queen's University Belfast"</a>. qub.ac.uk. 5 November 2019. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=qub.ac.uk&rft.atitle=About+us+%7C+ECIT+%7C+Queen%27s+University+Belfast&rft.date=2019-11-05&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.qub.ac.uk%2Fsites%2FECIT%2FAboutus%2Findex.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-271"><a href="#cite_ref-271">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelvins2024" class="citation web cs1">Belvins, David (5 January 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/100m-studio-makes-belfast-global-hub-for-virtual-production-13022657">"£100m studio makes Belfast global hub for virtual production"</a>. Sky News. Retrieved 15 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=%C2%A3100m+studio+makes+Belfast+global+hub+for+virtual+production&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft.aulast=Belvins&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F100m-studio-makes-belfast-global-hub-for-virtual-production-13022657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:19-272">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:19_272-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:19_272-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfast-harbour.co.uk/real-estate/belfast-harbour-studios/">"Belfast Harbour Studios"</a>. Belfast Harbour. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+Harbour&rft.atitle=Belfast+Harbour+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfast-harbour.co.uk%2Freal-estate%2Fbelfast-harbour-studios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Film_&_Television_Studios-273">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Film_&_Television_Studios_273-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Film_&_Television_Studios_273-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://northernirelandscreen.co.uk/filming/studios/">"Film & Television Studios"</a>. Northern Ireland Screen. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Northern+Ireland+Screen&rft.atitle=Film+%26+Television+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnorthernirelandscreen.co.uk%2Ffilming%2Fstudios%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:15-274"><a href="#cite_ref-:15_274-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://harcourtdev.com/titanic-studios">"Titanic Studios"</a>. Harcourt | Design, Develop, Deliver | New Homes | Offices | Retail. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Harcourt+%7C+Design%2C+Develop%2C+Deliver+%7C+New+Homes+%7C+Offices+%7C+Retail&rft.atitle=Titanic+Studios&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fharcourtdev.com%2Ftitanic-studios&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-275"><a href="#cite_ref-275">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.studioulster.com/">"Studio Ulster"</a>. studioulster.com. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=studioulster.com&rft.atitle=Studio+Ulster&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.studioulster.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://news.sky.com/story/100m-studio-makes-belfast-global-hub-for-virtual-production-13022657">"£100m studio makes Belfast global hub for virtual production"</a>. Sky News. 5 January 2024. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sky+News&rft.atitle=%C2%A3100m+studio+makes+Belfast+global+hub+for+virtual+production&rft.date=2024-01-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fnews.sky.com%2Fstory%2F100m-studio-makes-belfast-global-hub-for-virtual-production-13022657&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://loopstudios.info/">"Loop Studios – 468-472 Castlereagh Rd, Belfast"</a>. loopstudios.info. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=loopstudios.info&rft.atitle=Loop+Studios+%E2%80%93+468-472+Castlereagh+Rd%2C+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Floopstudios.info%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-278"><a href="#cite_ref-278">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071012210212/http://archive.nics.gov.uk/dfp/010209f-dfp.htm">"Durkan "hopeful" For Future of Good Friday Agreement"</a>. Department of Finance and Personnel. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://archive.nics.gov.uk/dfp/010209f-dfp.htm">the original</a> on 12 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Durkan+%22hopeful%22+For+Future+of+Good+Friday+Agreement&rft.pub=Department+of+Finance+and+Personnel&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Farchive.nics.gov.uk%2Fdfp%2F010209f-dfp.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-279"><a href="#cite_ref-279">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020213/text/20213w02.htm">"House of Commons Hansard Written Answers for 13 February 2002"</a>. House of Commons. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118232203/http://www.publications.parliament.uk/pa/cm200102/cmhansrd/vo020213/text/20213w02.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=House+of+Commons+Hansard+Written+Answers+for+13+February+2002&rft.pub=House+of+Commons&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fpublications.parliament.uk%2Fpa%2Fcm200102%2Fcmhansrd%2Fvo020213%2Ftext%2F20213w02.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-280"><a href="#cite_ref-280">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.newsletter.co.uk/news/people/milestone-for-belfast-as-1000th-cruise-ship-arrives-since-1996-3411447">"Milestone for Belfast as 1,000th cruise ship arrives since 1996"</a>. News Letter. 7 October 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News+Letter&rft.atitle=Milestone+for+Belfast+as+1%2C000th+cruise+ship+arrives+since+1996&rft.date=2021-10-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.newsletter.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpeople%2Fmilestone-for-belfast-as-1000th-cruise-ship-arrives-since-1996-3411447&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-281"><a href="#cite_ref-281">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/northern-ireland/arrival-of-borealis-caps-record-season-for-cruise-ship-visits-in-belfast/a1443070018.html">"Arrival of 'Borealis' caps record season for cruise ship visits in Belfast"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 20 October 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Arrival+of+%27Borealis%27+caps+record+season+for+cruise+ship+visits+in+Belfast&rft.date=2023-10-20&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Farrival-of-borealis-caps-record-season-for-cruise-ship-visits-in-belfast%2Fa1443070018.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-282"><a href="#cite_ref-282">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJenkins2012" class="citation news cs1">Jenkins, Chris (7 May 2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2012/may/07/belfast-immoral-conflict-tourism">"Belfast's immoral 'conflict tourism'"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Belfast%27s+immoral+%27conflict+tourism%27&rft.date=2012-05-07&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Jenkins&rft.aufirst=Chris&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Fcommentisfree%2F2012%2Fmay%2F07%2Fbelfast-immoral-conflict-tourism&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-283"><a href="#cite_ref-283">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPlanet" class="citation web cs1">Planet, Lonely. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lonelyplanet.com/ireland/northern-ireland/belfast/attractions">"Must-see attractions Belfast, Northern Ireland"</a>. Lonely Planet. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Lonely+Planet&rft.atitle=Must-see+attractions+Belfast%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft.aulast=Planet&rft.aufirst=Lonely&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lonelyplanet.com%2Fireland%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast%2Fattractions&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-284"><a href="#cite_ref-284">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.independent.co.uk/travel/uk/northern-ireland/belfast-city-guide-best-hotels-restaurants-b2197054.html">"The ultimate Belfast guide"</a>. The Independent. 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Independent&rft.atitle=The+ultimate+Belfast+guide&rft.date=2022-10-13&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.independent.co.uk%2Ftravel%2Fuk%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast-city-guide-best-hotels-restaurants-b2197054.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-285"><a href="#cite_ref-285">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.investni.com/international-business/northern-irelands-unique-gb-and-eu-market-access-position">"Northern Ireland's Unique GB and EU Market Access Position"</a>. Invest Northern Ireland. 19 June 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Invest+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland%27s+Unique+GB+and+EU+Market+Access+Position&rft.date=2023-06-19&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.investni.com%2Finternational-business%2Fnorthern-irelands-unique-gb-and-eu-market-access-position&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-286"><a href="#cite_ref-286">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2023/03/12/news/business_leaders_windsor_framework_letter_to_rishi_sunak_is_welcome_intervention_-3127023/">"Business leaders' Windsor Framework letter to Rishi Sunak is 'welcome intervention'"</a>. The Irish News. 12 March 2023. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Business+leaders%27+Windsor+Framework+letter+to+Rishi+Sunak+is+%27welcome+intervention%27&rft.date=2023-03-12&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2023%2F03%2F12%2Fnews%2Fbusiness_leaders_windsor_framework_letter_to_rishi_sunak_is_welcome_intervention_-3127023%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-287"><a href="#cite_ref-287">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/business/ulsterbusiness/features/the-windsor-framework-gives-business-the-chance-to-renew-the-ni-economy-and-doesnt-threaten-union/1002543936.html">"'The Windsor Framework gives business the chance to renew the NI economy and doesn't threaten union'"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 31 March 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 25 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=%27The+Windsor+Framework+gives+business+the+chance+to+renew+the+NI+economy+and+doesn%27t+threaten+union%27&rft.date=2023-03-31&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fbusiness%2Fulsterbusiness%2Ffeatures%2Fthe-windsor-framework-gives-business-the-chance-to-renew-the-ni-economy-and-doesnt-threaten-union%2F1002543936.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-288"><a href="#cite_ref-288">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.instituteforgovernment.org.uk/explainer/government-deal-dup-restore-power-sharing-northern-ireland">"Government deal with the DUP to restore power sharing in Northern Ireland"</a>. Institute for Government. 1 February 2024. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Institute+for+Government&rft.atitle=Government+deal+with+the+DUP+to+restore+power+sharing+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.date=2024-02-01&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.instituteforgovernment.org.uk%2Fexplainer%2Fgovernment-deal-dup-restore-power-sharing-northern-ireland&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-289"><a href="#cite_ref-289">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith2001" class="citation journal cs1">Smith, Alan (2001). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1050786">"Religious Segregation and the Emergence of Integrated Schools in Northern Ireland"</a>. Oxford Review of Education. 27 (4): 559–575. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1080%2F03054980120086248">10.1080/03054980120086248</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0305-4985">0305-4985</a>. <a href="/wiki/JSTOR_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="JSTOR (identifier)">JSTOR</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/1050786">1050786</a>. <a href="/wiki/S2CID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="S2CID (identifier)">S2CID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://api.semanticscholar.org/CorpusID:144419805">144419805</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210605220945/https://www.jstor.org/stable/1050786">Archived</a> from the original on 5 June 2021. Retrieved 5 June 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Oxford+Review+of+Education&rft.atitle=Religious+Segregation+and+the+Emergence+of+Integrated+Schools+in+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=4&rft.pages=559-575&rft.date=2001&rft.issn=0305-4985&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fapi.semanticscholar.org%2FCorpusID%3A144419805%23id-name%3DS2CID&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1050786%23id-name%3DJSTOR&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1080%2F03054980120086248&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=Alan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.jstor.org%2Fstable%2F1050786&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:7-290">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:7_290-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:7_290-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/types-school">"Types of school | nidirect"</a>. nidirect.gov.uk. 26 October 2015. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Types+of+school+%7C+nidirect&rft.date=2015-10-26&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Ftypes-school&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-291"><a href="#cite_ref-291">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-55238661">"Teacher training in NI 'reinforces sectarian divide'"</a>. BBC News. 10 December 2020. Retrieved 26 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Teacher+training+in+NI+%27reinforces+sectarian+divide%27&rft.date=2020-12-10&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-55238661&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:23-292">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:23_292-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:23_292-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMaguire2009" class="citation book cs1">Maguire, William (2009). Belfast, A History. Lancaster: Carnegie. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-189-4"><bdi>978-1-85936-189-4</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+A+History&rft.place=Lancaster&rft.pub=Carnegie&rft.date=2009&rft.isbn=978-1-85936-189-4&rft.aulast=Maguire&rft.aufirst=William&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-293"><a href="#cite_ref-293">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFWhelan2020" class="citation book cs1">Whelan, Fergus (2020). May Tyrants Tremble: The Life of William Drennan, 1754–1820. Dublin: Irish Academic Press. pp. 170–171. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-121-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-78855-121-2"><bdi>978-1-78855-121-2</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=May+Tyrants+Tremble%3A+The+Life+of+William+Drennan%2C+1754%E2%80%931820&rft.place=Dublin&rft.pages=170-171&rft.pub=Irish+Academic+Press&rft.date=2020&rft.isbn=978-1-78855-121-2&rft.aulast=Whelan&rft.aufirst=Fergus&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-294"><a href="#cite_ref-294">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBorooahKnox2015" class="citation journal cs1">Borooah, Vani K.; Knox, Colin (1 January 2015). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0738059314000947">"Segregation, inequality, and educational performance in Northern Ireland: Problems and solutions"</a>. International Journal of Educational Development. 40: 196–206. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2014.09.002">10.1016/j.ijedudev.2014.09.002</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0738-0593">0738-0593</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=International+Journal+of+Educational+Development&rft.atitle=Segregation%2C+inequality%2C+and+educational+performance+in+Northern+Ireland%3A+Problems+and+solutions&rft.volume=40&rft.pages=196-206&rft.date=2015-01-01&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1016%2Fj.ijedudev.2014.09.002&rft.issn=0738-0593&rft.aulast=Borooah&rft.aufirst=Vani+K.&rft.au=Knox%2C+Colin&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sciencedirect.com%2Fscience%2Farticle%2Fpii%2FS0738059314000947&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-295"><a href="#cite_ref-295">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBrownDonnellyShevlinSkerritt2021" class="citation journal cs1">Brown, Martin; Donnelly, Chris; Shevlin, Paddy; Skerritt, Craig; McNamara, Gerry; O'Hara, Joe (2021). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353/isia.2021.0060">"The Rise and Fall and Rise of Academic Selection: The Case of Northern Ireland"</a>. Irish Studies in International Affairs. 32 (2): 477–498. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1353%2Fisia.2021.0060">10.1353/isia.2021.0060</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/2009-0072">2009-0072</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Irish+Studies+in+International+Affairs&rft.atitle=The+Rise+and+Fall+and+Rise+of+Academic+Selection%3A+The+Case+of+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=32&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=477-498&rft.date=2021&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1353%2Fisia.2021.0060&rft.issn=2009-0072&rft.aulast=Brown&rft.aufirst=Martin&rft.au=Donnelly%2C+Chris&rft.au=Shevlin%2C+Paddy&rft.au=Skerritt%2C+Craig&rft.au=McNamara%2C+Gerry&rft.au=O%27Hara%2C+Joe&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.1353%2Fisia.2021.0060&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-296"><a href="#cite_ref-296">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/education/northern-ireland-grammar-schools-decide-against-using-academic-criteria-for-pupil-selection/40000726.html">"Northern Ireland grammar schools decide against using academic criteria for pupil selection"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 22 January 2021. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+grammar+schools+decide+against+using+academic+criteria+for+pupil+selection&rft.date=2021-01-22&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Feducation%2Fnorthern-ireland-grammar-schools-decide-against-using-academic-criteria-for-pupil-selection%2F40000726.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-297"><a href="#cite_ref-297">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.tes.com/magazine/analysis/general/schools-northern-ireland-segregation-grammar-schools-selection-funding">"Selection and segregation: the big education issues in Northern Ireland | Tes"</a>. tes.com. Retrieved 27 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=tes.com&rft.atitle=Selection+and+segregation%3A+the+big+education+issues+in+Northern+Ireland+%7C+Tes&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.tes.com%2Fmagazine%2Fanalysis%2Fgeneral%2Fschools-northern-ireland-segregation-grammar-schools-selection-funding&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-298"><a href="#cite_ref-298">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.4ni.co.uk/sub/695x2/belfast-county-antrim/northern-ireland-primary-schools">"Primary schools in Belfast, Northern Ireland | Page 2"</a>. 4ni.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4ni.co.uk&rft.atitle=Primary+schools+in+Belfast%2C+Northern+Ireland+%7C+Page+2&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.4ni.co.uk%2Fsub%2F695x2%2Fbelfast-county-antrim%2Fnorthern-ireland-primary-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-299"><a href="#cite_ref-299">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.4ni.co.uk/sub/782x1/belfast-county-antrim/northern-ireland-secondary-schools">"Secondary schools in Belfast, Northern Ireland"</a>. 4ni.co.uk. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=4ni.co.uk&rft.atitle=Secondary+schools+in+Belfast%2C+Northern+Ireland&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.4ni.co.uk%2Fsub%2F782x1%2Fbelfast-county-antrim%2Fnorthern-ireland-secondary-schools&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-300"><a href="#cite_ref-300">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/uk/educational-disadvantage-gap-virtually-unchanged-in-20-years-says-report/41914288.html">"Educational disadvantage gap virtually unchanged in 20 years, says report"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 15 August 2022. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Educational+disadvantage+gap+virtually+unchanged+in+20+years%2C+says+report&rft.date=2022-08-15&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fuk%2Feducational-disadvantage-gap-virtually-unchanged-in-20-years-says-report%2F41914288.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-301"><a href="#cite_ref-301">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCity_Growth_and_Regeneration_Committee2018" class="citation book cs1">City Growth and Regeneration Committee (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://minutes.belfastcity.gov.uk/documents/s70681/Addressing%20Educational%20Inequality%20-%20update%20on%20pilot%20project.pdf">Addressing Educational Inequality – update on pilot project</a> (PDF). Belfast City Council.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Addressing+Educational+Inequality+%E2%80%93+update+on+pilot+project&rft.pub=Belfast+City+Council&rft.date=2018&rft.au=City+Growth+and+Regeneration+Committee&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fminutes.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fdocuments%2Fs70681%2FAddressing%2520Educational%2520Inequality%2520-%2520update%2520on%2520pilot%2520project.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-302"><a href="#cite_ref-302">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071216075936/http://www.belfastmet.ac.uk/aboutus/">"Belfast Metropolitan College – About Us"</a>. Belfast Metropolitan College. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastmet.ac.uk/aboutus/">the original</a> on 16 December 2007. Retrieved 12 December 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+Metropolitan+College+%E2%80%93+About+Us&rft.pub=Belfast+Metropolitan+College&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastmet.ac.uk%2Faboutus%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-303"><a href="#cite_ref-303">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607022414/http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/about.html">"About The Russell Group: Aims and objectives"</a>. The Russell Group. 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.russellgroup.ac.uk/about.html">the original</a> on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=About+The+Russell+Group%3A+Aims+and+objectives&rft.pub=The+Russell+Group&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.russellgroup.ac.uk%2Fabout.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-304"><a href="#cite_ref-304">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-64000264">"Queen's University Belfast international students up by 20%"</a>. BBC News. 16 December 2022. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Queen%27s+University+Belfast+international+students+up+by+20%25&rft.date=2022-12-16&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-64000264&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-305"><a href="#cite_ref-305">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/alumniandsupporters/updates/other/creating-a-brighter-future-for-all-an-update-on-the-campus-developments-at-ulster-university">"Creating a brighter future for all – an update on the campus developments at Ulster University"</a>. ulster.ac.uk. 29 November 2021. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Creating+a+brighter+future+for+all+%E2%80%93+an+update+on+the+campus+developments+at+Ulster+University&rft.date=2021-11-29&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2Falumniandsupporters%2Fupdates%2Fother%2Fcreating-a-brighter-future-for-all-an-update-on-the-campus-developments-at-ulster-university&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-306"><a href="#cite_ref-306">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ulster.ac.uk/news/2022/september/ulster-universitys-enhanced-belfast-campus-prepares-to-welcome-students-and-staff">"Ulster University's Enhanced Belfast Campus Prepares to Welcome Students and Staff"</a>. ulster.ac.uk. 28 July 2023. Retrieved 31 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ulster.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ulster+University%27s+Enhanced+Belfast+Campus+Prepares+to+Welcome+Students+and+Staff&rft.date=2023-07-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ulster.ac.uk%2Fnews%2F2022%2Fseptember%2Fulster-universitys-enhanced-belfast-campus-prepares-to-welcome-students-and-staff&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-307"><a href="#cite_ref-307">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070504052645/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/cityhall/history.asp?menuitem=background">"Belfast City Hall: History and Background"</a>. Belfast City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/cityhall/history.asp?menuitem=background">the original</a> on 4 May 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+City+Hall%3A+History+and+Background&rft.pub=Belfast+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fcityhall%2Fhistory.asp%3Fmenuitem%3Dbackground&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-308"><a href="#cite_ref-308">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/lgba1971.htm">"Local Government (Boundaries) Act (Northern Ireland) 1971"</a>. Conflict Archive on the Internet (CAIN). 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070707194021/http://cain.ulst.ac.uk/hmso/lgba1971.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 7 July 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Local+Government+%28Boundaries%29+Act+%28Northern+Ireland%29+1971&rft.pub=Conflict+Archive+on+the+Internet+%28CAIN%29&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcain.ulst.ac.uk%2Fhmso%2Flgba1971.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-309"><a href="#cite_ref-309">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/local-councils">"Local councils | nidirect"</a>. nidirect.gov.uk. 27 October 2015. Retrieved 22 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+councils+%7C+nidirect&rft.date=2015-10-27&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Flocal-councils&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfast_City_Council_–_Lord_Mayor-310">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Belfast_City_Council_–_Lord_Mayor_310-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Belfast_City_Council_–_Lord_Mayor_310-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070607193627/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/councillors/index.asp?menuitem2=lord-mayor">"Councillors: Lord Mayor"</a>. Belfast City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/councillors/index.asp?menuitem2=lord-mayor">the original</a> on 7 June 2007. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Councillors%3A+Lord+Mayor&rft.pub=Belfast+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fcouncillors%2Findex.asp%3Fmenuitem2%3Dlord-mayor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-311"><a href="#cite_ref-311">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/politics/just-17-of-belfasts-60-seats-now-held-by-unionists/1555586931.html">"Just 17 of Belfast's 60 seats now held by unionists"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. 20 May 2023. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 18 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Just+17+of+Belfast%27s+60+seats+now+held+by+unionists&rft.date=2023-05-20&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fpolitics%2Fjust-17-of-belfasts-60-seats-now-held-by-unionists%2F1555586931.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-312"><a href="#cite_ref-312">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/election/2022/northern-ireland/results">"Northern Ireland election"</a>. BBC News. 7 May 2022. Retrieved 24 May 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Northern+Ireland+election&rft.date=2022-05-07&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fnews%2Felection%2F2022%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fresults&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-313"><a href="#cite_ref-313">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66043895">"Boundaries of five Northern Ireland constituencies to change"</a>. BBC News. 28 June 2023. Retrieved 14 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Boundaries+of+five+Northern+Ireland+constituencies+to+change&rft.date=2023-06-28&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66043895&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-314"><a href="#cite_ref-314">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/hpssreview-trust-consultation-document.pdf">"Review of Public Administration: Consultation on Draft Legislation To Establish Five New Integrated Health And Social Services Trusts"</a> (PDF). DHSSPS. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927114140/http://www.dhsspsni.gov.uk/hpssreview-trust-consultation-document.pdf">Archived</a> (PDF) from the original on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Review+of+Public+Administration%3A+Consultation+on+Draft+Legislation+To+Establish+Five+New+Integrated+Health+And+Social+Services+Trusts&rft.pub=DHSSPS&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.dhsspsni.gov.uk%2Fhpssreview-trust-consultation-document.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-315"><a href="#cite_ref-315">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBridges" class="citation web cs1">Bridges, Barry. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ums.ac.uk/bmsa/bmsa_med.pdf">"Belfast Medical Students"</a> (PDF). Queen's University of Belfast. p. 14. Retrieved 3 April 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+Medical+Students&rft.pages=14&rft.pub=Queen%27s+University+of+Belfast&rft.aulast=Bridges&rft.aufirst=Barry&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ums.ac.uk%2Fbmsa%2Fbmsa_med.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-316"><a href="#cite_ref-316">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfast_Health_and_Social_Care_Trust" class="citation web cs1">Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfasttrust.hscni.net/hospitals/rvh/">"Royal Victorian Hospital"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Victorian+Hospital&rft.au=Belfast+Health+and+Social+Care+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfasttrust.hscni.net%2Fhospitals%2Frvh%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-317"><a href="#cite_ref-317">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfast_Health_and_Social_Care_Trust" class="citation web cs1">Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfasttrust.hscni.net/hospitals/childrens/">"Children's Hospital"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Children%27s+Hospital&rft.au=Belfast+Health+and+Social+Care+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfasttrust.hscni.net%2Fhospitals%2Fchildrens%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-318"><a href="#cite_ref-318">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northernirelandnews/2021/03/22/news/documentary-charts-belfast-city-hospital-evolution-from-19th-century-workhouse-fever-hospital-to-2020-nightingale-unit-2262563/">"Video: Documentary charts Belfast City Hospital evolution from 19th century workhouse 'fever hospital' to 2020 Nightingale unit"</a>. The Irish News. 22 March 2021. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=Video%3A+Documentary+charts+Belfast+City+Hospital+evolution+from+19th+century+workhouse+%27fever+hospital%27+to+2020+Nightingale+unit&rft.date=2021-03-22&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthernirelandnews%2F2021%2F03%2F22%2Fnews%2Fdocumentary-charts-belfast-city-hospital-evolution-from-19th-century-workhouse-fever-hospital-to-2020-nightingale-unit-2262563%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-319"><a href="#cite_ref-319">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMorrison2006" class="citation journal cs1">Morrison, PJ (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891734">"Improving cancer statistics – a new cancer centre for Northern Ireland"</a>. The Ulster Medical Journal. 75 (2): 110. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1891734">1891734</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16755938">16755938</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ulster+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=Improving+cancer+statistics+%E2%80%93+a+new+cancer+centre+for+Northern+Ireland&rft.volume=75&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=110&rft.date=2006&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1891734%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F16755938&rft.aulast=Morrison&rft.aufirst=PJ&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC1891734&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-320"><a href="#cite_ref-320">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231214226/http://www.renal.org/bapn/bapn-information-and-resources/centres/lists/centres/belfast">"Belfast City Hospital: About the Unit"</a>. The Renal Association. November 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.renal.org/bapn/bapn-information-and-resources/centres/lists/centres/belfast">the original</a> on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 24 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+City+Hospital%3A+About+the+Unit&rft.pub=The+Renal+Association&rft.date=2006-11&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.renal.org%2Fbapn%2Fbapn-information-and-resources%2Fcentres%2Flists%2Fcentres%2Fbelfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-321"><a href="#cite_ref-321">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070307071451/http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_open_northern_ireland_s_first_regional_acquired_brain_in_778.html">"TRH open Northern Ireland's first Regional Acquired Brain Injury Unit"</a>. The Prince of Wales. 15 May 2006. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.princeofwales.gov.uk/newsandgallery/news/trh_open_northern_ireland_s_first_regional_acquired_brain_in_778.html">the original</a> on 7 March 2007. Retrieved 6 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=TRH+open+Northern+Ireland%27s+first+Regional+Acquired+Brain+Injury+Unit&rft.date=2006-05-15&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.princeofwales.gov.uk%2Fnewsandgallery%2Fnews%2Ftrh_open_northern_ireland_s_first_regional_acquired_brain_in_778.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-322"><a href="#cite_ref-322">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ums.ac.uk/mih.html">"Ulster Medical Society: Mater Infirmorum Hospital"</a>. ums.ac.uk. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ums.ac.uk&rft.atitle=Ulster+Medical+Society%3A+Mater+Infirmorum+Hospital&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ums.ac.uk%2Fmih.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-323"><a href="#cite_ref-323">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBelfast_Health_and_Social_Care_Trust" class="citation web cs1">Belfast Health and Social Care Trust. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://belfasttrust.hscni.net/hospitals/mater/">"Mater Hospital"</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Mater+Hospital&rft.au=Belfast+Health+and+Social+Care+Trust&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbelfasttrust.hscni.net%2Fhospitals%2Fmater%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-journal-324"><a href="#cite_ref-journal_324-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFLogan1987" class="citation journal cs1 cs1-prop-long-vol">Logan, H (August 1987). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2448186">"The Ulster Hospital – a short history"</a>. The Ulster Medical Journal. 56 Suppl (Suppl): S57-64. <a href="/wiki/PMC_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMC (identifier)">PMC</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2448186">2448186</a>. <a href="/wiki/PMID_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="PMID (identifier)">PMID</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/3328369">3328369</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Ulster+Medical+Journal&rft.atitle=The+Ulster+Hospital+%26ndash%3B+a+short+history.&rft.volume=56+Suppl&rft.issue=Suppl&rft.pages=S57-64&rft.date=1987-08&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2448186%23id-name%3DPMC&rft_id=info%3Apmid%2F3328369&rft.aulast=Logan&rft.aufirst=H&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov%2Fpmc%2Farticles%2FPMC2448186&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-325"><a href="#cite_ref-325">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfasttelegraph.co.uk/news/health/ulster-hospital-new-115m-acute-services-block-is-hailed-as-a-game-changer/41019352.html">"Ulster Hospital: New £115m acute services block is hailed as a game-changer"</a>. BelfastTelegraph.co.uk. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0307-1235">0307-1235</a>. Retrieved 3 May 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BelfastTelegraph.co.uk&rft.atitle=Ulster+Hospital%3A+New+%C2%A3115m+acute+services+block+is+hailed+as+a+game-changer&rft.issn=0307-1235&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfasttelegraph.co.uk%2Fnews%2Fhealth%2Fulster-hospital-new-115m-acute-services-block-is-hailed-as-a-game-changer%2F41019352.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-326"><a href="#cite_ref-326">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wesleyjohnston.com/roads/m2.html">"M2 / M22 Motorway"</a>. Wesleyjohnston.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20101204012656/http://wesleyjohnston.com/roads/m2.html">Archived</a> from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 12 August 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=M2+%2F+M22+Motorway&rft.pub=Wesleyjohnston.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wesleyjohnston.com%2Froads%2Fm2.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-327"><a href="#cite_ref-327">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFNutley1990" class="citation book cs1">Nutley, Stephen D. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=k5rrC4nYek8C&pg=PA318">Unconventional and Community Transport in the United Kingdom</a>. Gordon and Breach Science Publishers. pp. 318–322. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9782881247644" title="Special:BookSources/9782881247644"><bdi>9782881247644</bdi></a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0278-3819">0278-3819</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231214225/https://books.google.com/books?id=k5rrC4nYek8C&pg=PA318">Archived</a> from the original on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 16 October 2015.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Unconventional+and+Community+Transport+in+the+United+Kingdom&rft.pages=318-322&rft.pub=Gordon+and+Breach+Science+Publishers&rft.date=1990&rft.issn=0278-3819&rft.isbn=9782881247644&rft.aulast=Nutley&rft.aufirst=Stephen+D.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3Dk5rrC4nYek8C%26pg%3DPA318&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-328"><a href="#cite_ref-328">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140711034346/http://www.translink.co.uk/Services/Metro-Service-Page/Metro-Corridor-Zone-Guide/">"Metro Corridor & Zone Guide"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Metro_(Belfast)" title="Metro (Belfast)">Translink Metro</a>. 27 August 2012. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.translink.co.uk/Services/Metro-Service-Page/Metro-Corridor-Zone-Guide">the original</a> on 11 July 2014. Retrieved 2 June 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Metro+Corridor+%26+Zone+Guide&rft.pub=Translink+Metro&rft.date=2012-08-27&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.translink.co.uk%2FServices%2FMetro-Service-Page%2FMetro-Corridor-Zone-Guide&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-329"><a href="#cite_ref-329">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.irishnews.com/news/northern-ireland/first-look-inside-the-new-belfast-grand-central-station-as-it-prepares-to-open-on-sunday-7NTEIDD27NAQDDQLVGWUDYBI3Q/">"First look inside the new Belfast Grand Central Station as it prepares to open on Sunday"</a>. The Irish News. 4 September 2024. Retrieved 9 September 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Irish+News&rft.atitle=First+look+inside+the+new+Belfast+Grand+Central+Station+as+it+prepares+to+open+on+Sunday&rft.date=2024-09-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.irishnews.com%2Fnews%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Ffirst-look-inside-the-new-belfast-grand-central-station-as-it-prepares-to-open-on-sunday-7NTEIDD27NAQDDQLVGWUDYBI3Q%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-330"><a href="#cite_ref-330">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20180515141539/https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/articles/belfast-rapid-transit-glider-introduction">"Belfast Rapid Transit – Glider – introduction"</a>. Infrastructure-ni.gov.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk/articles/belfast-rapid-transit-glider-introduction">the original</a> on 15 May 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Infrastructure-ni.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Belfast+Rapid+Transit+%E2%80%93+Glider+%E2%80%93+introduction&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.infrastructure-ni.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fbelfast-rapid-transit-glider-introduction&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-331"><a href="#cite_ref-331">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.itv.com/news/utv/2018-10-03/glider-bus-passengers-increase-17-in-first-month/">"Glider bus passengers increase 17% in first month"</a>. itv.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20181007160721/http://www.itv.com/news/utv/2018-10-03/glider-bus-passengers-increase-17-in-first-month/">Archived</a> from the original on 7 October 2018. Retrieved 15 May 2018.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=itv.com&rft.atitle=Glider+bus+passengers+increase+17%25+in+first+month&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Futv%2F2018-10-03%2Fglider-bus-passengers-increase-17-in-first-month%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-332"><a href="#cite_ref-332">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.sustrans.org.uk/find-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network/route-9/">"Route 9"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Sustrans" title="Sustrans">Sustrans</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210302172024/https://www.sustrans.org.uk/find-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network/route-9/">Archived</a> from the original on 2 March 2021. Retrieved 8 April 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Route+9&rft.pub=Sustrans&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.sustrans.org.uk%2Ffind-a-route-on-the-national-cycle-network%2Froute-9%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-333"><a href="#cite_ref-333">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210918231100/https://www.lisburncastlereagh.gov.uk/uploads/general/5_Transportation_Updated_Nov_19.docx">"Development Plan: Position Paper 5: Transportation"</a>. Lisburn & Castlereagh City Council. November 2019. p. 31. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.lisburncastlereagh.gov.uk/uploads/general/5_Transportation_Updated_Nov_19.docx">the original</a> on 18 September 2021. Retrieved 9 November 2021.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Development+Plan%3A+Position+Paper+5%3A+Transportation&rft.pages=31&rft.pub=Lisburn+%26+Castlereagh+City+Council&rft.date=2019-11&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.lisburncastlereagh.gov.uk%2Fuploads%2Fgeneral%2F5_Transportation_Updated_Nov_19.docx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-334"><a href="#cite_ref-334">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.niwater.com/silent-valley/">"The Silent Valley"</a>. Northern Ireland Water. 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140531123627/http://www.niwater.com/silent-valley/">Archived</a> from the original on 31 May 2014. Retrieved 30 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Silent+Valley&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Water&rft.date=2007&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.niwater.com%2Fsilent-valley%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-BMA_plan-335">^ <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_plan_335-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-BMA_plan_335-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070927095510/http://www.planningni.gov.uk/areaplans_policy/Plans/BMA/draft_plan/01Part1_3/03Strategic_Framework/publics_u.htm">"Strategic Plan Framework: Public Services and Utilities"</a>. Draft Belfast Metropolitan Area Plan 2015. The Planning Service. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.planningni.gov.uk/areaplans_policy/Plans/BMA/draft_plan/01Part1_3/03Strategic_Framework/publics_u.htm">the original</a> on 27 September 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Draft+Belfast+Metropolitan+Area+Plan+2015&rft.atitle=Strategic+Plan+Framework%3A+Public+Services+and+Utilities&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.planningni.gov.uk%2Fareaplans_policy%2FPlans%2FBMA%2Fdraft_plan%2F01Part1_3%2F03Strategic_Framework%2Fpublics_u.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-336"><a href="#cite_ref-336">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-66968311">"Where does my water come from in Northern Ireland?"</a>. BBC News. 4 October 2023. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News&rft.atitle=Where+does+my+water+come+from+in+Northern+Ireland%3F&rft.date=2023-10-04&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.com%2Fnews%2Fuk-northern-ireland-66968311&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-337"><a href="#cite_ref-337">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609093844/http://www.waterreformni.gov.uk/">"Water Reform Implemented: Secretary of State announces deferral of charges"</a>. Water Reform NI. March 2007. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.waterreformni.gov.uk/">the original</a> on 9 June 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Water+Reform+Implemented%3A+Secretary+of+State+announces+deferral+of+charges&rft.pub=Water+Reform+NI&rft.date=2007-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.waterreformni.gov.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-338"><a href="#cite_ref-338">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.economy-ni.gov.uk/articles/electricity-consumption-and-renewable-generation-statistics">"Electricity Consumption and Renewable Generation Statistics | Department for the Economy"</a>. Economy. 20 May 2015. Retrieved 16 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Economy&rft.atitle=Electricity+Consumption+and+Renewable+Generation+Statistics+%7C+Department+for+the+Economy&rft.date=2015-05-20&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.economy-ni.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Felectricity-consumption-and-renewable-generation-statistics&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-339"><a href="#cite_ref-339">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ratingreviewni.gov.uk/index/domestic/domestic-summary.htm">"Summary of domestic rating reforms"</a>. Department of Finance and Personnel. 2005. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070505011123/http://www.ratingreviewni.gov.uk/index/domestic/domestic-summary.htm">Archived</a> from the original on 5 May 2007. Retrieved 26 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Summary+of+domestic+rating+reforms&rft.pub=Department+of+Finance+and+Personnel&rft.date=2005&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ratingreviewni.gov.uk%2Findex%2Fdomestic%2Fdomestic-summary.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-340"><a href="#cite_ref-340">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/leisurecentres">"Leisure centres in Belfast"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Leisure+centres+in+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fleisurecentres&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-341"><a href="#cite_ref-341">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.better.org.uk/leisure-centre/belfast">"Leisure Centres, Gyms & Swimming Pools in Belfast | Better"</a>. better.org.uk. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=better.org.uk&rft.atitle=Leisure+Centres%2C+Gyms+%26+Swimming+Pools+in+Belfast+%7C+Better&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.better.org.uk%2Fleisure-centre%2Fbelfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-342"><a href="#cite_ref-342">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140401104711/http://www.nitb.com/FileHandler.ashx?id=2259">"Gardens and Tourism"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland_Tourist_Board" class="mw-redirect" title="Northern Ireland Tourist Board">Northern Ireland Tourist Board</a>. March 2012. p. 5. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nitb.com/FileHandler.ashx?id=2259">the original</a> on 1 April 2014. Retrieved 25 May 2014.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Gardens+and+Tourism&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=Northern+Ireland+Tourist+Board&rft.date=2012-03&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.nitb.com%2FFileHandler.ashx%3Fid%3D2259&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-343"><a href="#cite_ref-343">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080513021454/http://www.gardensireland.com/palm-house.html">"Palm House Botanic Gardens, Belfast City"</a>. Houses, Castles and Gardens of Ireland. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gardensireland.com/palm-house.html">the original</a> on 13 May 2008. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Palm+House+Botanic+Gardens%2C+Belfast+City&rft.pub=Houses%2C+Castles+and+Gardens+of+Ireland&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gardensireland.com%2Fpalm-house.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-344"><a href="#cite_ref-344">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation cs2"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=0Gflw4_s5dE">Tropical Ravine</a>, 23 April 2018, retrieved 3 February 2024</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Tropical+Ravine&rft.date=2018-04-23&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3D0Gflw4_s5dE&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-345"><a href="#cite_ref-345">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090517075802/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/parksandopenspaces/tropicalravine.asp">"Tropical Ravine"</a>. Belfast City Council. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/parksandopenspaces/tropicalravine.asp">the original</a> on 17 May 2009. Retrieved 30 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Tropical+Ravine&rft.pub=Belfast+City+Council&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fparksandopenspaces%2Ftropicalravine.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-346"><a href="#cite_ref-346">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/things-to-do/parks-and-open-spaces/a-z-parks/ormeau-park">"Ormeau Park"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Ormeau+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fparks-and-open-spaces%2Fa-z-parks%2Formeau-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-347"><a href="#cite_ref-347">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/things-to-do/parks-and-open-spaces/a-z-parks/waterworks">"The Waterworks"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=The+Waterworks&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fparks-and-open-spaces%2Fa-z-parks%2Fwaterworks&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-348"><a href="#cite_ref-348">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/things-to-do/parks-and-open-spaces/a-z-parks/victoria-park">"Victoria Park"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Victoria+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fthings-to-do%2Fparks-and-open-spaces%2Fa-z-parks%2Fvictoria-park&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-349"><a href="#cite_ref-349">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.eastsidegreenways.com/">"EastSide Greenways"</a>. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=EastSide+Greenways&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.eastsidegreenways.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-350"><a href="#cite_ref-350">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/belvoir-park-forest">"Belvoir Park Forest | nidirect"</a>. nidirect.gov.uk. 5 November 2015. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=nidirect.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Belvoir+Park+Forest+%7C+nidirect&rft.date=2015-11-05&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nidirect.gov.uk%2Farticles%2Fbelvoir-park-forest&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Go_To_Belfast:_Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park-351"><a href="#cite_ref-Go_To_Belfast:_Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park_351-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070531190626/http://www.gotobelfast.com/thingstodo/viewdetail.cfm/TDVenue_Key/421/level/page/category_key/197/Page_Key/279/parent_key/0/type/Page/PaGeName/Restaurant_Month.htm">"Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park and City of Belfast International Rose Garden"</a>. Go To Belfast. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.gotobelfast.com/thingstodo/viewdetail.cfm/TDVenue_Key/421/level/page/category_key/197/Page_Key/279/parent_key/0/type/Page/PaGeName/Restaurant_Month.htm">the original</a> on 31 May 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Sir+Thomas+and+Lady+Dixon+Park+and+City+of+Belfast+International+Rose+Garden&rft.pub=Go+To+Belfast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.gotobelfast.com%2Fthingstodo%2Fviewdetail.cfm%2FTDVenue_Key%2F421%2Flevel%2Fpage%2Fcategory_key%2F197%2FPage_Key%2F279%2Fparent_key%2F0%2Ftype%2FPage%2FPaGeName%2FRestaurant_Month.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-352"><a href="#cite_ref-352">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.colinglen.org/">"Fun for all at Ireland's Leading Adventure Park – Colin Glen Belfast"</a>. Colin Glen. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Colin+Glen&rft.atitle=Fun+for+all+at+Ireland%27s+Leading+Adventure+Park+%E2%80%93+Colin+Glen+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.colinglen.org%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:14-353">^ <a href="#cite_ref-:14_353-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-:14_353-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/northern-ireland/divis-and-the-black-mountain/divis-and-the-black-mountain-ridge-trail">"Divis and the Black Mountain Ridge Trail"</a>. National Trust. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=Divis+and+the+Black+Mountain+Ridge+Trail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fdivis-and-the-black-mountain%2Fdivis-and-the-black-mountain-ridge-trail&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-354"><a href="#cite_ref-354">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/cavehill">"Cave Hill Country Park"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Cave+Hill+Country+Park&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fcavehill&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-355"><a href="#cite_ref-355">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/northern-ireland/lisnabreeny-and-cregagh-glen">"Lisnabreeny and Cregagh Glen │ Co. Antrim"</a>. National Trust. Retrieved 11 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=National+Trust&rft.atitle=Lisnabreeny+and+Cregagh+Glen+%E2%94%82+Co.+Antrim&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nationaltrust.org.uk%2Fvisit%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Flisnabreeny-and-cregagh-glen&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-356"><a href="#cite_ref-356">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastzoo.co.uk/aboutbelfastzoo/HistoryofBelfastZoo.aspx">"Parks and gardens"</a>. belfastzoo. 1 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090414005143/http://www.belfastzoo.co.uk/aboutbelfastzoo/HistoryofBelfastZoo.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 14 April 2009. Retrieved 16 May 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Parks+and+gardens&rft.date=2007-04-01&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastzoo.co.uk%2Faboutbelfastzoo%2FHistoryofBelfastZoo.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-357"><a href="#cite_ref-357">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/events/the-moy-park-belfast-city-marathon">"The Moy Park Belfast City Marathon"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 3 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=The+Moy+Park+Belfast+City+Marathon&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Fevents%2Fthe-moy-park-belfast-city-marathon&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-358"><a href="#cite_ref-358">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://crankshaw-sports-stats.com/directories/dir_northern_ireland.htm">"Northern Ireland"</a>. Crankshaw Sports Stats. Retrieved 11 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Crankshaw+Sports+Stats&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fcrankshaw-sports-stats.com%2Fdirectories%2Fdir_northern_ireland.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-359"><a href="#cite_ref-359">^</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://antrim.gaa.ie/clubs/?2">South Antrim Clubs</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071009201454/http://antrim.gaa.ie/clubs/?2">Archived</a> 9 October 2007 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. CLG Aontroim. Retrieved 11 November 2007. </li> <li id="cite_note-360"><a href="#cite_ref-360">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080118070631/http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20050313/ai_n12944637">"Antrim chief in protest at Maze games"</a>. Sunday Mirror. 13 March 2005. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_qn4161/is_20050313/ai_n12944637">the original</a> on 18 January 2008. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Sunday+Mirror&rft.atitle=Antrim+chief+in+protest+at+Maze+games&rft.date=2005-03-13&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Ffindarticles.com%2Fp%2Farticles%2Fmi_qn4161%2Fis_20050313%2Fai_n12944637&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-361"><a href="#cite_ref-361">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMurray2024" class="citation news cs1">Murray, Ewan (27 February 2024). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.theguardian.com/football/2024/feb/27/casement-park-belfast-northern-ireland-euro-2028">"Work starts at Belfast's Euro 2028 ghost ground with clock ticking"</a>. The Guardian. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0261-3077">0261-3077</a>. Retrieved 28 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+Guardian&rft.atitle=Work+starts+at+Belfast%27s+Euro+2028+ghost+ground+with+clock+ticking&rft.date=2024-02-27&rft.issn=0261-3077&rft.aulast=Murray&rft.aufirst=Ewan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.theguardian.com%2Ffootball%2F2024%2Ffeb%2F27%2Fcasement-park-belfast-northern-ireland-euro-2028&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-362"><a href="#cite_ref-362">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFConway2020" class="citation web cs1">Conway, Gail (18 July 2020). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/0718/1154137-gaa-east-belfast/">"GAA returns to Unionist East Belfast"</a>. rte.ie. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200721225215/https://www.rte.ie/news/2020/0718/1154137-gaa-east-belfast/">Archived</a> from the original on 21 July 2020. Retrieved 21 July 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=rte.ie&rft.atitle=GAA+returns+to+Unionist+East+Belfast&rft.date=2020-07-18&rft.aulast=Conway&rft.aufirst=Gail&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.rte.ie%2Fnews%2F2020%2F0718%2F1154137-gaa-east-belfast%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-363"><a href="#cite_ref-363">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58588.html">"Civil Service Cricket Club"</a>. ESPNcricinfo. ESPNSports Media. 16 July 2015. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170128223957/http://www.espncricinfo.com/ci/content/ground/58588.html">Archived</a> from the original on 28 January 2017. Retrieved 4 January 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=ESPNcricinfo&rft.atitle=Civil+Service+Cricket+Club&rft.date=2015-07-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.espncricinfo.com%2Fci%2Fcontent%2Fground%2F58588.html&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-364"><a href="#cite_ref-364">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMcCann2005" class="citation news cs1">McCann, Nuala (3 December 2005). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4495026.stm">"A city mourns for the Belfast Boy"</a>. BBC News Northern Ireland. BBC. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20061219212141/http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/northern_ireland/4495026.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 19 December 2006. Retrieved 18 May 2005.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=BBC+News+Northern+Ireland&rft.atitle=A+city+mourns+for+the+Belfast+Boy&rft.date=2005-12-03&rft.aulast=McCann&rft.aufirst=Nuala&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2F2%2Fhi%2Fuk_news%2Fnorthern_ireland%2F4495026.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-365"><a href="#cite_ref-365">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070929121852/http://www.georgebesttrust.com/">"George Best Memorial Trust"</a>. George Best Trust. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.georgebesttrust.com/">the original</a> on 29 September 2007. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=George+Best+Memorial+Trust&rft.pub=George+Best+Trust&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.georgebesttrust.com%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-366"><a href="#cite_ref-366">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4913768.stm">"Snooker on the ropes – Hurricane"</a>. BBC. 16 April 2007. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070821230132/http://news.bbc.co.uk/sport1/hi/other_sports/snooker/4913768.stm">Archived</a> from the original on 21 August 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Snooker+on+the+ropes+%E2%80%93+Hurricane&rft.date=2007-04-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fnews.bbc.co.uk%2Fsport1%2Fhi%2Fother_sports%2Fsnooker%2F4913768.stm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-367"><a href="#cite_ref-367">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071011113939/http://www.wbaonline.com/dates/dates03.asp">"WBA History"</a>. World Boxing Association. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.wbaonline.com/dates/dates03.asp">the original</a> on 11 October 2007. Retrieved 17 September 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=WBA+History&rft.pub=World+Boxing+Association&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.wbaonline.com%2Fdates%2Fdates03.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-368"><a href="#cite_ref-368">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/uk/belfast">"Sunrise and sunset in Belfast"</a>. Sun Calculator. time and date.com. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140724071927/http://www.timeanddate.com/astronomy/uk/belfast">Archived</a> from the original on 24 July 2014. Retrieved 18 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Sun+Calculator&rft.atitle=Sunrise+and+sunset+in+Belfast&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.timeanddate.com%2Fastronomy%2Fuk%2Fbelfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-369"><a href="#cite_ref-369">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.climatestotravel.com/climate/northern-ireland/belfast">"Belfast climate: weather by month, temperature, rain – Climates to Travel"</a>. climatestotravel.com. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=climatestotravel.com&rft.atitle=Belfast+climate%3A+weather+by+month%2C+temperature%2C+rain+%E2%80%93+Climates+to+Travel&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.climatestotravel.com%2Fclimate%2Fnorthern-ireland%2Fbelfast&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-370"><a href="#cite_ref-370">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://weatherspark.com/s/35084/1/Average-Summer-Weather-in-Belfast-United-Kingdom">"Belfast Summer Weather, Average Temperature (United Kingdom) – Weather Spark"</a>. weatherspark.com. Retrieved 28 January 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=weatherspark.com&rft.atitle=Belfast+Summer+Weather%2C+Average+Temperature+%28United+Kingdom%29+%E2%80%93+Weather+Spark&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fweatherspark.com%2Fs%2F35084%2F1%2FAverage-Summer-Weather-in-Belfast-United-Kingdom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Belfast_Weather2-371"><a href="#cite_ref-Belfast_Weather2_371-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20090115035401/http://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/city.shtml?tt=TT003750">"Belfast, Northern Ireland – Average Conditions"</a>. BBC Weather Centre. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.co.uk/weather/world/city_guides/city.shtml?tt=TT003750">the original</a> on 15 January 2009. Retrieved 8 October 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast%2C+Northern+Ireland+%E2%80%93+Average+Conditions&rft.pub=BBC+Weather+Centre&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.bbc.co.uk%2Fweather%2Fworld%2Fcity_guides%2Fcity.shtml%3Ftt%3DTT003750&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-Met_Office2-372"><a href="#cite_ref-Met_Office2_372-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.metoffice.gov.uk/climate/uk/regional-climates/ni">"Climate: Northern Ireland"</a>. Met Office. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20210529144508/https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/regional-climates/index">Archived</a> from the original on 29 May 2021. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Climate%3A+Northern+Ireland&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fclimate%2Fuk%2Fregional-climates%2Fni&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-373"><a href="#cite_ref-373">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp">"Rainfall in Ireland"</a>. Met Éireann. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070602061707/http://www.met.ie/climate/rainfall.asp">Archived</a> from the original on 2 June 2007. Retrieved 25 May 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Rainfall+in+Ireland&rft.pub=Met+%C3%89ireann&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.met.ie%2Fclimate%2Frainfall.asp&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-374"><a href="#cite_ref-374">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFPeel,_M._C.Finlayson_B._L.McMahon,_T._A.2007" class="citation journal cs1">Peel, M. C.; Finlayson B. L.; McMahon, T. A. (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">"Updated world map of the Köppen–Geiger climate classification"</a>. Hydrol. Earth Syst. Sci. 11 (5): 1633–1644. <a href="/wiki/Bibcode_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bibcode (identifier)">Bibcode</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://ui.adsabs.harvard.edu/abs/2007HESS...11.1633P">2007HESS...11.1633P</a>. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007">10.5194/hess-11-1633-2007</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/1027-5606">1027-5606</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Hydrol.+Earth+Syst.+Sci.&rft.atitle=Updated+world+map+of+the+K%C3%B6ppen%E2%80%93Geiger+climate+classification&rft.volume=11&rft.issue=5&rft.pages=1633-1644&rft.date=2007&rft.issn=1027-5606&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.5194%2Fhess-11-1633-2007&rft_id=info%3Abibcode%2F2007HESS...11.1633P&rft.au=Peel%2C+M.+C.&rft.au=Finlayson+B.+L.&rft.au=McMahon%2C+T.+A.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fdoi.org%2F10.5194%252Fhess-11-1633-2007&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> (direct: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.hydrol-earth-syst-sci.net/11/1633/2007/hess-11-1633-2007.pdf">Final Revised Paper</a>) </li> <li id="cite_note-376"><a href="#cite_ref-376">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.metoffice.gov.uk/research/climate/maps-and-data/uk-climate-averages/gcey2u2yw">"Belfast Newforge 1981–2010 Averages"</a>. Met Office. Retrieved 3 October 2019.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Belfast+Newforge+1981%E2%80%932010+Averages&rft.pub=Met+Office&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.metoffice.gov.uk%2Fresearch%2Fclimate%2Fmaps-and-data%2Fuk-climate-averages%2Fgcey2u2yw&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-377"><a href="#cite_ref-377">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20220815080921/http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php">"Monthly Extreme Maximum Temperature"</a>. Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmax_map.php">the original</a> on 15 August 2022. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Extreme+Maximum+Temperature&rft.pub=Starlings+Roost+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarlingsroost.ddns.net%2Fweather%2Fukobs%2Ftemp_month_record_tmax_map.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-378"><a href="#cite_ref-378">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230201173844/http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmin_map.php">"Monthly Extreme Minimum Temperature"</a>. Starlings Roost Weather. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://starlingsroost.ddns.net/weather/ukobs/temp_month_record_tmin_map.php">the original</a> on 1 February 2023. Retrieved 3 March 2023.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Monthly+Extreme+Minimum+Temperature&rft.pub=Starlings+Roost+Weather&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fstarlingsroost.ddns.net%2Fweather%2Fukobs%2Ftemp_month_record_tmin_map.php&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-2014_cities-379"><a href="#cite_ref-2014_cities_379-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20151231214225/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-37859.aspx">"Belfast signs Sister Cities accord with Boston"</a>. News. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a>. 12 May 2014. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-37859.aspx">the original</a> on 31 December 2015. Retrieved 15 January 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Belfast+signs+Sister+Cities+accord+with+Boston&rft.date=2014-05-12&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2FNews%2FNews-37859.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-380"><a href="#cite_ref-380">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170603075313/http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-37859.aspx">"Belfast signs Sister City Agreement with Shenyang, China today to collaborate in number of areas"</a>. News. <a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast City Council</a>. 16 May 2016. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/News/News-37859.aspx">the original</a> on 3 June 2017. Retrieved 26 May 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=News&rft.atitle=Belfast+signs+Sister+City+Agreement+with+Shenyang%2C+China+today+to+collaborate+in+number+of+areas&rft.date=2016-05-16&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2FNews%2FNews-37859.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-:10-381"><a href="#cite_ref-:10_381-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.belfastcity.gov.uk/freedom">"Freedom of the City | Belfast"</a>. Belfast City Council. Retrieved 6 February 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Belfast+City+Council&rft.atitle=Freedom+of+the+City+%7C+Belfast&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.belfastcity.gov.uk%2Ffreedom&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-382"><a href="#cite_ref-382">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Pathé2014" class="citation web cs1">British Pathé (13 April 2014). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfRqlTN4g5w">"Selected Originals – Ulster Honours Churchill Aka Ulster Honours Sir Winston Aka Churchill 2 (1955)"</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20170817234827/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mfRqlTN4g5w&feature=youtu.be">Archived</a> from the original on 17 August 2017. Retrieved 3 October 2020 – via YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Selected+Originals+%E2%80%93+Ulster+Honours+Churchill+Aka+Ulster+Honours+Sir+Winston+Aka+Churchill+2+%281955%29&rft.date=2014-04-13&rft.au=British+Path%C3%A9&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3DmfRqlTN4g5w&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ABelfast" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Bibliography">Bibliography</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Bibliography">edit</a>]</div> <ul><li>Jonathan Bardon (1982), Belfast An illustrated History. Belfast: Blackstaff Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-85640-272-9">0-85640-272-9</a></li> <li>J. C. Beckett et al. (1983), Belfast, The Making of a City. Belfast: Appletree Press, <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-86281-100-7">0-86281-100-7</a></li> <li>Ian Budge & Cornelius O'Leary (1973, 2016), Belfast: Approach to Crisis. A Study of Belfast Politics, 1613-1970. London: Palgrave Macmillan, <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9781349001286" title="Special:BookSources/9781349001286">ISBN 9781349001286</a></li> <li>Ciaran Carson (1997), The Star Factory. London: Granta Books, ISBN 9781862071179</li> <li>Feargal Cochrane (2023), Belfast: The Story of a City and its People. Yale University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-300-26444-9">978-0-300-26444-9</a></li> <li>S. J. Connolly ed. (2012), Belfast 400: People, Place and History, Liverpool University Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84631-635-7">978-1-84631-635-7</a></li> <li>Maurice Goldring (1991), Belfast, From Loyalty to Rebellion. London: Lawrence & Wishart, ISBN 978-0-85315-722-81</li> <li>Robert Johnstone (1990), Belfast, Portraits of a City, London: Barrie & Jenkins. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3744-2" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-7126-3744-2">978-0-7126-3744-2</a></li> <li>William Maguire (2009), Belfast, A History, Lancaster: Carnegie. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-189-4" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85936-189-4">978-1-85936-189-4</a></li> <li>Bill Meulemans (2013), Belfast, Both Sides Now. Create Space. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4791-9541-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4791-9541-1">978-1-4791-9541-1</a></li> <li>Raymond O'Regan (2010), Hidden Belfast: Benevolence, Blackguards and Balloon Heads. Dublin: Mercier Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-683-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-85635-683-1">978-1-85635-683-1</a></li> <li>Raymond O'Regan, Arthur Magee (2014), The Little Book of Belfast. The History Press. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-803-9" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-84588-803-9">978-1-84588-803-9</a></li> <li>Marcus Patton (1993), Central Belfast, An Historical Gazetteer. Belfast: Ulster Architectural Heritage Society. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9" title="Special:BookSources/0-900457-44-9">0-900457-44-9</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Belfast&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 0.9em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-imageright{padding:2px 0.9em 2px 0;text-align:center}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .side-box-flex{display:flex;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{flex:1;min-width:0}}@media(min-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .side-box{width:238px}.mw-parser-output .side-box-right{clear:right;float:right;margin-left:1em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-left{margin-right:1em}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237033735">@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-en-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikimedia Commons has media related to <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Belfast" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Belfast">Belfast</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="40" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/80px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikivoyage has a travel guide for <a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Belfast#Q10686" class="extiw" title="wikivoyage:Belfast">Belfast</a>.</div></div> </div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1235681985"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237033735"><div class="side-box side-box-right plainlinks sistersitebox"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-image"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/34px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="34" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/51px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/68px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="355" /></div> <div class="side-box-text plainlist">Wikiquote has quotations related to <a href="https://en.wikiquote.org/wiki/Special:Search/Belfast" class="extiw" title="q:Special:Search/Belfast">Belfast</a>.</div></div> </div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul ul{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist .mw-empty-li{display:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dt::after{content:": "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li::after{content:" · ";font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li:last-child::after{content:none}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:first-child::before{content:" (";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dd li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt li:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dd:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li dt:last-child::after,.mw-parser-output .hlist li li:last-child::after{content:")";font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol{counter-reset:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li{counter-increment:listitem}.mw-parser-output .hlist ol>li::before{content:" "counter(listitem)"\a0 "}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt ol>li:first-child::before,.mw-parser-output .hlist li ol>li:first-child::before{content:" ("counter(listitem)"\a0 "}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group{white-space:nowrap;text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{background-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list{line-height:1.5em;border-color:#fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-list-with-group{text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid}.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-group,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-image,.mw-parser-output tr+tr>.navbox-list{border-top:2px solid #fdfdfd}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title{background-color:#ccf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-title{background-color:#ddf}.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup .navbox-abovebelow{background-color:#e6e6ff}.mw-parser-output .navbox-even{background-color:#f7f7f7}.mw-parser-output .navbox-odd{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Belfast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="3"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Belfast" title="Template:Belfast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Belfast" title="Template talk:Belfast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Belfast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Belfast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Belfast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">General</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Hall" title="Belfast City Hall">Belfast City Hall</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink-fragment" href="#Coat_of_arms_and_motto">Coat of Arms and Motto</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="noviewer navbox-image" rowspan="8" style="width:1px;padding:0 0 0 2px"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Coat of Arms of Belfast City Council"><img alt="Coat of Arms of Belfast City Council" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/170px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png" decoding="async" width="170" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/255px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8d/Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png/340px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Belfast.png 2x" data-file-width="2604" data-file-height="2741" /></a></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council#Offices" title="Belfast City Council">People</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_Belfast_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Belfast City Council">Councillors</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Members_of_Belfast_City_Council#Aldermen" class="mw-redirect" title="Members of Belfast City Council">Aldermen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Belfast" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Belfast">Lord Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Mayor_of_Belfast#Deputy_Lord_Mayor" class="mw-redirect" title="Lord Mayor of Belfast">Deputy Lord Mayor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Belfast" title="High Sheriff of Belfast">High Sheriff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Belfast" title="Lord Lieutenant of Belfast">Lord Lieutenant</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Belfast" title="History of Belfast">History of Belfast</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Belfast_history" title="Timeline of Belfast history">Timeline of Belfast history</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Electoral_wards_of_Belfast" title="Electoral wards of Belfast">District Electoral Areas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Balmoral (District Electoral Area)">Balmoral</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_Mountain_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Black Mountain (District Electoral Area)">Black Mountain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Botanic_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Botanic (District Electoral Area)">Botanic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castle_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Castle (District Electoral Area)">Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Collin_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Collin (District Electoral Area)">Collin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Court (District Electoral Area)">Court</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisnasharragh_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Lisnasharragh (District Electoral Area)">Lisnasharragh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oldpark_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Oldpark (District Electoral Area)">Oldpark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormiston_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Ormiston (District Electoral Area)">Ormiston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_(District_Electoral_Area)" title="Titanic (District Electoral Area)">Titanic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council#Council_departments" title="Belfast City Council">Amenities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Castle" title="Belfast Castle">Belfast Castle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Zoo" title="Belfast Zoo">Belfast Zoo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Market" title="St George's Market">St George's Market</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulster_Hall" title="Ulster Hall">Ulster Hall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterfront_Hall" title="Waterfront Hall">Waterfront Hall</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_parks_and_gardens_in_Belfast" title="List of parks and gardens in Belfast">Parks and gardens</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Botanic_Gardens_(Belfast)" title="Botanic Gardens (Belfast)">Botanic Gardens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cavehill" title="Cavehill">Cave Hill Country Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Musgrave_Park,_Belfast" title="Musgrave Park, Belfast">Musgrave Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ormeau_Park" title="Ormeau Park">Ormeau Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sir_Thomas_and_Lady_Dixon_Park" title="Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park">Sir Thomas and Lady Dixon Park</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_Park,_Belfast" title="Victoria Park, Belfast">Victoria Park</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Category:Cemeteries_in_Belfast" title="Category:Cemeteries in Belfast">Cemeteries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Cemetery,_Belfast" title="Balmoral Cemetery, Belfast">Balmoral Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Cemetery" title="Belfast City Cemetery">Belfast City Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Street_Cemetery" title="Clifton Street Cemetery">Clifton Street Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Friar%27s_Bush_Graveyard" title="Friar's Bush Graveyard">Friar's Bush Graveyard</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Milltown_Cemetery" title="Milltown Cemetery">Milltown Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roselawn_Cemetery" title="Roselawn Cemetery">Roselawn Cemetery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shankill_Graveyard" title="Shankill Graveyard">Shankill Graveyard</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council#Councillors" title="Belfast City Council">Elections</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2019_Belfast_City_Council_election" title="2019 Belfast City Council election">2019</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2014_Belfast_City_Council_election" title="2014 Belfast City Council election">2014</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2011_Belfast_City_Council_election" title="2011 Belfast City Council election">2011</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2005_Belfast_City_Council_election" title="2005 Belfast City Council election">2005</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2001_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="2001 Northern Ireland local elections">2001</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1997_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1997 Northern Ireland local elections">1997</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1993_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1993 Northern Ireland local elections">1993</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1989_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1989 Northern Ireland local elections">1989</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1985_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1985 Northern Ireland local elections">1985</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1981_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1981 Northern Ireland local elections">1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1977_Northern_Ireland_local_elections#Belfast" title="1977 Northern Ireland local elections">1977</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1973_Belfast_City_Council_election" title="1973 Belfast City Council election">1973</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1955_Belfast_Corporation_election" title="1955 Belfast Corporation election">1955</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1920_Belfast_Corporation_election" title="1920 Belfast Corporation election">1920</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1914_Belfast_Corporation_election" title="1914 Belfast Corporation election">1914</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1897_Belfast_Corporation_election" title="1897 Belfast Corporation election">1897</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow hlist" colspan="3"><div> <ul><li>See also: <a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belfast_City_Council" title="Category:Belfast City Council">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Northern_Ireland_districts" title="Template:Northern Ireland districts"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Northern_Ireland_districts" title="Template talk:Northern Ireland districts"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Northern_Ireland_districts" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Northern Ireland districts"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Local government in Northern Ireland">Local government in Northern Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_and_Newtownabbey_Borough_Council" title="Antrim and Newtownabbey Borough Council">Antrim and Newtownabbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ards_and_North_Down_Borough_Council" title="Ards and North Down Borough Council">Ards and North Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh_City,_Banbridge_and_Craigavon_Borough_Council" title="Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon Borough Council">Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens_Borough_Council" title="Causeway Coast and Glens Borough Council">Causeway Coast and Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry_City_and_Strabane_District_Council" title="Derry City and Strabane District Council">Derry City and Strabane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_and_Omagh_District_Council" title="Fermanagh and Omagh District Council">Fermanagh and Omagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_and_Castlereagh_City_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Lisburn and Castlereagh City Council">Lisburn and Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_East_Antrim_Borough_Council" title="Mid and East Antrim Borough Council">Mid and East Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Ulster_District_Council" title="Mid Ulster District Council">Mid Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry,_Mourne_and_Down_District_Council" title="Newry, Mourne and Down District Council">Newry, Mourne and Down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_and_Newtownabbey" title="Antrim and Newtownabbey">Antrim and Newtownabbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ards_and_North_Down" title="Ards and North Down">Ards and North Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh_City,_Banbridge_and_Craigavon" title="Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon">Armagh City, Banbridge and Craigavon</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Causeway_Coast_and_Glens" title="Causeway Coast and Glens">Causeway Coast and Glens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry_City_and_Strabane" title="Derry City and Strabane">Derry City and Strabane</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_and_Omagh" title="Fermanagh and Omagh">Fermanagh and Omagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_and_Castlereagh" title="Lisburn and Castlereagh">Lisburn and Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_and_East_Antrim" title="Mid and East Antrim">Mid and East Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mid_Ulster_(district)" title="Mid Ulster (district)">Mid Ulster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry,_Mourne_and_Down" title="Newry, Mourne and Down">Newry, Mourne and Down</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Districts_of_Northern_Ireland,_1972–2015" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:1972_districts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Template:1972 districts of Northern Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:1972_districts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Template talk:1972 districts of Northern Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:1972_districts_of_Northern_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:1972 districts of Northern Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Districts_of_Northern_Ireland,_1972–2015" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Northern_Ireland,_1972%E2%80%932015" title="Category:Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015">Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_Borough_Council" title="Antrim Borough Council">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ards_Borough_Council" title="Ards Borough Council">Ards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh_City_and_District_Council" title="Armagh City and District Council">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymena_Borough_Council" title="Ballymena Borough Council">Ballymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymoney_Borough_Council" title="Ballymoney Borough Council">Ballymoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbridge_District_Council" title="Banbridge District Council">Banbridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_City_Council" title="Belfast City Council">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carrickfergus_Borough_Council" title="Carrickfergus Borough Council">Carrickfergus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_Borough_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Castlereagh Borough Council">Castlereagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coleraine_Borough_Council" title="Coleraine Borough Council">Coleraine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cookstown_District_Council" title="Cookstown District Council">Cookstown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigavon_Borough_Council" title="Craigavon Borough Council">Craigavon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry_City_Council" title="Derry City Council">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Down_District_Council" title="Down District Council">Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dungannon_and_South_Tyrone_Borough_Council" title="Dungannon and South Tyrone Borough Council">Dungannon and South Tyrone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fermanagh_District_Council" title="Fermanagh District Council">Fermanagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Larne_Borough_Council" title="Larne Borough Council">Larne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Limavady_Borough_Council" title="Limavady Borough Council">Limavady</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn_City_Council" title="Lisburn City Council">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magherafelt_District_Council" title="Magherafelt District Council">Magherafelt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moyle_District_Council" title="Moyle District Council">Moyle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry_and_Mourne_District_Council" title="Newry and Mourne District Council">Newry and Mourne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newtownabbey_Borough_Council" title="Newtownabbey Borough Council">Newtownabbey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Down_Borough_Council" title="North Down Borough Council">North Down</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Omagh_District_Council" title="Omagh District Council">Omagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Strabane_District_Council" title="Strabane District Council">Strabane</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Districts</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antrim_(borough)" title="Antrim (borough)">Antrim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ards_(borough)" title="Ards (borough)">Ards</a></li> <li>Armagh</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymena_(borough)" title="Ballymena (borough)">Ballymena</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ballymoney_(borough)" title="Ballymoney (borough)">Ballymoney</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banbridge_(district)" title="Banbridge (district)">Banbridge</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></li> <li>Carrickfergus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Castlereagh_(borough)" title="Castlereagh (borough)">Castlereagh</a></li> <li>Coleraine</li> <li>Cookstown</li> <li>Craigavon</li> <li>Derry</li> <li>Down</li> <li>Dungannon and South Tyrone</li> <li>Fermanagh</li> <li>Larne</li> <li>Limavady</li> <li>Lisburn</li> <li>Magherafelt</li> <li>Moyle</li> <li>Newry and Mourne</li> <li>Newtownabbey</li> <li>North Down</li> <li>Omagh</li> <li>Strabane</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Cities_in_Ireland" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Cities_in_Ireland" title="Template:Cities in Ireland"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Cities_in_Ireland" title="Template talk:Cities in Ireland"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Cities_in_Ireland" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Cities in Ireland"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Cities_in_Ireland" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/City_status_in_Ireland" title="City status in Ireland">Cities in Ireland</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Republic of Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">City Councils</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cork_(city)" title="Cork (city)">Cork</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Galway" title="Galway">Galway</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Metropolitan District within City and County Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Limerick" title="Limerick">Limerick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waterford" title="Waterford">Waterford</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Municipal District within County Council</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Kilkenny" title="Kilkenny">Kilkenny</a> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Capital_cities_of_British_administrative_divisions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Template:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Template talk:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_British_Territories_capitals" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of British Territories capitals"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Capital_cities_of_British_administrative_divisions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Capital_city" title="Capital city">Capital cities of</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">British administrative divisions</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capital of the United Kingdom: <a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd plainlist" style="width:100%;padding:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><div style="padding:0px"><table class="navbox-columns-table" style="border-spacing: 0px; text-align:left;width:100%;"><tbody><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></td><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;font-weight:bold;"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></td></tr><tr style="vertical-align:top"><td class="navbox-list" style="padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a>, <a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jersey" title="Jersey">Jersey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, <a href="/wiki/Guernsey" title="Guernsey">Guernsey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Man" title="Isle of Man">Isle of Man</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, <a href="/wiki/Akrotiri_and_Dhekelia" title="Akrotiri and Dhekelia">Akrotiri and Dhekelia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Valley,_Anguilla" title="The Valley, Anguilla">The Valley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anguilla" title="Anguilla">Anguilla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bermuda" title="Bermuda">Bermuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rothera_Research_Station" title="Rothera Research Station">Rothera</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Antarctic_Territory" title="British Antarctic Territory">British Antarctic Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diego_Garcia" title="Diego Garcia">Diego Garcia</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Indian_Ocean_Territory" title="British Indian Ocean Territory">British Indian Ocean Territory</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Road_Town" title="Road Town">Road Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Virgin_Islands" title="British Virgin Islands">British Virgin Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Town,_Cayman_Islands" title="George Town, Cayman Islands">George Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cayman_Islands" title="Cayman Islands">Cayman Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td><td class="navbox-list" style="border-left:2px solid #fdfdfd;padding:0px;width:10em;"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Falkland_Islands" title="Falkland Islands">Falkland Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brades" title="Brades">Brades</a>, <a href="/wiki/Montserrat" title="Montserrat">Montserrat</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Adamstown,_Pitcairn_Islands" title="Adamstown, Pitcairn Islands">Adamstown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pitcairn_Islands" title="Pitcairn Islands">Pitcairn Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a>, <a href="/wiki/Saint_Helena,_Ascension_and_Tristan_da_Cunha" title="Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha">Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Edward_Point" title="King Edward Point">King Edward Point</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Georgia_and_the_South_Sandwich_Islands" title="South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands">South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cockburn_Town" title="Cockburn Town">Cockburn Town</a>, <a href="/wiki/Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" title="Turks and Caicos Islands">Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Template talk:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:List_of_European_capitals_by_region" title="Special:EditPage/Template:List of European capitals by region"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Capitals_of_European_states_and_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Capitals of European states and territories</div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div>Capitals of <a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory" title="Dependent territory">dependent territories</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_states_with_limited_recognition" title="List of states with limited recognition">states whose sovereignty is disputed</a> shown in italics.</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Amsterdam" title="Amsterdam">Amsterdam</a>, Netherlands1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Andorra_la_Vella" title="Andorra la Vella">Andorra la Vella</a>, Andorra</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankara" title="Ankara">Ankara</a>, Turkey2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astana" title="Astana">Astana</a>, Kazakhstan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Athens" title="Athens">Athens</a>, Greece</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Baku" title="Baku">Baku</a>, Azerbaijan2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgrade" title="Belgrade">Belgrade</a>, Serbia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Germany</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bern" title="Bern">Bern</a>, Switzerland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bratislava" title="Bratislava">Bratislava</a>, Slovakia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brussels" title="Brussels">Brussels</a>, Belgium3</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bucharest" title="Bucharest">Bucharest</a>, Romania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Budapest" title="Budapest">Budapest</a>, Hungary</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chi%C8%99in%C4%83u" title="Chișinău">Chișinău</a>, Moldova</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Copenhagen" title="Copenhagen">Copenhagen</a>, Denmark</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dublin" title="Dublin">Dublin</a>, Ireland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Helsinki" title="Helsinki">Helsinki</a>, Finland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kyiv" title="Kyiv">Kyiv</a>, Ukraine</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisbon" title="Lisbon">Lisbon</a>, Portugal</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ljubljana" title="Ljubljana">Ljubljana</a>, Slovenia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, United Kingdom</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Luxembourg_City" title="Luxembourg City">Luxembourg</a>, Luxembourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Spain</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Minsk" title="Minsk">Minsk</a>, Belarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monaco" title="Monaco">Monaco</a>5</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Russia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nicosia" title="Nicosia">Nicosia</a>, Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oslo" title="Oslo">Oslo</a>, Norway</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Paris" title="Paris">Paris</a>, France</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Podgorica" title="Podgorica">Podgorica</a>, Montenegro</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prague" title="Prague">Prague</a>, Czech Republic</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Reykjav%C3%ADk" title="Reykjavík">Reykjavík</a>, Iceland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Riga" title="Riga">Riga</a>, Latvia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rome" title="Rome">Rome</a>, Italy</li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_San_Marino" title="City of San Marino">San Marino</a>, San Marino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Bosnia and Herzegovina</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Skopje" title="Skopje">Skopje</a>, North Macedonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sofia" title="Sofia">Sofia</a>, Bulgaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stockholm" title="Stockholm">Stockholm</a>, Sweden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tallinn" title="Tallinn">Tallinn</a>, Estonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tbilisi" title="Tbilisi">Tbilisi</a>, Georgia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tirana" title="Tirana">Tirana</a>, Albania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vaduz" title="Vaduz">Vaduz</a>, Liechtenstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valletta" title="Valletta">Valletta</a>, Malta</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vatican_City" title="Vatican City">Vatican City</a>4</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vilnius" title="Vilnius">Vilnius</a>, Lithuania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warsaw" title="Warsaw">Warsaw</a>, Poland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yerevan" title="Yerevan">Yerevan</a>, Armenia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zagreb" title="Zagreb">Zagreb</a>, Croatia</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">States with limited recognition</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/North_Nicosia" title="North Nicosia">North Nicosia</a>, Northern Cyprus2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pristina" title="Pristina">Pristina</a>, Kosovo</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sukhumi" title="Sukhumi">Sukhumi</a>, Abkhazia2</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tiraspol" title="Tiraspol">Tiraspol</a>, Transnistria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tskhinvali" title="Tskhinvali">Tskhinvali</a>, South Ossetia3</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Dependencies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Countries_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Countries of the United Kingdom">Constituent countries</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/London" title="London">London</a>, England</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a>, Scotland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a>, Wales</li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a>, Northern Ireland</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a>, Isle of Man</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Episkopi_Cantonment" title="Episkopi Cantonment">Episkopi Cantonment</a>, Akrotiri and Dhekelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a>, Gibraltar</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Helier" title="St Helier">St Helier</a>, Jersey</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Peter_Port" title="Saint Peter Port">Saint Peter Port</a>, Guernsey</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Longyearbyen" title="Longyearbyen">Longyearbyen</a>, Svalbard (Norway)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/T%C3%B3rshavn" title="Tórshavn">Tórshavn</a>, Faroe Islands (Denmark)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Federal states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_of_Austria" class="mw-redirect" title="Provinces of Austria">Austria</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bregenz" title="Bregenz">Bregenz</a>, Vorarlberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eisenstadt" title="Eisenstadt">Eisenstadt</a>, Burgenland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Graz" title="Graz">Graz</a>, Styria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Innsbruck" title="Innsbruck">Innsbruck</a>, Tyrol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Klagenfurt" class="mw-redirect" title="Klagenfurt">Klagenfurt</a>, Carinthia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Linz" title="Linz">Linz</a>, Upper Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salzburg" title="Salzburg">Salzburg</a>, Salzburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sankt_P%C3%B6lten" title="Sankt Pölten">Sankt Pölten</a>, Lower Austria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vienna" title="Vienna">Vienna</a>, Vienna</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Communities" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Communities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Flemish Community and French Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eupen" title="Eupen">Eupen</a>, German-speaking Community</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Communities,_regions_and_language_areas_of_Belgium#Regions" class="mw-redirect" title="Communities, regions and language areas of Belgium">Regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Brussels" title="City of Brussels">Brussels</a>, Brussels-Capital Region and Flanders</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Namur" title="Namur">Namur</a>, Wallonia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Political_divisions_of_Bosnia_and_Herzegovina" title="Political divisions of Bosnia and Herzegovina">Bosnia and Herzegovina</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Banja_Luka" title="Banja Luka">Banja Luka</a> (de facto), Republika Srpska</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Br%C4%8Dko" title="Brčko">Brčko</a>, Brčko District</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarajevo" title="Sarajevo">Sarajevo</a>, Federation of Bosnia and Herzegovina</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_of_Germany" title="States of Germany">Germany</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Berlin" title="Berlin">Berlin</a>, Berlin</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bremen" title="Bremen">Bremen</a>, Bremen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dresden" title="Dresden">Dresden</a>, Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/D%C3%BCsseldorf" title="Düsseldorf">Düsseldorf</a>, North Rhine-Westphalia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Erfurt" title="Erfurt">Erfurt</a>, Thuringia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamburg" title="Hamburg">Hamburg</a>, Hamburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hanover" title="Hanover">Hanover</a>, Lower Saxony</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kiel" title="Kiel">Kiel</a>, Schleswig-Holstein</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magdeburg" title="Magdeburg">Magdeburg</a>, Saxony-Anhalt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mainz" title="Mainz">Mainz</a>, Rhineland-Palatinate</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Munich" title="Munich">Munich</a>, Bavaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Potsdam" title="Potsdam">Potsdam</a>, Brandenburg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saarbr%C3%BCcken" title="Saarbrücken">Saarbrücken</a>, Saarland</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwerin" title="Schwerin">Schwerin</a>, Mecklenburg-Vorpommern</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stuttgart" title="Stuttgart">Stuttgart</a>, Baden-Württemberg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiesbaden" title="Wiesbaden">Wiesbaden</a>, Hesse</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Federal_subjects_of_Russia" title="Federal subjects of Russia">Russia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Republics_of_Russia" title="Republics of Russia">Republics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cheboksary" title="Cheboksary">Cheboksary</a>, Chuvashia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cherkessk" title="Cherkessk">Cherkessk</a>, Karachay-Cherkessia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elista" title="Elista">Elista</a>, Kalmykia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grozny" title="Grozny">Grozny</a>, Chechnya</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Izhevsk" title="Izhevsk">Izhevsk</a>, Udmurtia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kazan" title="Kazan">Kazan</a>, Tatarstan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Magas" title="Magas">Magas</a>, Ingushetia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Makhachkala" title="Makhachkala">Makhachkala</a>, Dagestan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maykop" title="Maykop">Maykop</a>, Adygea</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nalchik" title="Nalchik">Nalchik</a>, Kabardino-Balkaria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Petrozavodsk" title="Petrozavodsk">Petrozavodsk</a>, Karelia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saransk" title="Saransk">Saransk</a>, Mordovia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Syktyvkar" title="Syktyvkar">Syktyvkar</a>, Komi</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ufa" title="Ufa">Ufa</a>, Bashkortostan</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladikavkaz" title="Vladikavkaz">Vladikavkaz</a>, North Ossetia–Alania</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yoshkar-Ola" title="Yoshkar-Ola">Yoshkar-Ola</a>, Mari El</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_okrugs_of_Russia" title="Autonomous okrugs of Russia">Autonomous okrugs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Naryan-Mar" title="Naryan-Mar">Naryan-Mar</a>, Nenets</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Krais_of_Russia" title="Krais of Russia">Krais</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Krasnodar" title="Krasnodar">Krasnodar</a>, Krasnodar Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perm,_Russia" title="Perm, Russia">Perm</a>, Perm Krai</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stavropol" title="Stavropol">Stavropol</a>, Stavropol Krai</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Oblasts_of_Russia" title="Oblasts of Russia">Oblasts</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Arkhangelsk" title="Arkhangelsk">Arkhangelsk</a>, Arkhangelsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Astrakhan" title="Astrakhan">Astrakhan</a>, Astrakhan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belgorod" title="Belgorod">Belgorod</a>, Belgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bryansk" title="Bryansk">Bryansk</a>, Bryansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ivanovo" title="Ivanovo">Ivanovo</a>, Ivanovo Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaliningrad" title="Kaliningrad">Kaliningrad</a>, Kaliningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kaluga" title="Kaluga">Kaluga</a>, Kaluga Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirov,_Kirov_Oblast" title="Kirov, Kirov Oblast">Kirov</a>, Kirov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kostroma" title="Kostroma">Kostroma</a>, Kostroma Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Krasnogorsk,_Moscow_Oblast" title="Krasnogorsk, Moscow Oblast">Krasnogorsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a>, Moscow Oblast (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kursk" title="Kursk">Kursk</a>, Kursk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lipetsk" title="Lipetsk">Lipetsk</a>, Lipetsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murmansk" title="Murmansk">Murmansk</a>, Murmansk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nizhny_Novgorod" title="Nizhny Novgorod">Nizhny Novgorod</a>, Nizhny Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Orenburg" title="Orenburg">Orenburg</a>, Orenburg Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oryol" title="Oryol">Oryol</a>, Oryol Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Penza" title="Penza">Penza</a>, Penza Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pskov" title="Pskov">Pskov</a>, Pskov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rostov-on-Don" title="Rostov-on-Don">Rostov-on-Don</a>, Rostov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryazan" title="Ryazan">Ryazan</a>, Ryazan Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gatchina" title="Gatchina">Gatchina</a>, Leningrad Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Samara" title="Samara">Samara</a>, Samara Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saratov" title="Saratov">Saratov</a>, Saratov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Smolensk" title="Smolensk">Smolensk</a>, Smolensk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tambov" title="Tambov">Tambov</a>, Tambov Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tula,_Russia" title="Tula, Russia">Tula</a>, Tula Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tver" title="Tver">Tver</a>, Tver Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ulyanovsk" title="Ulyanovsk">Ulyanovsk</a>, Ulyanovsk Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Veliky_Novgorod" title="Veliky Novgorod">Veliky Novgorod</a>, Novgorod Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vladimir,_Russia" title="Vladimir, Russia">Vladimir</a>, Vladimir Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volgograd" title="Volgograd">Volgograd</a>, Volgograd Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vologda" title="Vologda">Vologda</a>, Vologda Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Voronezh" title="Voronezh">Voronezh</a>, Voronezh Oblast</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yaroslavl" title="Yaroslavl">Yaroslavl</a>, Yaroslavl Oblast</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Federal_cities_of_Russia" title="Federal cities of Russia">Federal cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Moscow" title="Moscow">Moscow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Petersburg" title="Saint Petersburg">Saint Petersburg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sevastopol" title="Sevastopol">Sevastopol</a> (<a href="/wiki/Political_status_of_Crimea" title="Political status of Crimea">disputed</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cantons_of_Switzerland" title="Cantons of Switzerland">Switzerland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aarau" title="Aarau">Aarau</a>, Aargau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Altdorf,_Uri" title="Altdorf, Uri">Altdorf</a>, Uri</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Appenzell_(village)" title="Appenzell (village)">Appenzell</a>, Appenzell Innerrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Basel" title="Basel">Basel</a>, Basel-Stadt</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bellinzona" title="Bellinzona">Bellinzona</a>, Ticino</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chur" title="Chur">Chur</a>, Grisons</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Del%C3%A9mont" title="Delémont">Delémont</a>, Jura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Frauenfeld" title="Frauenfeld">Frauenfeld</a>, Thurgau</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fribourg" title="Fribourg">Fribourg</a>, Canton of Fribourg</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Geneva" title="Geneva">Geneva</a>, Canton of Geneva</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herisau" title="Herisau">Herisau</a>, Appenzell Ausserrhoden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lausanne" title="Lausanne">Lausanne</a>, Vaud</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liestal" title="Liestal">Liestal</a>, Basel-Landschaft</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lucerne" title="Lucerne">Lucerne</a>, Canton of Lucerne</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neuch%C3%A2tel" title="Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a>, Canton of Neuchâtel</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sarnen" title="Sarnen">Sarnen</a>, Obwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schaffhausen" title="Schaffhausen">Schaffhausen</a>, Canton of Schaffhausen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Schwyz" title="Schwyz">Schwyz</a>, Canton of Schwyz</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sion,_Switzerland" title="Sion, Switzerland">Sion</a>, Valais</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solothurn" title="Solothurn">Solothurn</a>, Canton of Solothurn</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stans" title="Stans">Stans</a>, Nidwalden</li> <li><a href="/wiki/St._Gallen" title="St. Gallen">St. Gallen</a>, Canton of St. Gallen</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glarus" title="Glarus">Glarus</a>, Canton of Glarus</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zug" title="Zug">Zug</a>, Canton of Zug</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zurich" title="Zurich">Zurich</a>, Canton of Zürich</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Autonomous entities</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Italy" title="Italy">Italy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Regions_of_Italy#Autonomous_regions_with_special_statute" title="Regions of Italy">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Cagliari" title="Cagliari">Cagliari</a>, Sardinia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palermo" title="Palermo">Palermo</a>, Sicily</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trento" title="Trento">Trento</a>, Trentino-Alto Adige/Südtirol</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aosta" title="Aosta">Aosta</a>, Aosta Valley</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trieste" title="Trieste">Trieste</a>, Friuli Venezia Giulia</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Portugal" title="Portugal">Portugal</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Autonomous_regions" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;padding-left:0.5em;padding-right:0.5em;font-weight:normal;"><a href="/wiki/Autonomous_regions_of_Portugal" class="mw-redirect" title="Autonomous regions of Portugal">Autonomous regions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ponta_Delgada" title="Ponta Delgada">Ponta Delgada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angra_do_Hero%C3%ADsmo" title="Angra do Heroísmo">Angra do Heroísmo</a>, & <a href="/wiki/Horta,_Azores" title="Horta, Azores">Horta</a>, Azores</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Funchal" title="Funchal">Funchal</a>, Madeira</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Spain" title="Spain">Spain</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barcelona" title="Barcelona">Barcelona</a>, Catalonia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Las_Palmas" title="Las Palmas">Las Palmas</a> & <a href="/wiki/Santa_Cruz_de_Tenerife" title="Santa Cruz de Tenerife">Santa Cruz de Tenerife</a>, Canary Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Logro%C3%B1o" title="Logroño">Logroño</a>, La Rioja</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Madrid" title="Madrid">Madrid</a>, Community of Madrid</li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9rida,_Spain" title="Mérida, Spain">Mérida</a>, Extremadura</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Murcia" title="Murcia">Murcia</a>, Region of Murcia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oviedo" title="Oviedo">Oviedo</a>, Asturias</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Palma_de_Mallorca" title="Palma de Mallorca">Palma de Mallorca</a>, Balearic Islands</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pamplona" title="Pamplona">Pamplona</a>, Navarre</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santander,_Spain" title="Santander, Spain">Santander</a>, Cantabria</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Santiago_de_Compostela" title="Santiago de Compostela">Santiago de Compostela</a>, Galicia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Seville" title="Seville">Seville</a>, Andalusia</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toledo,_Spain" title="Toledo, Spain">Toledo</a>, Castilla–La Mancha (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valencia" title="Valencia">Valencia</a>, Valencian Community</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Valladolid" title="Valladolid">Valladolid</a>, Castile and León (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Vitoria-Gasteiz" title="Vitoria-Gasteiz">Vitoria-Gasteiz</a>, Basque Country (de facto)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Zaragoza" title="Zaragoza">Zaragoza</a>, Aragon</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ajaccio" title="Ajaccio">Ajaccio</a>, Corsica Collectivité (France)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Batumi" title="Batumi">Batumi</a>, Adjara (Georgia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Comrat" title="Comrat">Comrat</a>, Gagauzia (Moldova)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Karyes,_Mount_Athos" title="Karyes, Mount Athos">Karyes</a>, Mount Athos (Greece)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mariehamn" title="Mariehamn">Mariehamn</a>, Åland Islands (Finland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nakhchivan_(city)" title="Nakhchivan (city)">Nakhchivan</a>, Nakhchivan (Azerbaijan)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Novi_Sad" title="Novi Sad">Novi Sad</a>, Vojvodina (Serbia)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Simferopol" title="Simferopol">Simferopol</a>, Crimea (Ukraine)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li>1 Also the capital of the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands" title="Kingdom of the Netherlands">Kingdom of the Netherlands</a></li> <li>2 Continental placement may vary <a href="/wiki/Boundaries_between_the_continents_of_Earth#Asia_and_Europe" class="mw-redirect" title="Boundaries between the continents of Earth">depending on geographic convention</a> being followed</li> <li>3 Also the seat of the European Union, see <a href="/wiki/Institutional_seats_of_the_European_Union" title="Institutional seats of the European Union">Institutional seats of the European Union</a> and <a href="/wiki/Brussels_and_the_European_Union" title="Brussels and the European Union">Brussels and the European Union</a></li> <li>4 A city-state</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:UK_cities" title="Template:UK cities"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:UK_cities" title="Template talk:UK cities"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:UK_cities" title="Special:EditPage/Template:UK cities"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="23x15px&#124;border_&#124;alt=United_Kingdom&#124;link=United_Kingdom_Cities_of_the_United_Kingdom_and_overseas_territories" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom"><img alt="United Kingdom" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/ae/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a> <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">Cities of the</a> <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> and overseas territories</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/23px-Flag_of_England.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/35px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/46px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bath,_Somerset" title="Bath, Somerset">Bath</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birmingham" title="Birmingham">Birmingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brighton_and_Hove" title="Brighton and Hove">Brighton and Hove</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bristol" title="Bristol">Bristol</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridge" title="Cambridge">Cambridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Canterbury" title="City of Canterbury">Canterbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Carlisle" title="Carlisle">Carlisle</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Chelmsford" title="City of Chelmsford">Chelmsford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chester" title="Chester">Chester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Chichester" title="Chichester">Chichester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Colchester" title="Colchester">Colchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coventry" title="Coventry">Coventry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derby" title="Derby">Derby</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ely,_Cambridgeshire" title="Ely, Cambridgeshire">Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Exeter" title="Exeter">Exeter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucester" title="Gloucester">Gloucester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereford" title="Hereford">Hereford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Lancaster" title="City of Lancaster">Lancaster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicester" title="Leicester">Leicester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lichfield" title="Lichfield">Lichfield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincoln,_England" title="Lincoln, England">Lincoln</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liverpool" title="Liverpool">Liverpool</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchester" title="Manchester">Manchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Milton_Keynes" title="City of Milton Keynes">Milton Keynes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norwich" title="Norwich">Norwich</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottingham" title="Nottingham">Nottingham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxford" title="Oxford">Oxford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Peterborough" title="City of Peterborough">Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Plymouth" title="Plymouth">Plymouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Portsmouth" title="Portsmouth">Portsmouth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Preston,_Lancashire" title="City of Preston, Lancashire">Preston</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Albans_City_and_District" class="mw-redirect" title="St Albans City and District">St Albans</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Salford" title="City of Salford">Salford</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Salisbury" title="Salisbury">Salisbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southampton" title="Southampton">Southampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Southend-on-Sea" title="Southend-on-Sea">Southend-on-Sea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stoke-on-Trent" title="Stoke-on-Trent">Stoke-on-Trent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sunderland" title="City of Sunderland">Sunderland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Truro" title="Truro">Truro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wells,_Somerset" title="Wells, Somerset">Wells</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Westminster" title="City of Westminster">Westminster</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_Winchester" title="City of Winchester">Winchester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wolverhampton" title="Wolverhampton">Wolverhampton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcester,_England" title="Worcester, England">Worcester</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/23px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/35px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Flag_of_Scotland.svg/46px-Flag_of_Scotland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/Scotland" title="Scotland">Scotland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aberdeen" title="Aberdeen">Aberdeen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dundee" title="Dundee">Dundee</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dunfermline" title="Dunfermline">Dunfermline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Glasgow" title="Glasgow">Glasgow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inverness" title="Inverness">Inverness</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Perth,_Scotland" title="Perth, Scotland">Perth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stirling" title="Stirling">Stirling</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/23px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/35px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dc/Flag_of_Wales.svg/46px-Flag_of_Wales.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /> <a href="/wiki/Wales" title="Wales">Wales</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_Gwynedd" title="Bangor, Gwynedd">Bangor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cardiff" title="Cardiff">Cardiff</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newport,_Wales" title="Newport, Wales">Newport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Asaph" title="St Asaph">St Asaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/St_Davids" title="St Davids">St Davids</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Swansea" title="Swansea">Swansea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wrexham" title="Wrexham">Wrexham</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Northern_Ireland" title="Northern Ireland">Northern Ireland</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Armagh" title="Armagh">Armagh</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bangor,_County_Down" title="Bangor, County Down">Bangor</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derry" title="Derry">Derry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lisburn" title="Lisburn">Lisburn</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newry" title="Newry">Newry</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Dependent_territory#United_Kingdom" title="Dependent territory">Dependent territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="British_overseas_cities" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_overseas_cities" title="British overseas cities">British overseas cities</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/British_Overseas_Territories" title="British Overseas Territories">British Overseas Territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Gibraltar" title="Gibraltar">Gibraltar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hamilton,_Bermuda" title="Hamilton, Bermuda">Hamilton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamestown,_Saint_Helena" title="Jamestown, Saint Helena">Jamestown</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley,_Falkland_Islands" title="Stanley, Falkland Islands">Stanley</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Crown_Dependencies" title="Crown Dependencies">Crown Dependencies</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><a href="/wiki/Douglas,_Isle_of_Man" title="Douglas, Isle of Man">Douglas</a></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Public_art_and_memorials_in_Belfast" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Public_art_in_Belfast" title="Template:Public art in Belfast"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Public_art_in_Belfast" title="Template talk:Public art in Belfast"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Public_art_in_Belfast" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Public art in Belfast"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Public_art_and_memorials_in_Belfast" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/List_of_public_art_in_Belfast" title="List of public art in Belfast">Public art and memorials in Belfast</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Memorials</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albert_Memorial_Clock,_Belfast" title="Albert Memorial Clock, Belfast">Albert Memorial Clock</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belfast_Cenotaph" title="Belfast Cenotaph">Cenotaph</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Titanic_Memorial,_Belfast" title="Titanic Memorial, Belfast">Titanic Memorial</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sculptures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Spirit_of_Belfast" title="Spirit of Belfast">Spirit of Belfast</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spire_of_Hope" title="Spire of Hope">Spire of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Beacon_of_Hope_(sculpture)" title="Beacon of Hope (sculpture)">Beacon of Hope</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Calling_(McCann_sculpture)" title="The Calling (McCann sculpture)">The Calling</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dividers_(sculpture)" title="Dividers (sculpture)">Dividers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Big_Fish" title="The Big Fish">The Big Fish</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheep_on_the_Road" title="Sheep on the Road">Sheep on the Road</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monument_to_the_Unknown_Woman_Worker" title="Monument to the Unknown Woman Worker">Monument to the Unknown Woman Worker</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rise_(sculpture)" class="mw-redirect" title="Rise (sculpture)">Rise</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1038841319">.mw-parser-output .tooltip-dotted{border-bottom:1px dotted;cursor:help}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1038841319"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox authority-control" aria-labelledby="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><div id="Authority_control_databases_frameless&#124;text-top&#124;10px&#124;alt=Edit_this_at_Wikidata&#124;link=https&#58;//www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10686#identifiers&#124;class=noprint&#124;Edit_this_at_Wikidata" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Help:Authority_control" title="Help:Authority control">Authority control databases</a> <a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10686#identifiers" title="Edit this at Wikidata"><img alt="Edit this at Wikidata" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/10px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png" decoding="async" width="10" height="10" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/15px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/8/8a/OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg/20px-OOjs_UI_icon_edit-ltr-progressive.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="20" data-file-height="20" /></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/137151261">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://id.worldcat.org/fast/1205832/">FAST</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PBJqFRBRYwPj3RhqpxGVpyd">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4080332-6">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n79081343">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ge128734&CON_LNG=ENG">Czech Republic</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalogue.nlg.gr/cgi-bin/koha/opac-authoritiesdetail.pl?authid=262635">Greece</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://olduli.nli.org.il/F/?func=find-b&local_base=NLX10&find_code=UID&request=987007548086505171">Israel</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geographic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://musicbrainz.org/area/b3cb9848-1440-4c2b-b258-f849f8a9d50a">MusicBrainz area</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Other</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://catalog.archives.gov/id/10045717">NARA</a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast&oldid=1259975585">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast&oldid=1259975585</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Belfast" title="Category:Belfast">Belfast</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Capital_cities_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Capital cities in the United Kingdom">Capital cities in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Cities_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Cities in Northern Ireland">Cities in Northern Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Northern_Ireland,_1972%E2%80%932015" title="Category:Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015">Districts of Northern Ireland, 1972–2015</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Districts_of_Northern_Ireland,_2015-present" title="Category:Districts of Northern Ireland, 2015-present">Districts of Northern Ireland, 2015-present</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Populated_coastal_places_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Category:Populated coastal places in the United Kingdom">Populated coastal places in the United Kingdom</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_in_Northern_Ireland" title="Category:Port cities and towns in Northern Ireland">Port cities and towns in Northern Ireland</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Port_cities_and_towns_of_the_Irish_Sea" title="Category:Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea">Port cities and towns of the Irish Sea</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_gadget_WikiMiniAtlas" title="Category:Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas">Pages using gadget WikiMiniAtlas</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_the_Phonos_extension" title="Category:Pages using the Phonos extension">Pages using the Phonos extension</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location_missing_publisher" title="Category:CS1 maint: location missing publisher">CS1 maint: location missing publisher</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Webarchive_template_wayback_links" title="Category:Webarchive template wayback links">Webarchive template wayback links</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1:_long_volume_value" title="Category:CS1: long volume value">CS1: long volume value</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_bot:_original_URL_status_unknown" title="Category:CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown">CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_maint:_location" title="Category:CS1 maint: location">CS1 maint: location</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:CS1_errors:_generic_name" title="Category:CS1 errors: generic name">CS1 errors: generic name</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_with_short_description" title="Category:Articles with short description">Articles with short description</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Short_description_is_different_from_Wikidata" title="Category:Short description is different from Wikidata">Short description is different from Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Wikipedia_indefinitely_move-protected_pages" title="Category:Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages">Wikipedia indefinitely move-protected pages</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_dmy_dates_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use dmy dates from August 2017">Use dmy dates from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Use_British_English_from_August_2017" title="Category:Use British English from August 2017">Use British English from August 2017</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_bad_settlement_type" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type">Pages using infobox settlement with bad settlement type</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Irish-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Irish-language text">Articles containing Irish-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Scots-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Scots-language text">Articles containing Scots-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_multiple_image_with_auto_scaled_images" title="Category:Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images">Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Articles_containing_Latin-language_text" title="Category:Articles containing Latin-language text">Articles containing Latin-language text</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_using_infobox_settlement_with_possible_motto_list" title="Category:Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list">Pages using infobox settlement with possible motto list</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Coordinates_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Coordinates on Wikidata">Coordinates on Wikidata</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_including_recorded_pronunciations" title="Category:Pages including recorded pronunciations">Pages including recorded pronunciations</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Pages_with_Irish_IPA" title="Category:Pages with Irish IPA">Pages with Irish IPA</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commons_category_link_is_on_Wikidata" title="Category:Commons category link is on Wikidata">Commons category link is on Wikidata</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> This page was last edited on 28 November 2024, at 03:15 (UTC).</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Text is available under the <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Text_of_the_Creative_Commons_Attribution-ShareAlike_4.0_International_License" title="Wikipedia:Text of the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 International License">Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike 4.0 License</a>; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms_of_Use" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Terms of Use">Terms of Use</a> and <a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy" class="extiw" title="foundation:Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy policy">Privacy Policy</a>. Wikipedia® is a registered trademark of the <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/">Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.</a>, a non-profit organization.</li> </ul> <ul id="footer-places"> <li id="footer-places-privacy"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Privacy_policy">Privacy policy</a></li> <li id="footer-places-about"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:About">About Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-disclaimers"><a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:General_disclaimer">Disclaimers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-contact"><a href="//en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Contact_us">Contact Wikipedia</a></li> <li id="footer-places-wm-codeofconduct"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Universal_Code_of_Conduct">Code of Conduct</a></li> <li id="footer-places-developers"><a href="https://developer.wikimedia.org">Developers</a></li> <li id="footer-places-statslink"><a href="https://stats.wikimedia.org/#/en.wikipedia.org">Statistics</a></li> <li id="footer-places-cookiestatement"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:MyLanguage/Policy:Cookie_statement">Cookie statement</a></li> <li id="footer-places-mobileview"><a href="//en.m.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belfast&mobileaction=toggle_view_mobile" class="noprint stopMobileRedirectToggle">Mobile view</a></li> </ul> <ul id="footer-icons" class="noprint"> <li id="footer-copyrightico"><a href="https://wikimediafoundation.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/static/images/footer/wikimedia-button.svg" width="84" height="29" alt="Wikimedia Foundation" loading="lazy"></a></li> <li id="footer-poweredbyico"><a href="https://www.mediawiki.org/" class="cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--size-large cdx-button--fake-button--enabled"><img src="/w/resources/assets/poweredby_mediawiki.svg" alt="Powered by MediaWiki" width="88" height="31" loading="lazy"></a></li> </ul> </footer> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-settings" id="p-dock-bottom"> <ul></ul> </div><script>(RLQ=window.RLQ||[]).push(function(){mw.config.set({"wgHostname":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-dkj5v","wgBackendResponseTime":246,"wgPageParseReport":{"limitreport":{"cputime":"3.567","walltime":"4.042","ppvisitednodes":{"value":35902,"limit":1000000},"postexpandincludesize":{"value":935461,"limit":2097152},"templateargumentsize":{"value":28676,"limit":2097152},"expansiondepth":{"value":27,"limit":100},"expensivefunctioncount":{"value":31,"limit":500},"unstrip-depth":{"value":1,"limit":20},"unstrip-size":{"value":1402422,"limit":5000000},"entityaccesscount":{"value":1,"limit":400},"timingprofile":["100.00% 3369.955 1 -total"," 54.77% 1845.774 2 Template:Reflist"," 29.36% 989.586 242 Template:Cite_web"," 13.91% 468.777 1 Template:Infobox_settlement"," 11.92% 401.637 1 Template:Infobox"," 7.00% 235.972 51 Template:Cite_news"," 6.51% 219.272 48 Template:Cite_book"," 4.39% 148.020 27 Template:Rp"," 4.36% 146.962 18 Template:Navbox"," 4.09% 137.691 27 Template:R/superscript"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"2.086","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":22210695,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-profile":[["?","440","19.0"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","360","15.5"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","240","10.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","200","8.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","80","3.4"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::plain","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getEntityStatements","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","60","2.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","40","1.7"],["[others]","700","30.2"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-7fc47fc68d-6lm6x","timestamp":"20241128193212","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Belfast","url":"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/Belfast","sameAs":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10686","mainEntity":"http:\/\/www.wikidata.org\/entity\/Q10686","author":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Contributors to Wikimedia projects"},"publisher":{"@type":"Organization","name":"Wikimedia Foundation, Inc.","logo":{"@type":"ImageObject","url":"https:\/\/www.wikimedia.org\/static\/images\/wmf-hor-googpub.png"}},"datePublished":"2002-01-24T16:16:44Z","dateModified":"2024-11-28T03:15:13Z","image":"https:\/\/upload.wikimedia.org\/wikipedia\/commons\/c\/c8\/StormontGeneral.jpg","headline":"city of the United Kingdom, capital of Northern Ireland"}</script> </body> </html>