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href="#Succession_and_regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1 Succession and regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Succession_and_regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Demise_of_the_Crown_and_accession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Demise_of_the_Crown_and_accession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.1 Demise of the Crown and accession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Demise_of_the_Crown_and_accession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Legal_aspects_of_succession" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Legal_aspects_of_succession"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.2 Legal aspects of succession </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Legal_aspects_of_succession-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Regency" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Regency"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.1.3 Regency </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Regency-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Foreign_visits" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Foreign_visits"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 1.2 Foreign visits </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Foreign_visits-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_and_provincial_aspects" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_and_provincial_aspects"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2 Federal and provincial aspects </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federal_and_provincial_aspects-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Federal and provincial aspects subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Federal_and_provincial_aspects-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Sovereign_immunity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sovereign_immunity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 2.1 Sovereign immunity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sovereign_immunity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Personification_of_the_Canadian_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Personification_of_the_Canadian_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3 Personification of the Canadian state </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Personification_of_the_Canadian_state-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Personification of the Canadian state subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Personification_of_the_Canadian_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Head_of_state" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Head_of_state"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Head of state </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Head_of_state-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Arms" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Arms"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 Arms </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Arms-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_constitutional_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_constitutional_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Federal constitutional role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federal_constitutional_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Federal constitutional role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Federal_constitutional_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Executive_(King-in-Council)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Executive_(King-in-Council)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Executive (King-in-Council) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Executive_(King-in-Council)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Parliament (King-in-Parliament) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Courts_(King-on-the-Bench)" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Courts_(King-on-the-Bench)"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Courts (King-on-the-Bench) </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Courts_(King-on-the-Bench)-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 The Crown and Indigenous peoples </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Hereditary_chiefs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hereditary_chiefs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4.1 Hereditary chiefs </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hereditary_chiefs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cultural_role" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cultural_role"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Cultural role </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Cultural_role-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Cultural role subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Cultural_role-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Royal_presence_and_duties" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_presence_and_duties"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Royal presence and duties </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_presence_and_duties-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Symbols,_associations,_and_awards" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Symbols,_associations,_and_awards"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.2 Symbols, associations, and awards </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Symbols,_associations,_and_awards-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Significance_to_Canadian_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Significance_to_Canadian_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.3 Significance to Canadian identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Significance_to_Canadian_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-In_media_and_popular_culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#In_media_and_popular_culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4 In media and popular culture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-In_media_and_popular_culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Painting_and_sculpture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.1 Painting and sculpture </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Painting_and_sculpture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.4.2 Television </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Royal_family_and_house" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Royal_family_and_house"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Royal family and house </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Royal_family_and_house-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Federal_residences_and_royal_household" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Federal_residences_and_royal_household"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Federal residences and royal household </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Federal_residences_and_royal_household-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Federal residences and royal household subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Federal_residences_and_royal_household-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Security" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Security"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7.1 Security </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Security-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-History" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#History"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 History </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-From_colonies_to_independence" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#From_colonies_to_independence"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 From colonies to independence </div> </a> <ul id="toc-From_colonies_to_independence-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_Canadian_Crown" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_Canadian_Crown"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.2 The Canadian Crown </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_Canadian_Crown-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-The_21st_century" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#The_21st_century"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.3 The 21st century </div> </a> <ul id="toc-The_21st_century-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Public_perception_and_understanding" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_perception_and_understanding"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Public perception and understanding </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_perception_and_understanding-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Debate" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Debate"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Debate </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Debate-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 References </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-References-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle References subsection </button> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Citations" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citations"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.1 Citations </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citations-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sources" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sources"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13.2 Sources </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Sources-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Further_information" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Further_information"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 Further information </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Further information subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Further_information-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Reading" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Reading"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.1 Reading </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Reading-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Viewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Viewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14.2 Viewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Viewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Monarchy of Canada</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 31 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-31" aria-hidden="true" > 31 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%A7%D9%84%D9%85%D9%84%D9%83%D9%8A%D8%A9_%D9%81%D9%8A_%D9%83%D9%86%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="الملكية في كندا – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="الملكية في كندا" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarca_canadenc" title="Monarca canadenc – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Monarca canadenc" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Det_canadiske_monarki" title="Det canadiske monarki – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Det canadiske monarki" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadische_Monarchie" title="Kanadische Monarchie – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Kanadische Monarchie" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarqu%C3%ADa_en_Canad%C3%A1" title="Monarquía en Canadá – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Monarquía en Canadá" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanada_monarkio" title="Kanada monarkio – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Kanada monarkio" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%BE%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%87%DB%8C_%DA%A9%D8%A7%D9%86%D8%A7%D8%AF%D8%A7" title="پادشاهی کانادا – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="پادشاهی کانادا" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchie_canadienne" title="Monarchie canadienne – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Monarchie canadienne" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%BA%90%EB%82%98%EB%8B%A4%EC%9D%98_%EA%B5%B0%EC%A3%BC" title="캐나다의 군주 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="캐나다의 군주" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%88%E0%A4%A8%E0%A5%87%E0%A4%A1%E0%A4%BF%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%87_%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%9C%E0%A4%A4%E0%A4%82%E0%A4%A4%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B0" title="कैनेडियाइ राजतंत्र – Hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="कैनेडियाइ राजतंत्र" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target">हिन्दी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadska_monarhija" title="Kanadska monarhija – Croatian" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Kanadska monarhija" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Hrvatski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kerajaan_Kanada" title="Kerajaan Kanada – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Kerajaan Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarchia_del_Canada" title="Monarchia del Canada – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Monarchia del Canada" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%94%D7%9E%D7%9C%D7%95%D7%9B%D7%94_%D7%94%D7%A7%D7%A0%D7%93%D7%99%D7%AA" title="המלוכה הקנדית – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="המלוכה הקנדית" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kanadai_monarchia" title="Kanadai monarchia – Hungarian" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Kanadai monarchia" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="Hungarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Magyar</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pemerintahan_beraja_Kanada" title="Pemerintahan beraja Kanada – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Pemerintahan beraja Kanada" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Canadese_Kroon" title="Canadese Kroon – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Canadese Kroon" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%82%AB%E3%83%8A%E3%83%80%E5%9B%BD%E7%8E%8B" title="カナダ国王 – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="カナダ国王" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarcha_Kanady" title="Monarcha Kanady – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Monarcha Kanady" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarquia_no_Canad%C3%A1" title="Monarquia no Canadá – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Monarquia no Canadá" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarhia_%C3%AEn_Canada" title="Monarhia în Canada – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Monarhia în Canada" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9A%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%B0%D0%B4%D1%81%D0%BA%D0%B0%D1%8F_%D0%BC%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B0%D1%80%D1%85%D0%B8%D1%8F" title="Канадская монархия – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Канадская монархия" data-language-autonym="Русский" 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id="siteSub" class="noprint">From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="en" dir="ltr"> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236090951">.mw-parser-output .hatnote{font-style:italic}.mw-parser-output div.hatnote{padding-left:1.6em;margin-bottom:0.5em}.mw-parser-output .hatnote i{font-style:normal}.mw-parser-output .hatnote+link+.hatnote{margin-top:-0.5em}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .hatnote{display:none!important}}</style><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">"Queen of Canada" redirects here. For the most recent female monarch of Canada, see <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) div:not(.notheme){background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media(min-width:640px){body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table{display:table!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>caption{display:table-caption!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table>tbody{display:table-row-group}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table tr{display:table-row!important}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table th,body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .infobox-table td{padding-left:inherit;padding-right:inherit}}</style><table class="infobox vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above adr">King of Canada</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style>Roi du Canada</td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader" style="font-weight: bold;"><div style="font-family: serif; font-size: 90%; font-weight: bold; text-transform: uppercase; line-height: 125%; background-color: rgb(125,7,110); color: white;">Federal</div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/120px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="120" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/180px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4f/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg/240px-Coat_of_arms_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="149" data-file-height="200" /></a><div class="infobox-caption"><a href="/wiki/Arms_of_the_King_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of the King of Canada">Arms of the King of Canada</a></div></td></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546">Incumbent</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Charles_III_(July_2023).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/200px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="282" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/300px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg/400px-King_Charles_III_%28July_2023%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="727" data-file-height="1025" /></a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> since 8 September 2022</td></tr><tr style="display:none"><th colspan="2"> </th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"></th></tr><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-header" style="background-color: #eee;">Details</th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Style</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Majesty" title="Majesty">His Majesty</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">Heir apparent</a></th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a><a href="#cite_note-1">[1]</a></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Website</th><td class="infobox-data"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/culture/canadian-identity-society/monarchy-crown.html">canada.ca/monarchy-crown</a></td></tr></tbody></table> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1129693374">.mw-parser-output .hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .hlist 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.sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-list-title,html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle{background:transparent!important}html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sidebar:not(.notheme) .sidebar-title-with-pretitle a{color:var(--color-progressive)!important}}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sidebar{display:none!important}}</style><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><table class="sidebar sidebar-collapse nomobile vcard" style="width:20em;"><tbody><tr><th class="sidebar-title"><div class="adr"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics of Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th><a href="/wiki/File:Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/110px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png" decoding="async" width="110" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/165px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7f/Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg/220px-Canadian_Royal_Crown.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="248" data-file-height="273" /></a></th></tr><tr><th style="border-bottom: #aaa 1px solid"></th></tr><tr><th class="sidebar-heading" style="text-align: left"> <div class="center" style="width:auto; margin-left:auto; margin-right:auto;"> <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a> (<a href="/wiki/Structure_of_the_Canadian_federal_government" title="Structure of the Canadian federal government">structure</a>)</div></th></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">The Crown</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarch</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">list</a>): <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative#Canada" title="Royal prerogative">Royal prerogative</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">Executive</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King’s Privy Council</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime minister</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">List of prime ministers</a>): <a href="/wiki/Justin_Trudeau" title="Justin Trudeau">Justin Trudeau</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_ministries" title="List of Canadian ministries">List of Canadian ministries</a>): <a href="/wiki/29th_Canadian_Ministry" title="29th Canadian Ministry">29th Canadian Ministry</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="President of the King's Privy Council for Canada">President of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Clerk_of_the_Privy_Council_(Canada)" title="Clerk of the Privy Council (Canada)">Clerk of the Privy Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Privy_Council_Office_(Canada)" title="Privy Council Office (Canada)">Privy Council Office</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">Public Service</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Executive_Council_(Canada)" title="Executive Council (Canada)">Provincial and territorial executive councils</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Premier_(Canada)" title="Premier (Canada)">Premiers</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">Legislative</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Federal parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_parliaments" title="List of Canadian federal parliaments">List of parliaments</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_Senate_of_Canada" title="Speaker of the Senate of Canada">Speaker of the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Representative_of_the_Government_in_the_Senate" title="Representative of the Government in the Senate">Government Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Opposition_in_the_Senate_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Opposition in the Senate (Canada)">Opposition Leader in the Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Senate_divisions" title="Canadian Senate divisions">Senate divisions</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Speaker_of_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" title="Speaker of the House of Commons (Canada)">Speaker of the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Government_in_the_House_of_Commons_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Leader of the Government in the House of Commons (Canada)">Government Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Opposition_House_Leader" title="Opposition House Leader">Opposition Leader in the house</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">Leader of the Opposition</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_Shadow_Cabinet_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition Shadow Cabinet (Canada)">Shadow cabinet</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legislative_assemblies_of_Canadian_provinces_and_territories" title="Legislative assemblies of Canadian provinces and territories">Provincial and territorial parliaments</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Judicial</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme court</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_justices_of_the_Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="List of justices of the Supreme Court of Canada">List of justices</a>) <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chief_Justice_of_Canada" title="Chief Justice of Canada">Chief Justice of Canada</a>: <a href="/wiki/Richard_Wagner_(judge)" title="Richard Wagner (judge)">Richard Wagner</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Courts_of_the_provinces_and_territories" title="Court system of Canada">Courts of the Provinces and Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Federal_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Federal courts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada#Military_courts" title="Court system of Canada">Military courts</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_North_America_Acts" title="British North America Acts">Constitution Acts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace,_order,_and_good_government" title="Peace, order, and good government">Peace, order, and good government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a></li></ul></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_electoral_districts" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Canadian federal electoral districts">Federal electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_electoral_system" title="Canadian electoral system">Federal electoral system</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_federal_general_elections" title="List of Canadian federal general elections">List of federal elections</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_provincial_electoral_districts" title="Canadian provincial electoral districts">Provincial electoral districts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Canadian_provinces" title="Template:Politics of Canadian provinces">Politics of the provinces</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Local_government_in_Canada" title="Local government in Canada">Local government</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Municipal government</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Global_Affairs_Canada" title="Global Affairs Canada">Global Affairs Canada</a> <dl><dd><a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Foreign_Affairs_(Canada)" title="Minister of Foreign Affairs (Canada)">Minister</a>: <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9lanie_Joly" title="Mélanie Joly">Mélanie Joly</a></dd></dl></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions of Canada">Diplomatic missions of</a> / <a href="/wiki/List_of_diplomatic_missions_in_Canada" title="List of diplomatic missions in Canada">in Canada</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Nationality law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_passport" title="Canadian passport">Passport</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_requirements_for_Canadian_citizens" title="Visa requirements for Canadian citizens">Visa requirements</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Visa_policy_of_Canada" title="Visa policy of Canada">Visa policy</a></li></ul> <hr /> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93Latin_America_relations" title="Canada–Latin America relations">Canada–Latin America relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada%E2%80%93European_Union_relations" title="Canada–European Union relations">Canada–European Union relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Proposed_Canadian_annexation_of_the_Turks_and_Caicos_Islands" class="mw-redirect" title="Proposed Canadian annexation of the Turks and Caicos Islands">Proposed annexation of Turks and Caicos Islands</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)"><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous peoples</a></div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">Canadian Aboriginal law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_self-government_in_Canada" title="Indigenous self-government in Canada">Aboriginal self-government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">First Nations bands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indigenous_law" title="Canadian Indigenous law">Indigenous law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Indigenous_Peoples_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Indigenous Peoples in Canada">Indigenous Peoples in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis" title="Métis">Métis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inuit_Nunangat" title="Inuit Nunangat">Inuit Nunangat</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-content"> <div class="sidebar-list mw-collapsible mw-collapsed"><div class="sidebar-list-title" style="text-align:left; background:lavender;;color: var(--color-base)">Related topics</div><div class="sidebar-list-content mw-collapsible-content" style="text-align: left;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Conservatism_in_Canada" title="Conservatism in Canada">Conservatism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_constitutional_law" title="Canadian constitutional law">Constitutional law</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Federalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Liberalism_in_Canada" title="Liberalism in Canada">Liberalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Office-holders_of_Canada" title="Office-holders of Canada">Office-holders</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Political_culture_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Political culture of Canada">Political culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism</a></li></ul></div></div></td> </tr><tr><td class="sidebar-below"> <div class="hlist"><ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a></li></ul></div> <div class="hlist" style="text-align:center;font-weight:normal;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_political_science#Politics_by_region" title="Outline of political science">Other countries</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="sidebar-navbar"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239400231">.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:inline;font-size:88%;font-weight:normal}.mw-parser-output .navbar-collapse{float:left;text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .navbar-boxtext{word-spacing:0}.mw-parser-output .navbar ul{display:inline-block;white-space:nowrap;line-height:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::before{margin-right:-0.125em;content:"[ "}.mw-parser-output .navbar-brackets::after{margin-left:-0.125em;content:" ]"}.mw-parser-output .navbar li{word-spacing:-0.125em}.mw-parser-output .navbar a>span,.mw-parser-output .navbar a>abbr{text-decoration:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-mini abbr{font-variant:small-caps;border-bottom:none;text-decoration:none;cursor:inherit}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-full{font-size:114%;margin:0 7em}.mw-parser-output .navbar-ct-mini{font-size:114%;margin:0 4em}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}@media(prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .navbar li a abbr{color:var(--color-base)!important}}@media print{.mw-parser-output .navbar{display:none!important}}</style><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Politics_of_Canada" title="Template:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Politics_of_Canada" title="Template talk:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Politics_of_Canada" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Politics of Canada"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div></td></tr></tbody></table> The monarchy of Canada is Canada's <a href="/wiki/Form_of_government" class="mw-redirect" title="Form of government">form of government</a> embodied by the Canadian <a href="/wiki/Sovereign" title="Sovereign">sovereign</a> and <a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">head of state</a>. It is one of the key components of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">Canadian sovereignty</a> and sits at the core of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canada's constitutional federal</a> structure and <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster-style</a> <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_system" title="Parliamentary system">parliamentary</a> <a href="/wiki/Democracy" title="Democracy">democracy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-6">[6]</a> The monarchy is the foundation of the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a> (<a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a>), <a href="/wiki/Legislative" class="mw-redirect" title="Legislative">legislative</a> (<a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a>), and <a href="/wiki/Judicial" class="mw-redirect" title="Judicial">judicial</a> (<a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a>) branches of both <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">federal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada#Government" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">provincial</a> jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-10">[10]</a> The current monarch is King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>, who has reigned since 8 September 2022.<a href="#cite_note-17">[17]</a> Although the sovereign is <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">shared</a> with <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">14 other independent countries</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>, each country's monarchy is separate and legally distinct.<a href="#cite_note-22">[22]</a> As a result, the current monarch is officially titled <a href="/wiki/Title_and_style_of_the_Canadian_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Title and style of the Canadian monarch">King of Canada</a> and, in this capacity, he and other members of the royal family undertake public and private functions domestically and abroad as representatives of Canada. However, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with any <a href="/wiki/Constitution" title="Constitution">constitutional</a> role. The monarch lives in the United Kingdom and, while several powers are the sovereign's alone,<a href="#cite_note-23">[23]</a> most of the royal governmental and ceremonial duties in Canada are carried out by the monarch's representative, the <a href="/wiki/Governor_general_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor general of Canada">governor general of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[27]</a> In each of <a href="/wiki/Canada%27s_provinces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canada's provinces">Canada's provinces</a>, <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">the monarchy</a> is represented by a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_(Canada)" title="Lieutenant Governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a>. As territories fall under the federal jurisdiction, they each have a commissioner, rather than a lieutenant governor, who represents the federal <a href="/wiki/Governor_in_Council" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor in Council">Crown-in-Council</a> directly. All executive authority is vested in the sovereign, so the monarch's consent is necessary for <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> and <a href="/wiki/Orders-in-council" class="mw-redirect" title="Orders-in-council">orders-in-council</a> to have legal effect. As well, the monarch is part of the Parliament of Canada, so <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> is required to allow for <a href="/wiki/Bill_(law)" title="Bill (law)">bills</a> to become law. While the power for these acts stems from the Canadian people through the constitutional <a href="/wiki/Convention_(norm)#Government" title="Convention (norm)">conventions</a> of democracy,<a href="#cite_note-28">[28]</a> executive authority remains vested in <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a> and is only entrusted by the sovereign to the government on behalf of the people. This underlines the Crown's role in safeguarding the rights, freedoms, and democratic system of government of Canadians, reinforcing the fact that "governments are the servants of the people and not the reverse".<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod16-29">[29]</a><a href="#cite_note-Forseyp1-30">[30]</a> Thus, within Canada's <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> the sovereign's direct participation in any of these areas of governance is normally limited, with the sovereign typically exercising executive authority only with the <a href="/wiki/Advice_and_consent" title="Advice and consent">advice and consent</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>, and the sovereign's legislative and judicial responsibilities largely carried out through the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a> as well as judges and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_peace#Canada" title="Justice of the peace">justices of the peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod16-29">[29]</a> There are, though, cases where the sovereign or their representative would have a duty to act directly and independently under the <a href="/wiki/Doctrine_of_necessity" title="Doctrine of necessity">doctrine of necessity</a> to prevent genuinely unconstitutional acts.<a href="#cite_note-31">[31]</a><a href="#cite_note-32">[32]</a> In these respects, the sovereign and his viceroys are custodians of the Crown's <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power#Canada" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a> and represent the "power of the people above government and political parties".<a href="#cite_note-SKEX10-33">[33]</a><a href="#cite_note-34">[34]</a> Put another way, the Crown functions as the guarantor of Canada's continuous and stable <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">governance</a> and as a <a href="/wiki/Nonpartisanism" class="mw-redirect" title="Nonpartisanism">nonpartisan</a> safeguard against the <a href="/wiki/Abuse_of_power" title="Abuse of power">abuse of power</a>.<a href="#cite_note-37">[37]</a> Canada has been described as "one of the oldest continuing monarchies in the world" of today.<a href="#cite_note-evolve-19">[19]</a><a href="#cite_note-38">[38]</a> Parts of what is now Canada have been under a monarchy since as early as the 15th century as a result of colonial settlement and often competing claims made on territory in the name of the English (and later British) and French crowns.<a href="#cite_note-51">[51]</a> Monarchical government has developed as the result of <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonization</a> by <a href="/wiki/French_colonial_empire" title="French colonial empire">French</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_empire" class="mw-redirect" title="British empire">British empires</a> competing for territory in North America and a corresponding <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">succession</a> of French and British sovereigns reigning over <a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France</a> and <a href="/wiki/British_America" title="British America">British America</a>, respectively. As a result of the <a href="/wiki/Conquest_of_New_France" title="Conquest of New France">conquest of New France</a>, claims by French monarchs were extinguished and what became <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> came under the hegemony of the British monarchy which ultimately evolved into the Canadian monarchy of today.<a href="#cite_note-54">[54]</a> With the exception of <a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_(island)" title="Newfoundland (island)">Newfoundland</a> from <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_England" title="Commonwealth of England">1649 to 1660</a>, no part of what is now Canada has been a republic or part of a republic;<a href="#cite_note-55">[55]</a> though, there have been isolated calls for the country to become one. The Crown, however, is considered to be "entrenched" into the governmental framework.<a href="#cite_note-59">[59]</a> The institution that is Canada's system of constitutional monarchy is sometimes <a href="/wiki/Colloquially" class="mw-redirect" title="Colloquially">colloquially</a> referred to as the <a href="/wiki/Maple_leaf" title="Maple leaf">Maple</a> Crown<a href="#cite_note-Maple-63">[n 1]</a> or Crown of Maples,<a href="#cite_note-64">[63]</a> Canada having developed a "recognizably Canadian brand of monarchy".<a href="#cite_note-Jackson14-65">[64]</a> Though not part of the Canadian monarchy, either past or present, Canada has an even older tradition of <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_chiefs_in_Canada" title="Hereditary chiefs in Canada">hereditary chieftainship</a> in some <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, which has been likened to <a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">non-sovereign monarchy</a> and today exists in parallel with the Canadian Crown and individual <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band governments</a>. All three entities are components of the nation-to-nation <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">relationship between the Crown and First Nations</a> in upholding treaty rights and obligations developed over the centuries.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="International_and_domestic_aspects">International and domestic aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: International and domestic aspects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#Relationship_of_the_realms" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realm § Relationship of the realms</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Commonwealth_realm_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commonwealth_realm_map.svg/220px-Commonwealth_realm_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="113" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commonwealth_realm_map.svg/330px-Commonwealth_realm_map.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Commonwealth_realm_map.svg/440px-Commonwealth_realm_map.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="2560" data-file-height="1314" /></a><figcaption><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r981673959">.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}</style><div class="legend">  Commonwealth realms</div><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r981673959"><div class="legend">  Overseas territories of Commonwealth realms</div> <hr /> The 15 realms of which King Charles III is the reigning sovereign</figcaption></figure> The monarch is shared in a <a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">personal union</a> with 14 other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> within the 56-member <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_of_Nations" title="Commonwealth of Nations">Commonwealth of Nations</a>. As he resides<a href="#cite_note-66">[65]</a><a href="#cite_note-67">[66]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP-68">[67]</a><a href="#cite_note-UN_WPP_2022-69">[68]</a> in the United Kingdom, <a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">viceroys</a> (the <a href="/wiki/Governor_general_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Governor general of Canada">governor general of Canada</a> in the federal sphere and a <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">lieutenant governor</a> in each province) represent the sovereign in Canada and are able to carry out most of the royal governmental duties, even when the monarch is in the country<a href="#cite_note-ViceDuties-71">[n 2]</a> Nevertheless, the monarch can carry out Canadian constitutional and ceremonial duties abroad.<a href="#cite_note-RoyVis-72">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-RoyDuties-76">[n 4]</a> The evolution of the role of the governor general from being both a representative of the sovereign and an "agent of the British government" who " in matters deemed to be of 'imperial' concern... acted on the instructions of the British <a href="/wiki/Colonial_Office" title="Colonial Office">Colonial Office</a>"<a href="#cite_note-77">[73]</a> to being solely a representative of the monarch developed with a rise in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a> following the end of the <a href="/wiki/First_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="First World War">First World War</a> culminating in the passage of the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a> in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod9-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-79">[75]</a> Since then, the Crown has had both a shared and a separate character: the sovereign's role as monarch of Canada has been distinct from his or her position as monarch of any other realm,<a href="#cite_note-RoyVis-72">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-83">[79]</a> including the United Kingdom.<a href="#cite_note-ECApp-85">[n 5]</a><a href="#cite_note-90">[85]</a> Only Canadian federal <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_the_Crown" title="Minister of the Crown">ministers of the Crown</a> may advise the sovereign on any and all matters of the Canadian state,<a href="#cite_note-Black-91">[n 6]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[91]</a> of which the sovereign, when not in Canada, is kept abreast by weekly communications with the federal viceroy.<a href="#cite_note-Heard-98">[92]</a> The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution and, in Canada, became a Canadian,<a href="#cite_note-102">[96]</a> or "domesticated",<a href="#cite_note-103">[97]</a> establishment, though it is still often denoted as "British" in both legal and common language,<a href="#cite_note-Valpy1109-46">[46]</a> for reasons historical, political, and of convenience. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg/220px-Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg/330px-Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d6/Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg/440px-Airbus_CC-150_Polaris_at_Yellowknife_Airport.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3072" data-file-height="2304" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">Royal Canadian Air Force Royal Flight</a>, used to transport <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">the Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Duchess of Cambridge</a> during their <a href="/wiki/2011_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2011 royal tour of Canada">2011 royal tour of Canada</a>.</figcaption></figure> This division is illustrated in a number of ways: The sovereign, for example, holds <a href="/wiki/Title_and_style_of_the_Canadian_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Title and style of the Canadian monarch">a unique Canadian title</a> and,<a href="#cite_note-104">[98]</a> when he and other members of the royal family are acting in public specifically as representatives of Canada, they use, where possible, Canadian symbols, including the country's <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">national flag</a>, <a href="#Symbols,_associations,_and_awards">unique royal symbols</a>, <a href="/wiki/Uniforms_of_the_Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Uniforms of the Canadian Forces">armed forces uniforms</a>,<a href="#cite_note-109">[103]</a> and the like, as well as Canadian Forces aircraft or other Canadian-owned vehicles for travel.<a href="#cite_note-GMtravel-110">[104]</a> Once in Canadian airspace, or arrived at a Canadian event taking place abroad, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_secretary_to_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian secretary to the King">Canadian secretary to the King</a>, officers of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a> (RCMP), and other Canadian officials will take over from whichever of their other realms' counterparts were previously escorting the King or other member of the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-GMtravel-110">[104]</a><a href="#cite_note-Macleans-111">[105]</a> The sovereign similarly only draws from Canadian funds for support in the performance of his duties when in Canada or acting as King of Canada abroad; Canadians do not pay any money to the King or any other member of the royal family, either towards personal income or to support royal residences outside of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-2010TourFAQ-112">[106]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCC-113">[107]</a> There are five aspects to the monarchy of Canada: constitutional (such as the use of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> in summoning and dissolving parliament, granting <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>), national (delivering the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_Throne" class="mw-redirect" title="Speech from the Throne">Speech from the Throne</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</a>, distributing honours, decorations, and medals, and partaking in <a href="/wiki/Remembrance_Day#Canada" title="Remembrance Day">Remembrance Day</a> ceremonies), international (the monarch being head of state in other Commonwealth realms, and being the <a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">head of the Commonwealth</a>), religious (the words <a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Title_and_style_of_the_Canadian_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Title and style of the Canadian monarch">monarch's title</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement,_1701" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Settlement, 1701">Act of Settlement, 1701</a>, requiring the sovereign to be Anglican, and the monarch encouraging people "to tolerate, accept, and understand cultures, beliefs, and faiths different from our own"), and the welfare and service monarchy (seen in members of the <a href="#Royal_family_and_house">royal family</a> founding charities and supporting others, fundraising for charity, and <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_organizations_with_royal_patronage" title="List of Canadian organizations with royal patronage">giving royal patronage to civil and military organizations</a>).<a href="#cite_note-114">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Succession_and_regency">Succession and regency</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Succession and regency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_British_throne" title="Succession to the British throne">Succession to the British throne</a> and <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_2013" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 2013">Succession to the Throne Act, 2013</a></div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti 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.trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:127px;max-width:127px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Gerrit_van_Honthorst_(c.1590-1592-1656)_-_Electress_Sophia_(1630%E2%80%931714),_Princess_Palatine,_Consort_of_Ernest_Augustus,_Elector_of_Hanover_-_493063_-_National_Trust.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gerrit_van_Honthorst_%28c.1590-1592-1656%29_-_Electress_Sophia_%281630%E2%80%931714%29%2C_Princess_Palatine%2C_Consort_of_Ernest_Augustus%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_-_493063_-_National_Trust.jpg/125px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="125" height="158" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gerrit_van_Honthorst_%28c.1590-1592-1656%29_-_Electress_Sophia_%281630%E2%80%931714%29%2C_Princess_Palatine%2C_Consort_of_Ernest_Augustus%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_-_493063_-_National_Trust.jpg/188px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Gerrit_van_Honthorst_%28c.1590-1592-1656%29_-_Electress_Sophia_%281630%E2%80%931714%29%2C_Princess_Palatine%2C_Consort_of_Ernest_Augustus%2C_Elector_of_Hanover_-_493063_-_National_Trust.jpg/250px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="948" data-file-height="1200" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Sophia_of_Hanover" title="Sophia of Hanover">Sophia, Electress of Hanover</a>, from whom heirs to the throne must directly descend</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:121px;max-width:121px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:158px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/119px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg" decoding="async" width="119" height="159" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/179px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/df/Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg/238px-Prince_of_Wales_in_Normandy_2024.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1758" data-file-height="2342" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, heir apparent to the Canadian throne</div></div></div></div></div> As in the other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a>, the current <a href="/wiki/Heir_apparent" title="Heir apparent">heir apparent</a> to <a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">the Canadian throne</a> is <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a>, who is followed in the line of succession by his eldest child, <a href="/wiki/Prince_George_of_Wales" title="Prince George of Wales">Prince George</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Demise_of_the_Crown_and_accession">Demise of the Crown and accession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: Demise of the Crown and accession">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown" title="Demise of the Crown">Demise of the Crown</a></div> Upon the death of the monarch, there is an immediate and automatic succession by the late sovereign's heir;<a href="#cite_note-117">[111]</a> hence the phrase, "<a href="/wiki/The_king_is_dead,_long_live_the_king!" title="The king is dead, long live the king!">the King is dead. Long live the King</a>".<a href="#cite_note-118">[112]</a><a href="#cite_note-119">[113]</a> No confirmation or further ceremony is necessary. The federal <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">cabinet</a> and <a href="/wiki/Public_Service_of_Canada" title="Public Service of Canada">civil service</a> follow the Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada in carrying out various formalities around the transition.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance37-120">[114]</a> By custom, the accession of a new monarch is publicly <a href="/wiki/Proclamation" title="Proclamation">proclaimed</a> by the governor general-<a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">in-council</a>, who meet at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> immediately upon the previous monarch's death.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance37-120">[114]</a> Since the adoption of the Statute of Westminster it has been considered "constitutionally inappropriate" for Canada's accession proclamations to be approved by a British order-in-council,<a href="#cite_note-Torrance34-81">[77]</a> as the monarch has, since then, assumed the Canadian throne according to Canadian law. For the accession of Charles III, the first since the creation of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> in 1989, the <a href="/wiki/Chief_Herald_of_Canada" title="Chief Herald of Canada">Chief Herald</a> read the royal proclamation aloud. If Parliament is in session, the Prime Minister will announce the demise of the Crown there and <a href="/wiki/Motion_(parliamentary_procedure)" title="Motion (parliamentary procedure)">move</a> for a <a href="/wiki/Joint_address_(Canada)" title="Joint address (Canada)">joint address</a> of sympathy and loyalty to the new monarch.<a href="#cite_note-Torrance37-120">[114]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7c/Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_Ottawa_parade_mosbo6.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4558" data-file-height="2564" /></a><figcaption>A memorial procession in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> before the national commemoration ceremony for the death of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></figcaption></figure> A period of <a href="/wiki/Mourning" title="Mourning">mourning</a> also follows, during which portraits of the recently deceased monarch are draped with black fabric and staff at government houses wear <a href="/wiki/Armband#Mourning" title="Armband">black armbands</a>. The Manual of Official Procedure of the Government of Canada states the <a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">prime minister</a> is responsible for convening Parliament, tabling a resolution of loyalty and condolence from Parliament to the new monarch, and arranging for the motion to be seconded by the <a href="/wiki/Leader_of_the_Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Leader of the Official Opposition (Canada)">leader of the official opposition</a>.<a href="#cite_note-NPdeath-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manu-121">[115]</a> The prime minister will then move to adjourn Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-NPdeath-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-Manu-121">[115]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> keeps a regularly updated plan for a "broadcast of national importance", announcing the demise of a sovereign and covering the aftermath, during which all regular programming and advertising is cancelled and on-call commentators contribute to a 24-hour news mode.<a href="#cite_note-NPdeath-115">[109]</a> As funerals for Canada's sovereigns, as well as for their consorts, take place in the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-monarchs-122">[116]</a> <a href="/wiki/State_funerals_in_Canada#Ceremonies_for_monarchs" title="State funerals in Canada">commemoration services</a> are conducted by the federal and provincial governments across Canada.<a href="#cite_note-monarchs-122">[116]</a><a href="#cite_note-123">[117]</a> Such ceremonies may also be held for other recently deceased members of the royal family. The day of the sovereign's funeral is likely to be a federal holiday.<a href="#cite_note-NPdeath-115">[109]</a><a href="#cite_note-124">[118]</a> The new monarch is <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_the_British_monarch" title="Coronation of the British monarch">crowned</a> in the United Kingdom in an ancient ritual but one not necessary for a sovereign to reign.<a href="#cite_note-EdVIII1-125">[n 7]</a> Under the federal Interpretation Act,<a href="#cite_note-Torrance37-120">[114]</a> officials who hold a federal office under the Crown are not affected by the death of the monarch, nor are they required to take the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Allegiance_(Canada)" title="Oath of Allegiance (Canada)">Oath of Allegiance</a> again.<a href="#cite_note-126">[119]</a> In some provinces, though, those holding Crown offices must swear the Oath to the new sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-127">[120]</a> All references in federal legislation to previous monarchs, whether in the masculine (e.g. His Majesty) or feminine (e.g. The Queen), continue to mean the reigning sovereign of Canada, regardless of his or her gender.<a href="#cite_note-InterpAct-128">[121]</a> This is because, in common law, <a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole#The_Crown" title="Corporation sole">the Crown never dies</a>. After an individual accedes to the throne, he or she usually continues to reign until death.<a href="#cite_note-EdVIII2-129">[n 8]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Legal_aspects_of_succession">Legal aspects of succession</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Legal aspects of succession">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg/220px-Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg/330px-Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg/440px-Act_of_Settlement_3323.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2880" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption>A copy of the Act of Settlement, 1701</figcaption></figure> The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the rules of succession to their respective crowns requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes, such as the <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_Rights_1689" title="Bill of Rights 1689">Bill of Rights, 1689</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Settlement,_1701" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Settlement, 1701">Act of Settlement, 1701</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union,_1707" class="mw-redirect" title="Acts of Union, 1707">Acts of Union, 1707</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:KingPrince1924.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/KingPrince1924.jpg/220px-KingPrince1924.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="280" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/KingPrince1924.jpg/330px-KingPrince1924.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/KingPrince1924.jpg/440px-KingPrince1924.jpg 2x" data-file-width="480" data-file-height="611" /></a><figcaption>Prime Minister of Canada <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">Mackenzie King</a> (left) and <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> (right; when Prince of Wales) in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, 1924. In 1936, <a href="/wiki/Abdication_of_Edward_VIII" title="Abdication of Edward VIII">Edward abdicated the Canadian throne</a> and he and any of his descendants were removed from the line of succession by Order-in-Council PC 3144 and the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_1937" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 1937">Succession to the Throne Act, 1937</a>.</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">King Edward VIII abdicated</a> in 1936 and any possible future descendants of his were excluded from the line of succession.<a href="#cite_note-130">[122]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Government of the United Kingdom">British government</a> at the time, wishing for speed so as to avoid embarrassing debate in Dominion parliaments, suggested that the governments of the Dominions of the British Commonwealth—then Australia, New Zealand, the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">Union of South Africa</a>, and Canada—regard whoever was monarch of the UK to automatically be monarch of their respective Dominion. As with the other Dominion governments, the Canadian Cabinet, headed by Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/William_Lyon_Mackenzie_King" title="William Lyon Mackenzie King">William Lyon Mackenzie King</a>, refused to accept the idea and stressed that the laws of succession were part of Canadian law and, as the Statute of Westminster 1931 disallowed the UK from legislating for Canada, including in relation to succession,<a href="#cite_note-131">[123]</a> altering them required Canada's request and consent to the British legislation (<a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936</a>) becoming part of Canadian law.<a href="#cite_note-Twomeyvid-132">[124]</a> Sir <a href="/wiki/Maurice_Gwyer" title="Maurice Gwyer">Maurice Gwyer</a>, <a href="/wiki/Office_of_the_Parliamentary_Counsel_(United_Kingdom)" title="Office of the Parliamentary Counsel (United Kingdom)">first parliamentary counsel</a> in the UK, reflected this position, stating the Act of Settlement was a part of the law in each Dominion.<a href="#cite_note-Twomeyvid-132">[124]</a> Thus, Order-in-Council P.C. 3144<a href="#cite_note-133">[125]</a> was issued, expressing the Cabinet's request and consent for His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936, to become part of the laws of Canada and the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_1937" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 1937">Succession to the Throne Act, 1937</a>, gave parliamentary ratification to that action, together bringing the Act of Settlement and <a href="/wiki/Royal_Marriages_Act_1772" title="Royal Marriages Act 1772">Royal Marriages Act, 1772</a>, into Canadian law.<a href="#cite_note-134">[126]</a><a href="#cite_note-135">[127]</a> The latter was deemed by the Cabinet in 1947 to be part of Canadian law.<a href="#cite_note-Marriages-138">[n 9]</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyce81-136">[128]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Foreign_Affairs,_Trade_and_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Department of Foreign Affairs, Trade and Development">Department of External Affairs</a> included all succession-related laws in its list of acts within Canadian law. The <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> declared unanimously in the 1981 <a href="/wiki/Patriation_Reference" title="Patriation Reference">Patriation Reference</a> that the Bill of Rights, 1689, is "undoubtedly in force as part of the law of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-139">[130]</a><a href="#cite_note-140">[131]</a> Furthermore, in <a href="/wiki/O%27Donohue_v._Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="O'Donohue v. Canada">O'Donohue v. Canada</a> (2003) the <a href="/wiki/Ontario_Superior_Court_of_Justice" title="Ontario Superior Court of Justice">Ontario Superior Court of Justice</a> found that the Act of Settlement, 1701, is "part of the laws of Canada" and the rules of succession are "by necessity incorporated into the Constitution of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-141">[132]</a> Another ruling of the Ontario Superior Court, in 2014, echoed the 2003 case, stating that the Act of Settlement "is an imperial statute which ultimately became part of the law of Canada."<a href="#cite_note-Court-142">[133]</a> Upon dismissing appeal of that case, the Court of Appeal of Ontario stated "[t]he rules of succession are a part of the fabric of the constitution of Canada and incorporated into it".<a href="#cite_note-143">[134]</a> In a meeting of the Special Joint Committee on the Constitution during the process of <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriating</a> the Canadian constitution in 1981, <a href="/wiki/John_Munro_(Canadian_politician)" title="John Munro (Canadian politician)">John Munro</a> asked then-Minister of Justice <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a> about the "selective omissions" of the Succession to the Throne Act, 1937, the <a href="/wiki/Demise_of_the_Crown_Act_1901" title="Demise of the Crown Act 1901">Demise of the Crown Act, 1901</a>, the Seals Act, the Governor General's Act, and the Royal Style and Titles Act, 1953, from the schedule to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>. In response, Chrétien asserted that the schedule to the Constitution Act, 1982, was not exhaustive, outlining that section 52(2) of the Constitution Act, 1982, says "[t]he Constitution of Canada includes [...] the acts and orders referred to the schedule" and "[w]hen you use the word 'includes' [...] it means that if ever there is another thing related to the Canadian constitution as part of it, should have been there, or might have been there, it is covered. So we do not have to renumerate [sic] the ones that you are mentioning."<a href="#cite_note-committee-144">[135]</a> In the same meeting, Deputy Attorney General <a href="/wiki/Barry_Strayer" title="Barry Strayer">Barry Strayer</a> stated: "Clause 52(2) is not an exhaustive definition of the Constitution of Canada so that while we have certain things listed in the schedule which are clearly part of the constitution, that does not mean that there are not other things which are part of the constitution [...] [The schedule] is not an exhaustive list."<a href="#cite_note-committee-144">[135]</a> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; clear:left; float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:254px;"> <div style="position:relative; width:252px; height:230px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:-110px; top:-30px; width:490px; position:absolute"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg" title="commons:File:Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg/490px-Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg" decoding="async" width="490" height="327" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg/735px-Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bb/Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg/980px-Canadian-Senate-thrones.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4183" data-file-height="2788" /></a> </div> <div style="text-align:center; line-height:110%;"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black">{{{annotations}}}</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">The <a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada#1878_thrones" title="Thrones of Canada">throne of Canada</a> (left) and throne for the royal consort (right)—both commissioned in 1878—behind the speaker's chair in the <a href="/wiki/Centre_Block#Senate_chamber" title="Centre Block">Senate</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> <table role="presentation" cellpadding="0" style="border-spacing:0; clear:left; float:left;"> <tbody><tr> <td><div class="thumb tleft"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:254px;"> <div style="position:relative; width:252px; height:230px; overflow:hidden; border:solid #ccc 1px; background-color:white;"> <div style="left:-1225px; top:-480px; width:2000px; position:absolute"> <a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/File:Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg" title="commons:File:Temporary Canadian Senate Chamber.jpg"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg/2000px-Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg" decoding="async" width="2000" height="1333" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg/3000px-Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg/4000px-Temporary_Canadian_Senate_Chamber.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5345" data-file-height="3563" /></a> </div> <div style="text-align:center; line-height:110%;"> <div style="background-color:transparent; color:black">{{{annotations}}}</div> </div> </div> <div class="thumbcaption" style="clear:left">The <a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada#2017_thrones" title="Thrones of Canada">sovereign's throne</a> (left) and royal consort's throne (right) behind the speaker's chair—all made in 2017—in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada_Building#Temporary_Senate_of_Canada_building" title="Senate of Canada Building">temporary Senate chamber</a></div> </div> </div> </td></tr></tbody></table> Leslie Zines claimed in the 1991 publication, Constitutional Change in the Commonwealth, that, though the succession to Canada's throne was outlined by common law and the Act of Settlement, 1701, these were not part of the Canadian constitution, which "does not contain rules for succession to the throne."<a href="#cite_note-145">[136]</a> Richard Toporoski, writing three years later for the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a>, stated, "there is no existing provision in our law, other than the Act of Settlement, 1701, that provides that the king or queen of Canada shall be the same person as the king or queen of the United Kingdom. If the British law were to be changed and we did not change our law [...] the person provided for in the new law would become king or queen in at least some realms of the Commonwealth; Canada would continue on with the person who would have become monarch under the previous law."<a href="#cite_note-Toporoski1998-146">[137]</a> Canada, with the other Commonwealth realms, committed to the 2011 <a href="/wiki/Perth_Agreement" title="Perth Agreement">Perth Agreement</a>, which proposed changes to the rules governing succession to remove male preference and removal of disqualification arising from marriage to a Roman Catholic. As a result, the Canadian Parliament passed the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_2013" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 2013">Succession to the Throne Act, 2013</a>, which gave the country's assent to the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Crown_Act_2013" title="Succession to the Crown Act 2013">Succession to the Crown Bill</a>, at that time proceeding in the Parliament of the United Kingdom. In dismissing a challenge to the law on the basis that a change to the succession in Canada would require unanimous consent of all provinces under section 41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982, Quebec Superior Court Justice Claude Bouchard ruled that Canada "did not have to change its laws nor its constitution for the British royal succession rules to be amended and effective" and <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_convention_(political_custom)" class="mw-redirect" title="Constitutional convention (political custom)">constitutional convention</a> committed Canada to having a line of succession symmetrical to those of other Commonwealth realms.<a href="#cite_note-147">[138]</a><a href="#cite_note-quebecappeal-148">[139]</a> The ruling was upheld by the <a href="/wiki/Quebec_Court_of_Appeal" title="Quebec Court of Appeal">Quebec Court of Appeal</a>.<a href="#cite_note-149">[140]</a> The Supreme Court of Canada declined to hear an appeal in April 2020.<a href="#cite_note-scc-150">[141]</a> Constitutional scholar Philippe Lagassé argues that, in light of the Succession to the Throne Act, 2013, and court rulings upholding that law, section 41(a) of the Constitution Act, 1982, which requires a constitutional amendment passed with the unanimous consent of the provinces, applies only to the "office of the Queen", but not who holds that office, and that therefore "ending the principle of symmetry with the United Kingdom can be done with the general amending procedure, or even by Parliament alone under section 44 of the Constitution Act, 1982."<a href="#cite_note-scc-150">[141]</a><a href="#cite_note-lagasse-151">[142]</a> <a href="/wiki/Ted_McWhinney" title="Ted McWhinney">Ted McWhinney</a>, another constitutional scholar, argued that a then-future government of Canada could begin a process of phasing out the monarchy after the <a href="/wiki/Death_of_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Death of Elizabeth II">death of Elizabeth II</a> "quietly and without fanfare by simply failing legally to proclaim any successor to the Queen in relation to Canada". This would, he claimed, be a way of bypassing the need for a constitutional amendment that would require unanimous consent by the federal Parliament and all the provincial legislatures.<a href="#cite_note-152">[143]</a> However, Ian Holloway, Dean of Law at the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Western_Ontario" title="University of Western Ontario">University of Western Ontario</a>, criticized McWhinney's proposal for its ignorance of provincial input and opined that its implementation "would be contrary to the plain purpose of those who framed our system of government."<a href="#cite_note-153">[144]</a> Certain aspects of the succession rules have been challenged in the courts. For example, under the provisions of the Bill of Rights, 1689, and the Act of Settlement, 1701, Catholics are barred from succeeding to the throne; this prohibition has been upheld twice by Canadian courts, once in <a href="/wiki/O%27Donohue_v_Canada" title="O'Donohue v Canada">2003</a> and again in 2014.<a href="#cite_note-158">[149]</a> Legal scholar Christopher Cornell of the <a href="/wiki/Dedman_School_of_Law" title="Dedman School of Law">SMU Dedman School of Law</a> concluded "that the prohibition on the Canadian Monarch being Catholic, while discriminatory, is perfectly-if not fundamentally-constitutional" and that if the prohibition is "to be changed or removed it will have to be accomplished politically and legislatively through another multilateral agreement similar to the Perth Agreement rather than judicially through the courts."<a href="#cite_note-159">[150]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Regency">Regency</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Regency">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:129px;max-width:129px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV,_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820,_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/127px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg" decoding="async" width="127" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/191px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg/254px-Sir_Thomas_Lawrence_-_George_IV%2C_1762_-_1830._Reigned_as_Regent_1811_-_1820%2C_as_King_1820_-_1830_-_PG_139_-_National_Galleries_of_Scotland.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5272" data-file-height="6647" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:119px;max-width:119px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:160px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Thomas_Gainsborough_(1727-88)_-_George_III_(1738-1820)_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/117px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg" decoding="async" width="117" height="161" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/176px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg/234px-Thomas_Gainsborough_%281727-88%29_-_George_III_%281738-1820%29_-_RCIN_401006_-_Royal_Collection.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1093" data-file-height="1500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">Prince George, Prince Regent</a> (left), Canada's last regent, serving as such from 1811 until the death of his father, <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a> (right), in 1820</div></div></div></div> Canada has no laws allowing for a <a href="/wiki/Regency" class="mw-redirect" title="Regency">regency</a>, should the sovereign be a <a href="/wiki/Minor_(law)" title="Minor (law)">minor</a> or debilitated;<a href="#cite_note-Heard-98">[92]</a> none have been passed by the Canadian Parliament and it was made clear by successive cabinets since 1937 that the United Kingdom's <a href="/wiki/Regency_Acts" title="Regency Acts">Regency Act</a> had no applicability to Canada,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-98">[92]</a> as the Canadian Cabinet had not requested otherwise when the act was passed that year and again in 1943 and 1953. As the <a href="/wiki/Letters_Patent,_1947" title="Letters Patent, 1947">Letters Patent, 1947</a>, issued by King George VI permit the governor general of Canada to exercise almost all of the monarch's powers in respect of Canada, the viceroy is expected to continue to act as the personal representative of the monarch, and not any regent, even if the monarch is a child or incapacitated.<a href="#cite_note-162">[153]</a> This has led to the question of whether the governor general has the ability to remove themselves and appoint their viceregal successor in the monarch's name. While Lagassé argued that appears to be the case,<a href="#cite_note-lagasse-151">[142]</a> both the Canadian Manual of Official Procedures, published in 1968, and the Privy Council Office took the opposite opinion.<a href="#cite_note-163">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-164">[155]</a> Lagassé and Patrick Baud claimed changes could be made to regulations to allow a governor general to appoint the next governor general;<a href="#cite_note-165">[156]</a> Christopher McCreery, however, criticised the theory, arguing it is impractical to suggest that a governor general would remove him or herself on ministerial advice,<a href="#cite_note-166">[157]</a> with the consequence that, if a prolonged regency occurred, it would remove one of the checks and balances in the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-Twomey52-167">[158]</a> The intent expressed whenever the matter of regency came up among Commonwealth realm heads of government was that the relevant parliament (other than the United Kingdom's) would pass a bill if the need for a regency arose and the pertinent governor-general would already be empowered to grant royal assent to it.<a href="#cite_note-168">[159]</a> The governor general appointing their successor is not a power that has been utilized to date.<a href="#cite_note-lagasse-151">[142]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Foreign_visits">Foreign visits</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: Foreign visits">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_official_visits_by_Canada" title="List of state and official visits by Canada">List of state and official visits by Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:592px;max-width:592px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:103px;max-width:103px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Unveiling_of_Canadas_national_Memorial_at_Vimy_Ridge_-_His_Majesty,_King_Edward_VIII,_descends_from_Vimy_Monument_to_greet_Canadian_Pilgrims_at_the_Unveiling_ceremony.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Unveiling_of_Canadas_national_Memorial_at_Vimy_Ridge_-_His_Majesty%2C_King_Edward_VIII%2C_descends_from_Vimy_Monument_to_greet_Canadian_Pilgrims_at_the_Unveiling_ceremony.jpg/101px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="101" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Unveiling_of_Canadas_national_Memorial_at_Vimy_Ridge_-_His_Majesty%2C_King_Edward_VIII%2C_descends_from_Vimy_Monument_to_greet_Canadian_Pilgrims_at_the_Unveiling_ceremony.jpg/152px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Unveiling_of_Canadas_national_Memorial_at_Vimy_Ridge_-_His_Majesty%2C_King_Edward_VIII%2C_descends_from_Vimy_Monument_to_greet_Canadian_Pilgrims_at_the_Unveiling_ceremony.jpg/202px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1262" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vimy" title="Vimy">Vimy</a>, France, 1936</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:167px;max-width:167px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg/165px-FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="165" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg/248px-FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e5/FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg/330px-FDR-George-VI-June-8-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="767" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> in <a href="/wiki/Washington,_D.C." title="Washington, D.C.">Washington</a>, United States, 1939</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:120px;max-width:120px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/118px-Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="118" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/177px-Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/236px-Museum_of_Science_and_Industry_Chicago_souvenir_booklet_1960s_-_crop_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4779" data-file-height="5161" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Chicago" title="Chicago">Chicago</a>, United States, 1959</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:194px;max-width:194px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:126px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1984-01_Prince_Phillip,_Madame_Mitterrand,_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand,_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg/192px-1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg" decoding="async" width="192" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg/288px-1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg/384px-1984-01_Prince_Phillip%2C_Madame_Mitterrand%2C_Monsieur_Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand%2C_Queen_Elizabeth_and_Mr._Trudeau.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3796" data-file-height="2504" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Queen Elizabeth II in <a href="/wiki/Beny-sur-Mer" class="mw-redirect" title="Beny-sur-Mer">Beny-sur-Mer</a>, France, 1984</div></div></div></div></div> The following <a href="/wiki/State_visits" class="mw-redirect" title="State visits">state and official visits</a> to foreign countries have been made by the monarch as the sovereign of Canada (sometimes representing other realms on the same visit): <table class="wikitable" style="width:100%; background:white;"> <tbody><tr style="background:#f8f4ff; text-align:left; color:#708090;"> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Visit to </th> <th scope="col" style="width:20%">Date </th> <th scope="col" style="width:30%">Monarch of Canada </th> <th scope="col" style="width:23%">Received by </th> <th scope="col" style="width:10%">Type </th></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>26 July 1936 </td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> </td> <td>President <a href="/wiki/Albert_Lebrun" title="Albert Lebrun">Albert Lebrun</a> </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-172">[163]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>7–11 June 1939 </td> <td>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> </td> <td>President <a href="/wiki/Franklin_D._Roosevelt" title="Franklin D. Roosevelt">Franklin D. Roosevelt</a> </td> <td>State<a href="#cite_note-173">[164]</a><a href="#cite_note-174">[165]</a><a href="#cite_note-Tidridge49-175">[166]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>17 October 1957 </td> <td rowspan="8">Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> </td> <td rowspan="2">President <a href="/wiki/Dwight_D._Eisenhower" title="Dwight D. Eisenhower">Dwight D. Eisenhower</a> </td> <td>State<a href="#cite_note-179">[170]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>26 June 1959 </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-180">[171]</a><a href="#cite_note-league-181">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f5/Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States_%281912-1959%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>6 July 1959 </td> <td>Governor <a href="/wiki/William_Stratton" title="William Stratton">William Stratton</a> </td> <td>State<a href="#cite_note-184">[175]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>6 June 1984 </td> <td rowspan="2">President <a href="/wiki/Fran%C3%A7ois_Mitterrand" title="François Mitterrand">François Mitterrand</a> </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-188">[179]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>1994 </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-league-181">[172]</a><a href="#cite_note-dlnx-187">[178]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>6 June 2004 </td> <td>President <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Chirac" title="Jacques Chirac">Jacques Chirac</a> </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-monarchist3-189">[180]</a><a href="#cite_note-league-181">[172]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/23px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/35px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/45px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /> <a href="/wiki/France" title="France">France</a> </td> <td>9 April 2007 </td> <td>Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Dominique_de_Villepin" title="Dominique de Villepin">Dominique de Villepin</a> </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-190">[181]</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/23px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/35px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/46px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /> <a href="/wiki/United_States" title="United States">United States</a> </td> <td>6 July 2010 </td> <td>Governor <a href="/wiki/David_Paterson" title="David Paterson">David Paterson</a> </td> <td>Official<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge49-175">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-191">[182]</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_and_provincial_aspects">Federal and provincial aspects</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: Federal and provincial aspects">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada%27s_Governor_General,_Lieutenant_Governors,_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries,_2016.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg/220px-Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="176" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg/330px-Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b5/Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg/440px-Canada%27s_Governor_General%2C_Lieutenant_Governors%2C_Territorial_Commissioners_and_their_Private_Secretaries%2C_2016.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The one federal and 10 provincial viceroys, along with the three territorial commissioners, at their annual meeting in 2016, accompanied by their respective partners and secretaries</figcaption></figure> The origins of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">Canadian sovereignty</a> lie in the early 17th century, during which time the monarch in England fought with parliament there over who had ultimate authority, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Glorious_Revolution" title="Glorious Revolution">Glorious Revolution</a> in 1688 and the subsequent Bill of Rights, 1689, which, as mentioned elsewhere in this article, is today part of Canadian constitutional law. This brought to Canada the British notion of the <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_supremacy" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary supremacy">supremacy of parliament</a>—of which the monarch is a part—and it was carried into each of the provinces upon the implementation of <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>. That, however, was superseded when the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Charter_of_Rights_and_Freedoms" title="Canadian Charter of Rights and Freedoms">Charter of Rights and Freedoms</a> (within the Constitution Act, 1982) introduced into Canada the American idea of the <a href="/wiki/Supremacy_Clause" title="Supremacy Clause">supremacy of the law</a>.<a href="#cite_note-192">[183]</a> Still, the King remains the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereign</a> of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Sovereignty-194">[n 10]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[185]</a> Canada's monarchy was established at Confederation, when its executive government and authority were declared, in section 9 of the Constitution Act, 1867, to continue and be vested in the monarch. Placing such power, along with legislative power, with the tangible, living Queen, rather than the abstract and inanimate Crown, was a deliberate choice by the framers of the constitution.<a href="#cite_note-196">[186]</a> Still, the Crown is the foundation of the country<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge16-197">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-Johnstonxi-198">[188]</a> as "the very centre of [Canada's] constitution and democracy."<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge16-197">[187]</a> Although Canada is a federation, the Canadian monarchy is unitary throughout all jurisdictions in the country,<a href="#cite_note-Roberts13-199">[189]</a> the sovereignty of the different administrations being passed on through the overreaching Crown itself as a part of the executive, legislative, and judicial operations in each of the federal and provincial spheres<a href="#cite_note-200">[190]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Headship_of_state" class="mw-redirect" title="Headship of state">headship of state</a> being a part of all equally.<a href="#cite_note-Roberts13-199">[189]</a> The Crown thus links the various governments into a federal state,<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-8">[8]</a> while it is simultaneously also "divided" into 11 legal jurisdictions, or 11 "crowns"—one federal and 10 provincial<a href="#cite_note-201">[191]</a>—with the monarch taking on a distinct <a href="/wiki/Legal_person" title="Legal person">legal persona</a> in each.<a href="#cite_note-Pers2-203">[n 11]</a><a href="#cite_note-OMNR-205">[n 12]</a> As such, the constitution instructs that any change to the position of the monarch or his or her representatives in Canada requires the consent of the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a>, the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>, and the legislative assemblies of all the provinces.<a href="#cite_note-ElizabethII1982-206">[194]</a> The Crown, being shared and balanced,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstonxi-198">[188]</a> provides the bedrock upon which all of Canada's different regions and peoples can live together peacefully<a href="#cite_note-207">[195]</a> and was said by David E. Smith, in 2017, to be the "keystone of the constitutional architecture" of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-208">[196]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_(29867749537).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg/220px-DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="321" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg/330px-DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c0/DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg/440px-DSC01923_-_Royal_Window_%2829867749537%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4207" data-file-height="6136" /></a><figcaption>The Royal Window in the <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall#The_McKay_villa_and_Mappin_block" title="Rideau Hall">foyer</a> of <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>, commemorating Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Ruby_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Ruby Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Ruby Jubilee</a>. At centre is the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Royal Coat of Arms of Canada</a> surrounded by the shields of each of the sovereign's 10 provincial and then-two territorial coats of arms.</figcaption></figure> The Crown is located beyond politics, existing to give authority to and protect the constitution and system of governance.<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge16-197">[187]</a> Power, therefore, rests with an institution that "functions to safeguard it on behalf of all its citizens", rather than any singular individual.<a href="#cite_note-209">[197]</a> The sovereign and his representatives typically "act by 'not acting'"<a href="#cite_note-REH-211">[n 13]</a>—holding power, but, not exercising it—both because they are unelected figures and to maintain their neutrality, "deliberately, insistently, and resolutely",<a href="#cite_note-212">[199]</a> in case they have to be an impartial arbiter in a constitutional crisis and ensure that normal democratic discourse can resume.<a href="#cite_note-215">[202]</a> Consequently, the Crown performs two functions:<a href="#cite_note-Jackson11-13-216">[203]</a> as a unifying symbol and a protector of democratic rights and freedoms,<a href="#cite_note-Johnstonxi-198">[188]</a> "tightly woven into the fabric of the Canadian constitution."<a href="#cite_note-Jackson11-13-216">[203]</a> At the same time, a number of freedoms granted by the constitution to all other Canadians are denied to, or limited for, the monarch and the other senior members of the royal family: freedom of religion, freedom of expression, freedom to travel, freedom to choose a career, freedom to marry, and freedom of privacy and family life.<a href="#cite_note-217">[204]</a> While the Crown is empowered by statute and the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>, it also enjoys inherent powers not granted by either.<a href="#cite_note-218">[205]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Court_of_Appeal_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Court of Appeal of British Columbia">Court of Appeal of British Columbia</a> ruled in 1997 that "the Crown has the capacities and powers of a natural person"<a href="#cite_note-219">[206]</a> and its actions as a natural person are, as with the actions of any natural person, subject to judicial review.<a href="#cite_note-220">[207]</a> Further, it was determined in R. v Secretary of State for Health the ex parte C that, "as a matter of capacity, no doubt, [the Crown] has power to do whatever a private person can do. But, as an organ of government, it can only exercise those powers for the public benefit, and for identifiably 'governmental' purposes within limits set by the law."<a href="#cite_note-221">[208]</a> Similarly, use of the royal prerogative is justiciable,<a href="#cite_note-222">[209]</a> though, only when the "subject matter affects the rights or legitimate expectations of an individual".<a href="#cite_note-223">[210]</a> The governor general is appointed by the monarch on the advice of his federal prime minister and the lieutenant governors are appointed by the governor general on the advice of the federal prime minister. The <a href="/wiki/Commissioner" title="Commissioner">commissioners</a> of Canada's territories are appointed by the federal governor-in-council, at the recommendation of the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_relations" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous relations">minister of Crown–Indigenous relations</a>, but, as the territories are not sovereign entities, the commissioners are not personal representatives of the sovereign. The <a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a>, which may seek input from the relevant premier and provincial or territorial community, proposes candidates for appointment as governor general, lieutenant governor, and commissioner.<a href="#cite_note-224">[211]</a><a href="#cite_note-225">[212]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Sovereign_immunity">Sovereign immunity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: Sovereign immunity">edit</a>]</div> It has been held since 1918 that the federal Crown is immune from provincial law.<a href="#cite_note-226">[213]</a> Constitutional convention has also held that the Crown in right of each province is outside the jurisdiction of the courts in other provinces. This view, however, has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-227">[214]</a> Lieutenant governors do not enjoy the same immunity as the sovereign in matters not relating to the powers of the viceregal office, as decided in the case of former Lieutenant Governor of Quebec <a href="/wiki/Lise_Thibault" title="Lise Thibault">Lise Thibault</a>, who had been accused of misappropriating public funds.<a href="#cite_note-228">[215]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Personification_of_the_Canadian_state">Personification of the Canadian state</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: Personification of the Canadian state">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg/123px-Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg/185px-Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/71/Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg/246px-Stamp_1968_CAN_MiNr0429Ax_pm_B002a.jpg 2x" data-file-width="801" data-file-height="670" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:102px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg/121px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg/182px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/10/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg/242px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0484x_pm_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="737" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg/123px-Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg/185px-Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b0/Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg/246px-Stamp_1967_CAN_MiNr402Ax_pm_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="869" data-file-height="733" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg/121px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="103" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg/182px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg/242px-Stamp_1971_CAN_MiNr0494AxDF_pm_B002.jpg 2x" data-file-width="861" data-file-height="734" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, Queen of Canada, depicted on various <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamps_and_postal_history_of_Canada" title="Postage stamps and postal history of Canada">Canadian stamps</a> through the 1960s and 1970s</div></div></div></div> As the living embodiment of <a href="/wiki/The_Crown" title="The Crown">the Crown</a>,<a href="#cite_note-InterpAct-128">[121]</a><a href="#cite_note-229">[216]</a> the sovereign is regarded as the <a href="/wiki/Personification" title="Personification">personification</a> of the Canadian <a href="/wiki/State_(polity)" title="State (polity)">state</a><a href="#cite_note-Pers1-234">[n 14]</a><a href="#cite_note-244">[230]</a> and is meant to represent all Canadians, regardless of political affiliation.<a href="#cite_note-245">[231]</a> As such, he, along with his or her viceregal representatives, must "remain strictly neutral in political terms".<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a> The person of the reigning sovereign thus holds two distinct personas in constant coexistence, an ancient theory of the "King's two bodies"—the body natural (subject to infirmity and death) and the body politic (which never dies).<a href="#cite_note-246">[232]</a> The Crown and the monarch are "conceptually divisible but legally indivisible [...] The office cannot exist without the office-holder",<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-248">[n 15]</a><a href="#cite_note-OCCanThrone-82">[78]</a> so, even in private, the monarch is always "on duty".<a href="#cite_note-Bell125-235">[221]</a> The terms the state, the Crown,<a href="#cite_note-249">[234]</a> the Crown in Right of Canada, His Majesty the King in Right of Canada (<a href="/wiki/French_language" title="French language">French</a>: Sa Majesté le Roi du chef du Canada),<a href="#cite_note-250">[235]</a> and similar are all synonymous and the monarch's <a href="/wiki/Legal_personality" class="mw-redirect" title="Legal personality">legal personality</a> is sometimes referred to simply as Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-251">[236]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:1TS_0197_(16440153338).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg/220px-1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="146" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg/330px-1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg/440px-1TS_0197_%2816440153338%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1597" /></a><figcaption>A photo portrait of Queen Elizabeth II stands at the front of a citizenship ceremony led by <a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario" title="Lieutenant Governor of Ontario">Lieutenant Governor of Ontario</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_Dowdeswell" title="Elizabeth Dowdeswell">Elizabeth Dowdeswell</a>, illustrating the sovereign as the focus of the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_Citizenship_(Canada)" title="Oath of Citizenship (Canada)">Oath of Citizenship</a></figcaption></figure> The monarch is at the apex of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_order_of_precedence" title="Canadian order of precedence">Canadian order of precedence</a> and, as the embodiment of the state, is also the focus of oaths of allegiance,<a href="#cite_note-Oath-253">[n 16]</a><a href="#cite_note-256">[240]</a> required of many of the aforementioned employees of the Crown, as well as by new <a href="/wiki/Citizenship" title="Citizenship">citizens</a>, as by the <a href="/wiki/Oath_of_citizenship_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Oath of citizenship (Canada)">Oath of Citizenship</a>. Allegiance is given in <a href="/wiki/Reciprocal_(grammar)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reciprocal (grammar)">reciprocation</a> to the sovereign's <a href="/wiki/Coronation" title="Coronation">Coronation</a> Oath,<a href="#cite_note-257">[241]</a> wherein he or she promises to govern the people of Canada "according to their respective laws and customs".<a href="#cite_note-258">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Head_of_state">Head of state</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: Head of state">edit</a>]</div> Although it has been argued that the term head of state is a republican one inapplicable in a constitutional monarchy such as Canada, where the monarch is the embodiment of the state and thus cannot be head of it,<a href="#cite_note-Bell125-235">[221]</a> the sovereign is regarded by official government sources,<a href="#cite_note-262">[246]</a> judges,<a href="#cite_note-263">[247]</a> constitutional scholars,<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-264">[248]</a> and pollsters as the head of state,<a href="#cite_note-IR2008-265">[249]</a> while the governor general and lieutenant governors are all only representatives of, and thus equally subordinate to, that figure.<a href="#cite_note-Boswell-266">[250]</a> Some governors general, their staff, government publications,<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-237">[223]</a> and constitutional scholars like Ted McWhinney and C.E.S. Franks have,<a href="#cite_note-267">[251]</a><a href="#cite_note-Franks-268">[252]</a> however, referred to the position of governor general as that of Canada's head of state;<a href="#cite_note-269">[253]</a><a href="#cite_note-270">[254]</a> though, sometimes qualifying the assertion with <a href="/wiki/De_facto" title="De facto">de facto</a> or effective;<a href="#cite_note-274">[258]</a> Franks has hence recommended that the governor general be named officially as the head of state.<a href="#cite_note-Franks-268">[252]</a> Still others view the role of head of state as being shared by both the sovereign and his viceroys.<a href="#cite_note-278">[262]</a> Since 1927, governors general have been received on <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visits</a> abroad as though they were heads of state.<a href="#cite_note-279">[263]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Governor_General_of_Canada,_Mr._David_Johnston_inspecting_the_Guard_of_Honour,_at_the_Ceremonial_Reception,_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan,_in_New_Delhi_on_February_24,_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Governor_General_of_Canada%2C_Mr._David_Johnston_inspecting_the_Guard_of_Honour%2C_at_the_Ceremonial_Reception%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_24%2C_2014.jpg/220px-thumbnail.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="132" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Governor_General_of_Canada%2C_Mr._David_Johnston_inspecting_the_Guard_of_Honour%2C_at_the_Ceremonial_Reception%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_24%2C_2014.jpg/330px-thumbnail.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/The_Governor_General_of_Canada%2C_Mr._David_Johnston_inspecting_the_Guard_of_Honour%2C_at_the_Ceremonial_Reception%2C_at_Rashtrapati_Bhavan%2C_in_New_Delhi_on_February_24%2C_2014.jpg/440px-thumbnail.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2200" data-file-height="1317" /></a><figcaption>Then-Governor General <a href="/wiki/David_Johnston_(governor_general)" title="David Johnston (governor general)">David Johnston</a> reviews the guard of honour at <a href="/wiki/Rashtrapati_Bhavan" title="Rashtrapati Bhavan">Rashtrapati Bhavan</a> during a state visit to India, 24 February 2014</figcaption></figure> Officials at Rideau Hall have attempted to use the Letters Patent, 1947, as justification for describing the governor general as head of state. However, the document makes no such distinction,<a href="#cite_note-Coup-280">[264]</a> nor does it effect an abdication of the sovereign's powers in favour of the viceroy,<a href="#cite_note-Heard-98">[92]</a> as it only allows the governor general to "act on the Queen's behalf".<a href="#cite_note-281">[265]</a><a href="#cite_note-282">[266]</a> D. Michael Jackson, former Chief of Protocol of Saskatchewan, argued that Rideau Hall had been attempting to "recast" the governor general as head of state since the 1970s and doing so preempted both the Queen and all of the lieutenant governors.<a href="#cite_note-Boswell-266">[250]</a> This caused not only "precedence wars" at provincial events (where the governor general usurped the lieutenant governor's proper spot as most senior official in attendance)<a href="#cite_note-283">[267]</a><a href="#cite_note-284">[268]</a> and Governor General Adrienne Clarkson to accord herself precedence before the Queen at a national occasion,<a href="#cite_note-285">[269]</a> but also constitutional issues by "unbalancing [...] the federalist symmetry".<a href="#cite_note-Roberts13-199">[189]</a><a href="#cite_note-GardnerRight-286">[270]</a> This has been regarded as both a natural evolution and as a dishonest effort to alter the constitution without public scrutiny.<a href="#cite_note-Coup-280">[264]</a><a href="#cite_note-287">[271]</a> In a poll conducted by <a href="/wiki/Ipsos-Reid" title="Ipsos-Reid">Ipsos-Reid</a> following the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%932009_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute#Governor_General_prorogues_parliament" title="2008–2009 Canadian parliamentary dispute">first prorogation of the 40th parliament</a> on 4 December 2008, it was found that 42 per cent of the sample group thought the prime minister was head of state, while 33 per cent felt it was the governor general. Only 24 per cent named the Queen as head of state,<a href="#cite_note-IR2008-265">[249]</a> a number up from 2002, when the results of an <a href="/wiki/EKOS_Research_Associates" class="mw-redirect" title="EKOS Research Associates">EKOS Research Associates</a> survey showed only 5 per cent of those polled knew the Queen was head of state (69 per cent answered that it was the prime minister).<a href="#cite_note-288">[272]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Arms">Arms</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: Arms">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">Royal standards of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/220px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="138" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/330px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg/440px-Royal_Standard_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="960" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">Sovereign's Flag for Canada</a> employing the shield of the royal arms in banner form</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of His Majesty the King in Right of Canada</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_dominion" title="Arms of dominion">arms of dominion</a> of the Canadian monarch and, thus, equally the official <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms" title="Coat of arms">coat of arms</a> of Canada<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETidridge201171-289">[273]</a><a href="#cite_note-290">[274]</a> and a symbol of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_sovereignty" title="Canadian sovereignty">national sovereignty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-291">[275]</a> It is closely modelled after the <a href="/wiki/Royal_coat_of_arms_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom">royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom</a>, with French and distinctive Canadian elements replacing or added to those derived from the British version, which was employed in Canada before the granting of the Canadian arms in 1921.<a href="#cite_note-292">[276]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">royal standard</a> is the monarch's official flag, which depicts the royal arms in <a href="/wiki/Banner_of_arms" title="Banner of arms">banner form</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CHA-293">[277]</a> It takes precedence above all other flags in Canada—including the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">national flag</a> and those of the other members of the royal family<a href="#cite_note-DCHMon-44">[44]</a>—and is typically flown from buildings, vessels, and vehicles in which the sovereign is present (although exceptions have been made for its use when the monarch is not in attendance). The royal standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly. Elements of the royal arms have also been incorporated into the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">governor general's flag</a>; similarly, the <a href="/wiki/Flags_of_the_lieutenant_governors_of_Canada" title="Flags of the lieutenant governors of Canada">flags of the lieutenant governors</a> employ the shields of the relevant provincial coat of arms. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_constitutional_role">Federal constitutional role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: Federal constitutional role">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Canada's constitution</a> is based on the <a href="/wiki/Westminster_system" title="Westminster system">Westminster parliamentary model</a>, wherein the role of the King is both legal and practical, but not political.<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a> The sovereign is vested with all the powers of state, collectively known as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a>,<a href="#cite_note-PCO-294">[278]</a> leading the populace to be considered subjects of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-295">[279]</a> However, as the sovereign's power stems from <a href="/wiki/People#Legal" title="People">the people</a><a href="#cite_note-Forseyp1-30">[30]</a><a href="#cite_note-296">[280]</a> and the monarch is a <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional one</a>, he or she does not rule alone, as in an <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">absolute monarchy</a>. Instead, the Crown is regarded as a <a href="/wiki/Corporation_sole" title="Corporation sole">corporation sole</a>, with the monarch being the centre of a construct in which the power of the whole is shared by multiple institutions of government<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge16-197">[187]</a>—the <a href="/wiki/Executive_(government)" title="Executive (government)">executive</a>, <a href="/wiki/Legislature" title="Legislature">legislative</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Judiciary" title="Judiciary">judicial</a><a href="#cite_note-DCH20094-9">[9]</a>—acting under the sovereign's authority,<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-Murdoch-297">[281]</a> which is entrusted for exercise by the politicians (the elected and appointed parliamentarians and the ministers of the Crown generally drawn from among them) and the <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">judges</a> and <a href="/wiki/Justice_of_the_Peace#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Justice of the Peace">justices of the peace</a>.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod16-29">[29]</a> The monarchy has thus been described as the underlying principle of Canada's institutional unity and the monarch as a "guardian of constitutional freedoms"<a href="#cite_note-Senate-48">[48]</a><a href="#cite_note-CIC29-254">[238]</a> whose "job is to ensure that the political process remains intact and is allowed to function."<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Great_Seal_of_Canada.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Seal_of_Canada.png/220px-Great_Seal_of_Canada.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="221" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Seal_of_Canada.png/330px-Great_Seal_of_Canada.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9d/Great_Seal_of_Canada.png/440px-Great_Seal_of_Canada.png 2x" data-file-width="944" data-file-height="948" /></a><figcaption>The Great Seal of Canada used during the reign of Queen Elizabeth II</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Great_Seal_of_Canada" title="Great Seal of Canada">Great Seal of Canada</a> "signifies the power and authority of the Crown flowing from the sovereign to [the] parliamentary government"<a href="#cite_note-GSoC-298">[282]</a> and is applied to state documents such as royal proclamations and letters patent commissioning Cabinet ministers, senators, judges, and other senior government officials.<a href="#cite_note-DCHGSoC-299">[283]</a> The "lending" of royal authority to Cabinet is illustrated by the great seal being entrusted by the governor general, the official keeper of the seal, to the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Innovation,_Science,_and_Economic_Development" class="mw-redirect" title="Minister of Innovation, Science, and Economic Development">minister of innovation, science, and economic development</a>, who is ex officio the <a href="/wiki/Registrar_General_of_Canada" title="Registrar General of Canada">registrar general of Canada</a>.<a href="#cite_note-DCHGSoC-299">[283]</a> Upon a change of government, the seal is temporarily returned to the governor general and then "lent" to the next incoming registrar general.<a href="#cite_note-GSoC-298">[282]</a> The Crown is the pinnacle of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>, with the constitution placing the monarch in the position of <a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Forces">commander-in-chief of the entire force</a>, though the governor general carries out the duties attached to the position and also bears the title of Commander-in-Chief in and over Canada.<a href="#cite_note-300">[284]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Executive_(King-in-Council)">Executive (King-in-Council)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: Executive (King-in-Council)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="220" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/de/Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_and_members_of_the_federal_government_of_Canada_in_Ottawa_1957-10-14.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="1000" /></a><figcaption>The first meeting of the <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen's Privy Council for Canada">Queen's Privy Council for Canada</a> before the reigning sovereign, Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, in the State Dining Room of Rideau Hall, 14 October 1957</figcaption></figure> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/220px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="134" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/330px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9f/Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg/440px-Her_Majesty_Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_her_Canadian_Ministers_at_Rideau_Hall_1_July_1967.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1500" data-file-height="912" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth II with her <a href="/wiki/19th_Canadian_Ministry" title="19th Canadian Ministry">Cabinet</a> in the ballroom of Rideau Hall, on <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Dominion Day</a>, 1 July 1967, the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Centennial" title="Canadian Centennial">centennial of Confederation</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">government of Canada</a>—formally termed <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Government_(term)" title="His Majesty's Government (term)">His Majesty's Government</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod18-301">[285]</a>—is defined by the constitution as the King acting on the <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional)" class="mw-redirect" title="Advice (constitutional)">advice</a> of his Privy Council;<a href="#cite_note-304">[288]</a> what is technically known as the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada#King-in-Council" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King-in-Council</a>,<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-8">[8]</a> or sometimes the Governor-in-Council,<a href="#cite_note-InterpAct-128">[121]</a> referring to the governor general as the King's stand-in, though, a few tasks must be specifically performed by, or bills that require assent from, the King.<a href="#cite_note-307">[291]</a> One of the main duties of the Crown is to "ensure that a democratically elected government is always in place,"<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-277">[261]</a> which means appointing a <a href="/wiki/Prime_minister" title="Prime minister">prime minister</a> to thereafter head the <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet</a><a href="#cite_note-GG-308">[292]</a>—a committee of the Privy Council charged with advising the Crown on the exercise of the royal prerogative.<a href="#cite_note-MarleauExecutive-303">[287]</a> The monarch is informed by his viceroy of the swearing-in and resignation of prime ministers and other members of the ministry,<a href="#cite_note-GG-308">[292]</a> remains fully briefed through regular communications from his Canadian ministers, and holds audience with them whenever possible.<a href="#cite_note-Buck1-259">[243]</a> By convention, the content of these communications and meetings remains confidential so as to protect the impartiality of the monarch and his representative.<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a><a href="#cite_note-309">[293]</a> The appropriateness and viability of this tradition in an age of <a href="/wiki/Social_media" title="Social media">social media</a> has been questioned.<a href="#cite_note-310">[294]</a><a href="#cite_note-311">[295]</a> In the construct of constitutional monarchy and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>, the ministerial advice tendered is typically binding,<a href="#cite_note-312">[296]</a> meaning the monarch reigns but does not rule,<a href="#cite_note-Cyr-313">[297]</a> the Cabinet ruling "in trust" for the monarch.<a href="#cite_note-314">[298]</a> This has been the case in Canada since the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Paris_(1763)" title="Treaty of Paris (1763)">Treaty of Paris</a> ended the reign of the territory's last <a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="Absolute monarch">absolute monarch</a>, King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XV of France">Louis XV of France</a>. However, the royal prerogative belongs to the Crown and not to any of the ministers<a href="#cite_note-316">[300]</a> and the royal and viceroyal figures may unilaterally use these powers in exceptional <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crisis</a> situations (an exercise of the <a href="/wiki/Reserve_power" title="Reserve power">reserve powers</a>),<a href="#cite_note-RP-317">[n 17]</a> thereby allowing the monarch to make sure "the government conducts itself in compliance with the constitution";<a href="#cite_note-Boyce-277">[261]</a> he and the viceroys being guarantors of the government's constitutional, as opposed to democratic, legitimacy and must ensure the continuity of such.<a href="#cite_note-318">[301]</a> Use of the royal prerogative in this manner was seen when <a href="/wiki/King%E2%80%93Byng_affair" title="King–Byng affair">the Governor General refused his prime minister's advice to dissolve Parliament</a> in 1926 and when, in 2008, the Governor General took some hours to decide whether or not to accept her Prime Minister's advice to prorogue Parliament to avoid a vote of non-confidence.<a href="#cite_note-ISCC-319">[302]</a><a href="#cite_note-320">[303]</a> The prerogative powers have also been <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Canadian_provinces#Executive" title="Monarchy in the Canadian provinces">used numerous times in the provinces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ISCC-319">[302]</a> The royal prerogative further extends to foreign affairs, including the ratification of treaties, alliances, international agreements, and <a href="/wiki/Declaration_of_war_by_Canada" title="Declaration of war by Canada">declarations of war</a>,<a href="#cite_note-321">[304]</a> the accreditation of Canadian high commissioners and ambassadors and receipt of similar diplomats from foreign states,<a href="#cite_note-322">[305]</a><a href="#cite_note-CMN23-323">[306]</a> and the issuance of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_passport" title="Canadian passport">Canadian passports</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CPO-324">[307]</a> which remain the sovereign's property.<a href="#cite_note-325">[308]</a> It also includes the creation of <a href="/wiki/Dynastic_order_of_knighthood" class="mw-redirect" title="Dynastic order of knighthood">dynastic</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_(honour)" class="mw-redirect" title="Order (honour)">national</a> <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">honours</a>,<a href="#cite_note-326">[309]</a> though only the latter are established on official ministerial advice. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Parliament_(King-in-Parliament)">Parliament (King-in-Parliament)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: Parliament (King-in-Parliament)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/220px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="275" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/330px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bd/RoyalVisitSenate.jpg/440px-RoyalVisitSenate.jpg 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="751" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>, grants <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a> to bills in the <a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate chamber</a>, 1939</figcaption></figure> All laws in Canada are the monarch's and the sovereign is one of the three components of the Parliament of Canada<a href="#cite_note-327">[310]</a><a href="#cite_note-328">[311]</a>—formally called the <a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a><a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-8">[8]</a>—but, the monarch and viceroy do not participate in the legislative process, save for <a href="/wiki/King%27s_consent" class="mw-redirect" title="King's consent">royal consent</a>, typically expressed by a minister of the Crown,<a href="#cite_note-329">[312]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Royal_assent" title="Royal assent">royal assent</a>, which is necessary for a bill to be enacted as law. Either figure or a delegate may perform this task and the constitution allows the viceroy the option of deferring assent to the sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-330">[313]</a> The governor general is further responsible for summoning the House of Commons, while either the viceroy or monarch can <a href="/wiki/Prorogation_in_Canada" title="Prorogation in Canada">prorogue</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of Parliament">dissolve</a> the legislature, after which the governor general usually <a href="/wiki/Writ_of_election" title="Writ of election">calls for a general election</a>. This element of the royal prerogative is unaffected by legislation <a href="/wiki/Fixed_election_dates_in_Canada" title="Fixed election dates in Canada">"fixing" election dates</a>, as An Act to Amend the Canada Elections Act specifies that it does not curtail the Crown's powers.<a href="#cite_note-331">[314]</a> The new parliamentary session is marked by either the monarch, governor general, or some other representative reading the <a href="/wiki/Speech_from_the_throne" title="Speech from the throne">Speech from the Throne</a>.<a href="#cite_note-332">[315]</a> Members of Parliament must recite the Oath of Allegiance before they may take their seat. Further, the <a href="/wiki/Official_Opposition_(Canada)" title="Official Opposition (Canada)">official opposition</a> is traditionally dubbed as <a href="/wiki/Loyal_opposition" title="Loyal opposition">His Majesty's Loyal Opposition</a>,<a href="#cite_note-335">[318]</a> illustrating that, while its members are opposed to the incumbent government, they remain loyal to the sovereign (as personification of the state and its authority).<a href="#cite_note-336">[319]</a> The monarch does not have the prerogative to impose and collect new taxes without the authorization of an <a href="/wiki/Act_of_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Act of Parliament">act of Parliament</a>. The consent of the Crown must, however, be obtained before either of the houses of Parliament may even debate a bill affecting the sovereign's prerogatives or interests and no act of Parliament binds the King or his rights unless the act states that it does.<a href="#cite_note-337">[320]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Courts_(King-on-the-Bench)">Courts (King-on-the-Bench)</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: Courts (King-on-the-Bench)">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:The_Nine.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/220px-The_Nine.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="141" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/330px-The_Nine.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/21/The_Nine.jpg/440px-The_Nine.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5502" data-file-height="3521" /></a><figcaption>A <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a> courtroom displaying on the focal wall a rendition of the Royal Arms.</figcaption></figure> The sovereign is responsible for rendering justice for all his subjects and is thus traditionally deemed the fount of justice<a href="#cite_note-Cools-338">[321]</a> and his position in the <a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Canadian courts</a> formally dubbed the King on the Bench.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod17-8">[8]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Arms of Canada">Arms of His Majesty in Right of Canada</a> are traditionally displayed in Canadian courtrooms,<a href="#cite_note-339">[322]</a> as is a portrait of the sovereign.<a href="#cite_note-340">[323]</a> The <a href="/wiki/File:Supreme_Court_of_Canada_Coat_of_Arms.png" title="File:Supreme Court of Canada Coat of Arms.png">badge of the Supreme Court</a> also bears a St. Edward's Crown to symbolize the source of the court's authority. The monarch does not personally rule in judicial cases; this function of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_prerogative" title="Royal prerogative">royal prerogative</a> is instead performed in trust and in the King's name by officers of His Majesty's court.<a href="#cite_note-Cools-338">[321]</a> Common law holds the notion that the sovereign "<a href="/wiki/Sovereign_immunity" title="Sovereign immunity">can do no wrong</a>": the monarch cannot be prosecuted in his own courts—judged by himself—for criminal offences under his own laws.<a href="#cite_note-341">[324]</a> Canada inherited the common law version of Crown immunity from British law.<a href="#cite_note-Justice-342">[325]</a> However, over time, the scope of said immunity has been steadily reduced by statute law. With the passage of relevant legislation through the provincial and federal parliaments, the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the King-in-Council), in all areas of Canada, is now liable in <a href="/wiki/Tort" title="Tort">tort</a>, as any normal person would be.<a href="#cite_note-Justice-342">[325]</a> In international cases, as a sovereign and under established principles of <a href="/wiki/International_law" title="International law">international law</a>, the King of Canada is not subject to suit in foreign courts without his express consent.<a href="#cite_note-343">[326]</a> Within the royal prerogative is also the granting of immunity from prosecution,<a href="#cite_note-344">[327]</a> mercy, and <a href="/wiki/Pardon#Canada" title="Pardon">pardoning</a> offences against the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-345">[328]</a><a href="#cite_note-346">[329]</a> Since 1878, the prerogative of pardon has always been exercised upon the recommendation of ministers.<a href="#cite_note-347">[330]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples">The Crown and Indigenous peoples</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: The Crown and Indigenous peoples">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/220px-Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/330px-Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fd/Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg/440px-Presentation_of_Membertou_Portrait_to_Queen_Elizabeth_II.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4368" data-file-height="2912" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Mi%27kmaq_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Mi'kmaq people">Mi'kmaq</a> leaders present a portrait of Grand Chief <a href="/wiki/Henri_Membertou" title="Henri Membertou">Henri Membertou</a> to Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_Nova_Scotia" title="Halifax, Nova Scotia">Halifax, Nova Scotia</a>, 28 June 2010</figcaption></figure> Included in Canada's constitution are the various treaties between the Crown and Canada's <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a>, <a href="/wiki/Inuit" title="Inuit">Inuit</a>, and <a href="/wiki/M%C3%A9tis_people_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Métis people (Canada)">Métis</a> peoples, who, like the <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ori_people" title="Māori people">Māori</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Treaty_of_Waitangi" title="Treaty of Waitangi">Treaty of Waitangi</a> in New Zealand,<a href="#cite_note-348">[331]</a> generally view the affiliation as being not between them and the ever-changing Cabinet, but instead with the continuous Crown of Canada, as embodied in the reigning sovereign,<a href="#cite_note-349">[332]</a> meaning the link between monarch and Indigenous peoples in Canada will theoretically last for "as long as the sun shines, grass grows, and rivers flow."<a href="#cite_note-FN-350">[333]</a><a href="#cite_note-Clarkson-351">[334]</a> The association stretches back to the <a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_colonization_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="Timeline of colonization of North America">first decisions</a> between <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas" title="Indigenous peoples of the Americas">North American Indigenous peoples</a> and European colonialists and, over centuries of interface, <a href="/wiki/Treaty" title="Treaty">treaties</a> were established concerning the monarch and indigenous nations. The only treaties that survived the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a> are those in Canada, which date to the beginning of the 18th century. Today, the main guide for relations between the monarchy and Canadian First Nations is King <a href="/wiki/George_III" title="George III">George III</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_Proclamation_of_1763" title="Royal Proclamation of 1763">Royal Proclamation of 1763</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CE-352">[335]</a><a href="#cite_note-RC261-353">[336]</a> while not a treaty, it is regarded by First Nations as their <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a> or "Indian <a href="/wiki/Bill_of_rights" title="Bill of rights">bill of rights</a>",<a href="#cite_note-RC261-353">[336]</a><a href="#cite_note-Valpy-354">[337]</a> as it affirmed native title to their lands and made clear that, though under the <a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">sovereignty</a> of the Crown, the aboriginal bands were autonomous political units in a "nation-to-nation" association with non-native governments,<a href="#cite_note-CT6FN-355">[338]</a><a href="#cite_note-CAP-356">[339]</a> with the monarch as the intermediary.<a href="#cite_note-Match-357">[340]</a> The agreements with the Crown are administered by <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Aboriginal_law" title="Canadian Aboriginal law">aboriginal law</a> and overseen by the <a href="/wiki/Minister_of_Crown%E2%80%93Indigenous_Relations" title="Minister of Crown–Indigenous Relations">minister of Crown-Indigenous relations</a>.<a href="#cite_note-358">[341]</a><a href="#cite_note-359">[342]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1224211176">.mw-parser-output .quotebox{background-color:#F9F9F9;border:1px solid #aaa;box-sizing:border-box;padding:10px;font-size:88%;max-width:100%}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft{margin:.5em 1.4em .8em 0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright{margin:.5em 0 .8em 1.4em}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.centered{overflow:hidden;position:relative;margin:.5em auto .8em auto}.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatleft span,.mw-parser-output .quotebox.floatright span{font-style:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox>blockquote{margin:0;padding:0;border-left:0;font-family:inherit;font-size:inherit}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-title{text-align:center;font-size:110%;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote>:first-child{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote:last-child>:last-child{margin-bottom:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:before{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" “ ";vertical-align:-45%;line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox-quote.quoted:after{font-family:"Times New Roman",serif;font-weight:bold;font-size:large;color:gray;content:" ” ";line-height:0}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .left-aligned{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .right-aligned{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .center-aligned{text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quote-title,.mw-parser-output .quotebox .quotebox-quote{display:block}.mw-parser-output .quotebox cite{display:block;font-style:normal}@media screen and (max-width:640px){.mw-parser-output .quotebox{width:100%!important;margin:0 0 .8em!important;float:none!important}}</style><div class="quotebox pullquote floatright" style="width:250px; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #F5F5DC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I have greatly appreciated the opportunity to discuss [...] the vital process of reconciliation in this country—not a one-off act, of course, but an ongoing commitment to healing, respect and understanding [...] with indigenous and non-indigenous peoples across Canada committing to reflect honestly and openly on the past and to forge a new relationship for the future.<a href="#cite_note-360">[343]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Prince <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, 2022</cite> </div> The link between the Crown and Indigenous peoples will sometimes be symbolically expressed through ceremony.<a href="#cite_note-POW-361">[344]</a> Gifts have been frequently exchanged and aboriginal titles have been bestowed upon royal and viceregal figures since the early days of indigenous contact with the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-366">[349]</a> As far back as 1710, Indigenous leaders have met to discuss treaty business with royal family members or viceroys in private audience and many continue to use their connection to the Crown to further their political aims;<a href="#cite_note-Coates_2006_13-367">[350]</a> public ceremonies attended by the monarch or another member of the royal family have been employed as a platform on which to present complaints, witnessed by both national and international cameras.<a href="#cite_note-370">[353]</a> Following country-wide <a href="/wiki/Idle_No_More" title="Idle No More">protests</a>, beginning in 2012, and the close of the <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">Truth and Reconciliation Commission</a> in 2015, focus turned toward rapprochement between the nations in the nation-to-nation relationship.<a href="#cite_note-377">[360]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Hereditary_chiefs">Hereditary chiefs</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: Hereditary chiefs">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Hereditary_chiefs_in_Canada" title="Hereditary chiefs in Canada">Hereditary chiefs in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada#Pre-colonial" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada § Pre-colonial</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg/121px-Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="170" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg/182px-Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/ce/Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg/242px-Ho_Nee_Yeath_Taw_No_Row.jpg 2x" data-file-width="965" data-file-height="1357" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:170px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada,_Etow_Oh_Koam,_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/123px-John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/185px-John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg/246px-John_Simon_-_Portraits_of_Four_Indian_Kings_of_Canada%2C_Etow_Oh_Koam%2C_King_of_the_River_Nation_-_B2001.2.1507_-_Yale_Center_for_British_Art.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1379" data-file-height="1920" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:125px;max-width:125px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst,_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg/123px-345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg" decoding="async" width="123" height="175" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg/185px-345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg/246px-345Chief_Sa_Ga_Yeath_Qua_Pieth_Tow_by_John_Verelst%2C_1710._Archives_of_Canada..jpg 2x" data-file-width="563" data-file-height="800" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:123px;max-width:123px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:174px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Tejonihokarawa.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tejonihokarawa.jpg/121px-Tejonihokarawa.jpg" decoding="async" width="121" height="174" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tejonihokarawa.jpg/182px-Tejonihokarawa.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6a/Tejonihokarawa.jpg/242px-Tejonihokarawa.jpg 2x" data-file-width="919" data-file-height="1321" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Portraits of the <a href="/wiki/Four_Mohawk_Kings" title="Four Mohawk Kings">Four Mohawk Kings</a>, painted in 1710, during their visit with <a href="/wiki/Anne,_Queen_of_Great_Britain" title="Anne, Queen of Great Britain">Queen Anne</a></div></div></div></div> The hereditary chiefs are leaders within <a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a> who represent different houses or clans and whose chieftaincies are passed down intergenerationally; most First Nations have a hereditary system.<a href="#cite_note-Todd-378">[361]</a> The positions are rooted in traditional models of <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous</a> governance that predate the <a href="/wiki/Colonization_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonization of Canada">colonization of Canada</a><a href="#cite_note-Joseph-379">[362]</a><a href="#cite_note-Abedi-380">[363]</a> and are organized in a fashion similar to the <a href="/wiki/Western_world" title="Western world">occidental</a> idea of monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-385">[368]</a> Indeed, early European explorers often considered territories belonging to different aboriginal groups to be kingdoms—such as along the north shore of the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_River" title="St. Lawrence River">St. Lawrence River</a>, between the Trinity River and the <a href="/wiki/L%27Isle-aux-Coudres,_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="L'Isle-aux-Coudres, Quebec">Isle-aux-Coudres</a>, and the neighbouring "kingdom of Canada", which stretched west to the <a href="/wiki/Island_of_Montreal" title="Island of Montreal">Island of Montreal</a><a href="#cite_note-386">[369]</a>—and the leaders of these communities were referred to as kings,<a href="#cite_note-Coates_2006_13-367">[350]</a> particularly those chosen through heredity.<a href="#cite_note-387">[370]</a><a href="#cite_note-388">[371]</a> Today, the hereditary chiefs are not sovereign; according to the <a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court of Canada</a>, the Crown holds sovereignty over the whole of Canada, including reservation and traditional lands.<a href="#cite_note-392">[375]</a> However, by some interpretations of case law from the same court, the chiefs have jurisdiction over <a href="/wiki/List_of_traditional_territories_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_North_America" class="mw-redirect" title="List of traditional territories of the indigenous peoples of North America">traditional territories</a> that fall outside of <a href="/wiki/Band_government" title="Band government">band</a>-controlled <a href="/wiki/Indian_reserve" title="Indian reserve">reservation land</a>,<a href="#cite_note-393">[376]</a><a href="#cite_note-394">[377]</a> beyond the elected band councils established by the <a href="/wiki/Indian_Act" title="Indian Act">Indian Act</a>.<a href="#cite_note-395">[378]</a><a href="#cite_note-396">[379]</a> Although recognized by, and accountable to, the federal Crown-in-Council (the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>), band chiefs do not hold the cultural authority of hereditary chiefs, who often serve as knowledge-keepers, responsible for the upholding of a First Nation's <a href="/wiki/Traditional_knowledge" title="Traditional knowledge">traditional customs, legal systems, and cultural practices</a>.<a href="#cite_note-399">[382]</a> When serving as Lieutenant Governor of British Columbia, <a href="/wiki/Judith_Guichon" title="Judith Guichon">Judith Guichon</a> postulated that the role of hereditary chiefs mirrored that of Canada's constitutional monarch, being the representative of "sober second thought and wisdom, not the next political cycle; but, rather, enduring truths and the evolution of our nation through generations."<a href="#cite_note-Guichon-384">[367]</a> For these reasons, the Crown maintains formal relations with Canada's hereditary chiefs, including on matters relating to treaty rights and obligations.<a href="#cite_note-400">[383]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Cultural_role">Cultural role</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: Cultural role">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Royal_presence_and_duties">Royal presence and duties</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: Royal presence and duties">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours of Canada</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg/220px-Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="153" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg/330px-Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg/440px-Prince_of_Wales_lays_last_stone_of_Victoria_Bridge.jpg 2x" data-file-width="646" data-file-height="448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a>, lays the last stone for the <a href="/wiki/Victoria_Bridge_(Montreal)" title="Victoria Bridge (Montreal)">Victoria Bridge</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a> during his 1860 royal tour</figcaption></figure> Members of the royal family have been present in Canada since the late 18th century, their reasons including participating in military manoeuvres, serving as the federal viceroy, or undertaking official royal tours, which "reinforce [the] country's collective heritage".<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> At least one royal tour has been conducted every year between 1957 and 2018.<a href="#cite_note-402">[385]</a> The "welfare and service" function of the monarchy is regarded as an important part of the modern monarchy's role and demonstrates a significant change to the institution in recent generations, from a heavily ceremonialized, imperial crown to a "more demotic and visible" head of state "interacting with the general population far beyond confined court circles."<a href="#cite_note-403">[386]</a> As such, a prominent feature of tours are royal walkabouts; a tradition initiated in 1939 by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> when she was in Ottawa and broke from the royal party to speak directly to gathered veterans.<a href="#cite_note-Benoit-404">[387]</a><a href="#cite_note-405">[388]</a> Usually important milestones, anniversaries, or celebrations of <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Canadian culture</a> will warrant the presence of the monarch,<a href="#cite_note-Benoit-404">[387]</a> while other members of the royal family will be asked to participate in lesser occasions. A <a href="#Federal_residences_and_royal_household">household</a> to assist and tend to the monarch forms part of the royal party. Official duties involve the sovereign <a href="/wiki/List_of_state_and_official_visits_by_Canada" title="List of state and official visits by Canada">representing the Canadian state at home or abroad</a>, or her relations as members of the <a href="#Royal_family_and_house">royal family</a> participating in government organized ceremonies either in Canada or elsewhere;<a href="#cite_note-Duties-423">[n 18]</a><a href="#cite_note-428">[410]</a> sometimes these individuals are employed in asserting Canada's sovereignty over its territories.<a href="#cite_note-Arctic-430">[n 19]</a> The advice of the Canadian Cabinet is the impetus for royal participation in any Canadian event, though, at present, the Chief of Protocol and his staff in the <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> are, as part of the State Ceremonial and Canadian Symbols Program,<a href="#cite_note-431">[412]</a><a href="#cite_note-432">[413]</a> responsible for orchestrating any official events in or for Canada that involve the royal family.<a href="#cite_note-Hansard62-433">[414]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/220px-Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="195" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/330px-Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/38/Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg/440px-Prince_Philip_as_Colonel-in-Chief_of_the_Royal_Canadian_Regiment.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2999" data-file-height="2655" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Regiment" title="Royal Canadian Regiment">Royal Canadian Regiment</a> as their <a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-chief" title="Colonel-in-chief">colonel-in-chief</a>, April 2013</figcaption></figure> Conversely, unofficial duties are performed by royal family members for Canadian organizations of which they may be <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patrons</a>, through their attendance at charity events, visiting with members of the Canadian Forces as colonel-in-chief, or marking certain key anniversaries.<a href="#cite_note-RT2010-424">[406]</a><a href="#cite_note-MJ-425">[407]</a> The invitation and expenses associated with these undertakings are usually borne by the associated organization.<a href="#cite_note-RT2010-424">[406]</a> In 2005, members of the royal family were present at a total of 76 Canadian engagements, as well as several more through 2006 and 2007.<a href="#cite_note-434">[415]</a> In the period between 2019 and 2022, they carried out 53 engagements, the number reduced, and all through the latter year and a half being virtual, because of restrictions in place during the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic_in_Canada" title="COVID-19 pandemic in Canada">COVID-19 pandemic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-435">[416]</a> The various viceroys took part in 4,023 engagements through 2019 and 2020, both in-person and virtually.<a href="#cite_note-436">[417]</a> Apart from Canada, the King and other members of the royal family regularly perform public duties in the other 14 Commonwealth realms in which the King is head of state. This situation, however, can mean the monarch and/or members of the royal family will be promoting one nation and not another; a situation that has been met with criticism.<a href="#cite_note-Sharp-438">[n 20]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Symbols,_associations,_and_awards">Symbols, associations, and awards</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: Symbols, associations, and awards">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols</a> and <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces">Monarchy of Canada and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></div> The main symbol of the monarchy is the sovereign himself,<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge16-197">[187]</a> described as "the personal expression of the Crown in Canada,"<a href="#cite_note-439">[419]</a> and his image is thus used to signify Canadian sovereignty and government authority—his image, for instance, appearing on <a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">currency</a>, and his portrait in government buildings.<a href="#cite_note-CIC29-254">[238]</a> The sovereign is further both mentioned in and the subject of songs, <a href="/wiki/Loyal_toast" title="Loyal toast">loyal toasts</a>, and salutes.<a href="#cite_note-440">[420]</a> A <a href="/wiki/Royal_cypher" title="Royal cypher">royal cypher</a>, appearing on buildings and official <a href="/wiki/Seal_(device)" class="mw-redirect" title="Seal (device)">seals</a>, or a crown, seen on provincial and <a href="/wiki/Coat_of_Arms_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Coat of Arms of Canada">national coats of arms</a>, as well as <a href="/wiki/Police" title="Police">police</a> force and <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">Canadian Forces</a> regimental and maritime badges and rank insignia, is also used to illustrate the monarchy as the locus of authority,<a href="#cite_note-DCH2-441">[421]</a> the latter without referring to any specific monarch. <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:370px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen%27s_Park.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Queen%27s_Park.JPG/248px-Queen%27s_Park.JPG" decoding="async" width="248" height="370" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Queen%27s_Park.JPG/372px-Queen%27s_Park.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2e/Queen%27s_Park.JPG/496px-Queen%27s_Park.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2592" data-file-height="3872" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg/110px-Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg/165px-Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/9f/Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg/220px-Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteer_Medal_and_Pin.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1080" data-file-height="1080" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/134px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/201px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f7/King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg/268px-King%27s_College_royal_charter_1827_leaf1.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1659" data-file-height="1363" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:124px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/248px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png" decoding="async" width="248" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/372px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/47/Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg/496px-Flag_of_the_Canadian_Forces.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="500" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Clockwise from top) equestrian statue of King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a>, <a href="/wiki/Queen%27s_Park_(Toronto)" title="Queen's Park (Toronto)">Queen's Park</a>, <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>; <a href="/wiki/George_IV" title="George IV">George IV</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a> establishing the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Toronto" title="University of Toronto">University of Toronto</a>; flag of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>, with a <a href="/wiki/St._Edward%27s_Crown" class="mw-redirect" title="St. Edward's Crown">St. Edward's Crown</a> atop the forces' emblem; <a href="/wiki/Sovereign%27s_Medal_for_Volunteers" title="Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers">Sovereign's Medal for Volunteers</a>, with the effigy of Elizabeth II wearing a <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols#Snowflake_Diadem" title="Canadian royal symbols">snowflake diadem</a></div></div></div></div> Since the days of King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV" title="Louis XIV">Louis XIV</a>,<a href="#cite_note-McCreery1-442">[422]</a> the monarch is the <a href="/wiki/Fount_of_honour" title="Fount of honour">fount</a> of all <a href="/wiki/Orders,_decorations,_and_medals_of_Canada" title="Orders, decorations, and medals of Canada">honours in Canada</a> and the orders,<a href="#cite_note-McCreery1-442">[422]</a><a href="#cite_note-443">[423]</a> decorations, and medals form "an integral element of the Crown."<a href="#cite_note-McCreery1-442">[422]</a> Hence, the insignia and medallions for these awards bear a crown, cypher, and/or portrait of the monarch. Similarly, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">the country's heraldic authority</a> was created by Queen Elizabeth II and, operating under the authority of the governor general, grants new <a href="/wiki/Coats_of_arms" class="mw-redirect" title="Coats of arms">coats of arms</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flag" title="Flag">flags</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">badges</a> in Canada. Use of the royal crown in such symbols is a gift from the monarch showing royal support and/or association and requires his approval before being added.<a href="#cite_note-DCH2-441">[421]</a><a href="#cite_note-444">[424]</a> Members of the royal family also act as ceremonial <a href="/wiki/Colonel-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Colonel-in-Chief">colonels-in-chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commodore-in-Chief" title="Commodore-in-Chief">commodores-in-chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/Captain_general" title="Captain general">captains-general</a>, <a href="/wiki/Air_Commodore-in-Chief" class="mw-redirect" title="Air Commodore-in-Chief">air commodores-in-chief</a>, <a href="/wiki/General_(Canada)" title="General (Canada)">generals</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Admiral_(Canada)" title="Admiral (Canada)">admirals</a> of various elements of the Canadian Forces, reflecting <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Forces">the Crown's relationship with the country's military</a> through participation in events both at home and abroad.<a href="#cite_note-CF-445">[n 21]</a> The monarch also serves as the Commissioner-in-Chief, and Prince Edward and Princess Anne as Honorary Deputy Commissioners, of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Royal Canadian Mounted Police</a>.<a href="#cite_note-446">[425]</a> A number of Canadian civilian organizations have association with the monarchy, either through their being founded via a <a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">royal charter</a>, having been granted <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_organizations_with_royal_prefix" title="List of Canadian organizations with royal prefix">the right to use the prefix royal before their name</a>, or because at least one member of the royal family serves as a <a href="/wiki/Patronage" title="Patronage">patron</a>. In addition to <a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Trust#Subsidiaries" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince's Trust">The Prince's Trust Canada</a>, established by Charles III when Prince of Wales, some other charities and volunteer organizations have also been founded as gifts to, or in honour of, some of Canada's monarchs or members of the royal family, such as the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_Order_of_Nurses" title="Victorian Order of Nurses">Victorian Order of Nurses</a>, a gift to Queen Victoria for her <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee#Commonwealth_Realms/British_Empire" class="mw-redirect" title="Diamond Jubilee">Diamond Jubilee</a> in 1897; the Canadian Cancer Fund, set up in honour of King George V's <a href="/wiki/Silver_Jubilee#Silver_Jubilees_in_the_British_Empire_and_Commonwealth_Realms" class="mw-redirect" title="Silver Jubilee">Silver Jubilee</a> in 1935; and the Queen Elizabeth II Fund to Aid in Research on the Diseases of Children. A number of <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_awards" title="List of Canadian awards">awards in Canada</a> are likewise issued in the name of previous or present members of the royal family. Further, organizations will give commemorative gifts to members of the royal family to mark a visit or other important occasion. All Canadian coins bear the image of the monarch reigning at the time of the coin's production, with an inscription, <a href="/wiki/Dei_gratia_Rex" class="mw-redirect" title="Dei gratia Rex">Dei gratia Rex</a> (often abbreviated to DG Rex), a Latin phrase translated to English as, "<a href="/wiki/By_the_grace_of_God" class="mw-redirect" title="By the grace of God">by the grace of God</a>, king".<a href="#cite_note-447">[426]</a> During the reign of a female monarch, rex is replaced with regina, which is Latin for 'queen'. Throughout the 1970s, symbols of the monarch and monarchy were slowly removed from the public eye. For instance, the Queen's portrait was seen less in <a href="/wiki/Public_school_(government_funded)" class="mw-redirect" title="Public school (government funded)">public schools</a> and the Royal Mail became <a href="/wiki/Canada_Post" title="Canada Post">Canada Post</a>. Smith attributed this to the attitude the government of the day held toward Canada's past;<a href="#cite_note-448">[427]</a> though, it never raised the policy in public or during any of the constitutional conferences held that decade.<a href="#cite_note-Toporoski1998-146">[137]</a> Andrew Heard argued, however, that dispensing with such symbols was necessary to facilitate the simultaneous increasing embrace of the monarch as Queen of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-449">[428]</a> Emblems such as the Royal Coat of Arms remained, however, and others, such as the <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">monarch's royal standard</a>, were created. With the later developments of the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_the_governor_general_of_Canada" title="Flag of the governor general of Canada">governor general's flag</a>, foundation of the Canadian Heraldic Authority, royal standards for other members of the royal family, and the like, Canada, along with New Zealand, is one of the two <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">realms</a> that have "paid the greatest attention to the nationalization of the visual symbols of the monarchy."<a href="#cite_note-450">[429]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Significance_to_Canadian_identity">Significance to Canadian identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Significance to Canadian identity">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></div> In his 2018 book, The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constitutional Monarchy, Jackson wrote that "the Canadian manifestation of the monarchy is not only historical and constitutional, it is political, cultural, and social, reflecting, and contributing to, change and evolution in Canada's governance, autonomy, and identity."<a href="#cite_note-Jackson14-65">[64]</a> Since at least the 1930s,<a href="#cite_note-451">[430]</a> supporters of the Crown have held the opinion that the monarch is a unifying focal point for the nation's "historic consciousness"—the country's heritage being "unquestionably linked with the history of monarchy"<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a>—and Canadian <a href="/wiki/Patriotism" title="Patriotism">patriotism</a>, traditions, and shared values,<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> "around which coheres the nation's sense of a continuing personality".<a href="#cite_note-452">[431]</a> This infusion of monarchy into Canadian governance and society helps strengthen <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a><a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> and distinguish it from American identity,<a href="#cite_note-453">[432]</a> a difference that has existed since at least 1864, when it was a factor in the Fathers of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a> choosing to keep constitutional monarchy for the new country in 1866.<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge20-454">[433]</a> Former Governor General <a href="/wiki/Vincent_Massey" title="Vincent Massey">Vincent Massey</a> articulated in 1967 that the monarchy "stands for qualities and institutions which mean Canada to every one of us and which, for all our differences and all our variety, have kept Canada Canadian."<a href="#cite_note-455">[434]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1224211176"><div class="quotebox pullquote floatleft" style="width:250px; border-width: 1px; color: #202122;background-color: #F5F5DC;"> <blockquote class="quotebox-quote left-aligned" style=""> I want the Crown in Canada to represent everything that is best and most admired in the Canadian ideal. I will continue to do my best to make it so during my lifetime.<a href="#cite_note-456">[435]</a> </blockquote> <cite class="right-aligned" style="">Elizabeth II, 1973</cite> </div> But, Canadians were, through the late 1960s to the 2000s, encouraged by federal and provincial governments to "neglect, ignore, forget, reject, debase, suppress, even hate, and certainly treat as foreign what their parents and grandparents, whether spiritual or blood, regarded as the basis of Canadian nationhood, autonomy, and history", including the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-457">[436]</a> resulting in a disconnect between the Canadian populace and their monarch.<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge20-454">[433]</a> Former Governor General <a href="/wiki/Roland_Michener" title="Roland Michener">Roland Michener</a> said in 1970 that anti-monarchists claimed the Canadian Crown is foreign and incompatible with Canada's multicultural society,<a href="#cite_note-ECF-305">[289]</a> which the government promoted as a Canadian identifier, and <a href="/wiki/Lawrence_Martin_(journalist)" title="Lawrence Martin (journalist)">Lawrence Martin</a> called in 2007 for Canada to become a republic in order to "re-brand the nation".<a href="#cite_note-458">[437]</a> However, Michener also stated, "[the monarchy] is our own by inheritance and choice, and contributes much to our distinctive Canadian identity and our chances of independent survival amongst the republics of North and South America."<a href="#cite_note-ECF-305">[289]</a> Journalist Christina Blizzard emphasized in 2009 that the monarchy "made [Canada] a haven of peace and justice for immigrants from around the world",<a href="#cite_note-459">[438]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Michael_Valpy" title="Michael Valpy">Michael Valpy</a> contended in 2009 that the Crown's nature permitted non-conformity amongst its subjects, thereby opening the door to multiculturalism and pluralism.<a href="#cite_note-Valpy1109-46">[46]</a> Johnston described the Crown as providing "space for our values and beliefs as Canadians."<a href="#cite_note-Johnstonxi-198">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="In_media_and_popular_culture">In media and popular culture</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: In media and popular culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols#Artworks" title="Canadian royal symbols">Canadian royal symbols § Artworks</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Personality_and_image_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Personality and image of Elizabeth II">Personality and image of Elizabeth II</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Painting_and_sculpture">Painting and sculpture</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Painting and sculpture">edit</a>]</div> Aside from official artworks, such as monuments and portraits commissioned by government bodies, Canadian painters have, by their own volition or for private organizations, created more expressive, informal depictions of Canada's monarchs and other members of the royal family, ranging from <a href="/wiki/Fine_art" title="Fine art">fine art</a> to irreverent <a href="/wiki/Graffiti" title="Graffiti">graffiti</a>. For example, the English-Canadian artist <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Marlett_Bell-Smith" title="Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith">Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith</a> produced <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Marlett_Bell-Smith#Painting_Queen_Victoria" title="Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith">The Artist Painting Queen Victoria</a> in 1895, which now resides at the <a href="/wiki/National_Gallery_of_Canada" title="National Gallery of Canada">National Gallery of Canada</a>. At <a href="/wiki/Library_and_Archives_Canada" title="Library and Archives Canada">Library and Archives Canada</a> is the painting The Unveiling of the National War Memorial, capturing <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)#Dedication_and_onward" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">the dedication</a> of <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">the monument</a>, in Ottawa, by King <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a> in 1939; though, the artist is unknown.<a href="#cite_note-460">[439]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:245px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg/248px-Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="246" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg/372px-Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg/496px-Painting_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II_by_Lorena_Ziraldo_2014.jpg 2x" data-file-width="969" data-file-height="960" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Victoria_Day_2013.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Victoria_Day_2013.jpg/122px-Victoria_Day_2013.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="91" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Victoria_Day_2013.jpg/183px-Victoria_Day_2013.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/92/Victoria_Day_2013.jpg/244px-Victoria_Day_2013.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1211" data-file-height="908" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:124px;max-width:124px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:91px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Charles_-_RLWMV_(5034821673).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg/122px-Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="122" height="92" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg/183px-Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9e/Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg/244px-Charles_-_RLWMV_%285034821673%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3456" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:202px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg/248px-Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="203" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg/372px-Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5b/Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg/496px-Frederic_M._Bell-Smith_-_The_Artist_Painting_Queen_Victoria.jpg 2x" data-file-width="636" data-file-height="520" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa-1939.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ottawa-1939.jpg/134px-Ottawa-1939.jpg" decoding="async" width="134" height="111" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ottawa-1939.jpg/201px-Ottawa-1939.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ee/Ottawa-1939.jpg/268px-Ottawa-1939.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="528" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:112px;max-width:112px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:110px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Vic_(218234903).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg/110px-Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="110" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg/165px-Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/39/Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg/220px-Queen_Vic_%28218234903%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2048" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">(Clockwise from top) portrait of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> by <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Ziraldo" title="Lorena Ziraldo">Lorena Ziraldo</a>, 2014; wax figure of Prince Charles (now Charles III) at the Royal London Wax Museum, Victoria; <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Marlett_Bell-Smith" title="Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith">Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Frederic_Marlett_Bell-Smith#Painting_Queen_Victoria" title="Frederic Marlett Bell-Smith">The Artist Painting Queen Victoria</a>, 1895; <a href="/wiki/Pop_art" title="Pop art">pop art</a> portrait of Victoria, Toronto; The Unveiling of the National War Memorial, 1939; irreverent graffiti in Montreal depicting Elizabeth II</div></div></div></div> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hilton_Hassell&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Hilton Hassell (page does not exist)">Hilton Hassell</a> depicted Princess Elizabeth (later Queen Elizabeth II) <a href="/wiki/Square_dance" title="Square dance">square dancing</a> at Rideau Hall in 1951 and a portrait of Elizabeth II by <a href="/wiki/Lorena_Ziraldo" title="Lorena Ziraldo">Lorena Ziraldo</a>, of <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, was featured in the <a href="/wiki/Hill_Times" class="mw-redirect" title="Hill Times">Hill Times</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ottawa_Citizen" title="Ottawa Citizen">Ottawa Citizen</a>. <a href="/wiki/Charles_Pachter" title="Charles Pachter">Charles Pachter</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>, fashioned the painting Noblesse Oblige in 1972, which shows Queen Elizabeth II, in her Guards Regiment uniform and saluting, as she did during <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a> ceremonies, except atop a moose instead of her horse, <a href="/wiki/Burmese_(horse)" class="mw-redirect" title="Burmese (horse)">Burmese</a>. Despite great controversy when it was first exhibited,<a href="#cite_note-Pachter-461">[440]</a> it "has become a Canadian cultural image; the people's image".<a href="#cite_note-Pachter-461">[440]</a><a href="#cite_note-Knelman-462">[441]</a> Pachter, subsequently made numerous variations on the theme,<a href="#cite_note-463">[442]</a> including Queen & Moose (1973)<a href="#cite_note-464">[443]</a> and The Queen on a Moose (1988).<a href="#cite_note-465">[444]</a> The artist said, "there was an amazing symmetry of putting the sovereign of her northern realm (Canada) on an animal who is the 'monarch of the north, awkward but majestic'".<a href="#cite_note-Pachter-461">[440]</a> Pachter made similar pieces showing Elizabeth's son, Prince Charles (now King Charles III) and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla</a>, standing alongside a moose<a href="#cite_note-Knelman-462">[441]</a> and Charles's son, <a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">Prince William</a>, and his wife, <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Catherine, Princess of Wales">Catherine</a>, with Canadian wildlife, such as a moose and a squirrel.<a href="#cite_note-466">[445]</a> For <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II's Diamond Jubilee</a>, Pachter created a series of fake <a href="/wiki/Postage_stamp" title="Postage stamp">postage stamps</a> using all his paintings that include members of the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-Pachter-461">[440]</a> which he called "my branded images for Canada."<a href="#cite_note-UC-467">[446]</a> Some were featured on accessory items sold at the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_Company" title="Hudson's Bay Company">Hudson's Bay Company</a>.<a href="#cite_note-UC-467">[446]</a> Portraits of Elizabeth II hung in several hockey arenas across Canada after her accession in 1952. One was in place in <a href="/wiki/Maple_Leaf_Gardens" title="Maple Leaf Gardens">Maple Leaf Gardens</a> until the early 1970s, when owner <a href="/wiki/Harold_Ballard" title="Harold Ballard">Harold Ballard</a> had it removed to construct more seating, stating, "if people want to see pictures of the Queen, they can go to an art gallery."<a href="#cite_note-puckstruck-468">[447]</a> <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba#Winnipeg_Arena_portraits_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">Three large portraits of Elizabeth II</a> were created for <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg_Arena" title="Winnipeg Arena">Winnipeg Arena</a>, on display there from the building's opening in 1955 to 1999.<a href="#cite_note-472">[451]</a> At the time of <a href="/wiki/150th_anniversary_of_Canada" title="150th anniversary of Canada">the sesquicentennial of Confederation</a> in 2017, <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>-based<a href="#cite_note-473">[452]</a> artist <a href="/w/index.php?title=Timothy_Hoey&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Timothy Hoey (page does not exist)">Timothy Hoey</a> created a "Canada 150" version of his decade-long "O Canada" project, painting 150 Canadian icons in <a href="/wiki/Acrylic_paint" title="Acrylic paint">acrylic paint</a> on 20.3 by 25.4 centimetre (eight by 10 inch) boards.<a href="#cite_note-CBCHoey-474">[453]</a><a href="#cite_note-TC-475">[454]</a> Among them are numerous depictions of Queen Elizabeth II with other Canadian icons, such as <a href="/wiki/Beaver" title="Beaver">beavers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cheezies" title="Cheezies">Cheezies</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Grey_Cup" title="Grey Cup">Grey Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-CBCHoey-474">[453]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Stanley_Cup" title="Stanley Cup">Stanley Cup</a>,<a href="#cite_note-TC-475">[454]</a> a bottle of beer (O Canada Liz Enjoying Some Wobbly-Pops),<a href="#cite_note-EG-476">[455]</a> <a href="/wiki/Rush_(band)" title="Rush (band)">Rush</a> (O Canada <a href="/wiki/Closer_to_the_Heart" title="Closer to the Heart">Closer to the Heart</a>), the <a href="/wiki/Hudson%27s_Bay_point_blanket" title="Hudson's Bay point blanket">Hudson's Bay point blanket</a>,<a href="#cite_note-EG-476">[455]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Trans-Canada_Highway" title="Trans-Canada Highway">Trans-Canada Highway</a>, a birch <a href="/wiki/Canoe" title="Canoe">canoe</a>, a <a href="/wiki/Buckskin_(leather)" title="Buckskin (leather)">buckskin</a> jacket, the Royal Canadian Mounted Police uniform, a <a href="/wiki/Montreal_Canadiens" title="Montreal Canadiens">Montreal Canadiens</a> <a href="/wiki/Hockey_jersey" title="Hockey jersey">hockey sweater</a>, and so on.<a href="#cite_note-CBCHoey-474">[453]</a> Hoey had previously painted Elizabeth, in formal attire and tiara, holding a hockey stick in front of a Hudson's Bay point blanket; the work titled O-Canada Liz.<a href="#cite_note-477">[456]</a> In 2021, he depicted the Queen in a decorative hat, uniform of the <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Canucks" title="Vancouver Canucks">Vancouver Canucks</a> from the 1978–1979 season, and full <a href="/wiki/Goaltender" title="Goaltender">goaltender</a> equipment.<a href="#cite_note-478">[457]</a> The also exist <a href="/wiki/Wax_sculpture" title="Wax sculpture">wax sculptures</a> of Queen Elizabeth II in private museums, such as the Royal London <a href="/wiki/Wax_Museum" class="mw-redirect" title="Wax Museum">Wax Museum</a> in <a href="/wiki/Victoria,_British_Columbia" title="Victoria, British Columbia">Victoria, British Columbia</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Clifton_Hill,_Niagara_Falls#Wax_museums" title="Clifton Hill, Niagara Falls">Wax Museum of History</a> in <a href="/wiki/Niagara_Falls,_Ontario" title="Niagara Falls, Ontario">Niagara Falls, Ontario</a>.<a href="#cite_note-479">[458]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Television">Television</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Television">edit</a>]</div> The television series <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall_(TV_series)" title="Rideau Hall (TV series)">Rideau Hall</a>, starring <a href="/wiki/Bette_MacDonald" title="Bette MacDonald">Bette MacDonald</a>, was produced by the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">Canadian Broadcasting Corporation</a> and aired for one season in 2002. Its premise was a brash, <a href="/wiki/One-hit_wonder" title="One-hit wonder">one-hit wonder</a> <a href="/wiki/Disco_(music)" class="mw-redirect" title="Disco (music)">disco</a> artist being appointed governor general on the advice of a republican prime minister.<a href="#cite_note-480">[459]</a><a href="#cite_note-481">[460]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546"><table class="infobox" style="clear: right; float:right;margin:0 0 1.5em 1.5em"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above" style="font-size:115%">External videos</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data" style="text-align: left"><img alt="video icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/16px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/24px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1b/Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg/32px-Nuvola_apps_kaboodle.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="128" data-file-height="128" /> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://vimeo.com/748072647">Scott Thompson as The Queen</a> Source: <a href="/wiki/Broadway_Video" title="Broadway Video">Broadway Video</a>.</td></tr></tbody></table> Canadian comedian <a href="/wiki/Scott_Thompson_(comedian)" class="mw-redirect" title="Scott Thompson (comedian)">Scott Thompson</a> regularly played a parody of Queen Elizabeth II in a Canadian context on the <a href="/wiki/Sketch_comedy" title="Sketch comedy">sketch comedy</a> television show <a href="/wiki/The_Kids_in_the_Hall_(TV_series)" title="The Kids in the Hall (TV series)">The Kids in the Hall</a>,<a href="#cite_note-482">[461]</a> as well as in other productions, such as The Queen's Toast: A Royal Wedding Special<a href="#cite_note-483">[462]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Conan_(talk_show)" title="Conan (talk show)">Conan</a>. Thompson also voiced a portrayal of Queen Elizabeth II in Canada in the animated television show <a href="/wiki/Fugget_About_It" title="Fugget About It">Fugget About It</a>, in the episode "Royally Screwed".<a href="#cite_note-484">[463]</a> The Canadian monarchy was <a href="/wiki/Parody" title="Parody">parodied</a> in "<a href="/wiki/Royal_Pudding" title="Royal Pudding">Royal Pudding</a>", the third <a href="/wiki/Episode" title="Episode">episode</a> of the <a href="/wiki/South_Park_(season_15)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Park (season 15)">15th season</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Animation" title="Animation">animated</a> television show <a href="/wiki/South_Park" title="South Park">South Park</a>, which first aired on 11 May 2011.<a href="#cite_note-485">[464]</a> The opening focuses on a spoof of the <a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_William_and_Catherine_Middleton" title="Wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton">wedding of Prince William and Catherine Middleton</a>,<a href="#cite_note-486">[465]</a><a href="#cite_note-487">[466]</a> featuring caricatures of Queen Elizabeth II; Prince William, Prince of Wales; and Catherine, Princess of Wales. Specific mention is made of "the Queen of Canada" and "the Canadian royal family".<a href="#cite_note-488">[467]</a> The show subsequently, in the second episode of the <a href="/wiki/South_Park_(season_26)" class="mw-redirect" title="South Park (season 26)">26th season</a>, "<a href="/wiki/The_Worldwide_Privacy_Tour" title="The Worldwide Privacy Tour">The Worldwide Privacy Tour</a>", parodied <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">the Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Duchess of Sussex</a> as a prince of Canada and "the wife", who, after hostile treatment at the <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Queen_Elizabeth_II" class="mw-redirect" title="Death and state funeral of Queen Elizabeth II">funeral of the late Queen of Canada</a>, go on national television and a world tour demanding people and the media not pay attention to them and <a href="/wiki/Personal_branding" title="Personal branding">branding</a> themselves as victims.<a href="#cite_note-489">[468]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Royal_family_and_house">Royal family and house</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Royal family and house">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_motorcade_(8075978363).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg/220px-Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="143" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg/330px-Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/62/Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg/440px-Royal_motorcade_%288075978363%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="850" data-file-height="552" /></a><figcaption>Members of the royal family standing in convertibles during the opening of <a href="/wiki/1978_Commonwealth_Games" title="1978 Commonwealth Games">1978 Commonwealth Games</a> in <a href="/wiki/Edmonton" title="Edmonton">Edmonton</a>; Elizabeth II (front, left), Prince Philip (front, right), <a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew</a> (rear, left), and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward</a> (rear, right)</figcaption></figure> The Canadian royal family is the group of people who are comparatively closely related to the country's monarch and,<a href="#cite_note-490">[469]</a> as such, belong to the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Windsor" title="House of Windsor">House of Windsor</a> and owe their allegiance specifically to the reigning king or queen of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-491">[470]</a> There is no legal definition of who is or is not a member of the royal family; though, the <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>'s website lists "working members of the royal family".<a href="#cite_note-Memb-492">[471]</a> Unlike in the United Kingdom, the monarch is the only member of the royal family with a <a href="/wiki/Style_and_title_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" title="Style and title of the Canadian sovereign">title established through Canadian law</a> and is styled by convention as His/Her Majesty,<a href="#cite_note-Style-493">[472]</a> as would be a <a href="/wiki/Queen_consort" title="Queen consort">queen consort</a>. Otherwise, the remaining family members are, as a <a href="/wiki/Courtesy_title" title="Courtesy title">courtesy</a>, styled and titled as they are in the UK,<a href="#cite_note-Style-493">[472]</a> according to <a href="/wiki/Letters_patent" title="Letters patent">letters patent</a> issued there,<a href="#cite_note-494">[473]</a><a href="#cite_note-495">[474]</a> with additional French translations.<a href="#cite_note-496">[475]</a> Those in the royal family are distant relations of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium#Royal_family" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danish_royal_family" title="Danish royal family">Danish</a>, <a href="/wiki/Greek_royal_family" title="Greek royal family">Greek</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norwegian_royal_family" title="Norwegian royal family">Norwegian</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spanish_royal_family" title="Spanish royal family">Spanish</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Swedish_royal_family" title="Swedish royal family">Swedish royal families</a> and,<a href="#cite_note-Bousfield22-497">[476]</a> given the shared nature of the Canadian monarch, are also members of the <a href="/wiki/British_royal_family" title="British royal family">British royal family</a>. While Canadian and foreign media often refer to them as the "British royal family",<a href="#cite_note-498">[477]</a><a href="#cite_note-499">[478]</a> the Canadian government considers it inappropriate, as they are family members of the Canadian monarch.<a href="#cite_note-SaskProtocol-500">[479]</a> Further, in addition to the few Canadian citizens in the royal family,<a href="#cite_note-Citizen-505">[n 22]</a> the sovereign is considered Canadian,<a href="#cite_note-509">[487]</a> and those among his relations who do not meet the requirements of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationality_law" title="Canadian nationality law">Canadian citizenship law</a> are considered Canadian, which entitles them to <a href="/wiki/Diplomatic_missions_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Diplomatic missions of Canada">Canadian consular assistance</a> and the protection of the King's <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Forces">armed forces of Canada</a> when they are in need of protection or aid outside of the Commonwealth realms,<a href="#cite_note-Noonan-491">[470]</a> as well as, since 2013, substantive appointment to the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a>.<a href="#cite_note-510">[488]</a><a href="#cite_note-511">[489]</a><a href="#cite_note-512">[490]</a> Beyond formalities, members of the royal family have, on occasion, been said by the media and non-governmental organizations to be Canadian,<a href="#cite_note-CanadianRF-517">[n 23]</a> have declared themselves to be Canadian,<a href="#cite_note-Canadians-523">[n 24]</a> and some past members have lived in Canada for extended periods as viceroy or for other reasons.<a href="#cite_note-RF2-529">[n 25]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/220px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/330px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/80/Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg/440px-Edward_VIII_unveils_the_figure_of_Canada_on_the_Vimy_Ridge_Memorial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> unveiling the figure Canada Bereft on the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a> in July 1936</figcaption></figure> According to the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Augustus,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward Augustus, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>—due to his having lived in Canada between 1791 and 1800 and fathering <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a>—is the "ancestor of the modern Canadian royal family".<a href="#cite_note-Toffoli-526">[502]</a> Nonetheless, the concept of the Canadian royal family did not emerge until after the passage of the Statute of Westminster in 1931, when Canadian officials only began to overtly consider putting the principles of Canada's new status as an independent kingdom into effect.<a href="#cite_note-Parl-530">[505]</a> Initially, the monarch was the only member of the royal family to carry out public ceremonial duties solely on the advice of Canadian ministers; King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> became the first to do so when in July 1936 he dedicated the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_National_Vimy_Memorial" title="Canadian National Vimy Memorial">Canadian National Vimy Memorial</a> in France.<a href="#cite_note-Duties-423">[n 18]</a> Over the decades, however, the monarch's children, grandchildren, cousins, and their respective spouses began to also perform functions at the direction of the Canadian Crown-in-Council, representing the monarch within Canada or abroad, in a role specifically as members of the Canadian royal family.<a href="#cite_note-531">[506]</a> However, it was not until October 2002 when the term Canadian royal family was first used publicly and officially by one of its members: in a speech to the <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut legislature</a> at its opening, Queen Elizabeth II stated: "I am proud to be the first member of the Canadian royal family to be greeted in Canada's newest territory."<a href="#cite_note-532">[507]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson210-533">[508]</a> Princess Anne used it again when speaking at Rideau Hall in 2014,<a href="#cite_note-534">[509]</a> as did the now King Charles in Halifax the same year.<a href="#cite_note-535">[510]</a> Also in 2014, then-<a href="/wiki/Premier_of_Saskatchewan" title="Premier of Saskatchewan">Premier of Saskatchewan</a> <a href="/wiki/Brad_Wall" title="Brad Wall">Brad Wall</a> called Prince Edward a member of the Canadian royal family.<a href="#cite_note-536">[511]</a> By 2011, both Canadian and British media were referring to "Canada's royal family" or the "Canadian royal family".<a href="#cite_note-541">[516]</a> While Heard observed in 2018 that no direct legal action has, so far, created a Canadian royal family,<a href="#cite_note-Heard126-542">[517]</a> he also asserted that the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Heraldic_Authority" title="Canadian Heraldic Authority">Canadian Heraldic Authority</a> creating <a href="/wiki/Royal_standards_of_Canada" title="Royal standards of Canada">uniquely Canadian standards for members of the royal family other than the monarch</a> was a symbolic "localization of the royal family";<a href="#cite_note-Heard115-543">[518]</a> Sean Palmer agreed, stating the banners are a sign the country has taken "'ownership' not only of the Queen of Canada, but of the other members of her family as well" and that doing so was another formal affirmation of the concept of a Canadian royal family "as distinct as the Queen of Canada is from the Queen of the United Kingdom".<a href="#cite_note-Jackson210-533">[508]</a> Jai Patel and Sally Raudon also noted, in 2019, that the purpose of these heraldic banners was to recognize the owners' roles as members of the Canadian royal family.<a href="#cite_note-544">[519]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Federal_residences_and_royal_household">Federal residences and royal household</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Federal residences and royal household">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Government_Houses_in_Canada" title="Government Houses in Canada">Government Houses in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/157px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG" decoding="async" width="157" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/236px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a3/Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG/314px-Ottawa_-_Rideau_Hall.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3872" data-file-height="2592" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:159px;max-width:159px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:104px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Residence_of_the_Governor_General_(Quebec)_01.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/157px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg" decoding="async" width="157" height="105" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/236px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg/314px-Residence_of_the_Governor_General_%28Quebec%29_01.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">Citadelle of Quebec</a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Official residences of the sovereign and their representative, the governor general</div></div></div></div> Buildings across Canada reserved by the Crown for the use of the monarch and his viceroys are called <a href="/wiki/Government_House" title="Government House">Government House</a>, but may be customarily known by some specific name. The sovereign's and governor general's <a href="/wiki/Official_residence" title="Official residence">official residences</a> are <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a> in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Citadelle_of_Quebec" title="Citadelle of Quebec">Citadelle</a> in <a href="/wiki/Quebec_City" title="Quebec City">Quebec City</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Residence-547">[n 26]</a><a href="#cite_note-557">[531]</a> Each holds pieces from the <a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a>.<a href="#cite_note-558">[532]</a> Though neither was used for their intended purpose, <a href="/wiki/Hatley_Castle" class="mw-redirect" title="Hatley Castle">Hatley Castle</a> in British Columbia was purchased in 1940 by the federal government for the use of <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a> and his family during the Second World War<a href="#cite_note-559">[533]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Emergency_Government_Headquarters" title="Emergency Government Headquarters">Emergency Government Headquarters</a>, built between 1959 and 1961 at <a href="/wiki/CFS_Carp" class="mw-redirect" title="CFS Carp">CFS Carp</a> and decommissioned in 1994, included a residential apartment for the sovereign or governor general in the case of a <a href="/wiki/Nuclear_attack" class="mw-redirect" title="Nuclear attack">nuclear attack</a>.<a href="#cite_note-560">[534]</a> British royalty have also owned homes and land in Canada in a private capacity: <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> owned Bedingfield Ranch, near <a href="/wiki/Pekisko,_Alberta" title="Pekisko, Alberta">Pekisko, Alberta</a>;<a href="#cite_note-561">[535]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Margaret,_Countess_of_Snowdon" title="Princess Margaret, Countess of Snowdon">Princess Margaret</a> owned <a href="/wiki/Portland_Island_(British_Columbia)" title="Portland Island (British Columbia)">Portland Island</a>, which was given to her by British Columbia in 1958. She offered it back to the province on permanent loan in 1961, which was accepted in 1966, and the island and surrounding waters eventually became Princess Margaret Marine Park.<a href="#cite_note-Legacy-562">[536]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church,_Brantford_(HS85-10-26794).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg/220px-HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="166" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg/330px-HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg/440px-HRH_The_Duke_of_Connaught_at_Mohawk_Church%2C_Brantford_%28HS85-10-26794%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2843" data-file-height="2145" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur</a> at <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Chapel" title="Mohawk Chapel">Mohawk Chapel</a> in 1913. The sanctuary was designated a <a href="/wiki/Chapel_royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapel royal">chapel royal</a> in 1904.</figcaption></figure> In addition to a <a href="/wiki/Ma%C3%AEtre_d%27h%C3%B4tel" title="Maître d'hôtel">maître d'hôtel</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chef" title="Chef">chefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Footmen" class="mw-redirect" title="Footmen">footmen</a>, <a href="/wiki/Valets" class="mw-redirect" title="Valets">valets</a>, dressers, <a href="/wiki/Page_(servant)" title="Page (servant)">pages</a>, aides-de-camp (drawn from the junior officers of the armed forces), <a href="/wiki/Equerries" class="mw-redirect" title="Equerries">equerries</a>, and others at Rideau Hall,<a href="#cite_note-563">[537]</a> the King appoints various people to his Canadian <a href="/wiki/Household#Historical_households" title="Household">household</a> to assist him in carrying out his official duties on behalf of Canada. Along with the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_secretary_to_the_King" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian secretary to the King">Canadian secretary to the King</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Hansard62-433">[414]</a> the monarch's entourage includes the <a href="/wiki/Equerry#Canada" title="Equerry">equerry-in-waiting</a> to the King, the King's police officer, two <a href="/wiki/Ladies-in-waiting" class="mw-redirect" title="Ladies-in-waiting">ladies-in-waiting</a> for the Queen,<a href="#cite_note-564">[538]</a> the King's honorary physician, the King's honorary dental surgeon, and the King's honorary nursing officer<a href="#cite_note-565">[539]</a>—the latter three being drawn from the Canadian Forces.<a href="#cite_note-CRHT2-161">[152]</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a>, also has a Canadian private secretary and his wife,<a href="#cite_note-566">[540]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sophie,_Duchess_of_Edinburgh" title="Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh">Sophie, Duchess of Edinburgh</a>, a lady-in-waiting.<a href="#cite_note-567">[541]</a> <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Air_Force_VIP_aircraft" title="Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft">Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft</a> are provided by <a href="/wiki/412_Transport_Squadron" title="412 Transport Squadron">412 Transport Squadron</a>. There are three <a href="/wiki/Household_Division#Canada" title="Household Division">household regiments</a> specifically attached to the royal household—the <a href="/wiki/Governor_General%27s_Foot_Guards" title="Governor General's Foot Guards">Governor General's Foot Guards</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Governor_General%27s_Horse_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Governor General's Horse Guards">the Governor General's Horse Guards</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Grenadier_Guards" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Grenadier Guards">the Canadian Grenadier Guards</a>. There are also three <a href="/wiki/Chapels_royal" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels royal">chapels royal</a>, all in Ontario:<a href="#cite_note-568">[542]</a> <a href="/wiki/Mohawk_Chapel" title="Mohawk Chapel">Mohawk Chapel</a> in <a href="/wiki/Brantford,_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Brantford, Ontario">Brantford</a>; <a href="/wiki/Christ_Church_Royal_Chapel" title="Christ Church Royal Chapel">Christ Church Royal Chapel</a>, near <a href="/wiki/Deseronto" title="Deseronto">Deseronto</a>; and St Catherine's Chapel in <a href="/wiki/Massey_College" class="mw-redirect" title="Massey College">Massey College</a>, in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>. Though not a chapel royal, <a href="/wiki/St._Bartholomew%27s_Anglican_Church_(Ottawa)" title="St. Bartholomew's Anglican Church (Ottawa)">St Bartholomew's Anglican Church</a>, located across MacKay Street from Rideau Hall, is regularly used by governors general and their families and sometimes by the sovereign and other visiting royalty, as well as by staff, their families, and members of the Governor General's Foot Guards, for whom the church serves as a regimental chapel.<a href="#cite_note-569">[543]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Security">Security</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Security">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:172px;max-width:172px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG/170px-Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG" decoding="async" width="170" height="128" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG/255px-Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG/340px-Royal_Visit_Toronto_2010_5.JPG 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2736" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">A Queen's Police Officer, drawn from the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">RCMP</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:146px;max-width:146px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:127px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg/144px-Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg" decoding="async" width="144" height="127" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg/216px-Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a6/Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg/288px-Will_and_Kate_in_Prince_Edward_Island_Canada_2011.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1206" data-file-height="1065" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">The Duke and Duchess of Cambridge with an RCMP escort, in <a href="/wiki/Charlottetown" title="Charlottetown">Charlottetown</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Royal Canadian Mounted Police is tasked with providing security to the sovereign, the governor general (starting from when he or she is made <a href="/wiki/-elect" title="-elect">governor general-designate</a><a href="#cite_note-570">[544]</a>), and other members of the royal family; as outlined in the RCMP Regulations, the force "has a duty to protect individuals designated by the minister of public safety, including certain members of the royal family when visiting."<a href="#cite_note-RCMP-571">[545]</a> The RCMP's provision of service is determined based on threat and risk assessment, the seniority of the individual in terms of precedence and.<a href="#cite_note-Sussex-573">[n 27]</a> for members of the royal family, the nature of the royal tour—i.e. an official tour by the King or on behalf of the King or a working or private visit.<a href="#cite_note-RCMP-571">[545]</a> The governor general receives round-the-clock security from the Governor General Protection Detail,<a href="#cite_note-574">[547]</a> part of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Canadian_Mounted_Police#Personal_Protection_Group" title="Royal Canadian Mounted Police">Personal Protection Group</a>, based at Rideau Hall. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">List of Canadian monarchs</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="From_colonies_to_independence">From colonies to independence</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: From colonies to independence">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:322px;max-width:322px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:163px;max-width:163px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/161px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg" decoding="async" width="161" height="208" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/242px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/87/Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg/322px-Fran%C3%A7ois_Ier_Louvre.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="2648" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I of France</a> established colonies in <a href="/wiki/Acadia" title="Acadia">Acadia</a> and <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">Canada</a> in 1534.</div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:155px;max-width:155px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:208px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria,_c.1870._(7936242480).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg/153px-Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="153" height="209" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg/230px-Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/94/Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg/306px-Queen_Victoria%2C_c.1870._%287936242480%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1465" data-file-height="2000" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> in 1870, three years after her royal assent to the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1867" title="Constitution Act, 1867">British North America Act, 1867</a>, creating the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_federalism" title="Canadian federalism">Canadian federation</a></div></div></div></div></div> The Canadian monarchy can trace its ancestral lineage back to the <a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_the_Angles" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kings of the Angles">kings of the Angles</a> and the early <a href="/wiki/List_of_Scottish_monarchs" title="List of Scottish monarchs">Scottish kings</a> and through the centuries since the claims of King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> in 1497 and King <a href="/wiki/Francis_I_of_France" title="Francis I of France">Francis I</a> in 1534; both being <a href="/wiki/Blood_relative" class="mw-redirect" title="Blood relative">blood relatives</a> of the current Canadian monarch. Former Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Stephen_Harper" title="Stephen Harper">Stephen Harper</a> said of the Crown that it "links us all together with the majestic past that takes us back to the <a href="/wiki/Tudors" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudors">Tudors</a>, the Plantagenets, <a href="/wiki/Magna_Carta" title="Magna Carta">Magna Carta</a>, <a href="/wiki/Habeas_corpus" title="Habeas corpus">habeas corpus</a>, petition of rights, and English <a href="/wiki/Common_law" title="Common law">common law</a>."<a href="#cite_note-575">[548]</a> Though the first French and British colonizers of Canada interpreted the hereditary nature of some indigenous North American chieftainships as a form of monarchy,<a href="#cite_note-579">[552]</a> it is generally accepted that Canada has been a territory of a monarch or a monarchy in its own right only since the establishment of the French <a href="/wiki/Canada_(New_France)" title="Canada (New France)">colony of Canada</a> in the early 16th century;<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod6-47">[47]</a> according to historian <a href="/wiki/Jacques_Monet" title="Jacques Monet">Jacques Monet</a>, the Canadian Crown is one of the few that have survived through uninterrupted succession since before its inception.<a href="#cite_note-Monet-53">[53]</a> After the Canadian colonies of France were, via war and treaties, ceded to the British Crown, and the population was greatly expanded by <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">those loyal to George III</a> fleeing north from persecution during and following the <a href="/wiki/American_Revolution" title="American Revolution">American Revolution</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North America</a> was in 1867 <a href="/wiki/Confederation_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Confederation of Canada">confederated</a> by <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a> to form Canada as a kingdom in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-581">[554]</a> By the end of the First World War, the increased fortitude of <a href="/wiki/Canadian_nationalism" title="Canadian nationalism">Canadian nationalism</a> inspired the country's leaders to push for greater independence from the King in his British Council, resulting in the creation of the uniquely Canadian monarchy through the <a href="/wiki/Statute_of_Westminster_1931" title="Statute of Westminster 1931">Statute of Westminster</a>, which was granted royal assent in 1931.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod9-78">[74]</a><a href="#cite_note-582">[555]</a> Only five years later, Canada had three successive kings in the space of one year, with the death of <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII_abdication_crisis" class="mw-redirect" title="Edward VIII abdication crisis">accession and abdication</a> of <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>, and his replacement by <a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a>. From 1786 through to the 1930s, members of the royal family toured Canada, including <a href="/wiki/William_IV" title="William IV">Prince William</a> (later King William IV); <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent</a>; <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Prince Albert Edward, Prince of Wales</a> (later King Edward VII); <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a>; <a href="/wiki/John_Campbell,_9th_Duke_of_Argyll" title="John Campbell, 9th Duke of Argyll">John Campbell, Marquess of Lorne</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Leopold,_Duke_of_Albany" title="Prince Leopold, Duke of Albany">Prince Leopold</a>; <a href="/wiki/Princess_Marie_Louise_of_Schleswig-Holstein" title="Princess Marie Louise of Schleswig-Holstein">Princess Marie-Louise</a>; Prince George, Duke of Cornwall and York (later King George V), and <a href="/wiki/Mary_of_Teck" title="Mary of Teck">Princess Victoria</a> (later Queen Mary); <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur_of_Connaught" title="Prince Arthur of Connaught">Prince Arthur</a> (son of the Duke of Connaught); <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Princess Patricia</a>; Prince Albert (later King George VI); Prince Edward, Prince of Wales (later King Edward VIII); <a href="/wiki/Prince_George,_Duke_of_Kent" title="Prince George, Duke of Kent">Prince George, Duke of Kent</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Henry,_Duke_of_Gloucester" title="Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester">Prince Henry, Duke of Gloucester</a>.<a href="#cite_note-583">[556]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_Canadian_Crown">The Canadian Crown</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: The Canadian Crown">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg/220px-George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg/330px-George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/35/George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg/440px-George_VI_visits_Woodbine_Race_Track.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1392" /></a><figcaption>King George VI and Queen Elizabeth attending the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Plate" title="King's Plate">King's Plate</a> in Toronto during their 1939 royal tour</figcaption></figure> King George VI became in 1939 the first reigning monarch of Canada to <a href="/wiki/1939_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="1939 royal tour of Canada">tour the country</a>, doing so with his wife, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth</a>. Only weeks later, the King, on the advice of his Canadian Prime Minister, <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">declared war on Nazi Germany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-584">[557]</a> Throughout <a href="/wiki/World_War_II" title="World War II">the conflict</a>, George boosted the <a href="/wiki/Morale" title="Morale">morale</a> of his Canadian troops<a href="#cite_note-585">[558]</a> while Governor General <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">the Earl of Athlone</a> (the King's uncle) supported the war effort in Canada. The men were occasionally assisted in their efforts by other members of the royal family. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/220px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="293" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/330px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/18/Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg/440px-Queen_Elizabeth_II_and_Prince_Philip_sit_on_thrones_before_a_full_Parliament.jpg 2x" data-file-width="816" data-file-height="1088" /></a><figcaption>Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a>, wearing her <a href="/wiki/Coronation_gown_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Coronation gown of Elizabeth II">coronation gown</a>, with <a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip</a> during the opening of the <a href="/wiki/23rd_Canadian_Parliament" title="23rd Canadian Parliament">23rd Canadian Parliament</a>, October 1957</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> undertook her first tour of Canada in 1951, when Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh. She would go on to officiate at various moments of importance in the nation's history: She opened Parliament in 1957<a href="#cite_note-586">[559]</a>—on the same tour, delivering, from Rideau Hall, her first-ever <a href="/wiki/Live_television" title="Live television">live television</a> broadcast<a href="#cite_note-587">[560]</a>—and in 1977; opened the <a href="/wiki/St._Lawrence_Seaway" title="St. Lawrence Seaway">St. Lawrence Seaway</a> in 1959;<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> celebrated <a href="/wiki/Canadian_centennial" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian centennial">Canada's centennial</a>;<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> and proclaimed the country to be fully independent, via constitutional <a href="/wiki/Patriation" title="Patriation">patriation</a>, in 1982.<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod11-521">[498]</a> That act is said to have entrenched the monarchy in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-588">[561]</a> due to the stringent amending formula that must be followed in order to alter the monarchy in any way.<a href="#cite_note-ElizabethII1982-206">[194]</a> Through the 1960s and 1970s, the rise of <a href="/wiki/Quebec_nationalism" title="Quebec nationalism">Quebec nationalism</a> and changes in <a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a> created an atmosphere where the purpose and role of the monarchy <a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">came into question</a>. Some references to the monarch and the monarchy were removed from the public eye and moves were made by the federal government to constitutionally alter the Crown's place and role in Canada, first by explicit legal amendments and later by subtle attrition.<a href="#cite_note-591">[564]</a> But, provincial and federal ministers, along with loyal <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">national citizen's organizations</a>, ensured that the system remained the same in essence.<a href="#cite_note-592">[565]</a> The Queen publicly expressed her personal support for the <a href="/wiki/Meech_Lake_Accord" title="Meech Lake Accord">Meech Lake Accord</a>, which attempted to bring Quebec governmental support to the patriated constitution.<a href="#cite_note-593">[566]</a> The accord failed, prompting Elizabeth to deliver a nationally-broadcast speech in Ottawa supporting Canadian unity.<a href="#cite_note-594">[567]</a> In the lead-up to the <a href="/wiki/1995_Quebec_independence_referendum" class="mw-redirect" title="1995 Quebec independence referendum">referendum on Quebec independence</a> in 1995, the Queen was tricked by <a href="/wiki/Pierre_Brassard" title="Pierre Brassard">a Montreal radio DJ</a> into revealing her desire to see the "no" side win, offering to help however she could.<a href="#cite_note-595">[568]</a><a href="#cite_note-BousfieldMC-596">[569]</a> Elizabeth followed the results closely on the day of the vote.<a href="#cite_note-BousfieldMC-596">[569]</a> Members of the royal family continued to be present at important national events through the decades: the Queen in 1970, 1971, and 1973, respectively, marked the anniversaries of <a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a>, <a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a> becoming Canadian provinces; celebrated <a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a>'s and <a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a>'s bicentennials in 1984 and the 125th anniversary of Confederation in 1992; and she opened the <a href="/wiki/1976_Summer_Olympics" title="1976 Summer Olympics">1976 Summer Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a><a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Legislative_Assembly_of_Nunavut" title="Legislative Assembly of Nunavut">Nunavut's parliament</a> in 1999. <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Prince Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, attended the 100th anniversary of <a href="/wiki/Treaty_7" title="Treaty 7">Treaty 7</a> in 1977; commemorated in 1983 the bicentennial of <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalists" class="mw-redirect" title="United Empire Loyalists">United Empire Loyalists</a> settling in New Brunswick and <a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a>; and, with <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana, Princess of Wales</a>, opened <a href="/wiki/Expo_86" title="Expo 86">Expo 86</a> in <a href="/wiki/Vancouver" title="Vancouver">Vancouver</a>. Between them, the Queen and her family opened numerous <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Games" title="Commonwealth Games">Commonwealth Games</a>, <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_Heads_of_Government_Meeting" title="Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting">Commonwealth Heads of Government Meetings</a>, conferences, hospitals, community centres, and the like; handed out <a href="/wiki/The_Duke_of_Edinburgh_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="The Duke of Edinburgh Award">The Duke of Edinburgh Awards</a> at ceremonies across the country, and visited many regiments and branches of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Canadian Armed Forces</a>.<a href="#cite_note-597">[570]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="The_21st_century">The 21st century</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: The 21st century">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Official_Diamond_Jubilee_Portrait_of_the_Queen_of_Canada.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/5f/Official_Diamond_Jubilee_Portrait_of_the_Queen_of_Canada.jpg/220px-Official_Diamond_Jubilee_Portrait_of_the_Queen_of_Canada.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="281" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/5/5f/Official_Diamond_Jubilee_Portrait_of_the_Queen_of_Canada.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="279" data-file-height="356" /></a><figcaption>Elizabeth II, the first monarch to be titled Queen of Canada, wearing her Canadian insignia, as sovereign of the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Canada" title="Order of Canada">Order of Canada</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Order_of_Military_Merit_(Canada)" title="Order of Military Merit (Canada)">Order of Military Merit</a>, 2010</figcaption></figure> By 2002, the royal tour and associated <a href="/wiki/F%C3%AAte" title="Fête">fêtes</a> for <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II#Canada" title="Golden Jubilee of Elizabeth II">the Queen's Golden Jubilee</a> proved popular with Canadians across the country,<a href="#cite_note-598">[571]</a><a href="#cite_note-599">[572]</a><a href="#cite_note-600">[573]</a> though Canada's first republican organization since the 1830s was also founded that year. Celebrations took place across the country to mark <a href="/wiki/Diamond_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Diamond Jubilee of Elizabeth II">the Queen's Diamond Jubilee</a> in 2012,<a href="#cite_note-601">[574]</a><a href="#cite_note-602">[575]</a> the first such event in Canada since that for Victoria in 1897. On 9 September 2015, she became the second-longest reigning monarch in Canadian history (preceded only by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>);<a href="#cite_note-603">[576]</a> events were organized to celebrate her as the "longest-reigning sovereign in Canada's modern era."<a href="#cite_note-604">[577]</a> <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Prince Charles</a> represented his mother, the Queen, two years later, at the main events in Ottawa recognizing the <a href="/wiki/150th_anniversary_of_Canada" title="150th anniversary of Canada">150th anniversary of Confederation</a>.<a href="#cite_note-605">[578]</a> During the <a href="/wiki/COVID-19_pandemic" title="COVID-19 pandemic">COVID-19 pandemic</a>, the Queen expressed her support for all Canadians and thanks to those who were caring for the vulnerable and providing essential services.<a href="#cite_note-606">[579]</a> As the pandemic waned into 2022, celebrations were mounted around the country and throughout the year to mark <a href="/wiki/Platinum_Jubilee_of_Elizabeth_II#Canada" title="Platinum Jubilee of Elizabeth II">the Queen's Platinum Jubilee</a>;<a href="#cite_note-607">[580]</a> the first-ever such event in Canadian history.<a href="#cite_note-608">[581]</a> It was also, though, the first time since at least <a href="/wiki/Golden_Jubilee_of_Queen_Victoria" title="Golden Jubilee of Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria's Golden Jubilee</a> in 1887 that the federal Cabinet did not advise the Crown to create an associated medal.<a href="#cite_note-609">[582]</a> In response, six provinces produced their own <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_II_Platinum_Jubilee_Medal" title="Queen Elizabeth II Platinum Jubilee Medal">Platinum Jubilee medals</a>; another first.<a href="#cite_note-610">[583]</a> The subject of <a href="/wiki/Truth_and_Reconciliation_Commission_of_Canada" title="Truth and Reconciliation Commission of Canada">reconciliation with Canada's Indigenous peoples</a> came to the forefront of the public consciousness in 2021, particularly in regard to <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Indian_residential_school_system" title="Canadian Indian residential school system">residential schools</a>. Statues of <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Queen Victoria (Winnipeg)">Queen Victoria</a> and <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Elizabeth_II_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Elizabeth II (Winnipeg)">Queen Elizabeth II</a> in <a href="/wiki/Winnipeg" title="Winnipeg">Winnipeg</a> were vandalized.<a href="#cite_note-Bergen-611">[584]</a><a href="#cite_note-612">[585]</a> On the first <a href="/wiki/National_Day_for_Truth_and_Reconciliation" title="National Day for Truth and Reconciliation">National Day for Truth and Reconciliation</a>, Elizabeth made a public statement, saying she "joins with all Canadians [...] to reflect on the painful history that Indigenous peoples endured in residential schools in Canada and on the work that remains to heal and to continue to build an inclusive society."<a href="#cite_note-613">[586]</a> In the same year, the Queen appointed <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a> as the first Indigenous governor general in Canadian history.<a href="#cite_note-LGs-614">[n 28]</a><a href="#cite_note-615">[587]</a> During Charles's tour for his mother's Platinum Jubilee, the BBC's royal correspondent observed that "there [was] no shying away from acknowledging and highlighting the scandalous way many indigenous peoples have been treated in Canada."<a href="#cite_note-Campbell-371">[354]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_(52872267136).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg/220px-Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="172" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg/330px-Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cb/Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg/440px-Realms_Lunch_Coronation_Event_%2852872267136%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4483" data-file-height="3497" /></a><figcaption>King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> meets Governor General <a href="/wiki/Mary_Simon" title="Mary Simon">Mary Simon</a>, 5 May 2023</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/Death_and_state_funeral_of_Elizabeth_II" title="Death and state funeral of Elizabeth II">Queen Elizabeth II died on 8 September 2022</a> and was succeeded by her eldest son, <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a>. The Queen's final public statement was issued on 7 September, in the aftermath of the <a href="/wiki/2022_Saskatchewan_stabbings" title="2022 Saskatchewan stabbings">2022 Saskatchewan stabbings</a>,<a href="#cite_note-FOOTNOTETorrance2022b-616">[588]</a><a href="#cite_note-617">[589]</a> stating she "mourn[s] with all Canadians at this tragic time."<a href="#cite_note-618">[590]</a> Elizabeth reigned for almost half of Canada's history since Confederation,<a href="#cite_note-619">[591]</a> being only the sixth Canadian monarch since 1867.<a href="#cite_note-620">[592]</a> Immediately following a formal meeting of the <a href="/wiki/King%27s_Privy_Council_for_Canada" title="King's Privy Council for Canada">King's Privy Council for Canada</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Charles_III#Canada" title="Proclamation of accession of Charles III">new king was proclaimed</a> on 10 September in a ceremony at <a href="/wiki/Rideau_Hall" title="Rideau Hall">Rideau Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-621">[593]</a><a href="#cite_note-622">[594]</a> On 4 May 2023, the King held audience with Simon and Indigenous leaders, who also attended <a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="Coronation of Charles III and Camilla">his coronation</a> two days later.<a href="#cite_note-623">[595]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Public_perception_and_understanding">Public perception and understanding</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Public perception and understanding">edit</a>]</div> Prior to the 1970s, Canadians' view of the monarchy was more focused on the person of the monarch than the institution's place in the country's framework.<a href="#cite_note-Heard115-543">[518]</a> Smith, in 2017, and Jackson, in 2018, observed the shift continuing, especially as "the process of 'Canadianization' of the Crown picked up momentum in the early 21st century."<a href="#cite_note-624">[596]</a><a href="#cite_note-Jackson15-625">[597]</a> Still, beginning in the later decades of the 20th century, commentators stated that contemporary Canadians had and have a poor understanding of the Canadian monarchy;<a href="#cite_note-626">[598]</a> something the Monarchist League of Canada (MLC) claims opponents of the monarchy exacerbate by spreading disinformation and then take advantage of.<a href="#cite_note-myths-627">[599]</a> Jackson wrote in his book, The Crown and Canadian Federalism, that this is part of a wider ignorance about Canadian civics<a href="#cite_note-Jackson11-628">[600]</a> and Hugo Cyr agreed,<a href="#cite_note-629">[601]</a> while Smith researched for his 1995 book, The Invisible Crown, he found it difficult to "find anyone who could talk knowledgeably about the subject".<a href="#cite_note-Treble-630">[602]</a> Former Governors General Clarkson and Johnston made similar observations<a href="#cite_note-Johnstonxi-198">[188]</a><a href="#cite_note-631">[603]</a> and Senator <a href="/wiki/Lowell_Murray" title="Lowell Murray">Lowell Murray</a> wrote in 2003, "the Crown has become irrelevant to most Canadians' understanding of our system of government", which he attributed to the "fault of successive generations of politicians, of an educational system that has never given the institution due study, and of past viceregal incumbents themselves".<a href="#cite_note-632">[604]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1237032888/mw-parser-output/.tmulti"><div class="thumb tmulti tleft"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:252px;max-width:252px"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:123px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Canada_$0.05_2003.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg/248px-Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg/372px-Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/22/Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg/496px-Canada_%240.05_2003.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="498" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:66px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg/248px-1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="67" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg/372px-1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg/496px-1_panorama_lake_patricia_2006_alberta.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4549" data-file-height="1228" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:101px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_TTC_title_tiles_6756443839.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Queen_TTC_title_tiles_6756443839.jpg/136px-Queen_TTC_title_tiles_6756443839.jpg" decoding="async" width="136" height="102" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Queen_TTC_title_tiles_6756443839.jpg/204px-Queen_TTC_title_tiles_6756443839.jpg 1.5x, 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/></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:250px;max-width:250px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:125px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg/248px-1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg" decoding="async" width="248" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg/372px-1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ac/1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg/496px-1996_Ontario_license_plate_149%E2%99%94OVH_commercial.jpg 2x" data-file-width="811" data-file-height="409" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:110px;max-width:110px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:A_river_runs_through_it_(44196184722).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg/108px-A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="108" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg/162px-A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg/216px-A_river_runs_through_it_%2844196184722%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:138px;max-width:138px"><div class="thumbimage" style="border:1;;height:81px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg/136px-Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg.png" decoding="async" width="136" height="82" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg/204px-Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f9/Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg/272px-Burgee_of_Royal_Vancouver_YC.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1772" data-file-height="1063" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow" style="display:flex"><div class="thumbcaption">Examples of the prevalence of royal references and images around Canada (clockwise from top): <a href="/wiki/Nickel_(Canadian_coin)" title="Nickel (Canadian coin)">nickel</a> with the effigy of Queen <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> on the obverse; <a href="/wiki/Patricia_Lake_(Alberta)" title="Patricia Lake (Alberta)">Patricia Lake</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/Princess_Patricia_of_Connaught" title="Princess Patricia of Connaught">Princess Patricia of Connaught</a>; badge of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Newfoundland_Constabulary" title="Royal Newfoundland Constabulary">Royal Newfoundland Constabulary</a>; <a href="/wiki/Vehicle_registration_plates_of_Ontario" title="Vehicle registration plates of Ontario">Ontario vehicle licence plate</a> showing the silhouette of a crown; <a href="/wiki/Burgee" title="Burgee">burgee</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Vancouver_Yacht_Club" title="Royal Vancouver Yacht Club">Royal Vancouver Yacht Club</a>; <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a>, named for <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>; <a href="/wiki/Queen_station" title="Queen station">Queen station</a> beneath <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Queen_Street,_Toronto" title="Queen Street, Toronto">Queen Street</a>, so named for <a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Queen Victoria</a></div></div></div></div> On education, teacher and author Nathan Tidridge asserted that, beginning in the 1960s, the role of the Crown disappeared from provincial education curricula, as the general subject of civics came to receive less attention.<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge19-590">[563]</a> He said Canadians are being "educated to be illiterate, ambivalent, or even hostile toward our constitutional monarchy".<a href="#cite_note-Jackson11-628">[600]</a> The MLC agreed, stating Canada has "an educational system which unfortunately often fails to provide comprehensive knowledge of Canada's constitution."<a href="#cite_note-myths-627">[599]</a> <a href="/wiki/Michael_Valpy" title="Michael Valpy">Michael Valpy</a> also pointed to the fact that "the Crown's role in the machinery of Canada's constitutional monarchy rarely sees daylight. Only a handful of times in our history has it been subjected to glaring sunshine, unfortunately resulting in a black hole of public understanding as to how it works."<a href="#cite_note-633">[605]</a> He later iterated, "the public's attention span on the constitutional intricacies of the monarchy is clinically short".<a href="#cite_note-634">[606]</a> At the same time, it has been theorized the monarchy is so prevalent in Canada—by way of all manner of symbols, place names, royal tours, etcetera—that Canadians fail to take note of it; the monarchy "functions like a tasteful wallpaper pattern in Canada: enjoyable in an absent-minded way, but so ubiquitous as to be almost invisible".<a href="#cite_note-Proudfoot-508">[486]</a> John Pepall argued in 1990 that, among all this, a "Liberal-inspired republican misconception of the role" of governor general had taken root, though the Conservative government headed by <a href="/wiki/Brian_Mulroney" title="Brian Mulroney">Brian Mulroney</a> exacerbated the matter.<a href="#cite_note-Pepall-635">[607]</a> The position of prime minister has simultaneously undergone, with encouragement from its occupants,<a href="#cite_note-Pepall-635">[607]</a> what has been described as a "presidentialization",<a href="#cite_note-636">[608]</a><a href="#cite_note-637">[609]</a> to the point that its incumbents publicly outshine the actual head of state.<a href="#cite_note-638">[610]</a><a href="#cite_note-639">[611]</a> David S. Donovan felt Canadians mostly consider the monarch and her representatives as purely ceremonial and symbolic figures,<a href="#cite_note-640">[612]</a> while also still viewing the sovereign as British, even if they understand he is King of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-Heard126-542">[517]</a> It was argued by Alfred Neitsch that this undermined the Crown's legitimacy as a check and balance in the governmental system,<a href="#cite_note-641">[613]</a> a situation Helen Forsey (daughter of Canadian constitutional expert <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a>) said prime ministers take advantage of, portraying themselves as the embodiment of popular democracy and the reserve powers of the Crown as illegitimate.<a href="#cite_note-HF-642">[n 29]</a> The issue is particularly acute in Quebec,<a href="#cite_note-Cyr-313">[297]</a> where sovereigntist politicians consider the Canadian monarchy as British, foreign, and, consequently, as symbol of oppression.<a href="#cite_note-Serebrin-643">[614]</a> Beginning slightly earlier, a "growing interest in the Crown and its prerogatives" was observed, as evidenced by "a burst of articles, books and conferences";<a href="#cite_note-Treble-630">[602]</a> the monarchy attracted increased attention from academics, as well as those involved with the law, government, and public policy.<a href="#cite_note-644">[615]</a> This was attributed to the coincidental occurrence of publicly prominent events over a number of years, including the <a href="/wiki/2008%E2%80%9309_Canadian_parliamentary_dispute" class="mw-redirect" title="2008–09 Canadian parliamentary dispute">2008 prorogation dispute</a>; an increased use of royal symbols as directed by the Cabinet while headed by Stephen Harper, including three consecutive royal tours;<a href="#cite_note-645">[616]</a> court cases focusing on the Oath of Citizenship; and increasingly active governors. Smith and Lagassé noted in early 2016 that post-secondary students were giving more focus to the subject of the Crown.<a href="#cite_note-Treble-630">[602]</a> Some Canadians have taken the opposite extreme view of the Crown's powers, such as when, in 2013, the leader of the <a href="/wiki/Green_Party_of_Canada" title="Green Party of Canada">Green Party of Canada</a>, <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_May" title="Elizabeth May">Elizabeth May</a>, wrote to Queen Elizabeth II asking her to call a "<a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">royal inquiry</a>" to "investigate what may potentially be criminal activities which [sic] influenced Canada's last election" and "restore Canada to a free and fair democracy." The monarch's secretary instructed May, "as a constitutional sovereign, Her Majesty acts through her personal representative, the Governor-General, on the advice of her Canadian ministers and it is to them that your appeal should be directed."<a href="#cite_note-646">[617]</a> So many protesters involved in the 2022 <a href="/wiki/Canada_convoy_protest" title="Canada convoy protest">Freedom Convoy</a> called and emailed the office of Governor General Mary Simon to pressure her into dismissing her Prime Minister, Justin Trudeau, or dissolving Parliament that Simon made a rare public statement on the role of the governor general. Lagassé pointed to that as "evidence of a recent trend in protest movements", saying, "it has become routine in Canadian politics to write a letter to the Queen, Governor General, or a lieutenant governor asking them to exercise their powers in some way, contrary to constitutional conventions. This is political theatre, no more."<a href="#cite_note-647">[618]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_(44011134692).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg/220px-Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="330" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg/330px-Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/7e/Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg/440px-Queen_Victoria_in_front_of_the_Manitoba_Legislative_Assembly_%E2%80%93_Winnipeg_%2844011134692%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="4496" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/Statue_of_Queen_Victoria_(Winnipeg)" title="Statue of Queen Victoria (Winnipeg)">statue of Queen Victoria</a> at the <a href="/wiki/Manitoba_Legislative_Building" title="Manitoba Legislative Building">Manitoba Legislative Building</a> that was destroyed by protesters on <a href="/wiki/Canada_Day" title="Canada Day">Canada Day</a>, 2021</figcaption></figure> The relationship between Canada's Indigenous peoples and the monarch remains unchanged, aside from the issue of <a href="/wiki/Reconciliation_(ethnic_relations)" class="mw-redirect" title="Reconciliation (ethnic relations)">reconciliation</a> arising in it through the late 2010s into the 2020s,<a href="#cite_note-Jackson15-625">[597]</a> when there were some assertions by activists and in the media that the monarchy and the Queen herself represented colonialism<a href="#cite_note-652">[623]</a> and racism<a href="#cite_note-653">[624]</a> and she did not do enough to either prevent or rectify supposed offences.<a href="#cite_note-Iqbal-650">[621]</a> Those who made such claims also, though, mistook the independent Canadian Crown<a href="#cite_note-654">[625]</a> as the British Crown in Canada and demonstrated a misunderstanding of the Crown-Indigenous peoples relationship<a href="#cite_note-Tidridge2020-655">[626]</a><a href="#cite_note-656">[627]</a> and the workings of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">constitutional monarchy</a> and <a href="/wiki/Responsible_government" title="Responsible government">responsible government</a>,<a href="#cite_note-657">[628]</a> in which the sovereign must, outside of <a href="/wiki/Constitutional_crisis" title="Constitutional crisis">constitutional crises</a>, follow <a href="/wiki/Advice_(constitutional_law)" title="Advice (constitutional law)">the directions</a> of his or her ministers and parliamentarians.<a href="#cite_note-661">[632]</a> The leader of the <a href="/wiki/Parti_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Parti Québécois">Parti Québécois</a>, <a href="/wiki/Paul_St-Pierre_Plamondon" title="Paul St-Pierre Plamondon">Paul St-Pierre Plamondon</a>, claimed in 2022, "we cannot overlook that she [Queen Elizabeth II] represented an institution, the British Crown, that has caused significant harm to Quebecers and Indigenous nations."<a href="#cite_note-Serebrin-643">[614]</a> Within Quebec, too, the Canadian Crown is frequently misrepresented as the British Crown and that false foreignness used in political, particularly sovereigntist, discourse as an argument in favour of extracting the Crown from Quebec or Quebec from Canada. For instance, in the televised <a href="/wiki/Radio-Canada" title="Radio-Canada">Radio-Canada</a> leaders' debate on 22 September 2022, during <a href="/wiki/2022_Quebec_general_election" title="2022 Quebec general election">that year's general election in the province</a>, the moderator, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Patrice_Roy&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Patrice Roy (page does not exist)">Patrice Roy</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Patrice_Roy" class="extiw" title="fr:Patrice Roy">fr</a>], asked the panel, with "incredulous chuckles", "should we still, in Quebec, swear allegiance to the British Crown, thus Charles III [to take one's seat in the National Assembly]?"<a href="#cite_note-662">[633]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> leader <a href="/wiki/Yves-Fran%C3%A7ois_Blanchet" title="Yves-François Blanchet">Yves-François Blanchet</a> on 26 October 2022 tabled a motion in the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian House of Commons">House of Commons</a> proposing that the "House express its desire to sever ties between the Canadian state and the British monarchy."<a href="#cite_note-parl-663">[634]</a> This motion was defeated 266 to 44.<a href="#cite_note-parl-663">[634]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Debate">Debate</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Debate">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951"><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Monarchism_in_Canada" title="Monarchism in Canada">Monarchism in Canada</a> and <a href="/wiki/Republicanism_in_Canada" title="Republicanism in Canada">Republicanism in Canada</a></div> Outside of academic circles, there has been little national debate on the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-664">[635]</a> The position of monarch in Canada is highly protected by the <a href="/wiki/Constitution_Act,_1982" title="Constitution Act, 1982">Constitution Act, 1982</a>—which mandates that any major constitutional amendment, such as any change to the monarchy, must receive unanimous consent of the Senate, the House of Commons, and all 10 provincial legislative assemblies—and treaties between the Crown and <a href="/wiki/Indigenous_peoples_in_Canada" title="Indigenous peoples in Canada">Indigenous peoples</a> that play a role in entrenching the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-whathappened-666">[n 30]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wessex-MLC.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Wessex-MLC.jpg/220px-Wessex-MLC.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="144" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Wessex-MLC.jpg/330px-Wessex-MLC.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/5/54/Wessex-MLC.jpg/440px-Wessex-MLC.jpg 2x" data-file-width="467" data-file-height="306" /></a><figcaption> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Earl_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex">Prince Edward, Earl of Wessex</a>, speaks with members of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a> at a League reception held at the Spoke Club in <a href="/wiki/Toronto" title="Toronto">Toronto</a></figcaption></figure> Canada has two special-interest groups representing the debate, who occasionally argue the issue in the media: the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a> (MLC) and <a href="/wiki/Citizens_for_a_Canadian_Republic" title="Citizens for a Canadian Republic">Citizens for a Canadian Republic</a>.<a href="#cite_note-667">[637]</a><a href="#cite_note-668">[638]</a> There are also other organizations that support and advocate the monarchy, such as the Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada,<a href="#cite_note-669">[639]</a> the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust,<a href="#cite_note-670">[640]</a> the Friends of the Canadian Crown,<a href="#cite_note-671">[641]</a> Canadian Friends of the Royal Family,<a href="#cite_note-672">[642]</a> the <a href="/w/index.php?title=Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_la_Couronne_du_Canada&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Société de la Couronne du Canada (page does not exist)">Société de la Couronne du Canada</a> [<a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soci%C3%A9t%C3%A9_de_la_Couronne_du_Canada" class="extiw" title="fr:Société de la Couronne du Canada">fr</a>],<a href="#cite_note-673">[643]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Orange_Order_in_Canada" title="Orange Order in Canada">Orange Order in Canada</a>,<a href="#cite_note-674">[644]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/United_Empire_Loyalist" title="United Empire Loyalist">United Empire Loyalists</a>' Association of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-675">[645]</a> Out of Canada's four most prominent political parties, neither the <a href="/wiki/Liberal_Party_of_Canada" title="Liberal Party of Canada">Liberal Party</a> nor the <a href="/wiki/Conservative_Party_of_Canada" title="Conservative Party of Canada">Conservative Party</a> are officially in favour of abolishing the monarchy (the Conservative Party cite support for constitutional monarchy as a founding principle in its policy declaration)<a href="#cite_note-676">[646]</a> and the <a href="/wiki/New_Democratic_Party" title="New Democratic Party">New Democratic Party</a> has no official position on the role of the Crown. Only some members of Parliament belonging to these parties and the leaders of the <a href="/wiki/Bloc_Qu%C3%A9b%C3%A9cois" title="Bloc Québécois">Bloc Québécois</a> have made any statements suggesting abolition of the monarchy.<a href="#cite_note-677">[647]</a><a href="#cite_note-678">[648]</a> <a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada#Polls" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Opinion polls on the Canadian monarchy</a> have been regularly conducted since the 1990s. An analysis of these polls in 2008 highlighted an increased disaffection with the monarchy, albeit with internal contradictions in specific polling results, with some criticizing the polling questions for using "inconsistent and sometimes ambiguous wording."<a href="#cite_note-679">[649]</a> Questions often describe the monarch or monarchy as "British", terminology at odds with the contemporary situation in Canada, wherein the monarchy is a Canadian institution,<a href="#cite_note-681">[651]</a> separate from that of the United Kingdom,<a href="#cite_note-683">[653]</a> and it, the Crown, and royal family are referred to as Canadian.<a href="#cite_note-689">[659]</a> Both monarchists and republicans agree the populace's general lack of understanding about the monarchy affects opinions.<a href="#cite_note-myths-627">[599]</a><a href="#cite_note-CCR-690">[660]</a> The idea of a uniquely Canadian monarch,<a href="#cite_note-691">[661]</a> either one descended from the House of Windsor or coming from a First Nations <a href="/wiki/Royal_house" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal house">royal house</a>,<a href="#cite_note-696">[666]</a> has been proffered as an alternative. However, there has been no popular or official support for such a change. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <div class="thumb tright"> <div class="thumbinner" style="width:280px"><div style="position: relative; width:280px;"> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 7.9%; top: 59.4%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 18.4%; top: 62.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 27.8%; top: 67%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 37.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 50%; top: 71.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 68.6%; top: 68%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 79.6%; top: 76%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 83.9%; top: 70.8%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 86.8%; top: 77%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 90.4%; top: 62.7%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 8%; top: 32.5%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">YT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 21.4%; top: 40.2%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">NT</a></div> <div style="position: absolute; font-size: 88%; left: 39.3%; top: 42.9%; padding: 0;"><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">NU</a></div> <img alt="Canadian Provinces and Territories" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg/280px-Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg.png" decoding="async" width="280" height="237" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg/420px-Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c8/Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg/560px-Canada_location_map_2_-_lite.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1114" data-file-height="942" /></div><div class="thumbcaption">Monarchy by provinces</div></div> </div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchies" title="List of monarchies">List of monarchies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_and_viceroyal_transport_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal and viceroyal transport in Canada">Royal and viceroyal transport in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_eponyms_in_Canada" title="Royal eponyms in Canada">Royal eponyms in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereign_states_headed_by_Elizabeth_II" title="List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II">List of sovereign states headed by Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/14px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="14" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/21px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/28px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/16px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/24px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg/32px-Imperial_Crown_Heraldry.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="115" data-file-height="108" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Monarchy" title="Portal:Monarchy">Monarchy portal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:A_coloured_voting_box.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="icon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/16px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/24px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/01/A_coloured_voting_box.svg/32px-A_coloured_voting_box.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="160" data-file-height="160" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Politics" title="Portal:Politics">Politics portal</a><div style="clear:both;" class=""></div></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notes">Notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Maple-63"><a href="#cite_ref-Maple_63-0">^</a> The term was first coined by <a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a> <a href="/wiki/Albert_Grey,_4th_Earl_Grey" title="Albert Grey, 4th Earl Grey">the Lord Grey</a> in 1905, when he stated in a <a href="/wiki/Telegram" class="mw-redirect" title="Telegram">telegram</a> to King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a> regarding the inauguration of <a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a> and <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> into <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Confederation" title="Canadian Confederation">Confederation</a>: "[each one] a new leaf in Your Majesty's Maple Crown".<a href="#cite_note-62">[62]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ViceDuties-71"><a href="#cite_ref-ViceDuties_71-0">^</a> For instance, Governor General <a href="/wiki/Jules_L%C3%A9ger" title="Jules Léger">Jules Léger</a> ended the second session of the <a href="/wiki/30th_Canadian_Parliament" title="30th Canadian Parliament">30th Canadian Parliament</a> on 17 October 1977, while Queen Elizabeth II was in Ottawa to deliver the Speech from the Throne at the opening of the third session on 18 October. Governor General <a href="/wiki/Adrienne_Clarkson" title="Adrienne Clarkson">Adrienne Clarkson</a> granted royal assent to four bills on 19 May 2005,<a href="#cite_note-70">[69]</a> while Queen Elizabeth II was touring Saskatchewan and Alberta to mark the 100th anniversary of those provinces joining Confederation. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyVis-72">^ <a href="#cite_ref-RoyVis_72-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyVis_72-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-RoyVis_72-2">c</a> The sovereign has <a href="#Foreign_visits">carried out foreign relations as the representative uniquely of Canada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-RoyDuties-76"><a href="#cite_ref-RoyDuties_76-0">^</a> For example, Queen Elizabeth II was in the United Kingdom when she signed the <a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada#Proclamation" title="Flag of Canada">proclamation of the National Flag of Canada</a> in 1965.<a href="#cite_note-73">[70]</a> King George VI was in the United Kingdom when, as king of Canada, he <a href="/wiki/Canadian_declaration_of_war_on_Germany" title="Canadian declaration of war on Germany">declared war on Germany</a> in 1939.<a href="#cite_note-74">[71]</a><a href="#cite_note-75">[72]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-ECApp-85"><a href="#cite_ref-ECApp_85-0">^</a> The <a href="/wiki/English_Court_of_Appeal" class="mw-redirect" title="English Court of Appeal">English Court of Appeal</a> ruled in 1982, while "there is only one person who is the Sovereign within the British Commonwealth [...] in matters of law and government the Queen of the United Kingdom, for example, is entirely independent and distinct from the Queen of Canada."<a href="#cite_note-HCA-84">[80]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Black-91"><a href="#cite_ref-Black_91-0">^</a> In 1997, then Prime Minister of the United Kingdom <a href="/wiki/Tony_Blair" title="Tony Blair">Tony Blair</a> intended to offer a <a href="/wiki/Life_peer" title="Life peer">life peerage</a> to Canadian businessman <a href="/wiki/Conrad_Black" title="Conrad Black">Conrad Black</a>. However, citing the 1919 <a href="/wiki/Nickle_Resolution" class="mw-redirect" title="Nickle Resolution">Nickle Resolution</a>, the Canadian Cabinet advised the Queen not to grant Black such an honour. If Blair had not yielded, the Queen would have been in the situation of having to grant an honour on the advice of her British Prime Minister and to object to the same as Queen of Canada on the advice of then-Canadian Prime Minister <a href="/wiki/Jean_Chr%C3%A9tien" title="Jean Chrétien">Jean Chrétien</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-EdVIII1-125"><a href="#cite_ref-EdVIII1_125-0">^</a> For example, <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a> was never crowned, yet was undoubtedly king during his short time on the throne. </li> <li id="cite_note-EdVIII2-129"><a href="#cite_ref-EdVIII2_129-0">^</a> The only Canadian monarch to abdicate, Edward VIII, did so with the authorization of the Canadian government granted in <a href="/wiki/His_Majesty%27s_Declaration_of_Abdication_Act_1936" title="His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936">His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act, 1936</a>, and the <a href="/wiki/Succession_to_the_Throne_Act,_1937" title="Succession to the Throne Act, 1937">Succession to the Throne Act, 1937</a>, later confirmed this in law. </li> <li id="cite_note-Marriages-138"><a href="#cite_ref-Marriages_138-0">^</a> Gary Toffoli of the Canadian Royal Heritage Trust stated that the approval given by the Queen in her Canadian Council in 1981 to the marriage of <a href="/wiki/Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles, Prince of Wales">Charles, Prince of Wales</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Lady Diana Spencer</a><a href="#cite_note-Boyce81-136">[128]</a> separately to the same approval given by the Queen in her British Council illustrated the existence of the Royal Marriages Act in Canadian law.<a href="#cite_note-137">[129]</a> In 1947, the King in his Canadian Council gave the same consent to the marriage of Princess Elizabeth to Philip Mountbatten, again separate from the approval he gave in his British Council.<a href="#cite_note-Boyce81-136">[128]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sovereignty-194"><a href="#cite_ref-Sovereignty_194-0">^</a> Upon acceding to the throne on 8 September 2022, King <a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a> stated, "I am deeply aware of this great inheritance and of the duties and heavy responsibilities of sovereignty, which have now passed to me. In taking up these responsibilities, I shall strive to follow the inspiring example I have been set in upholding constitutional government and to seek the peace, harmony, and prosperity of [...] the Commonwealth realms and territories throughout the world."<a href="#cite_note-193">[184]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pers2-203"><a href="#cite_ref-Pers2_203-0">^</a> For example, if a lawsuit is filed against the federal government, the respondent is formally described as His Majesty the King in Right of Canada, or simply <a href="/wiki/Rex_(title)" title="Rex (title)">Rex</a>.<a href="#cite_note-CRHT2-161">[152]</a> Likewise, in a case in which a party sues both the province of <a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a> and the federal government, the respondents would be formally called His Majesty the King in Right of Saskatchewan and His Majesty the King in Right of Canada.<a href="#cite_note-202">[192]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-OMNR-205"><a href="#cite_ref-OMNR_205-0">^</a> Illustrative of this arrangement is property transfers; of this, the Ontario Ministry of Natural Resources states: "When public land is required by the federal government or one of its departments, or any provincial ministry, the land itself is not transferred. What is transferred is the responsibility to manage the lands on behalf of Her Majesty the Queen (HMQ). This is accomplished by an order-in-council or a minister's order, which transfers management of land either from HMQ in right of Ontario to HMQ in right of Canada as represented by a department or to HMQ in right of Ontario as represented by another ministry. The Crown does not transfer ownership to itself."<a href="#cite_note-204">[193]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-REH-211"><a href="#cite_ref-REH_211-0">^</a> Robert E. Hawkins called this "inefficient efficiency", which can "be placed alongside the other oxymorons that convention embeds in our constitution, oxymorons like loyal opposition, liberal democracy, and constitutional monarchy itself."<a href="#cite_note-Hawkins104-210">[198]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Pers1-234"><a href="#cite_ref-Pers1_234-0">^</a> The sovereign has been described by <a href="/wiki/Eugene_Forsey" title="Eugene Forsey">Eugene Forsey</a> as the "symbolic embodiment of the people—not a particular group or interest or party, but the people, the whole people";<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a> his daughter, Helen Forsey, said of his opinion on the Crown, "for him, the essence of the monarchy was its impartial representation of the common interests of the citizenry as a whole, as opposed to those of any particular government."<a href="#cite_note-Forsey-101">[95]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Department_of_Canadian_Heritage" title="Department of Canadian Heritage">Department of Canadian Heritage</a> said the Crown serves as the "personal symbol of allegiance, unity and authority for all Canadians,"<a href="#cite_note-DCHCrown-86">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-DCH3-230">[217]</a> a concept akin to that expressed by King <a href="/wiki/Louis_XIV_of_France" class="mw-redirect" title="Louis XIV of France">Louis XIV</a>: "l'État, c'est moi", or, "I am the state".<a href="#cite_note-ontla1996-231">[218]</a> <a href="/wiki/Robertson_Davies" title="Robertson Davies">Robertson Davies</a> stated in 1994, "the Crown is the consecrated spirit of Canada",<a href="#cite_note-232">[219]</a> and past Ontario chairman of the <a href="/wiki/Monarchist_League_of_Canada" title="Monarchist League of Canada">Monarchist League of Canada</a> Gary Toffoli opined, "the Queen is the legal embodiment of the state at both the national and the provincial levels [...] She is our sovereign and it is the role of the Queen, recognized by the constitutional law of Canada, to embody the state."<a href="#cite_note-233">[220]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Boyce-248"><a href="#cite_ref-Boyce_248-0">^</a> As Peter Boyce put it: "The Crown as a concept cannot be disentangled from the person of the monarch; but, standard reference to the Crown extends well beyond the Queen's person."<a href="#cite_note-247">[233]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Oath-253"><a href="#cite_ref-Oath_253-0">^</a> It is stated in the Rules & Forms of the House of Commons of Canada that, "allegiance to the King means allegiance to the country."<a href="#cite_note-252">[237]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RP-317"><a href="#cite_ref-RP_317-0">^</a> See '<a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#Responsibilities" title="Cabinet of Canada">Responsibilities</a>' and <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada#cite_note-RP-14" title="Cabinet of Canada">Note 1</a> at <a href="/wiki/Cabinet_of_Canada" title="Cabinet of Canada">Cabinet of Canada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Duties-423">^ <a href="#cite_ref-Duties_423-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duties_423-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-Duties_423-2">c</a> Though the royal family represents other countries abroad, as directed by their respective cabinets, and typically the governor general will undertake <a href="/wiki/State_visit" title="State visit">state visits</a> and other foreign duties on behalf of the Queen of Canada,<a href="#cite_note-Compendium-237">[223]</a><a href="#cite_note-406">[389]</a><a href="#cite_note-407">[390]</a> members of the royal family will also take part in Canadian events overseas.<a href="#cite_note-422">[405]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Arctic-430"><a href="#cite_ref-Arctic_430-0">^</a> In 1970, Queen Elizabeth II, the Duke of Edinburgh, Prince Charles, and Princess Anne undertook a tour of <a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a>, in part to demonstrate to an unconvinced American government and the <a href="/wiki/Soviet_Union" title="Soviet Union">Soviet Union</a> that <a href="/wiki/Territorial_claims_in_the_Arctic" title="Territorial claims in the Arctic">Canada had certain claim to its Arctic territories</a>, which were strategic during the <a href="/wiki/Cold_War" title="Cold War">Cold War</a>.<a href="#cite_note-429">[411]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sharp-438"><a href="#cite_ref-Sharp_438-0">^</a> Former Minister of External Affairs <a href="/wiki/Mitchell_Sharp" title="Mitchell Sharp">Mitchell Sharp</a> commented on a situation wherein Elizabeth II was in Latin America to promote British goods at the same time a Canadian ministerial trip to the same area was underway to promote Canadian products. Sharp stated: "We couldn't ask Her Majesty to perform the function she was performing for Britain on that Latin American trip because the Queen is never recognized as Queen of Canada, except when she is in Canada."<a href="#cite_note-437">[418]</a> The Queen's participation in Canadian events overseas contradicts Sharp's statement, however.<a href="#cite_note-RoyVis-72">[n 3]</a><a href="#cite_note-Duties-423">[n 18]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-CF-445"><a href="#cite_ref-CF_445-0">^</a> Such events include <a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Troopings of the Colour</a>, inspections of the troops, and anniversaries of key battles; whenever the sovereign or a member of his family is in <a href="/wiki/Ottawa" title="Ottawa">Ottawa</a>, they lay a wreath at the <a href="/wiki/National_War_Memorial_(Canada)" title="National War Memorial (Canada)">National War Memorial</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-Citizen-505"><a href="#cite_ref-Citizen_505-0">^</a> Two Canadian citizens married into the royal family: In 1988, <a href="/wiki/Sylvana_Windsor,_Countess_of_St_Andrews" class="mw-redirect" title="Sylvana Windsor, Countess of St Andrews">Sylvana Jones</a> (née Tomaselli in <a href="/wiki/Placentia,_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Placentia, Newfoundland and Labrador">Placentia, Newfoundland</a>) wed <a href="/wiki/George_Windsor,_Earl_of_St_Andrews" title="George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews">George Windsor, Earl of St Andrews</a>, a great-grandson of King <a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a>, and, on 18 May 2008, <a href="/wiki/Autumn_Phillips" title="Autumn Phillips">Autumn Kelly</a>, originally from <a href="/wiki/Montreal" title="Montreal">Montreal</a>, married Queen Elizabeth II's eldest grandson, <a href="/wiki/Peter_Phillips" title="Peter Phillips">Peter Phillips</a>.<a href="#cite_note-501">[480]</a> The latter couple has two children, 19th and 20th in line to the throne as of 2024<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>, who each hold dual Canadian and British citizenship,<a href="#cite_note-502">[481]</a><a href="#cite_note-503">[482]</a> as do the three children of George Windsor, though only the youngest, <a href="/wiki/Lady_Amelia_Windsor" title="Lady Amelia Windsor">Lady Amelia Windsor</a>, is in line to the throne, 43rd as of 2023<a class="external text" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit">[update]</a>.<a href="#cite_note-504">[483]</a> More distantly, Princes Boris and <a href="/wiki/Prince_Hermann_Friedrich_of_Leiningen" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince Hermann Friedrich of Leiningen">Hermann Friedrich</a> of Leiningen, great-great-great grandsons of Queen Victoria, are also Canadian citizens. </li> <li id="cite_note-CanadianRF-517"><a href="#cite_ref-CanadianRF_517-0">^</a> As early as 1959, it was recognized that the then-reigning Queen, Eliabeth II, was "equally at home in all her realms";<a href="#cite_note-513">[491]</a> By the 1960s, loyal societies in Canada recognized the Elizabeth's cousin, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alexandra,_the_Honourable_Lady_Ogilvy" class="mw-redirect" title="Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy">Princess Alexandra, the Honourable Lady Ogilvy</a>, as a "Canadian princess";<a href="#cite_note-514">[492]</a> and, at the time of the 2011 royal tour of <a href="/wiki/Prince_William,_Duke_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince William, Duke of Cambridge">Prince William, Duke of Cambridge</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Catherine,_Duchess_of_Cambridge" class="mw-redirect" title="Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge">Catherine, Duchess of Cambridge</a>, both <a href="/wiki/Michael_Valpy" title="Michael Valpy">Michael Valpy</a>, writing for the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Broadcasting_Corporation" title="Canadian Broadcasting Corporation">CBC</a>, and <a href="/wiki/The_Globe_and_Mail" title="The Globe and Mail">The Globe and Mail</a> referred to William as "a prince of Canada".<a href="#cite_note-515">[493]</a><a href="#cite_note-516">[494]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Canadians-523"><a href="#cite_ref-Canadians_523-0">^</a> In 1919, Prince Edward Albert (the future King <a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a>) asserted, "I want Canada to look upon me as a Canadian, if not actually by birth, yet certainly in mind and spirit."<a href="#cite_note-518">[495]</a> <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Princess Elizabeth, Duchess of Edinburgh</a>, said in 1951 that, when in Canada, she was "amongst fellow countrymen" and,<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod3-99">[93]</a><a href="#cite_note-519">[496]</a> after acceding to the throne as Queen Elizabeth II, she, when departing the United States for Canada in 1983, stated to <a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">President</a> <a href="/wiki/Ronald_Reagan" title="Ronald Reagan">Ronald Reagan</a>, "I'm going home to Canada tomorrow".<a href="#cite_note-520">[497]</a> In 2005, Elizabeth said she agreed with the statement earlier made by her mother, <a href="/wiki/Queen_Elizabeth_The_Queen_Mother" title="Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother">Queen Elizabeth, the Queen Mother</a>, that Canada felt like a "home away from home";<a href="#cite_note-MacLeod11-521">[498]</a> in the same year, she remarked, "I have always felt not only welcome but at home in Canada."<a href="#cite_note-CHP-401">[384]</a> Similarly, the Queen said in 2010, in Nova Scotia, "it is very good to be home".<a href="#cite_note-522">[499]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-RF2-529"><a href="#cite_ref-RF2_529-0">^</a> <a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Kent_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn">Prince Edward, Duke of Kent and Strathearn</a>, served as the Commander of <a href="/wiki/British_North_America" title="British North America">British North American</a> troops in Canada's <a href="/wiki/Maritimes" class="mw-redirect" title="Maritimes">Maritimes</a> for nine years after 1791, mostly in <a href="/wiki/City_of_Halifax" class="mw-redirect" title="City of Halifax">Halifax</a>;<a href="#cite_note-524">[500]</a> his granddaughter, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Louise,_Duchess_of_Argyll" title="Princess Louise, Duchess of Argyll">Princess Louise, Marchioness of Lorne</a>, lived in Canada between 1878 and 1883 as <a href="/wiki/Viceregal_consort_of_Canada" title="Viceregal consort of Canada">viceregal consort</a>;<a href="#cite_note-525">[501]</a> and her brother, <a href="/wiki/Prince_Arthur,_Duke_of_Connaught_and_Strathearn" title="Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn">Prince Arthur, Duke of Connaught and Strathearn</a>, resided in Canada first through 1870 as a member of the <a href="/wiki/Canadian_Militia" title="Canadian Militia">Canadian Militia</a>, defending Canada from the <a href="/wiki/Fenian_Raids" class="mw-redirect" title="Fenian Raids">Fenian Raids</a>,<a href="#cite_note-Toffoli-526">[502]</a> and then as governor general from 1911 until 1916.<a href="#cite_note-527">[503]</a> Later, for six years beginning in 1940, <a href="/wiki/Princess_Alice,_Countess_of_Athlone" title="Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone">Princess Alice, Countess of Athlone</a> (a great-grandchild of the Duke of Kent), lived in Canada with her husband, <a href="/wiki/Alexander_Cambridge,_1st_Earl_of_Athlone" title="Alexander Cambridge, 1st Earl of Athlone">the Earl of Athlone</a> (himself a great-grandchild of King <a href="/wiki/George_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="George III of the United Kingdom">George III</a>),<a href="#cite_note-Toffoli-526">[502]</a> while he served as governor general.<a href="#cite_note-GGCam-528">[504]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Residence-547"><a href="#cite_ref-Residence_547-0">^</a> While the government houses are the King's official residences in Canada, they are almost exclusively occupied by the sovereign's representative in each of those jurisdictions.<a href="#cite_note-Lanctot-545">[520]</a><a href="#cite_note-546">[521]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-Sussex-573"><a href="#cite_ref-Sussex_573-0">^</a> For example, when <a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">the Duke</a> and <a href="/wiki/Meghan,_Duchess_of_Sussex" title="Meghan, Duchess of Sussex">Duchess of Sussex</a> resided for a time on <a href="/wiki/Vancouver_Island" title="Vancouver Island">Vancouver Island</a>, as they were planning their future as members of the royal family, the RCMP provided the couple's security. However, when the Sussexes decided to step down as senior members of the royal family, the RCMP reassessed its provision of service. In a briefing note to the then-Minister of Public Safety, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Blair_(politician)" class="mw-redirect" title="Bill Blair (politician)">Bill Blair</a>, the force noted, "the Sussex family's stay in Canada is of a private nature and, to date, there have been no official outings wherein the Duke and Duchess are representing the Queen. There is no indication of either the Duke or Duchess participating in any official capacity for the Crown in Canada in the next two months. Should this change, however, the RCMP will assess and provide security accordingly."<a href="#cite_note-572">[546]</a> </li> <li id="cite_note-LGs-614"><a href="#cite_ref-LGs_614-0">^</a> Indigenous persons had already been appointed as lieutenant governors during Elizabeth's reign. </li> <li id="cite_note-HF-642"><a href="#cite_ref-HF_642-0">^</a> See <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada#cite_note-Forsey-45" title="Government of Canada">Note 2</a> at <a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-whathappened-666"><a href="#cite_ref-whathappened_666-0">^</a> Lagassé said, "you would need to have Indigenous peoples involved and consulted properly as well, in particular, since their treaty rights are understood to flow from treaties with the Crown."<a href="#cite_note-665">[636]</a> </li> </ol></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Citations">Citations</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Citations">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626"><div class="reflist reflist-columns references-column-width" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-1"><a href="#cite_ref-1">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage" class="citation web cs1">Department of Canadian Heritage. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20131220173126/http://canadiancrown.gc.ca/eng/1334843914438">"Crown in Canada > Royal Family > His Royal Highness The Prince of Wales"</a>. 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(1998), The Crown and Constitutional Law in Canada, Calgary: Sripnoon Publications, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9683534-0-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9683534-0-0"><bdi>978-0-9683534-0-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Crown+and+Constitutional+Law+in+Canada&rft.place=Calgary&rft.pub=Sripnoon+Publications&rft.date=1998&rft.isbn=978-0-9683534-0-0&rft.aulast=Noonan&rft.aufirst=Peter+C.&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFRoberts2009" class="citation cs2"><a href="/wiki/Edward_Roberts_(Canadian_politician)" title="Edward Roberts (Canadian politician)">Roberts, Edward</a> (2009), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20120426045234/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf">"Ensuring Constitutional Wisdom During Unconventional Times"</a> (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, 23 (1), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/32/1/32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 26 April 2012, retrieved 21 May 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Parliamentary+Review&rft.atitle=Ensuring+Constitutional+Wisdom+During+Unconventional+Times&rft.volume=23&rft.issue=1&rft.date=2009&rft.aulast=Roberts&rft.aufirst=Edward&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FInfoparl%2F32%2F1%2F32n1_09e_Roberts.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1995" class="citation cs2">Smith, David E. 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href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-0084-0"><bdi>978-1-4597-0084-0</bdi></a></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Constitutional+Monarchy%3A+An+Introduction+to+Our+Form+of+Government&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=2011&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-0084-0&rft.aulast=Tidridge&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DJvGsvHsAtDgC&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTorrance2022a" class="citation cs2">Torrance, David (8 September 2022a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://researchbriefings.files.parliament.uk/documents/CBP-9372/CBP-9372.pdf">The Death of a 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title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Accession+of+King+Charles+III&rft.pages=5&rft.pub=House+of+Commons+Library&rft.date=2022-09-29&rft.aulast=Torrance&rft.aufirst=David&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fresearchbriefings.files.parliament.uk%2Fdocuments%2FCBP-9621%2FCBP-9621.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTrepanier2004" class="citation cs2">Trepanier, Peter (2004), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20121009163622/http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/27/2/27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf">"Some Visual Aspects of the Monarchical Tradition"</a> (PDF), Canadian Parliamentary Review, 27 (2), Ottawa: Commonwealth Parliamentary Association, archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www2.parl.gc.ca/Sites/LOP/Infoparl/27/2/27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf">the original</a> (PDF) on 9 October 2012, retrieved 8 October 2009</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Parliamentary+Review&rft.atitle=Some+Visual+Aspects+of+the+Monarchical+Tradition&rft.volume=27&rft.issue=2&rft.date=2004&rft.aulast=Trepanier&rft.aufirst=Peter&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww2.parl.gc.ca%2FSites%2FLOP%2FInfoparl%2F27%2F2%2F27n2_04e_trepanier.pdf&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Further_information">Further information</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Further information">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Reading">Reading</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Reading">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFBousfieldToffoli1991" class="citation book cs1">Bousfield, Arthur; Toffoli, Gary (1991). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/royalobservation0000bous">Royal Observations: Canadians and Royalty</a>. Hamilton: Dundurn Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55002-076-5" title="Special:BookSources/1-55002-076-5"><bdi>1-55002-076-5</bdi></a>. <q>Royal Observations: Canadians and Royalty.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Royal+Observations%3A+Canadians+and+Royalty&rft.place=Hamilton&rft.pub=Dundurn+Press&rft.date=1991&rft.isbn=1-55002-076-5&rft.aulast=Bousfield&rft.aufirst=Arthur&rft.au=Toffoli%2C+Gary&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Froyalobservation0000bous&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCanadian_Press2002" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Press" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian Press">Canadian Press</a> (2002). Queen Elizabeth II and the Royal Family in Canada (Golden Jubilee). Toronto: Quarry Heritage. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-55082-301-9" title="Special:BookSources/1-55082-301-9"><bdi>1-55082-301-9</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Queen+Elizabeth+II+and+the+Royal+Family+in+Canada+%28Golden+Jubilee%29&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Quarry+Heritage&rft.date=2002&rft.isbn=1-55082-301-9&rft.au=Canadian+Press&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCoates2006" class="citation book cs1">Coates, Colin (2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=FhFyvhpPx8MC&q=Majesty%20In%20Canada%3A%20Essays%20On%20The%20Role%20of%20Royalty&pg=PP1">Majesty In Canada: Essays On The Role of Royalty</a>. 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Michael (2018a), <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=_3glDwAAQBAJ">The Canadian Kingdom: 150 Years of Constittuional Monarchy</a>, Toronto: Dundurn, <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-4118-8" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-4597-4118-8"><bdi>978-1-4597-4118-8</bdi></a>, retrieved 15 April 2023</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Kingdom%3A+150+Years+of+Constittuional+Monarchy&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Dundurn&rft.date=2018&rft.isbn=978-1-4597-4118-8&rft.aulast=Jackson&rft.aufirst=D.+Michael&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3D_3glDwAAQBAJ&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro1977" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, Kenneth (1977). Coates, Colin (ed.). "The Crown and French Canada: The role of the Governors-General in Making the Crown relevant, 1867–1917". Imperial Canada. The University of Edinburgh: 109–121.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Imperial+Canada&rft.atitle=The+Crown+and+French+Canada%3A+The+role+of+the+Governors-General+in+Making+the+Crown+relevant%2C+1867%E2%80%931917&rft.pages=109-121&rft.date=1977&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFMunro2001" class="citation journal cs1">Munro, Kenneth (March 2001). "Canada as Reflected in her Participation in the Coronation of her Monarchs in the Twentieth Century". Journal of Historical Sociology. 14: 21–46. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.1111%2F1467-6443.00133">10.1111/1467-6443.00133</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Journal+of+Historical+Sociology&rft.atitle=Canada+as+Reflected+in+her+Participation+in+the+Coronation+of+her+Monarchs+in+the+Twentieth+Century&rft.volume=14&rft.pages=21-46&rft.date=2001-03&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.1111%2F1467-6443.00133&rft.aulast=Munro&rft.aufirst=Kenneth&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSkolnik1990" class="citation journal cs1">Skolnik, Michael L. (1990). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://eric.ed.gov/?id=EJ420197">"Lipset's "Continental Divide" and the Ideological Basis for Differences in Higher Education between Canada and United States"</a>. Canadian Journal of Higher Education. 20 (2): 81–93. <a href="/wiki/Doi_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="Doi (identifier)">doi</a>:<a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://doi.org/10.47678%2Fcjhe.v20i2.183075">10.47678/cjhe.v20i2.183075</a>. <a href="/wiki/ISSN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISSN (identifier)">ISSN</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://search.worldcat.org/issn/0316-1218">0316-1218</a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=Canadian+Journal+of+Higher+Education&rft.atitle=Lipset%27s+%22Continental+Divide%22+and+the+Ideological+Basis+for+Differences+in+Higher+Education+between+Canada+and+United+States&rft.volume=20&rft.issue=2&rft.pages=81-93&rft.date=1990&rft_id=info%3Adoi%2F10.47678%2Fcjhe.v20i2.183075&rft.issn=0316-1218&rft.aulast=Skolnik&rft.aufirst=Michael+L.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Feric.ed.gov%2F%3Fid%3DEJ420197&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFSmith1999" class="citation book cs1">Smith, David E. (1999). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/republicanoption0000smit">The Republican Option in Canada: Past and Present</a>. Toronto-Buffalo-London: University of Toronto Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-8020-4469-7" title="Special:BookSources/0-8020-4469-7"><bdi>0-8020-4469-7</bdi></a>. <q>The Republican Option in Canada: Past and Present.</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Republican+Option+in+Canada%3A+Past+and+Present&rft.place=Toronto-Buffalo-London&rft.pub=University+of+Toronto+Press&rft.date=1999&rft.isbn=0-8020-4469-7&rft.aulast=Smith&rft.aufirst=David+E.&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Frepublicanoption0000smit&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTasko2007" class="citation book cs1">Tasko, Patti (2007). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/ourqueenelizabet0000unse">Canada's Queen: Elizabeth II: A Celebration of Her Majestys Friendship with the People of Canada</a>. Toronto: John Wiley & Sons. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15444-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-470-15444-1"><bdi>978-0-470-15444-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canada%27s+Queen%3A+Elizabeth+II%3A+A+Celebration+of+Her+Majestys+Friendship+with+the+People+of+Canada&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=John+Wiley+%26+Sons&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-470-15444-1&rft.aulast=Tasko&rft.aufirst=Patti&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Farchive.org%2Fdetails%2Fourqueenelizabet0000unse&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFTidridgeGuthrie2007" class="citation book cs1">Tidridge, Nathan; Guthrie, Gavin (2007). The Canadian Monarchy: Exploring the role of Canada's Crown in the day-to-day life of our country. Toronto: Monarchist League of Canada. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-9781853-0-5" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-9781853-0-5"><bdi>978-0-9781853-0-5</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=The+Canadian+Monarchy%3A+Exploring+the+role+of+Canada%27s+Crown+in+the+day-to-day+life+of+our+country&rft.place=Toronto&rft.pub=Monarchist+League+of+Canada&rft.date=2007&rft.isbn=978-0-9781853-0-5&rft.aulast=Tidridge&rft.aufirst=Nathan&rft.au=Guthrie%2C+Gavin&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFVaughan2004" class="citation book cs1">Vaughan, Frederick (2004). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=yRO-zOCq1ZwC&q=Canadian%20Federalist%20Experiment%3A%20From%20Defiant%20Monarchy%20to%20Reluctant%20Republic&pg=PP1">Canadian Federalist Experiment: From Defiant Monarchy to Reluctant Republic</a>. Montreal: McGill-Queen's University Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-7735-2537-8" title="Special:BookSources/0-7735-2537-8"><bdi>0-7735-2537-8</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Canadian+Federalist+Experiment%3A+From+Defiant+Monarchy+to+Reluctant+Republic&rft.place=Montreal&rft.pub=McGill-Queen%27s+University+Press&rft.date=2004&rft.isbn=0-7735-2537-8&rft.aulast=Vaughan&rft.aufirst=Frederick&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fbooks.google.com%2Fbooks%3Fid%3DyRO-zOCq1ZwC%26q%3DCanadian%2520Federalist%2520Experiment%253A%2520From%2520Defiant%2520Monarchy%2520to%2520Reluctant%2520Republic%26pg%3DPP1&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Viewing">Viewing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Viewing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239549316"><div class="refbegin" style=""> <ul><li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/royal_visit/">The Royal Visit</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board. 1939.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Royal+Visit&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1939&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Froyal_visit%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Bairstow, David; Parker, Gudrun; Roger (1951). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/royal_journey/">Royal Journey</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+Journey&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1951&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Froyal_journey%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Stark, Allen (1953). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/canada_at_coronation/">Canada at the Coronation</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Canada+at+the+Coronation&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1953&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fcanada_at_coronation%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Howe, John (1957). <a href="/wiki/The_Sceptre_and_the_Mace" title="The Sceptre and the Mace">The Sceptre and the Mace</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Sceptre+and+the+Mace&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1957&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Sparling, Gordon; Blais, Roger (1959). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/royal-river/">Royal River</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Royal+River&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1959&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Froyal-river%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Sparling, Gordon (1964). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/queen_in_canada_1964/">The Queen in Canada, 1964</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen+in+Canada%2C+1964&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1964&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fqueen_in_canada_1964%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Low, Colin; Spotton, John (1979). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/pinto_for_the_prince/">A Pinto for the Prince</a> (Film). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=A+Pinto+for+the+Prince&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=1979&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fpinto_for_the_prince%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite class="citation audio-visual cs1">Hubert, Davis (2012). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.nfb.ca/film/portrait/">The Portrait</a> (Video). Ottawa: National Film Board.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Portrait&rft.place=Ottawa&rft.pub=National+Film+Board&rft.date=2012&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.nfb.ca%2Ffilm%2Fportrait%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li> <li><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222"><cite id="CITEREFCPAC2018" class="citation audio-visual cs1">CPAC (2018). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=g4F968dFp4s">The Queen's Power in Canada</a>. YouTube.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Queen%27s+Power+in+Canada&rft.pub=YouTube&rft.date=2018&rft.au=CPAC&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.youtube.com%2Fwatch%3Fv%3Dg4F968dFp4s&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AMonarchy+of+Canada" class="Z3988"></li></ul> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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<ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.canada.ca/en/services/culture/canadian-identity-society/monarchy-crown.html">Government of Canada: Monarchy and the Crown</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/constitutional-monarchy">The Canadian Encyclopedia: Constitutional monarchy</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/crown">The Canadian Encyclopedia: Crown</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thecanadianencyclopedia.ca/en/article/sovereign">The Canadian Encyclopedia: Sovereign</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://iscc-iecc.ca/">Institute for the Study of the Crown in Canada</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.monarchist.ca/index.php/our-monarchy/canada-s-monarchy">Monarchist League of Canada: Our Monarchy</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20230313163734/https://www.monarchist.ca/index.php/our-monarchy/canada-s-monarchy">Archived</a> 13 March 2023 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li></ul> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1236075235">.mw-parser-output .navbox{box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #a2a9b1;width:100%;clear:both;font-size:88%;text-align:center;padding:1px;margin:1em auto 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbox{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox,.mw-parser-output .navbox+.navbox-styles+.navbox{margin-top:-1px}.mw-parser-output .navbox-inner,.mw-parser-output .navbox-subgroup{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-group,.mw-parser-output .navbox-title,.mw-parser-output .navbox-abovebelow{padding:0.25em 1em;line-height:1.5em;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output 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.hlist td ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox .hlist td ul,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist dl,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ol,.mw-parser-output .navbox td.hlist ul{padding:0.125em 0}.mw-parser-output .navbox .navbar{display:block;font-size:100%}.mw-parser-output .navbox-title .navbar{float:left;text-align:left;margin-right:0.5em}body.skin--responsive .mw-parser-output .navbox-image img{max-width:none!important}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .navbox{display:none!important}}</style></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchy_in_Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist 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provinces">Monarchy in the Canadian provinces</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_British_Columbia" title="Monarchy in British Columbia">BC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Alberta" title="Monarchy in Alberta">AB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Saskatchewan" title="Monarchy in Saskatchewan">SK</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Manitoba" title="Monarchy in Manitoba">MB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Ontario" title="Monarchy in Ontario">ON</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Quebec" title="Monarchy in Quebec">QC</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_New_Brunswick" title="Monarchy in New Brunswick">NB</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Nova_Scotia" title="Monarchy in Nova Scotia">NS</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Monarchy in Prince Edward Island">PE</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Monarchy in Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_monarchs" title="List of Canadian monarchs">Monarchs</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Victoria" title="Queen Victoria">Victoria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VII" title="Edward VII">Edward VII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_V" title="George V">George V</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Edward_VIII" title="Edward VIII">Edward VIII</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_VI" title="George VI">George VI</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Viceroy" title="Viceroy">Viceroys</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General of Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_governors_general_of_Canada" title="List of governors general of Canada">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_(Canada)" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor (Canada)">Lieutenant governors in Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_British_Columbia" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of British Columbia">BC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_British_Columbia" title="List of lieutenant governors of British Columbia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Alberta" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Alberta">AB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Alberta" title="List of lieutenant governors of Alberta">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Saskatchewan" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Saskatchewan">SK</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Saskatchewan" title="List of lieutenant governors of Saskatchewan">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Manitoba" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Manitoba">MB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Manitoba" title="List of lieutenant governors of Manitoba">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Ontario" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Ontario">ON</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Ontario" title="List of lieutenant governors of Ontario">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_Quebec" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of Quebec">QC</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Quebec" title="List of lieutenant governors of Quebec">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_governor_of_New_Brunswick" class="mw-redirect" title="Lieutenant governor of New Brunswick">NB</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_New_Brunswick" title="List of lieutenant governors of New Brunswick">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Nova_Scotia" title="Lieutenant Governor of Nova Scotia">NS</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Nova_Scotia" title="List of lieutenant governors of Nova Scotia">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="Lieutenant Governor of Prince Edward Island">PE</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Prince_Edward_Island" title="List of lieutenant governors of Prince Edward Island">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lieutenant_Governor_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Lieutenant Governor of Newfoundland and Labrador">NL</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_lieutenant_governors_of_Newfoundland_and_Labrador" class="mw-redirect" title="List of lieutenant governors of Newfoundland and Labrador">List</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commissioner#Canadian_territories" title="Commissioner">Territorial Commissioners</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Advisory_Committee_on_Vice-Regal_Appointments" title="Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments">Advisory Committee on Vice-Regal Appointments</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitutional</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Council" title="King-in-Council">King-in-Council</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King-in-Parliament" title="King-in-Parliament">King-in-Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">King-on-the-Bench</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Peace_(law)" title="Peace (law)">King's peace</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces">The Canadian Crown and the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Canadian_Crown_and_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada">The Canadian Crown and Indigenous peoples of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Legal</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crown_copyright#Canada" title="Crown copyright">Crown copyright</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_corporations_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Crown corporations of Canada">Crown corporations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Consent" title="King's Consent">King's Consent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Printer" title="King's Printer">King's Printer</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_charter#Canada" title="Royal charter">Royal charter</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_royal_commissions" title="List of Canadian royal commissions">Royal commissions</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Ceremonial and symbolic</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chapels_Royal#Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Chapels Royal">Chapels Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crown_Collection" title="Crown Collection">Crown Collection</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_tours_of_Canada" title="Royal tours of Canada">Royal tours</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(18th%E2%80%9320th_centuries)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (18th–20th centuries)">1786–1999</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_royal_tours_of_Canada_(21st_century)" title="List of royal tours of Canada (21st century)">2000–present</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch" title="Special address by the British monarch">Special address</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Style_of_the_Canadian_sovereign" class="mw-redirect" title="Style of the Canadian sovereign">Title and style</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thrones_of_Canada" title="Thrones of Canada">Thrones of Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Coronation_Contingent" title="Canadian Coronation Contingent">Canadian Coronation Contingent</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Secretary_to_the_King" title="Canadian Secretary to the King">Canadian Secretary to the King</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">History of monarchy in Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Debate_on_the_monarchy_in_Canada" title="Debate on the monarchy in Canada">Debate on the monarchy in Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Canada" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Canada_topics" title="Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Canada_topics" title="Template talk:Canada topics"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Canada_topics" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Canada topics"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Canada" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada" title="History of Canada">History</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_years_in_Canada" title="List of years in Canada">Year list</a> (<a href="/wiki/Timeline_of_Canadian_history" title="Timeline of Canadian history">timeline</a>)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_the_indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="History of the indigenous peoples of Canada">Indigenous peoples</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_France" title="New France">New France (1534–1763)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1763%E2%80%931867)" title="History of Canada (1763–1867)">British Canada (1763–1867)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Post-Confederation_Canada_(1867%E2%80%931914)" title="Post-Confederation Canada (1867–1914)">Post-Confederation (1867–1914)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada_in_the_world_wars_and_interwar_period" title="Canada in the world wars and interwar period">World wars and interwar period (1914–1945)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1945%E2%80%931960)" title="History of Canada (1945–1960)">1945–1960</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1960%E2%80%931981)" title="History of Canada (1960–1981)">1960–1981</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canada_(1982%E2%80%93present)" title="History of Canada (1982–present)">since 1982</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#History_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_history_of_Canada" title="Constitutional history of Canada">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Canada_and_the_Indigenous_peoples_of_Canada" title="Monarchy of Canada and the Indigenous peoples of Canada">Crown and Indigenous people</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Economic_history_of_Canada" title="Economic history of Canada">Economic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Name_of_Canada" title="Name of Canada">Etymology</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/First_Nations_in_Canada" title="First Nations in Canada">First Nations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Former_colonies_and_territories_in_Canada" title="Former colonies and territories in Canada">Former colonies and territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_immigration_to_Canada" title="History of immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Canadian_foreign_policy" title="History of Canadian foreign policy">Foreign relations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Military_history_of_Canada" title="Military history of Canada">Military</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_monarchy_in_Canada" title="History of monarchy in Canada">Monarchical</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_Historic_Sites_of_Canada" title="National Historic Sites of Canada">National Historic Sites</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Persons_of_National_Historic_Significance" title="Persons of National Historic Significance">Persons of significance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Racism_in_Canada" title="Racism in Canada">Racism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Territorial_evolution_of_Canada" title="Territorial evolution of Canada">Territorial evolution</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_women_in_Canada" title="History of women in Canada">Women</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Provinces_and_territories_of_Canada" title="Provinces and territories of Canada">Provinces and territories</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Provinces</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Alberta" title="Alberta">Alberta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/British_Columbia" title="British Columbia">British Columbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manitoba" title="Manitoba">Manitoba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/New_Brunswick" title="New Brunswick">New Brunswick</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Newfoundland_and_Labrador" title="Newfoundland and Labrador">Newfoundland and Labrador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nova_Scotia" title="Nova Scotia">Nova Scotia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ontario" title="Ontario">Ontario</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward_Island" title="Prince Edward Island">Prince Edward Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Quebec" title="Quebec">Quebec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saskatchewan" title="Saskatchewan">Saskatchewan</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Territories</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Northwest_Territories" title="Northwest Territories">Northwest Territories</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nunavut" title="Nunavut">Nunavut</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yukon" title="Yukon">Yukon</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Geography_of_Canada" title="Geography of Canada">Geography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/List_of_regions_of_Canada" title="List of regions of Canada">Regions</a> (west to east)</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Western_Canada" title="Western Canada">Western Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Pacific_Northwest" title="Pacific Northwest">Pacific Northwest</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Plains" title="Great Plains">Great Plains</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Prairies" title="Canadian Prairies">Canadian Prairies</a></li></ul></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northern_Canada" title="Northern Canada">Northern Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Shield" title="Canadian Shield">Canadian Shield</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_Canada" title="Central Canada">Central Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes_region" title="Great Lakes region">Great Lakes</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Canada" title="Eastern Canada">Eastern Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Atlantic_Canada" title="Atlantic Canada">Atlantic Canada</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Maritimes" title="The Maritimes">The Maritimes</a></li></ul></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada#Geography_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Topics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_cities_in_Canada" title="List of cities in Canada">Cities</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_earthquakes_in_Canada" title="List of earthquakes in Canada">Earthquakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_islands_of_Canada" title="List of islands of Canada">Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountain_peaks_of_Canada" title="Mountain peaks of Canada">Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_Canada" title="National parks of Canada">National Parks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Great_Lakes" title="Great Lakes">Great Lakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rivers_of_Canada" title="List of rivers of Canada">Rivers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wildlife_of_Canada" title="Wildlife of Canada">Wildlife</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Volcanism_of_Canada" title="Volcanism of Canada">Volcanism</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Government_of_Canada" title="Government of Canada">Government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Law_of_Canada" title="Law of Canada">Law</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Constitution_of_Canada" title="Constitution of Canada">Constitution</a></li></ul></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Monarch</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Governor_General_of_Canada" title="Governor General of Canada">Governor General</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Canada" title="Parliament of Canada">Parliament</a> (<a href="/wiki/Senate_of_Canada" title="Senate of Canada">Senate</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_Canada" title="House of Commons of Canada">House of Commons</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Prime Minister</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Canada" title="List of prime ministers of Canada">list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Court_system_of_Canada" title="Court system of Canada">Courts</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Court_of_Canada" title="Supreme Court of Canada">Supreme Court</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Canadian Armed Forces">Military</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_peacekeeping" title="Canadian peacekeeping">Peacekeeping</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Municipal_government_in_Canada" class="mw-redirect" title="Municipal government in Canada">Local government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Foreign_relations_of_Canada" title="Foreign relations of Canada">Foreign relations</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Politics" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/Politics_of_Canada" title="Politics of Canada">Politics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elections_in_Canada" title="Elections in Canada">Elections</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Human_rights_in_Canada" title="Human rights in Canada">Human rights</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Feminism_in_Canada" title="Feminism in Canada">Feminism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_genocide_of_Indigenous_peoples" title="Canadian genocide of Indigenous peoples">Genocide</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/LGBTQ_rights_in_Canada" title="LGBTQ rights in Canada">LGBTQ</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Multiculturalism_in_Canada" title="Multiculturalism in Canada">Multiculturalism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cannabis_in_Canada" title="Cannabis in Canada">Cannabis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Firearms_regulation_in_Canada" title="Firearms regulation in Canada">Firearms regulation</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Economy_of_Canada" title="Economy of Canada">Economy</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Agriculture_in_Canada" title="Agriculture in Canada">Agriculture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Dairy_farming_in_Canada" title="Dairy farming in Canada">Dairy farming</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Floriculture_in_Canada" title="Floriculture in Canada">Floriculture</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Banking_in_Canada" title="Banking in Canada">Banking</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_dollar" title="Canadian dollar">Dollar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Telecommunications_in_Canada" title="Telecommunications in Canada">Communications</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_companies_of_Canada" title="List of companies of Canada">Companies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Energy_policy_of_Canada" title="Energy policy of Canada">Energy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fishing_industry_in_Canada" title="Fishing industry in Canada">Fishing</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oil_reserves_in_Canada" title="Oil reserves in Canada">Oil</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Petroleum_industry_in_Canada" title="Petroleum industry in Canada">Petroleum</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toronto_Stock_Exchange" title="Toronto Stock Exchange">Stock exchange</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Taxation_in_Canada" title="Taxation in Canada">Taxation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Canada" title="Tourism in Canada">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Transportation_in_Canada" title="Transportation in Canada">Transportation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Science_and_technology_in_Canada" title="Science and technology in Canada">Science and tech</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Demographics_of_Canada" title="Demographics of Canada">Demographics</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Canadians" title="Canadians">Canadians</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ethnic_origins_of_people_in_Canada" title="Ethnic origins of people in Canada">Ethnicity</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Immigration_to_Canada" title="Immigration to Canada">Immigration</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Languages_of_Canada" title="Languages of Canada">Languages</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Religion_in_Canada" title="Religion in Canada">Religion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2021_Canadian_census" title="2021 Canadian census">2021 Census</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Population_of_Canada" title="Population of Canada">Population</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal">Lists</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_census_metropolitan_areas_and_agglomerations_in_Canada" title="List of census metropolitan areas and agglomerations in Canada">Metropolitan areas and agglomerations</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_population_centres_in_Canada" title="List of the largest population centres in Canada">Population centres</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_largest_municipalities_in_Canada_by_population" title="List of the largest municipalities in Canada by population">Municipalities</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Society</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Education_in_Canada" title="Education in Canada">Education</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Higher_education_in_Canada" title="Higher education in Canada">Higher education</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Healthcare_in_Canada" title="Healthcare in Canada">Healthcare</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abortion_in_Canada" title="Abortion in Canada">Abortion</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Euthanasia_in_Canada" title="Euthanasia in Canada">Euthanasia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Law_enforcement_in_Canada" title="Law enforcement in Canada">Law enforcement</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Crime_in_Canada" title="Crime in Canada">Crime</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Corruption_in_Canada" title="Corruption in Canada">Corruption</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Terrorism_in_Canada" title="Terrorism in Canada">Terrorism</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poverty_in_Canada" title="Poverty in Canada">Poverty</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Homelessness_in_Canada" title="Homelessness in Canada">Homelessness</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Social_programs_in_Canada" title="Social programs in Canada">Social programs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_values" title="Canadian values">Values</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Canada" title="Culture of Canada">Culture</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Architecture_of_Canada" title="Architecture of Canada">Architecture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_art" title="Canadian art">Art</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cinema_of_Canada" title="Cinema of Canada">Cinema</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cuisine" title="Canadian cuisine">Cuisine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_folklore" title="Canadian folklore">Folklore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Public_holidays_in_Canada" title="Public holidays in Canada">Holidays</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_identity" title="Canadian identity">Identity</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_inventions,_innovations,_and_discoveries" title="List of Canadian inventions, innovations, and discoveries">Inventions and discoveries</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_literature" title="Canadian literature">Literature</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Music_of_Canada" title="Music of Canada">Music</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_media" class="mw-redirect" title="Canadian media">Media</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lists_of_Canadians" title="Lists of Canadians">Individuals</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_cultural_protectionism" title="Canadian cultural protectionism">Protectionism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sports_in_Canada" title="Sports in Canada">Sports</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Theatre_of_Canada" title="Theatre of Canada">Theatre</a></li></ul> </div><table class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Symbols" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:5em;font-weight: normal"><a href="/wiki/National_symbols_of_Canada" title="National symbols of Canada">Symbols</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/O_Canada" title="O Canada">Anthem</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coat_of_arms_of_Canada" title="Coat of arms of Canada">Coat of arms</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Canada" title="Flag of Canada">Flag</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_flags" title="List of Canadian flags">List</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_provincial_and_territorial_symbols" title="List of Canadian provincial and territorial symbols">Provincial and territorial</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_royal_symbols" title="Canadian royal symbols">Royal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_heraldry" title="Canadian heraldry">Heraldic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regional_tartans_of_Canada" title="Regional tartans of Canada">Tartans</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Contents</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Index_of_Canada-related_articles" title="Index of Canada-related articles">Index</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_Canada" title="Outline of Canada">Outline</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canada-related_topics_by_provinces_and_territories" title="List of Canada-related topics by provinces and territories">Topics by provinces and territories</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Research</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Canada" title="Bibliography of Canada">Bibliography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historiography_of_Canada" title="Historiography of Canada">Historiography</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Canadian_historians" title="List of Canadian historians">Historians</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canadian_studies" title="Canadian studies">Studies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/International_rankings_of_Canada" title="International rankings of Canada">Indices</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/25px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="25" height="28" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/37px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fc/Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg/50px-Maple_Leaf_%28from_roundel%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="305" data-file-height="343" /> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Canada" title="Portal:Canada">Canada portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Canada" title="Category:Canada">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Charles_III" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Charles_III" title="Template:Charles III"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Charles_III" title="Template talk:Charles III"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Charles_III" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Charles III"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Charles_III" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Charles_III" title="Charles III">Charles III</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div><a href="/wiki/King_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="King of the United Kingdom">King of the United Kingdom</a> and other <a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> (2022–present)</div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm#Current_realms" title="Commonwealth realm">Realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/List_of_titles_and_honours_of_Charles_III" title="List of titles and honours of Charles III">Titles and honours</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Commonwealth" title="Head of the Commonwealth">Head of the Commonwealth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Defender_of_the_Faith" title="Defender of the Faith">Defender of the Faith</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Supreme_Governor_of_the_Church_of_England" title="Supreme Governor of the Church of England">Supreme Governor of the Church of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces" title="Head of the Armed Forces">Head of the Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Commander-in-Chief_of_the_Canadian_Armed_Forces" title="Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces">Commander-in-Chief of the Canadian Armed Forces</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_the_Armed_Forces_(New_Zealand)" title="Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)">Head of the Armed Forces (New Zealand)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_of_Mann" title="Lord of Mann">Lord of Mann</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duke_of_Normandy" title="Duke of Normandy">Duke of Normandy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Official_Birthday" title="King's Official Birthday">King's Official Birthday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_of_Charles_III" title="Flags of Charles III">Flags</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_Order_of_Charles_III" title="Royal Family Order of Charles III">Royal Family Order</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Family</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_Camilla" title="Queen Camilla">Camilla Shand</a> (wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana,_Princess_of_Wales" title="Diana, Princess of Wales">Diana Spencer</a> (former wife)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/William,_Prince_of_Wales" title="William, Prince of Wales">William, Prince of Wales</a> (elder son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Harry,_Duke_of_Sussex" title="Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex">Prince Harry, Duke of Sussex</a> (younger son)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">Elizabeth II</a> (mother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Philip,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Philip, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (father)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anne,_Princess_Royal" title="Anne, Princess Royal">Anne, Princess Royal</a> (sister)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Andrew,_Duke_of_York" title="Prince Andrew, Duke of York">Prince Andrew, Duke of York</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Edward,_Duke_of_Edinburgh" title="Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh">Prince Edward, Duke of Edinburgh</a> (brother)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mountbatten-Windsor" title="Mountbatten-Windsor">Mountbatten-Windsor</a> (family)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Life as Prince of Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Investiture_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Investiture of Charles, Prince of Wales">Investiture</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Coronet_of_Charles,_Prince_of_Wales" title="Coronet of Charles, Prince of Wales">Coronet</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">First wedding</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wedding_guests_of_Prince_Charles_and_Lady_Diana_Spencer" title="List of wedding guests of Prince Charles and Lady Diana Spencer">guest list</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wedding_of_Prince_Charles_and_Camilla_Parker_Bowles" title="Wedding of Prince Charles and Camilla Parker Bowles">Second wedding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_v_Associated_Newspapers_Ltd" title="Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd">Prince of Wales v Associated Newspapers Ltd</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Black_spider_memos" title="Black spider memos">black spider memos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2022 State Opening of Parliament">2022 State Opening of Parliament</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2022_royal_tour_of_Canada" title="2022 royal tour of Canada">2022 royal tour of Canada</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Accession and coronation</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Proclamation_of_accession_of_Charles_III" title="Proclamation of accession of Charles III">Proclamation of accession</a> (<a href="/wiki/List_of_people_present_at_the_Accession_Council_of_Charles_III" title="List of people present at the Accession Council of Charles III">attendees</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="Coronation of Charles III and Camilla">Coronation</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_Coronation_Medal" title="King Charles III Coronation Medal">Medal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_Concert" title="Coronation Concert">Concert</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_guests_at_the_coronation_of_Charles_III_and_Camilla" title="List of guests at the coronation of Charles III and Camilla">guest list</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Coronation_quiche" title="Coronation quiche">Coronation quiche</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Presentation_of_the_Honours_of_Scotland_to_Charles_III" title="Presentation of the Honours of Scotland to Charles III">Scottish service</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Reign</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Household_of_Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Household of Charles III">Household</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Charles_III" title="List of prime ministers of Charles III">Prime ministers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Operation_Menai_Bridge" title="Operation Menai Bridge">Operation Menai Bridge</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_official_overseas_trips_made_by_Charles_III" title="List of official overseas trips made by Charles III">State and official visits made</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Charles_III_to_France" title="State visit by Charles III to France">2023 visits to France</a>; <a href="/wiki/State_visit_by_Charles_III_to_Kenya" title="State visit by Charles III to Kenya">Kenya</a>; <a href="/wiki/2024_royal_tour_of_Australia" title="2024 royal tour of Australia">2024 tour of Australia</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_state_visits_received_by_Charles_III" title="List of state visits received by Charles III">State visits received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trooping_the_Colour" title="Trooping the Colour">Trooping the Colour</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2023 Trooping the Colour">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_Trooping_the_Colour" title="2024 Trooping the Colour">2024</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="State Opening of Parliament">State Opening of Parliament</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/2023_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2023 State Opening of Parliament">2023</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/2024_State_Opening_of_Parliament" title="2024 State Opening of Parliament">2024</a></li></ul></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Charities and campaigns</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Mutton_Renaissance_Campaign" title="Mutton Renaissance Campaign">Mutton Renaissance Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Charities" title="The Prince's Charities">The Prince's Charities</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/British_Asian_Trust" title="British Asian Trust">British Asian Trust</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Business_in_the_Community" title="Business in the Community">Business in the Community</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Children_%26_the_Arts" title="Children & the Arts">Children & the Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/In_Kind_Direct" title="In Kind Direct">In Kind Direct</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Iwill_Campaign" title="Iwill Campaign">iwill Campaign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Countryside_Fund" class="mw-redirect" title="The Royal Countryside Fund">The Royal Countryside Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_King%27s_Foundation" title="The King's Foundation">The King's Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_Foundation_for_Integrated_Health" title="The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health">The Prince's Foundation for Integrated Health</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_School_of_Traditional_Arts" class="mw-redirect" title="The Prince's School of Traditional Arts">The Prince's School of Traditional Arts</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_Charitable_Fund" title="King Charles III Charitable Fund">King Charles III Charitable Fund</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Drawing_School" title="Royal Drawing School">Royal Drawing School</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Turquoise_Mountain_Foundation" title="Turquoise Mountain Foundation">Turquoise Mountain Foundation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Youth_Business_Scotland" title="Youth Business Scotland">Youth Business Scotland</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince%27s_May_Day_Network" title="The Prince's May Day Network">The Prince's May Day Network</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King%27s_Trust" title="King's Trust">King's Trust</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Residences</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As Prince of Wales</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Clarence_House" title="Clarence House">Clarence House</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Birkhall" title="Birkhall">Birkhall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Llwynywermod" title="Llwynywermod">Llwynywermod</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">As King</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Buckingham_Palace" title="Buckingham Palace">Buckingham Palace</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Windsor_Castle" title="Windsor Castle">Windsor Castle</a> (official)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Holyrood_Palace" title="Holyrood Palace">Holyrood Palace</a> (official, Scotland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hillsborough_Castle" title="Hillsborough Castle">Hillsborough Castle</a> (official, Northern Ireland)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sandringham_House" title="Sandringham House">Sandringham House</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Balmoral_Castle" title="Balmoral Castle">Balmoral Castle</a> (private)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Craigowan_Lodge" class="mw-redirect" title="Craigowan Lodge">Craigowan Lodge</a> (private)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Awards given and created</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_awards_received_by_Charles_III" title="List of awards received by Charles III">List of awards received</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales%27s_Intelligence_Community_Awards" title="Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards">Prince of Wales's Intelligence Community Awards</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_of_Wales_Prize_for_Municipal_Heritage_Leadership" title="Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership">Prince of Wales Prize for Municipal Heritage Leadership</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Sun_Military_Awards" title="The Sun Military Awards">The Sun Military Awards</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Business ventures</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_Home_Farm" title="Duchy Home Farm">Duchy Home Farm</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dumfries_House" title="Dumfries House">Dumfries House</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Highgrove_House#Highgrove_House_shops" title="Highgrove House">Highgrove House Shops</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Knockroon" title="Knockroon">Knockroon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nansledan" title="Nansledan">Nansledan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Poundbury" title="Poundbury">Poundbury</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Waitrose_Duchy_Organic" title="Waitrose Duchy Organic">Waitrose Duchy Organic</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Cultural_depictions_of_Charles_III" title="Cultural depictions of Charles III">Depictions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Televised addresses</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Special_address_by_the_British_monarch#Charles_III" title="Special address by the British monarch">Royal address to the nation</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Christmas_Message#Charles_III" class="mw-redirect" title="Royal Christmas Message">Royal Christmas Message</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Documentaries</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Family_(film)" title="Royal Family (film)">Royal Family (1969)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles:_The_Private_Man,_the_Public_Role" title="Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role">Charles: The Private Man, the Public Role (1994)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy:_The_Royal_Family_at_Work" title="Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work">Monarchy: The Royal Family at Work (2007)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_at_90:_A_Family_Tribute" title="Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute">Elizabeth at 90: A Family Tribute (2016)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_R:_The_Making_of_a_Monarch" title="Charles R: The Making of a Monarch">Charles R: The Making of a Monarch (2023)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_III:_The_Coronation_Year" title="Charles III: The Coronation Year">Charles III: The Coronation Year (2023)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Film and television</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chorus_Girls_(musical)" title="Chorus Girls (musical)">Chorus Girls</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_%26_Diana:_A_Royal_Love_Story" title="Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story">Charles & Diana: A Royal Love Story</a> (1982)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Royal_Romance_of_Charles_and_Diana" title="The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana">The Royal Romance of Charles and Diana</a> (1982)</li> <li>Spitting Image (<a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image" title="Spitting Image">1984–1996</a>, <a href="/wiki/Spitting_Image_(2020_TV_series)" title="Spitting Image (2020 TV series)">2020–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Charles_and_Diana:_Unhappily_Ever_After" title="Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After">Charles and Diana: Unhappily Ever After</a> (1992)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Willi_und_die_Windzors" title="Willi und die Windzors">Willi und die Windzors</a> (1996)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Whatever_Love_Means" title="Whatever Love Means">Whatever Love Means</a> (2005)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(2006_film)" title="The Queen (2006 film)">The Queen</a> (2006 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Queen_(British_TV_serial)" title="The Queen (British TV serial)">The Queen</a> (2009 TV serial)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_(film)" title="King Charles III (film)">King Charles III</a> (2017 film)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Windsors" title="The Windsors">The Windsors</a> (2016–2020 TV series)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Crown_(TV_series)" title="The Crown (TV series)">The Crown</a> (2016–2023)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Prince_(TV_series)" title="The Prince (TV series)">The Prince</a> (2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Spencer_(film)" title="Spencer (film)">Spencer</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Plays</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Her_Royal_Highness..%3F" title="Her Royal Highness..?">Her Royal Highness..?</a> (1981)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_Charles_III_(play)" title="King Charles III (play)">King Charles III</a> (2014)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diana_(musical)" title="Diana (musical)">Diana</a> (2019/2021)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Windsors:_Endgame" title="The Windsors: Endgame">The Windsors: Endgame</a> (2021)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Portraits</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/His_Majesty_King_Charles_III_(portrait)" title="His Majesty King Charles III (portrait)">Jonathan Yeo (2024)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Bibliography_of_Charles_III" title="Bibliography of Charles III">Bibliography</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/The_Old_Man_of_Lochnagar" title="The Old Man of Lochnagar">The Old Man of Lochnagar</a> (1980)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/A_Vision_of_Britain:_A_Personal_View_of_Architecture" title="A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture">A Vision of Britain: A Personal View of Architecture</a> (1989)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harmony:_A_New_Way_of_Looking_at_Our_World" title="Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World">Harmony: A New Way of Looking at Our World</a> (2010)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Climate_Change_(children%27s_book)" title="Climate Change (children's book)">Climate Change</a> (2023)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Eponyms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Island" title="Prince Charles Island">Prince Charles Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_Mountains" title="Prince Charles Mountains">Prince Charles Mountains</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_Charles_stream_tree_frog" title="Prince Charles stream tree frog">Prince Charles stream tree frog</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_II" title="Elizabeth II">← Elizabeth II</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1126788409"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Commonwealth_realms" title="Template talk:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth_realms" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Commonwealth realms"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Commonwealth_realms_and_dominions" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a> and <a href="/wiki/Dominion" title="Dominion">dominions</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Australia" title="Australia">Australia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Bahamas" title="The Bahamas">Bahamas</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Belize" title="Belize">Belize</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canada" title="Canada">Canada</a> (<a class="mw-selflink selflink">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grenada" title="Grenada">Grenada</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jamaica" title="Jamaica">Jamaica</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Realm_of_New_Zealand" title="Realm of New Zealand">Realm of New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papua_New_Guinea" title="Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Lucia" title="Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Solomon_Islands" title="Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tuvalu" title="Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barbados" title="Barbados">Barbados</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ceylon" title="Dominion of Ceylon">Ceylon</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Fiji" title="Dominion of Fiji">Fiji</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/The_Gambia_(1965%E2%80%931970)" title="The Gambia (1965–1970)">The Gambia</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Ghana" title="Dominion of Ghana">Ghana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Guyana_(1966%E2%80%931970)" title="Guyana (1966–1970)">Guyana</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Ireland</a> (<a href="/wiki/Irish_head_of_state_from_1922_to_1949" title="Irish head of state from 1922 to 1949">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kenya_(1963%E2%80%931964)" title="Kenya (1963–1964)">Kenya</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Malawi#Independence" title="History of Malawi">Malawi</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/State_of_Malta" title="State of Malta">Malta</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mauritius_(1968%E2%80%931992)" title="Mauritius (1968–1992)">Mauritius</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Newfoundland" title="Dominion of Newfoundland">Newfoundland</a>1</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_Nigeria" title="Federation of Nigeria">Nigeria</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Nigeria_(1960%E2%80%931963)" title="Monarchy of Nigeria (1960–1963)">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_Pakistan" title="Dominion of Pakistan">Pakistan</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rhodesia" title="Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a>2 (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sierra_Leone_(1961%E2%80%931971)" title="Sierra Leone (1961–1971)">Sierra Leone</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Union_of_South_Africa" title="Union of South Africa">South Africa</a> (<a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tanganyika_(1961%E2%80%931964)" title="Tanganyika (1961–1964)">Tanganyika</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">monarchy</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Uganda_(1962%E2%80%931963)" title="Uganda (1962–1963)">Uganda</a> (<a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">monarchy</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow plainlist" colspan="2"><div> <dl><dd>1 Annexed by Canada in 1949</dd> <dd>2 <a href="/wiki/Rhodesia%27s_Unilateral_Declaration_of_Independence" title="Rhodesia's Unilateral Declaration of Independence">Rhodesia unilaterally declared independence</a> in 1965, but this was not recognised internationally. Declared itself a republic in 1970.</dd></dl> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Template talk:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Heads of state and government of North America"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Heads_of_state_and_government_of_North_America" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em">Heads of state and government of North America</div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Heads of state</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Barbados" title="President of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Cuba" title="President of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_presidents_of_Dominica" title="List of presidents of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Haiti" title="President of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="President of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em; text-align: center;"><a href="/wiki/Head_of_government" title="Head of government">Heads of government</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Sovereign_states" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%;line-height: 1.1em;">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Prime Minister of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_the_Bahamas" title="Prime Minister of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Barbados" title="Prime Minister of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Belize" title="List of prime ministers of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Canada" title="Prime Minister of Canada">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Costa_Rica" title="President of Costa Rica">Costa Rica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Cuba" title="Prime Minister of Cuba">Cuba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Dominica" title="Prime Minister of Dominica">Dominica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_Dominican_Republic" title="President of the Dominican Republic">Dominican Republic</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_El_Salvador" title="President of El Salvador">El Salvador</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_government_of_Grenada" title="List of heads of government of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Guatemala" title="President of Guatemala">Guatemala</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Haiti" title="Prime Minister of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Honduras" title="President of Honduras">Honduras</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prime_Minister_of_Jamaica" title="Prime Minister of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Mexico" title="President of Mexico">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_Nicaragua" title="President of Nicaragua">Nicaragua</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_heads_of_state_of_Panama" title="List of heads of state of Panama">Panama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Lucia" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="List of prime ministers of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_prime_ministers_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="List of prime ministers of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_States" title="President of the United States">United States</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks hlist mw-collapsible mw-collapsed navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:Monarchies" title="Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:Monarchies" title="Template talk:Monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:Monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchy" title="Monarchy">Monarchies</a></div></th></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarch" title="Monarch">Monarch</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Imperial,_royal_and_noble_ranks" title="Imperial, royal and noble ranks">Imperial, royal and noble ranks</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_monarchs_of_sovereign_states" title="List of current monarchs of sovereign states">List of current sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign monarchs">List of current non-sovereign monarchs</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchy_referendums" title="List of monarchy referendums">List of monarchy referendums</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Type</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Absolute_monarchy" title="Absolute monarchy">Absolute</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Constitutional_monarchy" title="Constitutional monarchy">Constitutional</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Diarchy" title="Diarchy">Diarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elective_monarchy" title="Elective monarchy">Elective</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federal_monarchy" title="Federal monarchy">Federal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hereditary_monarchy" title="Hereditary monarchy">Hereditary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Non-sovereign_monarchy" title="Non-sovereign monarchy">Non-sovereign</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Personal_union" title="Personal union">Personal union</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Regent" title="Regent">Regency</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Topics</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abdication" title="Abdication">Abdication</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Abolition of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aristocracy_(class)" title="Aristocracy (class)">Aristocracy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Criticism_of_monarchy" title="Criticism of monarchy">Criticism of monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Democratization" title="Democratization">Democratization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Decolonization" title="Decolonization">Decolonization</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dynasty" title="Dynasty">Dynasty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Government" title="Government">Government</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Head_of_state" title="Head of state">Head of state</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Legitimacy_(political)" title="Legitimacy (political)">Legitimacy (political)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oligarchy" title="Oligarchy">Oligarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Order_of_succession" title="Order of succession">Order of succession</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Republicanism" title="Republicanism">Republicanism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Self-proclaimed_monarchy" title="Self-proclaimed monarchy">Self-proclaimed monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sovereignty" title="Sovereignty">Sovereignty</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Titles</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Chhatrapati" title="Chhatrapati">Chhatrapati</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor" title="Emperor">Emperor</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King" title="King">King</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Queen_regnant" title="Queen regnant">Queen regnant</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Prince_regnant" class="mw-redirect" title="Prince regnant">Prince regnant</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raja" title="Raja">Raja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khan_(title)" title="Khan (title)">khan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tsar" title="Tsar">Tsar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultan" title="Sultan">Sultan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shah" title="Shah">Shah</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pharaoh" title="Pharaoh">Pharaoh</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th id="Africa" scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Africa" title="Monarchies in Africa">Africa</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Ngwenyama" title="Ngwenyama">Eswatini</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Lesotho" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs of Lesotho">Lesotho</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Morocco" title="King of Morocco">Morocco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_constituent_African_monarchs" class="mw-redirect" title="List of current constituent African monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Asia" title="Monarchies in Asia">Asia</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bahrain" title="King of Bahrain">Bahrain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Bhutan" title="King of Bhutan">Bhutan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Sultans_of_Brunei" class="mw-redirect" title="List of Sultans of Brunei">Brunei</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Cambodia" title="Monarchy of Cambodia">Cambodia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emperor_of_Japan" title="Emperor of Japan">Japan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kings_of_Jordan" title="List of kings of Jordan">Jordan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Kuwait" title="Emir of Kuwait">Kuwait</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yang_di-Pertuan_Agong" class="mw-redirect" title="Yang di-Pertuan Agong">Malaysia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_rulers_of_Oman" title="List of rulers of Oman">Oman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emir_of_Qatar" title="Emir of Qatar">Qatar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Saudi_Arabia" title="King of Saudi Arabia">Saudi Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Thailand" title="Monarchy of Thailand">Thailand</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/President_of_the_United_Arab_Emirates" title="President of the United Arab Emirates">United Arab Emirates</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_current_non-sovereign_Asian_monarchs" title="List of current non-sovereign Asian monarchs">list</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Europe" title="Monarchies in Europe">Europe</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Co-Princes_of_Andorra" class="mw-redirect" title="Co-Princes of Andorra">Andorra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belgium" title="Monarchy of Belgium">Belgium</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Liechtenstein" title="Monarchy of Liechtenstein">Liechtenstein</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Luxembourg" title="Monarchy of Luxembourg">Luxembourg</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Monaco" title="Monarchy of Monaco">Monaco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Norway" title="Monarchy of Norway">Norway</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_sovereigns_of_Vatican_City_State" class="mw-redirect" title="List of sovereigns of Vatican City State">Vatican City (Holy See)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_Oceania" title="Monarchies in Oceania">Oceania</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Tonga" title="List of monarchs of Tonga">Tonga</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Commonwealth_realm" title="Commonwealth realm">Commonwealth realms</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Australia" title="Monarchy of Australia">Australia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_New_Zealand" title="Monarchy of New Zealand">New Zealand</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_in_the_Cook_Islands" title="Monarchy in the Cook Islands">Cook Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Niuean_monarchs" title="List of Niuean monarchs">Niue</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Papua_New_Guinea" title="Monarchy of Papua New Guinea">Papua New Guinea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Solomon_Islands" title="Monarchy of Solomon Islands">Solomon Islands</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Tuvalu" title="Monarchy of Tuvalu">Tuvalu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Abolition_of_monarchy" title="Abolition of monarchy">Former</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Africa</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Adamawa_Emirate" title="Adamawa Emirate">Adamawa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ankole" title="Ankole">Ankole</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Aussa" title="Sultanate of Aussa">Aussa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Barotseland" title="Barotseland">Barotseland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Bagirmi" title="Sultanate of Bagirmi">Bagirmi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kanem%E2%80%93Bornu_Empire" title="Kanem–Bornu Empire">Bornu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Burundi" title="Kingdom of Burundi">Burundi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Central_African_Empire" title="Central African Empire">Central Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dahomey" title="Dahomey">Dahomey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Egypt" title="Kingdom of Egypt">Egypt</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ethiopian_Empire" title="Ethiopian Empire">Ethiopia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ghana_Empire" title="Ghana Empire">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gomma" title="Kingdom of Gomma">Gomma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Gumma" title="Kingdom of Gumma">Gumma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kaffa" title="Kingdom of Kaffa">Kaffa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kongo" title="Kingdom of Kongo">Kongo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Libya" title="Kingdom of Libya">Libya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Luba" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Luba">Luba</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Merina_Kingdom" title="Merina Kingdom">Madagascar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mali_Empire" title="Mali Empire">Mali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mayotte#History" title="Mayotte">Maore</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maravi" title="Maravi">Maravi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moh%C3%A9li#History" title="Mohéli">Mwali</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Anjouan#Early_and_colonial_history" title="Anjouan">Ndzuwani</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grande_Comore#History" title="Grande Comore">Ngazidja</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rwanda" title="Kingdom of Rwanda">Rwanda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shilluk_Kingdom" title="Shilluk Kingdom">Shilluk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Islands_of_Refreshment" title="Islands of Refreshment">Islands of Refreshment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tunisia" title="Kingdom of Tunisia">Tunisia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wituland" title="Wituland">Wituland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wassoulou_Empire" title="Wassoulou Empire">Wassoulou</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yeke_Kingdom" title="Yeke Kingdom">Yeke</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Zanzibar" title="Sultanate of Zanzibar">Zanzibar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Zimbabwe" title="Kingdom of Zimbabwe">Zimbabwe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_kingdoms_in_pre-colonial_Africa" class="mw-redirect" title="List of kingdoms in pre-colonial Africa">and other</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Americas</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucanía</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">Haiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">Mexico</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suriname_(Kingdom_of_the_Netherlands)" title="Suriname (Kingdom of the Netherlands)">Suriname</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Trinidad" title="Principality of Trinidad">Trinidad</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Thirteen_Colonies" title="Thirteen Colonies">Thirteen Colonies</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Asia</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Afghanistan" title="Kingdom of Afghanistan">Afghanistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Idrisid_Emirate_of_Asir" title="Idrisid Emirate of Asir">Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bengal_Sultanate" title="Bengal Sultanate">Bengal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Bukhara" title="Emirate of Bukhara">Bukhara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Konbaung_dynasty" title="Konbaung dynasty">Burma</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cebu_(historical_polity)" title="Cebu (historical polity)">Cebu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shihab_dynasty" title="Shihab dynasty">Chehab</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_China" title="Monarchy of China">China</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dapitan_Kingdom" title="Dapitan Kingdom">Dapitan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hejaz" title="Kingdom of Hejaz">Hejaz</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Indonesian_monarchies" title="List of Indonesian monarchies">Indonesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Pahlavi_dynasty" title="Pahlavi dynasty">Iran</a> (<a href="/wiki/Qajar_Iran" title="Qajar Iran">Qajar</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iraq" title="Kingdom of Iraq">Iraq</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Jabal_Shammar" title="Emirate of Jabal Shammar">Jabal Shammar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kathiri" title="Kathiri">Kathiri</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Khanate_of_Khiva" title="Khanate of Khiva">Khiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Korean_Empire" title="Korean Empire">Korea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kumul_Khanate" title="Kumul Khanate">Kumul</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kurdistan" title="Kingdom of Kurdistan">Kurdistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Laos" title="Kingdom of Laos">Laos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Maguindanao" title="Sultanate of Maguindanao">Maguindanao</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mahra_Sultanate" title="Mahra Sultanate">Mahra</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Maldivian_monarchs" title="List of Maldivian monarchs">Maldives</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Manchukuo" title="Manchukuo">Manchukuo</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bogd_Khanate_of_Mongolia" title="Bogd Khanate of Mongolia">Mongolia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Najran" title="Principality of Najran">Najran</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nepal" title="Kingdom of Nepal">Nepal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Qu%27aiti" title="Qu'aiti">Qu'aiti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ryukyu_Kingdom" title="Ryukyu Kingdom">Ryukyu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Raj_of_Sarawak" title="Raj of Sarawak">Sarawak</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shan_States" title="Shan States">Shan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sikkim" title="Kingdom of Sikkim">Sikkim</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sinhalese_monarchy" title="Sinhalese monarchy">Sri Lanka</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sip_Song_Chau_Tai" title="Sip Song Chau Tai">Sip Song Chau Tai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sultanate_of_Sulu" title="Sultanate of Sulu">Sulu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Arab_Kingdom_of_Syria" title="Arab Kingdom of Syria">Syria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tibet_(1912%E2%80%931951)" title="Tibet (1912–1951)">Tibet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tungning" title="Kingdom of Tungning">Taiwan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheikdom_of_Upper_Asir" title="Sheikdom of Upper Asir">Upper Asir</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Upper_Yafa" title="Upper Yafa">Upper Yafa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Vietnam" title="List of monarchs of Vietnam">Vietnam</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mutawakkilite_Kingdom_of_Yemen" class="mw-redirect" title="Mutawakkilite Kingdom of Yemen">Yemen</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirates_of_South_Arabia" class="mw-redirect" title="Emirates of South Arabia">Emirates of South Arabia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Federation_of_South_Arabia" title="Federation of South Arabia">South Arabia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Europe</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Albanian_Kingdom_(1928%E2%80%931939)" title="Albanian Kingdom (1928–1939)">Albania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Aragon" title="Kingdom of Aragon">Aragon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Asturias" title="Kingdom of Asturias">Asturias</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austrian_Empire" title="Austrian Empire">Austria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Austria-Hungary" title="Austria-Hungary">Austria-Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bavaria" title="Kingdom of Bavaria">Bavaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bosnia" title="Kingdom of Bosnia">Bosnia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Brittany" title="Duchy of Brittany">Brittany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bulgaria" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Bulgaria">Bulgaria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Catalonia" title="Principality of Catalonia">Catalonia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Crimean_Khanate" title="Crimean Khanate">Crimea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Armenian_Kingdom_of_Cilicia" title="Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia">Cilicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Corsica_(1736)" title="Kingdom of Corsica (1736)">Corsica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cyprus" title="Kingdom of Cyprus">Cyprus</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Finland_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Finland (1918)">Finland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_French_Empire" title="Second French Empire">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Galicia" title="Kingdom of Galicia">Galicia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Georgia" title="Kingdom of Georgia">Georgia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/German_Empire" title="German Empire">Germany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Greece" title="Kingdom of Greece">Greece</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Emirate_of_Granada" title="Emirate of Granada">Granada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hanover" title="Kingdom of Hanover">Hanover</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Hungary" title="Kingdom of Hungary">Hungary</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Iceland" title="Kingdom of Iceland">Iceland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Imereti" title="Kingdom of Imereti">Imereti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ireland" title="Monarchy of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Italy" title="Kingdom of Italy">Italy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Kartli-Kakheti" title="Kingdom of Kartli-Kakheti">Kartli-Kakheti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Lithuania_(1918)" title="Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)">Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Majorca" title="Kingdom of Majorca">Majorca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Isles" title="Kingdom of the Isles">Man</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Moldavia" title="Moldavia">Moldavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Montenegro" title="Kingdom of Montenegro">Montenegro</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Navarre" title="Kingdom of Navarre">Navarre</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Canton_of_Neuch%C3%A2tel#History" title="Canton of Neuchâtel">Neuchâtel</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ottoman_Empire" title="Ottoman Empire">Ottoman Empire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Papal_States" title="Papal States">Papal States</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Sardinia_(1720%E2%80%931861)" title="Kingdom of Sardinia (1720–1861)">Piedmont-Sardinia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Polish%E2%80%93Lithuanian_Commonwealth" title="Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth">Poland–Lithuania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Portugal" title="Kingdom of Portugal">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Prussia" title="Kingdom of Prussia">Prussia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Romania" title="Kingdom of Romania">Romania</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Russian_Empire" title="Russian Empire">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Principality_of_Samos" title="Principality of Samos">Samos</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Saxony" title="Kingdom of Saxony">Saxony</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Savoy" title="Duchy of Savoy">Savoy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Scotland" title="Kingdom of Scotland">Scotland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Serbia" title="Kingdom of Serbia">Serbia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tavolara" title="Kingdom of Tavolara">Tavolara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_the_Two_Sicilies" title="Kingdom of the Two Sicilies">Two Sicilies</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Grand_Duchy_of_Tuscany" title="Grand Duchy of Tuscany">Tuscany</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/United_Baltic_Duchy" title="United Baltic Duchy">United Baltic Duchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Yugoslavia" title="Kingdom of Yugoslavia">Yugoslavia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Valencia" title="Kingdom of Valencia">Valencia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_W%C3%BCrttemberg" title="Kingdom of Württemberg">Württemberg</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Oceania</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Abemama" title="Abemama">Abemama</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Bora_Bora" title="Kingdom of Bora Bora">Bora Bora</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/King_of_Easter_Island" title="King of Easter Island">Easter Island</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Fiji" title="Kingdom of Fiji">Kingdom of Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hawaiian_Kingdom" title="Hawaiian Kingdom">Hawaii</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huahine" title="Huahine">Huahine</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mangareva" title="Mangareva">Mangareva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Niue" title="Niue">Niuē-Fekai</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nuku_Hiva" title="Nuku Hiva">Nuku Hiva</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_of_Raiatea" title="List of monarchs of Raiatea">Raiatea</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rapa_Iti" title="Rapa Iti">Rapa Iti</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Rarotonga" title="Kingdom of Rarotonga">Rarotonga</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rimatara" title="Rimatara">Rimatara</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rurutu" title="Rurutu">Rurutu</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tahuata" title="Tahuata">Tahuata</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Tahiti" title="Kingdom of Tahiti">Tahiti</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Commonwealth realms</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Ceylon_(1948%E2%80%931972)" title="Monarchy of Ceylon (1948–1972)">Ceylon</a> (Sri Lanka)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Fiji" title="Monarchy of Fiji">Fiji</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_the_Gambia" title="Queen of the Gambia">The Gambia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Ghana" title="Queen of Ghana">Ghana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dominion_of_India" title="Dominion of India">India</a> (<a href="/wiki/British_Raj" title="British Raj">British Raj</a>, <a href="/wiki/List_of_princely_states_of_British_India_(alphabetical)" title="List of princely states of British India (alphabetical)">princely states</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Irish_Free_State" title="Irish Free State">Irish Free State</a> / <a href="/wiki/Republic_of_Ireland" title="Republic of Ireland">Ireland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Kenya" title="Queen of Kenya">Kenya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malawi" title="Queen of Malawi">Malawi</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Malta" title="Queen of Malta">Malta</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Mauritius" title="Queen of Mauritius">Mauritius</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Nigeria" class="mw-redirect" title="Queen of Nigeria">Nigeria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Pakistan" title="Monarchy of Pakistan">Pakistan</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Rhodesia" title="Queen of Rhodesia">Rhodesia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Sierra_Leone" title="Queen of Sierra Leone">Sierra Leone</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_South_Africa" title="Monarchy of South Africa">South Africa</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Tanganyika" title="Queen of Tanganyika">Tanganyika</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Uganda" title="Queen of Uganda">Uganda</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235"></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231"><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:American_monarchies" title="Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:American_monarchies" title="Template talk:American monarchies"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:American_monarchies" title="Special:EditPage/Template:American monarchies"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="Monarchies_in_the_Americas" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Monarchies_in_the_Americas" title="Monarchies in the Americas">Monarchies in the Americas</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Current</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li>Commonwealth of Nations monarchies <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Antigua_and_Barbuda" title="Monarchy of Antigua and Barbuda">Antigua and Barbuda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Bahamas" title="Monarchy of the Bahamas">The Bahamas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Belize" title="Monarchy of Belize">Belize</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Canada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Grenada" title="Monarchy of Grenada">Grenada</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Jamaica" title="Monarchy of Jamaica">Jamaica</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Kitts_and_Nevis" title="Monarchy of Saint Kitts and Nevis">Saint Kitts and Nevis</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Lucia" title="Monarchy of Saint Lucia">Saint Lucia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Saint_Vincent_and_the_Grenadines" title="Monarchy of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines">Saint Vincent and the Grenadines</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Monarchy of the United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Denmark" title="Monarchy of Denmark">Denmark</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_the_Netherlands" title="Monarchy of the Netherlands">Netherlands</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Former</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"></div><table class="nowraplinks navbox-subgroup" style="border-spacing:0"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Indigenous monarchies</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Aymara_kingdoms" title="Aymara kingdoms">Aymara</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Colla_Kingdom" title="Colla Kingdom">Colla</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lupaca" title="Lupaca">Lupaca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Aztec_Empire" title="Aztec Empire">Aztec</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huetar_people" title="Huetar people">Huetar</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Eastern_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Eastern Huetar Kingdom">Eastern Huetar</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Garabito_Empire" title="Garabito Empire">Garabito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Pacaca" title="Kingdom of Pacaca">Pacaca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Toyop%C3%A1n" title="Toyopán">Toyopán</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Western_Huetar_Kingdom" title="Western Huetar Kingdom">Western Huetar</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_society" title="Inca society">Inca</a> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Cusco" title="Kingdom of Cusco">Cusco</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Inca_Empire" title="Inca Empire">Inca</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Neo-Inca_State" title="Neo-Inca State">Neo-Inca</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Maya_civilization" title="Maya civilization">Maya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Mosquito_Coast" title="Mosquito Coast">Miskito</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Nicoya" title="Kingdom of Nicoya">Nicoya</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Talamanca" title="Kingdom of Talamanca">Talamanca</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">European monarchies with <a href="/wiki/European_colonization_of_the_Americas#List_of_European_colonies_in_the_Americas" title="European colonization of the Americas">colonies in the Americas</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Duchy_of_Courland_and_Semigallia" title="Duchy of Courland and Semigallia">Courland and Semigallia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_French_monarchs" title="List of French monarchs">France</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Portuguese_monarchs" title="List of Portuguese monarchs">Portugal</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Russian_monarchs" title="List of Russian monarchs">Russia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Spain" title="Monarchy of Spain">Spain</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Sweden" title="Monarchy of Sweden">Sweden</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Sovereign states</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Monarchy_of_Barbados" title="Monarchy of Barbados">Barbados (1966–2021)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Empire_of_Brazil" title="Empire of Brazil">Brazil (1822–1889)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Guyana" title="Queen of Guyana">Guyana (1966–1970)</a></li> <li>Haiti <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Empire_of_Haiti" title="First Empire of Haiti">1804–06</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Haiti" title="Kingdom of Haiti">1811–20</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Empire_of_Haiti" title="Second Empire of Haiti">1849–59</a></li></ul></li> <li>Mexico <ul><li><a href="/wiki/First_Mexican_Empire" title="First Mexican Empire">1822–23</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Second_Mexican_Empire" title="Second Mexican Empire">1864–67</a></li></ul></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Queen_of_Trinidad_and_Tobago" title="Queen of Trinidad and Tobago">Trinidad and Tobago (1962–76)</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table><div></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Related</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/List_of_monarchs_in_the_Americas" class="mw-redirect" title="List of monarchs in the Americas">List of monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_the_last_monarchs_in_the_Americas" title="List of the last monarchs in the Americas">List of the last monarchs in the Americas</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Redonda" title="Kingdom of Redonda">Kingdom of Redonda</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Afro-Bolivian_monarchy" title="Afro-Bolivian monarchy">Afro-Bolivian monarchy</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Araucan%C3%ADa_and_Patagonia" title="Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia">Araucania and Patagonia</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Retrieved from "<a dir="ltr" href="https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&oldid=1259129392">https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Monarchy_of_Canada&oldid=1259129392</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Help:Category" title="Help:Category">Categories</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Monarchy_of_Canada" title="Category:Monarchy of Canada">Monarchy of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Heads_of_state_of_Canada" title="Category:Heads of state of Canada">Heads of state of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_of_Canada" title="Category:Government of Canada">Government of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Government_in_Canada" title="Category:Government in Canada">Government in Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Parliament_of_Canada" title="Category:Parliament of Canada">Parliament of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Legal_history_of_Canada" title="Category:Legal history of Canada">Legal history of Canada</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Commonwealth_realms" title="Category:Commonwealth realms">Commonwealth realms</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_heraldry" title="Category:Canadian heraldry">Canadian heraldry</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Category:Canadian_identity" title="Category:Canadian identity">Canadian identity</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Hidden categories: <ul><li><a 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Template:Cite_news"," 5.22% 282.573 2 Template:Sfn"," 4.31% 233.025 4 Template:Infobox"," 4.24% 229.214 47 Template:Cite_journal"," 3.59% 194.201 1 Template:Infobox_monarchy"]},"scribunto":{"limitreport-timeusage":{"value":"3.568","limit":"10.000"},"limitreport-memusage":{"value":18968983,"limit":52428800},"limitreport-logs":"table#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\nanchor_id_list = table#1 {\n [\"CITEREFAbedi2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAimers1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAird1985\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAllen1849\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAnnett2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFArchives_of_Ontario\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFAssembly_of_First_NationsElizabeth_II2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFAtherton2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBeauchesne1958\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBellBousfieldBousfield2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBenoit2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBerezovsky2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBergen2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBethuneTreble2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlair2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlizzard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBlondeau2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoswell2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBouchard2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBousfield1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBousfieldToffoli2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoutros2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowden2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBowdenLagassé2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBoyce2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBritish_Columbia_Archives\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBrode2006\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFBuchan1969\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFBuckner2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCISION2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCPAC2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCabinet_Secretary_and_Clerk_of_the_Executive_Council2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampagnolo2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCampbell2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanada_Post2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Press2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Press2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Press2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Privy_Council_Office1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCanadian_Royal_Heritage_Trust\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFChartersErueti2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFChartrand2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCheadle2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCitizenship_and_Immigration_Canada2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClark2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarke2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFClarkson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoates2006\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFCode2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCohn2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCornell2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCouture2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCox2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCoyne2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCreighton1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFCyr2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDaly2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavies1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavisMillar1968\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDavison2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDawsonDawson1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDeachman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelphi_Classics2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDelvin2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage\"] = 7,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage,_Government_of_Canada2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Canadian_Heritage2014\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Indian_Affairs_and_Northern_Development2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_Justice1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_National_Defence\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDepartment_of_National_Defence1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDerwyn1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDimmock2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFDonovan2009\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFDunsmuir2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEKOS2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEditorial_Board2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFEdward_VIII\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II1953\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II1957\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II1982\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFElizabeth_II2013\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFabb1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFarthing1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFerguson2003\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFidelis2004\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFFoot2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFForsey2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFForsey2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFFranks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGalbraith1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGallant2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGardner2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGeddes2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFGeddes2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGillespie2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2017\"] = 5,\n [\"CITEREFGovernment_of_Canada2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGowdy1967\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrace1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFGrey1905\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHall1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarper\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHarris2023\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFHawkins2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazellMorris2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHazellMorris2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHeard2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHenderson2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHicks2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHoey\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHolloway2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHonsberger2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHood_Phillips1957\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHopper2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHough2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHowell2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFHyslop2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIgnatieff2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIndian_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIqbal2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFIsaac1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJ.A._Weiler2014\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2018a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJackson2021\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonLagassé2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJacksonSmith2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJakson2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJean2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohn2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJohnston2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJones2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoseph2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJouneau2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFJoyal2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKehoe2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKennedy1954\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFKenney2007\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFKnelman2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagassé2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagassé2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagassé2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagassé2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLagasséBaud2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLambert2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLanctot1964\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFLaucius2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLegislative_Assembly_of_Ontario1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLennox2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_and_Archives_Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFLibrary_of_Parliament\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacKinnon1976\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacLeod2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMacgregor_Dawson1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMackenzie2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMainville2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMakarenko2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory1956\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMallory2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarasinghe\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarin2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMarleauMontpetit2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMartin2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMatchewan1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcCreery2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcIntoshHillmerFoot2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcParland2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhinney2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMcWhinney2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMichener1970\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMinistry_of_Natural_Resources2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMishra2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonarchist_League_of_Canada2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonet1979\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMonet2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMoore2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro1977\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMunro2001\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurphy2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFMurray2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeelHarper1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeitsch2006\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNeitsch2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNewman2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFNoonan1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFO\u0026#039;Neil2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOdrowaz-Sypniewska\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada\"] = 12,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Governor_General_of_Canada:_Canadian_Heraldic_Authority\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Ontario\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Prime_Minister_of_Canada2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFOffice_of_the_Provincial_Secretary\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFOtis2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalkowski2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmeAimers2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPalmer2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPanetta_(with_Canadian_Press)2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPaperny2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParliament_of_Canada\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFParliament_of_Canada2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParliament_of_Canada;_32nd_Parliament_(1st_Session)1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFParsons2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPatelRaudon2019\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPedwell\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPepall1990\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPhillips2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPigott2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrince2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPrivy_Council_Office2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFProudfoot2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFPublic_Prosecution_Service_of_Canada2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRadforth2003\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRana2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRayner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFReport_of_the_Royal_Commission_on_Aboriginal_Peoples1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoberts2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRobinson2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomaniukWasylciw2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRomney1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRossignol1992\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Agricultural_Winter_Fair2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Canadian_Mounted_Police2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFRoyal_Household\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFRussell1983\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSaskatchewan_Office_of_the_Provincial_Secretary\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSchmitz1988\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFScott1944\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSeebruch2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSelley2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSenate_of_Canada2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSerebrin2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSharp1994\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSkolnik1990\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith1999\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSmith2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFStacey1948\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSupreme_Court_of_Canada1981\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSwann\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFSèguin2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTasker2022\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFTasko2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Royal_Household\"] = 6,\n [\"CITEREFThe_Royal_Household2005\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFThompson2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidridge2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidridge2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidridge2016\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidridge2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTidridgeGuthrie2007\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTodd2023\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffoli\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffoli1995\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffoli1996\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToffoli2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFToporoski1998\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrance2022a\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTorrance2022b\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreasury_Board_Secretariat\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreble2010\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreble2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreble2012\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTreble2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTrepanier2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTumilty2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTunneyTasker2021\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2017\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2018\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTwomey2020\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFTyler2008\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFUnger2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValpy2002\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValpy2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValpy2009\"] = 3,\n [\"CITEREFValpy2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFValpy2015\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVaughan2004\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFVeterans_Affairs_Canada\"] = 2,\n [\"CITEREFVictoria1867\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWagner2011\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWaite2000\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWalker1997\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFWrong1952\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFYogaretnam2013\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZimonjic2022\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREFZines1991\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF_Bourinot_2009\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF_Bousfield_1989\"] = 1,\n [\"CITEREF_Department_of_Indian_and_Northern_Affairs_Canada_1991\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada\u0026#039;s_royal_family_and_house\"] = 1,\n [\"OP-0992\"] = 1,\n}\ntemplate_list = table#1 {\n [\"'\\\"\"] = 1,\n [\"American monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Anchor\"] = 1,\n [\"Annotated image 4\"] = 2,\n [\"As of\"] = 2,\n [\"Canada provinces map\"] = 1,\n [\"Canada topics\"] = 1,\n [\"Canadian monarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Cbignore\"] = 7,\n [\"Charles III\"] = 1,\n [\"Citation\"] = 200,\n [\"Citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite AV media\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite CanLII\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite book\"] = 52,\n [\"Cite canlaw\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite conference\"] = 3,\n [\"Cite court\"] = 14,\n [\"Cite hansard\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite journal\"] = 47,\n [\"Cite magazine\"] = 8,\n [\"Cite news\"] = 61,\n [\"Cite periodical\"] = 1,\n [\"Cite press release\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite report\"] = 2,\n [\"Cite video\"] = 9,\n [\"Cite web\"] = 122,\n [\"Clear\"] = 1,\n [\"Commons category\"] = 1,\n [\"Commonwealth realms\"] = 1,\n [\"Dead link\"] = 9,\n [\"External media\"] = 1,\n [\"Flag\"] = 10,\n [\"Full citation needed\"] = 1,\n [\"Further\"] = 7,\n [\"Harvid\"] = 1,\n [\"Harvnb\"] = 124,\n [\"Heads of state and government of North America\"] = 1,\n [\"Ill\"] = 2,\n [\"Infobox monarchy\"] = 1,\n [\"Lang\"] = 8,\n [\"Langx\"] = 1,\n [\"Legend\"] = 2,\n [\"Main\"] = 9,\n [\"Monarchies\"] = 1,\n [\"Multiple image\"] = 11,\n [\"Nobold\"] = 1,\n [\"Notelist\"] = 1,\n [\"Politics of Canada\"] = 1,\n [\"Portal-inline\"] = 3,\n [\"Primary source inline\"] = 1,\n [\"Quote box\"] = 2,\n [\"Redirect\"] = 1,\n [\"Refbegin\"] = 3,\n [\"Refend\"] = 3,\n [\"Reflist\"] = 2,\n [\"Refn\"] = 56,\n [\"See also\"] = 2,\n [\"Sfn\"] = 2,\n [\"Short description\"] = 1,\n [\"UN_Population\"] = 1,\n [\"URL\"] = 1,\n [\"Use Canadian English\"] = 1,\n [\"Use dmy dates\"] = 1,\n [\"Webarchive\"] = 1,\n}\narticle_whitelist = table#1 {\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n [\"size\"] = \"tiny\",\n}\ntable#1 {\n}\n","limitreport-profile":[["?","440","11.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::callParserFunction","400","10.6"],["dataWrapper \u003Cmw.lua:672\u003E","400","10.6"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::gsub","260","6.9"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::match","200","5.3"],["recursiveClone \u003CmwInit.lua:45\u003E","160","4.3"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::sub","140","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::find","140","3.7"],["MediaWiki\\Extension\\Scribunto\\Engines\\LuaSandbox\\LuaSandboxCallback::getExpandedArgument","120","3.2"],["chunk \u003CModule:Citation/CS1\u003E","120","3.2"],["[others]","1380","36.7"]]},"cachereport":{"origin":"mw-web.codfw.main-cc877b49b-rffzj","timestamp":"20241127132617","ttl":2592000,"transientcontent":false}}});});</script> <script type="application/ld+json">{"@context":"https:\/\/schema.org","@type":"Article","name":"Monarchy of 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