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<li id="toc-1987_election" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1987_election"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>1987 election</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1987_election-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_extent_of_Langer_votes_and_the_legislative_response" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_extent_of_Langer_votes_and_the_legislative_response"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_extent_of_Langer_votes_and_the_legislative_response-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Langer's_challenge" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Langer's_challenge"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Langer's challenge</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Langer's_challenge-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle Langer's challenge subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Langer's_challenge-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Arguments" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arguments"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.1</span> <span>Arguments</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arguments-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Judgement" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Judgement"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3.2</span> <span>Judgement</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Judgement-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_prosecution_of_Langer" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_prosecution_of_Langer"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>The prosecution of Langer</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-The_prosecution_of_Langer-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Toggle The prosecution of Langer subsection</span> </button> <ul id="toc-The_prosecution_of_Langer-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Federal_Court_Appeals" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_Court_Appeals"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4.1</span> <span>Federal Court Appeals</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Federal_Court_Appeals-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Subsequent_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Subsequent_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Subsequent events</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Subsequent_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>See also</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>References</span> </div> </a> <ul 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class="mw-redirect" title="Australian electoral system">Australian electoral system</a> designed to avoid the requirement to express preferences for all candidates without the vote being rejected as informal. The title is a tribute to <a href="/wiki/Albert_Langer" title="Albert Langer">Albert Langer</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> an <a href="/wiki/Australians" title="Australians">Australian</a> <a href="/wiki/Political_activist" class="mw-redirect" title="Political activist">political activist</a>, who advocated for the use of this style as a <i>de facto</i> method of <a href="/wiki/Optional_preferential_voting" title="Optional preferential voting">optional preferential voting</a> for making a valid vote for the voter's preferred candidates while the deliberate "error" avoided the vote being counted for one of the major political parties.<sup id="cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Voters were advised to mark 1, 2, . .n, for favoured candidates, but to mark a repetition of the next digit against each of the remaining candidates. For example, a vote would be marked 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. The votes for the first and second candidates would be counted but the remaining candidates would then not receive preferences. From 1983 this was a valid vote, however since 1998 the Electoral Act requires that there be no repeated numbers.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: History"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Preferential voting was introduced in Federal elections in 1918.<sup id="cite_ref-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSC_Report_83_4-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSC_Report_83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-timeline_5-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> While voting was voluntary at the time,<sup id="cite_ref-timeline_5-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-timeline-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> a valid vote was required to express a preference for every candidate, described as full preferential voting,<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and a failure to mark ballots in consecutive numerical order meant that the vote was informal. This was confirmed by the High Court in a case concerning the <a href="/wiki/1928_Australian_federal_election" title="1928 Australian federal election">1928 election</a>. This was a half senate election in which 3 senators were to be elected for Victoria. 6 candidates were nominated, however <a href="/wiki/John_Forsyth_(general)" title="John Forsyth (general)">Maj Gen John Forsyth</a> died before the ballot. Most ballot papers were reprinted with just the 5 remaining candidates. The Labor <a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">how-to-vote card</a> had Forsyth listed as #5 and more than 11,000 ballots had numbered the candidates 1, 2, 3, 4 & 6. <a href="/wiki/Hayden_Starke" title="Hayden Starke">Starke J</a> noted that the Electoral Act required that a ballot paper being given effect according to the voter's intention so far as his intention is clear and accepted that in this case the voters preferences were clear. Despite this however Starke J held that the Electoral Act "absolutely and imperatively" required that a voter use consecutive numbers so that the votes were properly rejected as informal.<sup id="cite_ref-Blakey_7-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Blakey-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>In 1983 the Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform was concerned at the informality rate for Senate voting.<sup id="cite_ref-AEC_Backgrounder_8-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC_Backgrounder-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup id="cite_ref-JSC_Report_83_4-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-JSC_Report_83-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: p 62">: p 62 </span></sup> The Electoral Act was amended so that while a voter was formally required to express a preference for all candidates, a vote that erroneously did not comply with this requirement was saved from being rejected as informal.<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Subsection 270(1) applied to the Senate and subsection 270(2) to the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-s270_10-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s270-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1987_election">1987 election</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: 1987 election"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>In 1987 Harold Van Moorst and Langer were part of "The Coalition Against Poverty and Unemployment" and were urging people to either (1) not vote at the <a href="/wiki/1987_Australian_federal_election" title="1987 Australian federal election">election on 11 July 1987</a> (2) to deliberately vote informally or (3) informing electors of the effect of section 270 of the Electoral Act, set out in a document headed "How not to give preferences" so that electors could avoid voting for the major parties. The Australian Electoral Commission applied to the Supreme Court of Victoria for an order preventing Van Moorst from encouraging people not to vote. Langer was added as a defendant at his own request. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Peter_Murphy_(jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Peter Murphy (jurist) (page does not exist)">Murphy J</a> granted the injunction until the defendants could put on evidence and the matter could be heard.<sup id="cite_ref-Murphy_J_11-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murphy_J-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> After hearing the evidence on 2 July, <a href="/wiki/Frank_Vincent_(judge)" title="Frank Vincent (judge)">Vincent J</a> held that it was an offence not to vote and an offence to incite people not to vote. Vincent J also held it was an offence to use a representation of a ballot paper to vote other than in accordance with the directions on the ballot paper and granted injunctions to prevent Van Moorst or Langer distributing documents to that effect.<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_J_12-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_J-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Van Moorst and Langer did have some measure of success however in that Vincent J held that it was not an offence to vote informally, nor to inform voters as to the effect of s 270 of the Electoral Act, holding that . </p> <blockquote><p>The system of compulsory voting requires that electors record votes at each election. It is, of course, integral to the operation of that system that all electors make choices. It is not integral that they must choose between the candidates or that, contrary to the dictates of their consciences, they must vote for persons who they may regard as being totally unacceptable to fill the offices for which they present themselves. </p><p>... </p><p> That choice in my view does permit them to say in effect "A plague on all their houses".<sup id="cite_ref-Vincent_J_12-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Vincent_J-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>Van Moorst and Langer sought a declaration that (1) electors were entitled to deliberately vote informally and (2) electors were entitled to make a Langer vote. They also sought orders requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publicise these declarations. <a href="/w/index.php?title=Tony_Murray_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tony Murray (judge) (page does not exist)">Murray J</a> declined to make either of the declarations, holding they merely sought to repeat the effect of the judgement of Vincent J and that they had no standing to seek an order requiring the Australian Electoral Commission to publish them.<sup id="cite_ref-Murray_J_13-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Murray_J-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_extent_of_Langer_votes_and_the_legislative_response">The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: The extent of Langer votes and the legislative response"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The campaign was not effective in 1987, with just 2,082 exhausted votes being recorded. For the <a href="/wiki/1990_Australian_federal_election" title="1990 Australian federal election">1990 election</a> however this jumped to 18,765 exhausted votes.<sup id="cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Following the 1990 election the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters recommended that it be made an offence to encourage others to vote other than in accordance with full preferential voting. The Electoral Act was again amended to include s 329A which provided as follows: </p> <blockquote><p>329A. (1) A person must not, during the relevant period in relation to a House of Representatives election under this Act, print, publish or distribute, or cause, permit or authorise to be printed, published or distributed, any matter or thing with the intention of encouraging persons voting at the election to fill in a ballot paper otherwise than in accordance with section 240. Penalty: Imprisonment for 6 months.<sup id="cite_ref-s329A_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s329A-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p></blockquote> <p>The purpose of s 270 was said to be that voters "do not have their votes discarded because of an unintentional mistake", but that s 329A was necessary to ensure that "people do not go out and intentionally frustrate the will of this Parliament by advocating an optional preferential system".<sup id="cite_ref-15" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-15"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>15<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>For the 1993 election the number of exhausted votes dropped back to 7,325.<sup id="cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Langer's_challenge"><span id="Langer.27s_challenge"></span>Langer's challenge</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Langer's challenge"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1251680060">.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-image img{background-color:#f8f9fa}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-above{font-style:italic;font-size:125%}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .infobox-header{white-space:nowrap}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-red-header{background-color:red;color:white;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-court-case .ib-court-case-green-header{background-color:green;color:white;font-weight:bold}</style><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Langer v Commonwealth</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/High_Court_of_Australia" title="High Court of Australia">High Court of Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Full case name</th><td class="infobox-data"><i> Langer v Commonwealth of Australia, the Australian Electoral Commission & Cox </i></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Decided</th><td class="infobox-data">2 & 20 February 1996</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1996/43.html">[1996] HCA 43</a>, (1996) 186 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 302</td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Transcript</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCATrans/1995/338.html">[1995] HCATrans 338</a> (4 October 1995)</td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brennan" title="Gerard Brennan">Brennan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">CJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/Daryl_Dawson" title="Daryl Dawson">Dawson</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Toohey_(judge)" title="John Toohey (judge)">Toohey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gaudron" title="Mary Gaudron">Gaudron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McHugh_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McHugh (judge)">McHugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gummow" title="William Gummow">Gummow</a>  <a href="/wiki/Justices" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices">JJ</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case opinions</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><b>5:1</b> S329A was a valid law of the Commonwealth</td></tr></tbody></table> <p>In the week before the <a href="/wiki/1993_Australian_federal_election" title="1993 Australian federal election">1993 election</a> Langer sought a declaration from the High Court that s 329A was not a valid act of the Commonwealth. On 11 March 1993 <a href="/wiki/William_Deane" title="William Deane">Deane J</a> refused to make the declaration sought and referred the matter for consideration by the Full Court. The matter was not heard until 4 October 1995,<sup id="cite_ref-Transcript_16-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcript-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> and the order was handed down on 7 February 1996,<sup id="cite_ref-17" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-17"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>17<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> one month prior to the <a href="/wiki/1996_Australian_federal_election" title="1996 Australian federal election">1996 election</a> while the reasons for judgement were not handed down until 20 February 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arguments">Arguments</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Arguments"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langer represented himself, and argued that: <br /> -(1) the wording of section 240 did not require consecutive numbers without repeats; -(2) the Langer vote was a valid method of voting; <br /> -(3) this impacted on free and fair elections in that it was an attempt to prevent discussion of a method of casting a valid vote; <br /> -(4) the AEC was intimidating and misleading people about how they could vote. The Commonwealth was represented by the <a href="/wiki/Solicitor-General_of_Australia" title="Solicitor-General of Australia">Solicitor-General</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Gavan_Griffith&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Gavan Griffith (page does not exist)">Gavan Griffith</a> <span class="nobold noexcerpt nowraplinks" style="font-size:;"><span style="font-size: 85%;"><a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Counsel" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Counsel">QC</a></span></span>, and argued that s 240 required full preferential voting and that s 270 was a savings provision that was intended to apply to unintentional errors. S329A was necessary to protect the integrity of compulsory preferential voting.<sup id="cite_ref-Transcript_16-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Transcript-16"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>16<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Judgement">Judgement</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Judgement"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>All of the Court held that a Langer vote was a valid vote under the then electoral laws. The majority, <a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brennan" title="Gerard Brennan">Brennan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">CJ</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Toohey_(judge)" title="John Toohey (judge)">Toohey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mary_Gaudron" title="Mary Gaudron">Gaudron</a>, <a href="/wiki/Michael_McHugh_(judge)" class="mw-redirect" title="Michael McHugh (judge)">McHugh</a> and <a href="/wiki/William_Gummow" title="William Gummow">Gummow</a>  <a href="/wiki/Justices" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices">JJ</a>, upheld the validity of s329A. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Gerard_Brennan" title="Gerard Brennan">Brennan</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Australia" title="Chief Justice of Australia">CJ</a> "What the Constitution requires is that the law prescribe a method of voting which leaves the voter free to make a choice, not that the law leave the voter free to choose the method of voting by which a voter's choice is to be made. A method which requires full preferential voting satisfies the constitutional requirement."<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 316">: at p 316 </span></sup> Similarly Toohey and Gaudron JJ held that s 328A assisted in the maintenance of a system of full preferential voting and was confined to conduct that was intended to encourage non-compliance with s 240 and was not concerned with conduct that was intended only to inform.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 330">: at p 330 </span></sup> Each of McHugh J,<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 339">: at p 339 </span></sup> and Gummow J,<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 351">: at p 351 </span></sup> held that the purpose of s 329A was to prevent the full preference system of voting from being undermined. </p><p><a href="/wiki/Daryl_Dawson" title="Daryl Dawson">Dawson J</a> dissented on the basis that the constitutional power of the Parliament to make laws about elections for the House of Representatives arose from sections 31 and 51(xxxvi) of the Constitution,<sup id="cite_ref-s31_18-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s31-18"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>18<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> which meant the law needed to be for the purpose of electing members of parliament, who must be "directly chosen by the people.<sup id="cite_ref-s24_19-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s24-19"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>19<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> The purpose of s 329A was not incidental to the election of representatives but rather to prevent the dissemination of information about how a person could cast a vote in a particular - and permissible - form.<sup id="cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at pp 324–5">: at pp 324–5 </span></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="The_prosecution_of_Langer">The prosecution of Langer</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: The prosecution of Langer"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1251680060"><table class="infobox scotus ib-court-case"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn">Langer v Australian Electoral Commission</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><span class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Frameless"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/180px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="140" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/270px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f8/Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg/360px-Coat_of_Arms_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="397" /></a></span></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Court</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court of Australia</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Citations</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1996/1277.html">[1996] FCA 1277</a> &<br />[No 2] <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1996/1295.html">[1996] FCA 1295</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Case history</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Prior actions</th><td class="infobox-data"><i>Australian Electoral Commission v Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicRp/1996/42.html">[1996] VicRP 42</a> [1996] 1 VR 576<br /><i>Commonwealth Electoral Commission v Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/1996/6.html">[1996] VSC 6</a></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header">Court membership</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Judges sitting</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Michael_Black_(judge)" title="Michael Black (judge)">Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia">CJ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lockhart_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lockhart (judge) (page does not exist)">Lockhart</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Beaumont" title="Bryan Beaumont">Beaumont</a> <a href="/wiki/Justices" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices">JJ</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <p>The High Court upheld the validity of s329A on Friday 2 February 1996. On Monday 5 February 1996 the Australian Electoral Commission commenced proceedings in the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Victoria" title="Supreme Court of Victoria">Supreme Court of Victoria</a>, seeking an order to prevent Langer from breaching s329A. This was not a prosecution for a breach of s329A, but instead it was an order to prevent a breach under s383.<sup id="cite_ref-s383_20-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-s383-20"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>20<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Barry_Beach_(jurist)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Barry Beach (jurist) (page does not exist)">Beach J</a> found that Langer had published material with the intention of encouraging people to fill in their ballot papers otherwise than in accordance with s240 of the Electoral Act and granted an order to prevent him from continuing to do so.<sup id="cite_ref-Beach_Inj_21-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beach_Inj-21"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>21<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Langer made it clear to the Court that he did not intend to comply with the order and immediately proceeded outside the court where he distributed leaflets contrary to the Court order. On 14 February 1996, Beach J found that Langer was in <a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_court" title="Contempt of court">contempt of court</a> and would continue to breach the order unless he was prevented from doing so. Beach J sentenced Langer to be imprisoned until 30 April 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-Beach_Contempt_22-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Beach_Contempt-22"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>22<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Federal_Court_Appeals">Federal Court Appeals</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Federal Court Appeals"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Langer appealed to the <a href="/wiki/Federal_Court_of_Australia" title="Federal Court of Australia">Federal Court</a> challenging the order of the Supreme Court. Langer argued that s240 did not require elector write numbers consecutively and he was therefore not advocating a breach of s240. A Full Court of the Federal Court, <a href="/wiki/Michael_Black_(judge)" title="Michael Black (judge)">Black</a> <a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_the_Federal_Court_of_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Chief Justice of the Federal Court of Australia">CJ</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=John_Lockhart_(judge)&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="John Lockhart (judge) (page does not exist)">Lockhart</a> & <a href="/wiki/Bryan_Beaumont" title="Bryan Beaumont">Beaumont</a> <a href="/wiki/Justices" class="mw-redirect" title="Justices">JJ</a> dismissed his appeal against the order.<sup id="cite_ref-order_appeal_23-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-order_appeal-23"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>23<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p> Langer also appealed against his conviction for contempt and the appeal was heard by the same full court. Langer submitted that </p><blockquote><p>...it would be very desirable for you to let me go at once. I have achieved my objectives. There is no further useful purpose that you can serve on my behalf by continuing to make a complete mockery of the judicial system and the electoral system in this country, and I have better things to do."<sup id="cite_ref-AEC77_24-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC77-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 129">: at p 129 </span></sup></p></blockquote><p> The Electoral Commission submitted that its interests were not served by the imprisonment of Langer after the date of the election on 2 March 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-contempt_appeal_25-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempt_appeal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Black CJ, Lockhart & Beaumont JJ held that the finding that Langer intended to breach the order was fully justified and upheld his conviction for contempt. The Court held however that the term of imprisonment was too long and ordered his release on 7 March 1996.<sup id="cite_ref-contempt_appeal_25-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-contempt_appeal-25"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>25<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div style="clear:right;" class=""></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Subsequent_events">Subsequent events</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Subsequent events"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>The number of exhausted votes in the 1996 election increased spectacularly from 7,325 in 1993 to 48,979.<sup id="cite_ref-AEC77_24-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-AEC77-24"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>24<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at pp 16–7">: at pp 16–7 </span></sup> <a href="/wiki/Amnesty_International" title="Amnesty International">Amnesty International</a> described Langer as Australia's first prisoner of conscience for over 20 years, alleging that his imprisonment was a breach of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights and the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. During the campaign <a href="/wiki/John_Howard" title="John Howard">John Howard</a> described s329A as stupid.<sup id="cite_ref-26" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-26"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>26<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup><sup class="reference nowrap"><span title="Page / location: at p 16–7">: at p 16–7 </span></sup> </p><p> In 1998 section 329A was repealed and the Parliament attempted to make the Langer voting method invalid by amendments to the Electoral Act.<sup id="cite_ref-27" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-27"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>27<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> A Langer vote is now classed as an <a href="/wiki/Informal_vote" class="mw-redirect" title="Informal vote">informal or invalid vote</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></p><blockquote><p>The treatment of ‘Langer-style’ votes changed in 1998. Langer-style ballots are typically numbered so that, at a point chosen by the elector, the preferences stop or begin to repeat (for example, 1, 2, 3, 3, 3. . .). Before 1998, such ballots were counted up to the point that the numbering stopped or became non-consecutive, and were then classified as exhausted. Until 1993, the number of Langer-style votes was small, but in 1996 there was a considerable increase. It is possible this was due to the well-publicised court action against Albert Langer. Since legislative change in 1998, Langer-style votes have been counted as informal, and their number has declined considerably.<sup id="cite_ref-28" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-28"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>28<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p></blockquote> <p>It was not until 2016 that the Parliament permitted optional preferential voting for the Senate. Full preferential voting is still required for the House of Representatives.<sup id="cite_ref-29" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-29"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>29<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: See also"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Optional_Preferential_Voting" class="mw-redirect" title="Optional Preferential Voting">Optional Preferential Voting</a></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Langer_vote&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: References"><span>edit</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Wilcox_J-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Wilcox_J_1-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Bryant v Commonwealth of Australia</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1998/1242.html">[1998] FCA 1242</a> (30 September 1998).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Twoomey_1996-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Twoomey_1996_2-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFTwomey" class="citation journal cs1"><a href="/wiki/Anne_Twomey_(academic)" title="Anne Twomey (academic)">Twomey, Anne</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/journals/FedLRev/1996/7.pdf">"Free to Choose or Compelled to Lie? - The Rights of Voters after Langer v The Commonwealth"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Free+to+Choose+or+Compelled+to+Lie%3F+-+The+Rights+of+Voters+after+Langer+v+The+Commonwealth&rft.aulast=Twomey&rft.aufirst=Anne&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Fjournals%2FFedLRev%2F1996%2F7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span> <span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment"><code class="cs1-code">{{<a href="/wiki/Template:Cite_journal" title="Template:Cite journal">cite journal</a>}}</code>: </span><span class="cs1-visible-error citation-comment">Cite journal requires <code class="cs1-code">|journal=</code> (<a href="/wiki/Help:CS1_errors#missing_periodical" title="Help:CS1 errors">help</a>)</span> (1996) 24 Federal Law Review 201.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-3">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/cea1918271918260/cea1918271918260.pdf">"<i>Commonwealth Electoral Act</i> 1918 (Cth)"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Commonwealth+Electoral+Act+1918+%28Cth%29&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.austlii.edu.au%2Fau%2Flegis%2Fcth%2Fnum_act%2Fcea1918271918260%2Fcea1918271918260.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span> sections 123 and 124.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-JSC_Report_83-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-JSC_Report_83_4-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-JSC_Report_83_4-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFJoint_Select_Committee_on_Electoral_Reform1983" class="citation web cs1">Joint Select Committee on Electoral Reform (13 September 1983). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/Parliamentary_Business/Committees/House_of_Representatives_committees?url=reports/1983/1983_pp227.pdf">"First report - Electoral Reform"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Parliament of Australia.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=First+report+-+Electoral+Reform&rft.pub=Parliament+of+Australia&rft.date=1983-09-13&rft.au=Joint+Select+Committee+on+Electoral+Reform&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FParliamentary_Business%2FCommittees%2FHouse_of_Representatives_committees%3Furl%3Dreports%2F1983%2F1983_pp227.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-timeline-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_5-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-timeline_5-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/Australian_Electoral_History/Reform_present.htm">"Australia's major electoral developments Timeline: 1900 - Present"</a>. Australian Electoral Commission<span class="reference-accessdate">. Retrieved <span class="nowrap">28 June</span> 2013</span>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Australia%27s+major+electoral+developments+Timeline%3A+1900+-+Present&rft.pub=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FElections%2FAustralian_Electoral_History%2FReform_present.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Langer_HCA-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-2"><sup><i><b>c</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-3"><sup><i><b>d</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-4"><sup><i><b>e</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-5"><sup><i><b>f</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Langer_HCA_6-6"><sup><i><b>g</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Langer v Commonwealth</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1996/43.html">[1996] HCA 43</a>, (1996) 186 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 302.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Blakey-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Blakey_7-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Blakey v Elliott</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1929/7.html">[1929] HCA 7</a>, <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1929/7.pdf">(1929) 41 CLR 502</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEC_Backgrounder-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-AEC_Backgrounder_8-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20100705054642/http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Backgrounders/files/2010-eb-informal-voting.pdf">"Electoral Backgrounder: informal voting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/About_AEC/Publications/Backgrounders/files/2010-eb-informal-voting.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 5 July 2010.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Electoral+Backgrounder%3A+informal+voting&rft.pub=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FAbout_AEC%2FPublications%2FBackgrounders%2Ffiles%2F2010-eb-informal-voting.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-9">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth Electoral Legislation Amendment Act 1983</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/celaa1983425/s103.html">s 103</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s270-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s270_10-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">The terms of s 270(2) & (3) at that time are set out in the judgment of Brennan CJ in <i>Langer v Commonwealth</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCA/1996/43.html">[1996] HCA 43</a> at [5], (1996) 186 <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Law_Reports" title="Commonwealth Law Reports">CLR</a> 302 at pp 313-4.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murphy_J-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murphy_J_11-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1987/257.pdf">[1987] VicSC 257</a> (26 June 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Vincent_J-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_J_12-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Vincent_J_12-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1987/270.pdf">[1987] VicSC 270</a> (2 July 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Murray_J-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Murray_J_13-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Electoral Commission v Van Moorst & Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicSC/1987/278.pdf">[1987] VicSC 278</a> (6 July 1987).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s329A-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s329A_14-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.legislation.gov.au/Details/C2004C02869">Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918</a> s 329A as at 15 June 1995.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-15"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-15">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSenator_Bolkus1992" class="citation book cs1">Senator Bolkus, Minister for Administrative Services (1 December 1992). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://parlinfo.aph.gov.au/parlInfo/download/chamber/hansards/1992-12-01/toc_pdf/S%201992-12-01.pdf">"Electoral and Referendum Amendment Bill 1992"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i><a href="/wiki/Hansard" title="Hansard">Parliamentary Debates (Hansard)</a></i>. Commonwealth of Australia: Senate. pp. 3914–3916.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=bookitem&rft.atitle=Electoral+and+Referendum+Amendment+Bill+1992&rft.btitle=Parliamentary+Debates+%28Hansard%29&rft.place=Commonwealth+of+Australia&rft.pages=3914-3916&rft.pub=Senate&rft.date=1992-12-01&rft.au=Senator+Bolkus&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fparlinfo.aph.gov.au%2FparlInfo%2Fdownload%2Fchamber%2Fhansards%2F1992-12-01%2Ftoc_pdf%2FS%25201992-12-01.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Transcript-16"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Transcript_16-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-Transcript_16-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Langer v Commonwealth</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCATrans/1995/338.html">[1995] HCATrans 338</a> (4 October 1995).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-17"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-17">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Langer v Commonwealth</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/HCATrans/1996/59.html">[1996] HCATrans 59</a> (7 February 1996)</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s31-18"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s31_18-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text">State election laws applied until "the Parliament otherwise provides", pursuant to the <i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s31.html">s 31</a> and the parliament has power to make laws about any such matter:<i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s51.html">s 51</a>(xxxvi).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s24-19"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s24_19-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Constitution</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/coaca430/s24.html">s 24</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-s383-20"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-s383_20-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth Electoral Act 1918</i> (Cth) <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/cea1918233/s383.html">s 383</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beach_Inj-21"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beach_Inj_21-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Australian Electoral Commission v Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VicRp/1996/42.html">[1996] VicRP 42</a> [1996] 1 VR 576.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-Beach_Contempt-22"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-Beach_Contempt_22-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Commonwealth Electoral Commission v Langer</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/vic/VSC/1996/6.html">[1996] VSC 6</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-order_appeal-23"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-order_appeal_23-0">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Langer v Australian Electoral Commission</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1996/1277.html">[1996] FCA 1277</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-AEC77-24"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-AEC77_24-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-AEC77_24-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/Elections/australian_electoral_system/files/jscem/1996_election/sub77.pdf">"Supplementary Submission to the Joint Standing Committee on Electoral matters: advocacy of optional preferential voting"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. Australian Electoral Commission. 30 August 1996.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Supplementary+Submission+to+the+Joint+Standing+Committee+on+Electoral+matters%3A+advocacy+of+optional+preferential+voting&rft.pub=Australian+Electoral+Commission&rft.date=1996-08-30&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2FElections%2Faustralian_electoral_system%2Ffiles%2Fjscem%2F1996_election%2Fsub77.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-contempt_appeal-25"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">^ <a href="#cite_ref-contempt_appeal_25-0"><sup><i><b>a</b></i></sup></a> <a href="#cite_ref-contempt_appeal_25-1"><sup><i><b>b</b></i></sup></a></span> <span class="reference-text"><i>Langer v Australian Electoral Commission</i> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/cases/cth/FCA/1996/1295.html">[1996] FCA 1295</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-26"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-26">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFField1996" class="citation web cs1">Field, C (30 April 1996). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aph.gov.au/About_Parliament/Parliamentary_Departments/Parliamentary_Library/Publications_Archive/CIB/cib9596/96CIB14">"<span class="cs1-kern-left"></span>'Tweedledum and Tweedledee 1,2,3,3' - The Albert Langer Story"</a>. <i>Current Issues Brief 14 1995-96</i>. Parliamentary Library.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Current+Issues+Brief+14+1995-96&rft.atitle=%27Tweedledum+and+Tweedledee+1%2C2%2C3%2C3%27+-+The+Albert+Langer+Story&rft.date=1996-04-30&rft.aulast=Field&rft.aufirst=C&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aph.gov.au%2FAbout_Parliament%2FParliamentary_Departments%2FParliamentary_Library%2FPublications_Archive%2FCIB%2Fcib9596%2F96CIB14&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-27"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-27">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><i><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/num_act/earaa1998298/">Electoral and Referendum Amendment Act 1998</a></i> (Cth).</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-28"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-28">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070609113038/http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/research/papers/paper7/research_paper7.pdf">"Analysis of informal voting during the 2004 House of Representatives Election"</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span>. <i>Research Report Number 7</i>. Australian Electoral Commission. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.aec.gov.au/pdf/research/papers/paper7/research_paper7.pdf">the original</a> <span class="cs1-format">(PDF)</span> on 9 June 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Research+Report+Number+7&rft.atitle=Analysis+of+informal+voting+during+the+2004+House+of+Representatives+Election&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.aec.gov.au%2Fpdf%2Fresearch%2Fpapers%2Fpaper7%2Fresearch_paper7.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-29"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><b><a href="#cite_ref-29">^</a></b></span> <span class="reference-text"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-30/election-2016-preferences-explainer-voting/7556562">"Election 2016: It's time to vote. Let's take a look at how to do that exactly"</a>. abc.net.au. 2 July 2016.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Election+2016%3A+It%27s+time+to+vote.+Let%27s+take+a+look+at+how+to+do+that+exactly&rft.date=2016-07-02&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.abc.net.au%2Fnews%2F2016-06-30%2Felection-2016-preferences-explainer-voting%2F7556562&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3ALanger+vote" class="Z3988"></span></span> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist ul{margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .hlist dd,.mw-parser-output .hlist dt,.mw-parser-output .hlist li{margin:0;display:inline}.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist.inline ul,.mw-parser-output .hlist dl dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/States_and_territories_of_Australia" title="States and territories of Australia">State/territory <br /> governments</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governors_of_the_Australian_states" title="Governors of the Australian states">Governors and Administrators</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Premiers_and_chief_ministers_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Premiers and chief ministers of the Australian states and territories">Premiers and Chief Ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliaments_of_the_Australian_states_and_territories" title="Parliaments of the Australian states and territories">Parliaments and Assemblies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_(Australia)" title="Opposition (Australia)">State and Territory Shadow Cabinet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_New_South_Wales" title="Government of New South Wales">NSW</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Victoria_State_Government" title="Victoria State Government">Vic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queensland_Government" title="Queensland Government">Qld</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Western_Australia" title="Government of Western Australia">WA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_South_Australia" title="Government of South Australia">SA</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tasmanian_Government" title="Tasmanian Government">Tas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_Australian_Capital_Territory" title="Government of the Australian Capital Territory">ACT</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Territory_Government" title="Northern Territory Government">NT</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Australia" title="Local government in Australia">Local <br />government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_New_South_Wales" title="Local government in New South Wales">New South Wales</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_New_South_Wales" title="Local government areas of New South Wales">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_the_Northern_Territory" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in the Northern Territory">Northern Territory</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_the_Northern_Territory" title="Local government areas of the Northern Territory">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Queensland" title="Local government in Queensland">Queensland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Queensland" title="Local government areas of Queensland">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_South_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in South Australia">South Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_South_Australia" title="Local government areas of South Australia">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Tasmania" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Tasmania">Tasmania</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Tasmania" title="Local government areas of Tasmania">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Victoria" title="Local government in Victoria">Victoria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Victoria" title="Local government areas of Victoria">list</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Western_Australia" class="mw-redirect" title="Local government in Western Australia">Western Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Local_government_areas_of_Western_Australia" title="Local government areas of Western Australia">list</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of political parties in Australia">Political <br />parties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coalition_(Australia)" title="Coalition (Australia)">Coalition</a> (<a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Australia" title="Liberal Party of Australia">Liberal</a>, <a href="/wiki/National_Party_of_Australia" title="National Party of Australia">National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Liberal_National_Party_of_Queensland" title="Liberal National Party of Queensland">Liberal National</a>, <a href="/wiki/Country_Liberal_Party" title="Country Liberal Party">Country Liberal</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Centre_Alliance" title="Centre Alliance">Centre Alliance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Greens" title="Australian Greens">Greens</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Katter%27s_Australian_Party" title="Katter's Australian Party">Katter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_Labor_Party" title="Australian Labor Party">Labor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jacqui_Lambie_Network" title="Jacqui Lambie Network">Lambie</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pauline_Hanson%27s_One_Nation" title="Pauline Hanson's One Nation">One Nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Australia_Party_(2013)" title="United Australia Party (2013)">UAP</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_political_parties_in_Australia#Federal_non-parliamentary_parties" title="List of political parties in Australia">Other parties</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_historical_political_parties_in_Australia" title="List of historical political parties in Australia">Historical</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Political <br />terminology</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Battler_(underdog)" title="Battler (underdog)">Battlers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bjelkemander" title="Bjelkemander">Bjelkemander</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Branch_stacking" title="Branch stacking">Branch stacking</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Casual_vacancies_in_the_Australian_Parliament" title="Casual vacancies in the Australian Parliament">Casual vacancy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Caucus_revolt" title="Caucus revolt">Caucus revolt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Champagne_socialist#_Australia_and_New_Zealand" title="Champagne socialist">Chardonnay socialist</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Contempt_of_parliament" title="Contempt of parliament">Contempt of parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Despatch_box" title="Despatch box">Despatch box</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Donkey_vote" title="Donkey vote">Donkey vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorothy_Dixer" title="Dorothy Dixer">Dorothy Dixer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Double_dissolution" title="Double dissolution">Double dissolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Faceless_men" title="Faceless men">Faceless men</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Forgotten_People" title="The Forgotten People">Forgotten People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Group_voting_ticket" title="Group voting ticket">Group voting ticket</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hardworking_Families" class="mw-redirect" title="Hardworking Families">Hardworking Families</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/How-to-vote_card" title="How-to-vote card">How-to-vote card</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Independent_politicians_in_Australia" title="Independent politicians in Australia">Independent politicians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kirribilli_agreement" title="Kirribilli agreement">Kirribilli agreement</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Langer vote</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leadership_spill" title="Leadership spill">Leadership spill</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mortgage_belt" title="Mortgage belt">Mortgage belt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australian_nationalism" title="Australian nationalism">Nationalism</a></li> <li><a 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