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url(https://images.theconversation.com/files/180066/original/file-20170727-8492-fnm2kg.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&rect=0%2C260%2C1022%2C496&q=45&auto=format&w=1356&h=668&fit=crop);"> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:75.0%;--background-color:#5a442c"><img class="lazyloaded" src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/180066/original/file-20170727-8492-fnm2kg.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=20&auto=format&w=320&fit=clip&dpr=2&usm=12&cs=strip" data-id="180066" itemprop="image"></div> </div> <div class="wrapper"> <figcaption> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.shutterstock.com/editor/image/546617041">Tamotsu Ito/Shutterstock.com</a></span> </figcaption> </div> <div class="magazine-title"> <div class="wrapper"> <header class="content-header-container grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div> <div class="content-header-block"> <h1 class="legacy entry-title instapaper_title" itemprop="headline"> <strong> To restore our soils, feed the microbes </strong> </h1> </div> </div> <div class="timestamps"> <time datetime="2017-07-28T03:07:32Z" itemprop="datePublished" content="2017-07-28T03:07:32Z">Published: July 28, 2017 4.07am BST</time> </div> </header> </div> </div> </figure> <div class="wrapper"> <div class="content-sidebar grid-four large-grid-four grid-last"> <section class="content-authors"> <div class="content-authors-synopsis"> <a href="#" class="content-authors-toggle"> <i class="icon-caret-down"></i> <i class="icon-caret-up"></i> <span class="nobr">Matthew Wallenstein</span>, <em class="institution_name">Colorado State University</em> </a> </div> <div class="content-authors-group"> <h3 class="border">Author</h3> <ol> <li class="vcard" id="author-176574" itemprop="author" itemscope="" itemtype="http://schema.org/Person"> <a rel="author" itemprop="url" href="/profiles/matthew-wallenstein-308442"> <img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/avatars/308442/width170/Wallenstein.jpg" src="https://cdn.theconversation.com/static/tc/author/width170_default-bea415b3a0223821a698f6e3f6d5ab99.jpg" itemprop="image"> <span class="fn author-name" itemprop="name"> Matthew Wallenstein </span> </a> <p class="role"> Associate Professor and Director, Innovation Center for Sustainable Agriculture, Colorado State University </p> </li> </ol> </div> </section> <section class="content-disclosure-statement"> <h3 class="border">Disclosure statement</h3> <p><span>Matthew Wallenstein is a co-founder of Growcentia, Inc. His research is supported by grants from the US National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, and USDA.</span></p> </section> <section class="content-partners"> <h3 class="border">Partners</h3> <p class="disclosure-logo clearfix"><a class="logo" href="/institutions/colorado-state-university-1267"><picture><source srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/partners/881/logos/logo-1708116804.png?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=170&h=170" media="(min-width:600px)"></source><img alt="Colorado State University" src="data:image/gif;base64,R0lGODlhAQABAAD/ACwAAAAAAQABAAACADs%3D" /></picture></a></p> <p class="funding-statement"><a href="https://theconversation.com/institutions/colorado-state-university-1267">Colorado State University</a> provides funding as a member of The Conversation US.</p> <p><a href="/global/partners">View all partners</a></p> </section> <section class="slot" data-id="16"></section> </div> <div class="grid-twelve large-grid-eleven"> <div class="top"> <aside class="grid-two content-social-distribution"> <div class="copy-link"> <a class="copy-link-button" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616?utm_source=clipboard&utm_medium=bylinecopy_url_button"><i class="icon-link"></i> <span>Copy link</span></a> </div> <div class="email"> <a class="email-button" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="mailto:?subject=To%20restore%20our%20soils%2C%20feed%20the%20microbes%20%E2%80%94%20The%20Conversation&body=Hi.%20I%20found%20an%20article%20that%20you%20might%20like%3A%20%22To%20restore%20our%20soils%2C%20feed%20the%20microbes%22%20%E2%80%94%20https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616"><i class="icon-email"></i> <span>Email</span></a> </div> <div class="twitter"> <a class="twitter-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://twitter.com/intent/tweet?text=To+restore+our+soils%2C+feed+the+microbes&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dtwitter%26utm_medium%3Dbylinetwitterbutton&utm_campaign=none&via=ConversationUS"><i class="icon-twitter"></i> <span>X (Twitter)</span></a> </div> <div class="bluesky"> <a class="bluesky-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="https://bsky.app/intent/compose?text=To+restore+our+soils%2C+feed+the+microbes%0Ahttps%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dbluesky%26utm_medium%3Dbylineblueskybutton"><i class="icon-bluesky"></i> <span>Bluesky</span></a> </div> <div class="facebook"> <a class="facebook-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.facebook.com/sharer.php?u=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dfacebook%26utm_medium%3Dbylinefacebookbutton"><i class="icon-facebook"></i> <span>Facebook</span></a> </div> <div class="linkedin"> <a class="linkedin-button" data-url="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="http://www.linkedin.com/shareArticle?mini=true&source=The+Conversation&summary=Our+soils+are+in+trouble.+Over+the+past+century%2C+we%27ve+abused+them+with+plowing%2C+tilling+and+too+much+fertilizer.+%0A%0AWhat+many+think+of+as+%22just+dirt%22+is+actually+an+incredibly+complex+mixture+of+ro...&title=To+restore+our+soils%2C+feed+the+microbes&url=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dlinkedin%26utm_medium%3Dbylinelinkedinbutton"><i class="icon-linkedin"></i> <span>LinkedIn</span></a> </div> <div class="whatsapp"> <a class="whatsapp-button" data-href="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-action="share/whatsapp/share" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="whatsapp://send?text=To+restore+our+soils%2C+feed+the+microbes+https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dwhatsapp%26utm_medium%3Dbylinewhatsappbutton"><i class="icon-whatsapp"></i> <span>WhatsApp</span></a> </div> <div class="fb-messenger"> <a class="fb-messenger-button" data-href="https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616" data-action="share/fb-messenger/share" data-id="79616" target="_blank" rel="noopener" href="fb-messenger://share?link=https%3A%2F%2Ftheconversation.com%2Fto-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616%3Futm_source%3Dfb_messenger%26utm_medium%3Dbylinefb_messenger_button"><i class="icon-fb-messenger"></i> <span>Messenger</span></a> </div> </aside> <div id="native-share" style="height: 40px; visibility: hidden;" class="clear-both flex-row flex items-center h-10 !visible sm:hidden mb-2"> <div class="flex grow relative mr-2 h-10 bg-gray-50 border-none rounded-full pr-11 max-[300px]:hidden"> <div id="share-article-url" class="bg-transparent border border-solid !border-transparent cursor-text !rounded-l-full w-0 grow text-xs !overflow-hidden truncate focus:text-clip text-black py-2.5 !pl-3 !pr-0 z-0" tabindex="0"> https://theconversation.com/to-restore-our-soils-feed-the-microbes-79616 </div> <button aria-label="Copy article link" id="share-article-copy-url" class="bg-black border-none cursor-pointer rounded-full text-white absolute right-0 top-0 w-10 h-10 p-3 z-10 opacity-100 ease-in-out"> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="size-4"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M13.19 8.688a4.5 4.5 0 0 1 1.242 7.244l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 1-6.364-6.364l1.757-1.757m13.35-.622 1.757-1.757a4.5 4.5 0 0 0-6.364-6.364l-4.5 4.5a4.5 4.5 0 0 0 1.242 7.244" /> </svg> </button> <div id="share-article-message" class="absolute top-0 bottom-0 right-0 bg-green-600 rounded-full !flex flex-row items-center text-center text-transparent py-2 leading-none w-10 text-xs opacity-0 transition-all duration-300 ease-in-out"> <span class="grow"></span> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="size-4 mr-1"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="m4.5 12.75 6 6 9-13.5" /> </svg> <span aria-hidden="true" class="leading-none text-xs text-left grow"> Link copied </span> </div> </div> <button id="share-article-native" class="bg-black border-none cursor-pointer text-white !flex flex-row shrink-0 items-center rounded-full text-black text-center py-3 px-3 max-[300px]:grow"> <span class="grow"></span> <svg aria-hidden="true" xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" fill="none" viewBox="0 0 24 24" stroke-width="2.0" stroke="currentColor" class="flex-none size-4 mr-1"> <path stroke-linecap="round" stroke-linejoin="round" d="M7.217 10.907a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 0 2.186m0-2.186c.18.324.283.696.283 1.093s-.103.77-.283 1.093m0-2.186 9.566-5.314m-9.566 7.5 9.566 5.314m0 0a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.935 2.186 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.935-2.186Zm0-12.814a2.25 2.25 0 1 0 3.933-2.185 2.25 2.25 0 0 0-3.933 2.185Z" /> </svg> <span class="leading-none text-xs font-bold mx-1 grow text-left"> Share article </span> </button> </div> </div> <div class="grid-ten large-grid-nine grid-last content-body content entry-content instapaper_body inline-promos" itemprop="articleBody"> <p>Our soils are in trouble. Over the past century, we’ve abused them with plowing, tilling and too much fertilizer. </p> <p>What many think of as “just dirt” is actually an incredibly complex mixture of rock-derived minerals, plant-derived organic matter, dissolved nutrients, gases and a rich food web of interacting organisms. </p> <p>By plowing and overtilling, we have increased erosion on agricultural fields by <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0611508104">10 to 100 times natural rates</a>. Over just the last several decades, we may have lost <a href="http://www.ewg.org/losingground/index.html">about half of the topsoil</a> that natural processes produced over thousands of years in the U.S. corn belt.</p> <p>Topsoil is rich in soil organic matter – dark spongy material formed from decomposed plant and animal tissue. Soil organic matter is critically important: It helps soils hold onto water and nutrients and supports soil microbes that recycle nutrients. Loss of soil organic matter has made many farms increasingly reliant on fertilizers, pesticides and herbicides.</p> <p>Much recent research has focused on adding organic material back to soils to restore them. This is an important strategy, but I believe we also should aim to enhance the microbes that are responsible for soil formation. I was part of a research team that demonstrated in a 2015 study that adding efficient microbes to soils can <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/srep09212">enhance the percentage of plant carbon that is transformed into soil</a>. New research suggests that by fostering an efficient and active soil microbiome, we can accelerate soil regeneration far beyond typical rates seen in nature.</p> <figure class="align-center "> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:76.657824933687%;--background-color:#6a6891"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=460&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179890/original/file-20170726-7204-of2bvu.gif?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=578&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Microbes perform critical functions in soil food webs, such as decomposing organic materials, cycling nutrients and improving soil structure.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_MEDIA/stelprdb1049272.gif">USDA NRCS</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <h2>It takes a village to make healthy soil</h2> <p>Natural soils are thriving with life. They contain an incredible diversity of microscopic bacteria, fungi, viruses and other organisms. A single handful of soil can contain tens of thousands of different species. </p><div class="slot clear" data-id="17"> <div class="inline-promos-skeleton"> <h5></h5> <button></button> </div> </div> <p>These microbes <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/1365-2745.12783">interact closely with each other</a>, forming complex networks. They <a href="https://doi.org/10.1016/j.soilbio.2016.06.024">communicate with chemical signals</a>. They work together to break down complex organic materials, including dead plants and animals. They often work in teams to complete biochemical processes, such as transforming nitrogen from an inert gas to plant-usable forms, and recycling it from dead plant materials back into dissolved forms. </p> <p>In healthy soils, organic matter is protected from decomposition inside clumps of soil called <a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/nrcs142p2_052820.pdf">aggregates</a>. But <a href="http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0167198799001075">tilling crushes aggregates</a>, unlocking their carbon and allowing microbes and soil fauna to attack it. </p> <figure class="align-right zoomable"> <a href="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=1000&fit=clip"><div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:88.18565400843882%;--background-color:#ab7eb7"><img alt="" class="lazyload" data-src="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=237&fit=clip" data-srcset="https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=600&h=528&fit=crop&dpr=1 600w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=600&h=528&fit=crop&dpr=2 1200w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=600&h=528&fit=crop&dpr=3 1800w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=45&auto=format&w=754&h=664&fit=crop&dpr=1 754w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=30&auto=format&w=754&h=664&fit=crop&dpr=2 1508w, https://images.theconversation.com/files/179892/original/file-20170726-17560-1giuyjs.jpg?ixlib=rb-4.1.0&q=15&auto=format&w=754&h=664&fit=crop&dpr=3 2262w" sizes="(min-width: 1466px) 754px, (max-width: 599px) 100vw, (min-width: 600px) 600px, 237px"></div></a> <figcaption> <span class="caption">Components of soil organic matter.</span> <span class="attribution"><a class="source" href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detailfull/soils/health/biology/?cid=nrcs142p2_053868">USDA NRCS</a></span> </figcaption> </figure> <p>This creates a temporary feast for soil microbes, but eventually they deplete their food supply and die off. Without a healthy microbial community, nutrients are no longer recycled, opportunistic pests can invade and farmers rely increasingly on chemicals to replace biological soil functions.</p> <h2>Reviving agricultural soils</h2> <p>Soil degradation is a critical problem because it threatens our ability to produce enough healthy food for a growing human population and contributes to climate change. In response, large companies, nonprofits, scientists and government agencies are working together to restore soil health. </p> <p>For example, <a href="http://www.generalmills.com/">General Mills</a> is working with the <a href="https://www.nature.org/?redirect=https-301">Nature Conservancy</a> and the <a href="http://soilhealthinstitute.org/">Soil Health Institute</a> to <a href="http://agwired.com/2017/04/26/general-mills-backing-soil-health-program/">encourage farming practices that begin to rebuild soils</a>.</p> <p>The first step to improving soil health is to stop the bleeding. Instead of leaving fields barren in between crops, which leads to erosion, farmers are increasingly planting <a href="http://planttalk.colostate.edu/topics/soils-amendments-composting/1616-cover-crops/">cover crops</a> such as rye grass, oats and alfalfa. They also are replacing intensive tilling with <a href="https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/wps/portal/nrcs/detail/ia/home/?cid=nrcs142p2_011847">no-till</a> practices to prevent the breakdown of soil structure. </p> <p>Soil organic matter contains over 50 percent carbon. Globally, soils contain more carbon than plants and the atmosphere combined. Losing carbon-rich organic matter from soils releases carbon dioxide, a greenhouse gas, which can accelerate climate warming. But by regenerating our soils, we can <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature17174">sequester more carbon underground and slow climate warming</a>.</p> <p>In addition to protecting soil, cover crops take carbon out of the atmosphere as they grow and funnel it into the soil. Unlike cash crops that are harvested and removed from the soil, cover crops are left to decompose and contribute to soil formation. </p> <p>Increasing the supply of plant carbon in this way is an important first step in rebuilding soil carbon. But new research suggests that it may be insufficient.</p> <h2>A new paradigm of soil formation</h2> <p>We used to think that soil organic matter was formed from leftover bits of plants that were difficult to degrade. Over time, we thought that these plant particles became chemically transformed into what was called <a href="https://www.nationalgeographic.org/encyclopedia/humus/">humus</a> – dark, long-lasting material left over when dead plants and animals decay. This view suggested that the key to building soils was getting a lot of dead plant material into the ground.</p> <p>Recently, however, technological advances have <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/nature16069">transformed our understanding of soil formation</a>. There is now strong evidence that that the most persistent forms of soil carbon <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/ncomms13630">are formed primarily from dead microbial bodies</a> rather than from leftover plant parts. The vast majority of old soil carbon appears to have undergone microbial decomposition. While plants are the original source of carbon for soils, microbes control its fate by using it as food, thus ensuring that at least some of it will remain in the soil. </p> <figure> <div class="placeholder-container" style="--aspect-ratio-percent:56.25%;--background-color:#fff"><iframe class="lazyload" data-src="https://www.youtube.com/embed/9yPjoh9YJMk?wmode=transparent&start=0" frameborder="0" allowfullscreen="" width="100%" height="400"></iframe></div> <figcaption><span class="caption">North Dakota farmer Gabe Brown describes ways to improve soil health, including relying on microbial action.</span></figcaption> </figure> <h2>Feeding the soil by feeding microbes</h2> <p>Microbes can take a simple compound like sugar and transform it into the thousands of complex molecules found in soils. When microbes break plant matter down, they use some of the material they consume for building new biomass – that is, to fuel their own growth – and exhale the rest as carbon dioxide. The efficiency with which they create new biomass <a href="http://dx.doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.2012.04225.x">varies widely</a>. Some microbes are like weeds: They grow quickly in food-rich environments, but are sloppy eaters and waste much of what they consume. Others are slow-growing but hardy, waste little and are able to survive times of starvation or stress. </p> <p>To maximize the proportion of plant carbon that is transformed into soil organic matter, we should aim to support and enhance soil microbiomes that quickly and efficiently transform dead plant materials into soil organic matter. Healthy soils should also contain microbiomes that help prevent disease, cycle nutrients and help reduce plant stress. </p> <p>My research group is now bioprospecting for groups of microbes that are especially efficient at forming new soil and recycling nutrients. We are also researching which crop traits support microbiomes that help enhance soil health. Making soils more healthy will make it possible to grow more food with fewer inputs, which will make farming more profitable and protect our air and water.</p> </div> <div class="grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last content-topics topic-list"> <i class="icon-tag"></i> <ul> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/agriculture-24">Agriculture</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/food-security-174">Food security</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/soil-273">Soil</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/microbiome-3734">Microbiome</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/microbes-5025">Microbes</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/fertilizer-15866">Fertilizer</a> </li> <li class="topic-list-item"> <a href="/topics/soil-health-39907">Soil health</a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> <div class="slot grid-ten grid-prepend-two large-grid-nine grid-last mb5" data-id="15"></div> </div> <div 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0!==e.joinArrays?e.joinArrays:this.options.joinArrays,y=!this.i18nFormat||this.i18nFormat.handleAsObject,m=!l(p)&&"boolean"!=typeof p&&"number"!=typeof p;if(!(y&&p&&m&&["[object Number]","[object Function]","[object RegExp]"].indexOf(g)<0)||l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))if(y&&l(v)&&Array.isArray(p))p=p.join(v),p&&(p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,n));else{let r=!1,s=!1;const c=void 0!==e.count&&!l(e.count),h=T.hasDefaultValue(e),d=c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,e):"",g=e.ordinal&&c?this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(u,e.count,{ordinal:!1}):"",v=c&&!e.ordinal&&0===e.count,y=v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]||e[`defaultValue${d}`]||e[`defaultValue${g}`]||e.defaultValue;!this.isValidLookup(p)&&h&&(r=!0,p=y),this.isValidLookup(p)||(s=!0,p=i);const m=(e.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey||this.options.missingKeyNoValueFallbackToKey)&&s?void 0:p,b=h&&y!==p&&this.options.updateMissing;if(s||r||b){if(this.logger.log(b?"updateKey":"missingKey",u,a,i,b?y:p),o){const t=this.resolve(i,{...e,keySeparator:!1});t&&t.res&&this.logger.warn("Seems the loaded translations were in flat JSON format instead of nested. Either set keySeparator: false on init or make sure your translations are published in nested format.")}let t=[];const n=this.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng,e.lng||this.language);if("fallback"===this.options.saveMissingTo&&n&&n[0])for(let e=0;e<n.length;e++)t.push(n[e]);else"all"===this.options.saveMissingTo?t=this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e.lng||this.language):t.push(e.lng||this.language);const r=(t,n,r)=>{const o=h&&r!==p?r:m;this.options.missingKeyHandler?this.options.missingKeyHandler(t,a,n,o,b,e):this.backendConnector?.saveMissing&&this.backendConnector.saveMissing(t,a,n,o,b,e),this.emit("missingKey",t,a,n,p)};this.options.saveMissing&&(this.options.saveMissingPlurals&&c?t.forEach((t=>{const n=this.pluralResolver.getSuffixes(t,e);v&&e[`defaultValue${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`]&&n.indexOf(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`)<0&&n.push(`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`),n.forEach((n=>{r([t],i+n,e[`defaultValue${n}`]||y)}))})):r(t,i,y))}p=this.extendTranslation(p,t,e,f,n),s&&p===i&&this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey&&(p=`${a}:${i}`),(s||r)&&this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler&&(p=this.options.parseMissingKeyHandler(this.options.appendNamespaceToMissingKey?`${a}:${i}`:i,r?p:void 0))}else{if(!e.returnObjects&&!this.options.returnObjects){this.options.returnedObjectHandler||this.logger.warn("accessing an object - but returnObjects options is not enabled!");const t=this.options.returnedObjectHandler?this.options.returnedObjectHandler(h,p,{...e,ns:s}):`key '${i} (${this.language})' returned an object instead of string.`;return r?(f.res=t,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):t}if(o){const t=Array.isArray(p),n=t?[]:{},r=t?d:h;for(const t in p)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(p,t)){const i=`${r}${o}${t}`;n[t]=this.translate(i,{...e,joinArrays:!1,ns:s}),n[t]===i&&(n[t]=p[t])}p=n}}return r?(f.res=p,f.usedParams=this.getUsedParamsDetails(e),f):p}extendTranslation(t,e,n,r,o){var i=this;if(this.i18nFormat?.parse)t=this.i18nFormat.parse(t,{...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...n},n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,r.usedNS,r.usedKey,{resolved:r});else if(!n.skipInterpolation){n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.init({...n,interpolation:{...this.options.interpolation,...n.interpolation}});const s=l(t)&&(void 0!==n?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?n.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables);let a;if(s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a=e&&e.length}let u=n.replace&&!l(n.replace)?n.replace:n;if(this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(u={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...u}),t=this.interpolator.interpolate(t,u,n.lng||this.language||r.usedLng,n),s){const e=t.match(this.interpolator.nestingRegexp);a<(e&&e.length)&&(n.nest=!1)}!n.lng&&r&&r.res&&(n.lng=this.language||r.usedLng),!1!==n.nest&&(t=this.interpolator.nest(t,(function(){for(var t=arguments.length,r=new Array(t),s=0;s<t;s++)r[s]=arguments[s];return o?.[0]!==r[0]||n.context?i.translate(...r,e):(i.logger.warn(`It seems you are nesting recursively key: ${r[0]} in key: ${e[0]}`),null)}),n)),n.interpolation&&this.interpolator.reset()}const s=n.postProcess||this.options.postProcess,a=l(s)?[s]:s;return null!=t&&a?.length&&!1!==n.applyPostProcessor&&(t=A.handle(a,t,e,this.options&&this.options.postProcessPassResolved?{i18nResolved:{...r,usedParams:this.getUsedParamsDetails(n)},...n}:n,this)),t}resolve(t){let e,n,r,o,i,s=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};return l(t)&&(t=[t]),t.forEach((t=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;const a=this.extractFromKey(t,s),u=a.key;n=u;let c=a.namespaces;this.options.fallbackNS&&(c=c.concat(this.options.fallbackNS));const f=void 0!==s.count&&!l(s.count),p=f&&!s.ordinal&&0===s.count,h=void 0!==s.context&&(l(s.context)||"number"==typeof s.context)&&""!==s.context,d=s.lngs?s.lngs:this.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(s.lng||this.language,s.fallbackLng);c.forEach((t=>{this.isValidLookup(e)||(i=t,$[`${d[0]}-${t}`]||!this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace||this.utils?.hasLoadedNamespace(i)||($[`${d[0]}-${t}`]=!0,this.logger.warn(`key "${n}" for languages "${d.join(", ")}" won't get resolved as namespace "${i}" was not yet loaded`,"This means something IS WRONG in your setup. You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")),d.forEach((n=>{if(this.isValidLookup(e))return;o=n;const i=[u];if(this.i18nFormat?.addLookupKeys)this.i18nFormat.addLookupKeys(i,u,n,t,s);else{let t;f&&(t=this.pluralResolver.getSuffix(n,s.count,s));const e=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}zero`,r=`${this.options.pluralSeparator}ordinal${this.options.pluralSeparator}`;if(f&&(i.push(u+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(u+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(u+e)),h){const n=`${u}${this.options.contextSeparator}${s.context}`;i.push(n),f&&(i.push(n+t),s.ordinal&&0===t.indexOf(r)&&i.push(n+t.replace(r,this.options.pluralSeparator)),p&&i.push(n+e))}}let a;for(;a=i.pop();)this.isValidLookup(e)||(r=a,e=this.getResource(n,t,a,s))})))}))})),{res:e,usedKey:n,exactUsedKey:r,usedLng:o,usedNS:i}}isValidLookup(t){return!(void 0===t||!this.options.returnNull&&null===t||!this.options.returnEmptyString&&""===t)}getResource(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};return this.i18nFormat?.getResource?this.i18nFormat.getResource(t,e,n,r):this.resourceStore.getResource(t,e,n,r)}getUsedParamsDetails(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};const e=["defaultValue","ordinal","context","replace","lng","lngs","fallbackLng","ns","keySeparator","nsSeparator","returnObjects","returnDetails","joinArrays","postProcess","interpolation"],n=t.replace&&!l(t.replace);let r=n?t.replace:t;if(n&&void 0!==t.count&&(r.count=t.count),this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables&&(r={...this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables,...r}),!n){r={...r};for(const t of e)delete r[t]}return r}static hasDefaultValue(t){const e="defaultValue";for(const n in t)if(Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(t,n)&&e===n.substring(0,12)&&void 0!==t[n])return!0;return!1}}class I{constructor(t){this.options=t,this.supportedLngs=this.options.supportedLngs||!1,this.logger=E.create("languageUtils")}getScriptPartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return null;const e=t.split("-");return 2===e.length?null:(e.pop(),"x"===e[e.length-1].toLowerCase()?null:this.formatLanguageCode(e.join("-")))}getLanguagePartFromCode(t){if(!(t=L(t))||t.indexOf("-")<0)return t;const e=t.split("-");return this.formatLanguageCode(e[0])}formatLanguageCode(t){if(l(t)&&t.indexOf("-")>-1){let e;try{e=Intl.getCanonicalLocales(t)[0]}catch(t){}return e&&this.options.lowerCaseLng&&(e=e.toLowerCase()),e||(this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t)}return this.options.cleanCode||this.options.lowerCaseLng?t.toLowerCase():t}isSupportedCode(t){return("languageOnly"===this.options.load||this.options.nonExplicitSupportedLngs)&&(t=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t)),!this.supportedLngs||!this.supportedLngs.length||this.supportedLngs.indexOf(t)>-1}getBestMatchFromCodes(t){if(!t)return null;let e;return t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.formatLanguageCode(t);this.options.supportedLngs&&!this.isSupportedCode(n)||(e=n)})),!e&&this.options.supportedLngs&&t.forEach((t=>{if(e)return;const n=this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);if(this.isSupportedCode(n))return e=n;e=this.options.supportedLngs.find((t=>t===n?t:t.indexOf("-")<0&&n.indexOf("-")<0?void 0:t.indexOf("-")>0&&n.indexOf("-")<0&&t.substring(0,t.indexOf("-"))===n||0===t.indexOf(n)&&n.length>1?t:void 0))})),e||(e=this.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng)[0]),e}getFallbackCodes(t,e){if(!t)return[];if("function"==typeof t&&(t=t(e)),l(t)&&(t=[t]),Array.isArray(t))return t;if(!e)return t.default||[];let n=t[e];return n||(n=t[this.getScriptPartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.formatLanguageCode(e)]),n||(n=t[this.getLanguagePartFromCode(e)]),n||(n=t.default),n||[]}toResolveHierarchy(t,e){const n=this.getFallbackCodes(e||this.options.fallbackLng||[],t),r=[],o=t=>{t&&(this.isSupportedCode(t)?r.push(t):this.logger.warn(`rejecting language code not found in supportedLngs: ${t}`))};return l(t)&&(t.indexOf("-")>-1||t.indexOf("_")>-1)?("languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),"languageOnly"!==this.options.load&&"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getScriptPartFromCode(t)),"currentOnly"!==this.options.load&&o(this.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))):l(t)&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t)),n.forEach((t=>{r.indexOf(t)<0&&o(this.formatLanguageCode(t))})),r}}const F={zero:0,one:1,two:2,few:3,many:4,other:5},D={select:t=>1===t?"one":"other",resolvedOptions:()=>({pluralCategories:["one","other"]})};class M{constructor(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};this.languageUtils=t,this.options=e,this.logger=E.create("pluralResolver"),this.pluralRulesCache={}}addRule(t,e){this.rules[t]=e}clearCache(){this.pluralRulesCache={}}getRule(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};const n=L("dev"===t?"en":t),r=e.ordinal?"ordinal":"cardinal",o=JSON.stringify({cleanedCode:n,type:r});if(o in this.pluralRulesCache)return this.pluralRulesCache[o];let i;try{i=new Intl.PluralRules(n,{type:r})}catch(n){if(!Intl)return this.logger.error("No Intl support, please use an Intl polyfill!"),D;if(!t.match(/-|_/))return D;const r=this.languageUtils.getLanguagePartFromCode(t);i=this.getRule(r,e)}return this.pluralRulesCache[o]=i,i}needsPlural(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.length>1}getPluralFormsOfKey(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};return this.getSuffixes(t,n).map((t=>`${e}${t}`))}getSuffixes(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{},n=this.getRule(t,e);return n||(n=this.getRule("dev",e)),n?n.resolvedOptions().pluralCategories.sort(((t,e)=>F[t]-F[e])).map((t=>`${this.options.prepend}${e.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${t}`)):[]}getSuffix(t,e){let n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const r=this.getRule(t,n);return r?`${this.options.prepend}${n.ordinal?`ordinal${this.options.prepend}`:""}${r.select(e)}`:(this.logger.warn(`no plural rule found for: ${t}`),this.getSuffix("dev",e,n))}}const V=function(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:".",o=!(arguments.length>4&&void 0!==arguments[4])||arguments[4],i=((t,e,n)=>{const r=m(t,n);return void 0!==r?r:m(e,n)})(t,e,n);return!i&&o&&l(n)&&(i=j(t,n,r),void 0===i&&(i=j(e,n,r))),i},U=t=>t.replace(/\$/g,"$$$$");class _{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("interpolator"),this.options=t,this.format=t?.interpolation?.format||(t=>t),this.init(t)}init(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};t.interpolation||(t.interpolation={escapeValue:!0});const{escape:e,escapeValue:n,useRawValueToEscape:r,prefix:o,prefixEscaped:i,suffix:s,suffixEscaped:a,formatSeparator:u,unescapeSuffix:c,unescapePrefix:l,nestingPrefix:f,nestingPrefixEscaped:p,nestingSuffix:h,nestingSuffixEscaped:d,nestingOptionsSeparator:g,maxReplaces:v,alwaysFormat:y}=t.interpolation;this.escape=void 0!==e?e:O,this.escapeValue=void 0===n||n,this.useRawValueToEscape=void 0!==r&&r,this.prefix=o?x(o):i||"{{",this.suffix=s?x(s):a||"}}",this.formatSeparator=u||",",this.unescapePrefix=c?"":l||"-",this.unescapeSuffix=this.unescapePrefix?"":c||"",this.nestingPrefix=f?x(f):p||x("$t("),this.nestingSuffix=h?x(h):d||x(")"),this.nestingOptionsSeparator=g||",",this.maxReplaces=v||1e3,this.alwaysFormat=void 0!==y&&y,this.resetRegExp()}reset(){this.options&&this.init(this.options)}resetRegExp(){const t=(t,e)=>t?.source===e?(t.lastIndex=0,t):new RegExp(e,"g");this.regexp=t(this.regexp,`${this.prefix}(.+?)${this.suffix}`),this.regexpUnescape=t(this.regexpUnescape,`${this.prefix}${this.unescapePrefix}(.+?)${this.unescapeSuffix}${this.suffix}`),this.nestingRegexp=t(this.nestingRegexp,`${this.nestingPrefix}(.+?)${this.nestingSuffix}`)}interpolate(t,e,n,r){let o,i,s;const a=this.options&&this.options.interpolation&&this.options.interpolation.defaultVariables||{},u=t=>{if(t.indexOf(this.formatSeparator)<0){const o=V(e,a,t,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure);return this.alwaysFormat?this.format(o,void 0,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:t}):o}const o=t.split(this.formatSeparator),i=o.shift().trim(),s=o.join(this.formatSeparator).trim();return this.format(V(e,a,i,this.options.keySeparator,this.options.ignoreJSONStructure),s,n,{...r,...e,interpolationkey:i})};this.resetRegExp();const c=r?.missingInterpolationHandler||this.options.missingInterpolationHandler,f=void 0!==r?.interpolation?.skipOnVariables?r.interpolation.skipOnVariables:this.options.interpolation.skipOnVariables;return[{regex:this.regexpUnescape,safeValue:t=>U(t)},{regex:this.regexp,safeValue:t=>this.escapeValue?U(this.escape(t)):U(t)}].forEach((e=>{for(s=0;o=e.regex.exec(t);){const n=o[1].trim();if(i=u(n),void 0===i)if("function"==typeof c){const e=c(t,o,r);i=l(e)?e:""}else if(r&&Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(r,n))i="";else{if(f){i=o[0];continue}this.logger.warn(`missed to pass in variable ${n} for interpolating ${t}`),i=""}else l(i)||this.useRawValueToEscape||(i=p(i));const a=e.safeValue(i);if(t=t.replace(o[0],a),f?(e.regex.lastIndex+=i.length,e.regex.lastIndex-=o[0].length):e.regex.lastIndex=0,s++,s>=this.maxReplaces)break}})),t}nest(t,e){let n,r,o,i=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{};const s=(t,e)=>{const n=this.nestingOptionsSeparator;if(t.indexOf(n)<0)return t;const r=t.split(new RegExp(`${n}[ ]*{`));let i=`{${r[1]}`;t=r[0],i=this.interpolate(i,o);const s=i.match(/'/g),a=i.match(/"/g);((s?.length??0)%2==0&&!a||a.length%2!=0)&&(i=i.replace(/'/g,'"'));try{o=JSON.parse(i),e&&(o={...e,...o})}catch(e){return this.logger.warn(`failed parsing options string in nesting for key ${t}`,e),`${t}${n}${i}`}return o.defaultValue&&o.defaultValue.indexOf(this.prefix)>-1&&delete o.defaultValue,t};for(;n=this.nestingRegexp.exec(t);){let a=[];o={...i},o=o.replace&&!l(o.replace)?o.replace:o,o.applyPostProcessor=!1,delete o.defaultValue;let u=!1;if(-1!==n[0].indexOf(this.formatSeparator)&&!/{.*}/.test(n[1])){const t=n[1].split(this.formatSeparator).map((t=>t.trim()));n[1]=t.shift(),a=t,u=!0}if(r=e(s.call(this,n[1].trim(),o),o),r&&n[0]===t&&!l(r))return r;l(r)||(r=p(r)),r||(this.logger.warn(`missed to resolve ${n[1]} for nesting ${t}`),r=""),u&&(r=a.reduce(((t,e)=>this.format(t,e,i.lng,{...i,interpolationkey:n[1].trim()})),r.trim())),t=t.replace(n[0],r),this.regexp.lastIndex=0}return t}}const H=t=>{const e={};return(n,r,o)=>{let i=o;o&&o.interpolationkey&&o.formatParams&&o.formatParams[o.interpolationkey]&&o[o.interpolationkey]&&(i={...i,[o.interpolationkey]:void 0});const s=r+JSON.stringify(i);let a=e[s];return a||(a=t(L(r),o),e[s]=a),a(n)}};class K{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{};this.logger=E.create("formatter"),this.options=t,this.formats={number:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),currency:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.NumberFormat(t,{...e,style:"currency"});return t=>n.format(t)})),datetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.DateTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)})),relativetime:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.RelativeTimeFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t,e.range||"day")})),list:H(((t,e)=>{const n=new Intl.ListFormat(t,{...e});return t=>n.format(t)}))},this.init(t)}init(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{interpolation:{}};this.formatSeparator=e.interpolation.formatSeparator||","}add(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=e}addCached(t,e){this.formats[t.toLowerCase().trim()]=H(e)}format(t,e,n){let r=arguments.length>3&&void 0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};const o=e.split(this.formatSeparator);if(o.length>1&&o[0].indexOf("(")>1&&o[0].indexOf(")")<0&&o.find((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1))){const t=o.findIndex((t=>t.indexOf(")")>-1));o[0]=[o[0],...o.splice(1,t)].join(this.formatSeparator)}return o.reduce(((t,e)=>{const{formatName:o,formatOptions:i}=(t=>{let e=t.toLowerCase().trim();const n={};if(t.indexOf("(")>-1){const r=t.split("(");e=r[0].toLowerCase().trim();const 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0!==arguments[3]?arguments[3]:{};super(),this.backend=t,this.store=e,this.services=n,this.languageUtils=n.languageUtils,this.options=r,this.logger=E.create("backendConnector"),this.waitingReads=[],this.maxParallelReads=r.maxParallelReads||10,this.readingCalls=0,this.maxRetries=r.maxRetries>=0?r.maxRetries:5,this.retryTimeout=r.retryTimeout>=1?r.retryTimeout:350,this.state={},this.queue=[],this.backend?.init?.(n,r.backend,r)}queueLoad(t,e,n,r){const o={},i={},s={},a={};return t.forEach((t=>{let r=!0;e.forEach((e=>{const s=`${t}|${e}`;!n.reload&&this.store.hasResourceBundle(t,e)?this.state[s]=2:this.state[s]<0||(1===this.state[s]?void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0):(this.state[s]=1,r=!1,void 0===i[s]&&(i[s]=!0),void 0===o[s]&&(o[s]=!0),void 0===a[e]&&(a[e]=!0)))})),r||(s[t]=!0)})),(Object.keys(o).length||Object.keys(i).length)&&this.queue.push({pending:i,pendingCount:Object.keys(i).length,loaded:{},errors:[],callback:r}),{toLoad:Object.keys(o),pending:Object.keys(i),toLoadLanguages:Object.keys(s),toLoadNamespaces:Object.keys(a)}}loaded(t,e,n){const r=t.split("|"),o=r[0],i=r[1];e&&this.emit("failedLoading",o,i,e),!e&&n&&this.store.addResourceBundle(o,i,n,void 0,void 0,{skipCopy:!0}),this.state[t]=e?-1:2,e&&n&&(this.state[t]=0);const s={};this.queue.forEach((n=>{((t,e,n)=>{const{obj:r,k:o}=v(t,e,Object);r[o]=r[o]||[],r[o].push(n)})(n.loaded,[o],i),((t,e)=>{void 0!==t.pending[e]&&(delete t.pending[e],t.pendingCount--)})(n,t),e&&n.errors.push(e),0!==n.pendingCount||n.done||(Object.keys(n.loaded).forEach((t=>{s[t]||(s[t]={});const e=n.loaded[t];e.length&&e.forEach((e=>{void 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n=arguments.length>2&&void 0!==arguments[2]?arguments[2]:{},r=arguments.length>3?arguments[3]:void 0;if(!this.backend)return this.logger.warn("No backend was added via i18next.use. 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You access the t function before i18next.init / i18next.loadNamespace / i18next.changeLanguage was done. Wait for the callback or Promise to resolve before accessing it!!!")}}const B=()=>({debug:!1,initAsync:!0,ns:["translation"],defaultNS:["translation"],fallbackLng:["dev"],fallbackNS:!1,supportedLngs:!1,nonExplicitSupportedLngs:!1,load:"all",preload:!1,simplifyPluralSuffix:!0,keySeparator:".",nsSeparator:":",pluralSeparator:"_",contextSeparator:"_",partialBundledLanguages:!1,saveMissing:!1,updateMissing:!1,saveMissingTo:"fallback",saveMissingPlurals:!0,missingKeyHandler:!1,missingInterpolationHandler:!1,postProcess:!1,postProcessPassResolved:!1,returnNull:!1,returnEmptyString:!0,returnObjects:!1,joinArrays:!1,returnedObjectHandler:!1,parseMissingKeyHandler:!1,appendNamespaceToMissingKey:!1,appendNamespaceToCIMode:!1,overloadTranslationOptionHandler:t=>{let e={};if("object"==typeof t[1]&&(e=t[1]),l(t[1])&&(e.defaultValue=t[1]),l(t[2])&&(e.tDescription=t[2]),"object"==typeof t[2]||"object"==typeof t[3]){const n=t[3]||t[2];Object.keys(n).forEach((t=>{e[t]=n[t]}))}return e},interpolation:{escapeValue:!0,format:t=>t,prefix:"{{",suffix:"}}",formatSeparator:",",unescapePrefix:"-",nestingPrefix:"$t(",nestingSuffix:")",nestingOptionsSeparator:",",maxReplaces:1e3,skipOnVariables:!0}}),q=t=>(l(t.ns)&&(t.ns=[t.ns]),l(t.fallbackLng)&&(t.fallbackLng=[t.fallbackLng]),l(t.fallbackNS)&&(t.fallbackNS=[t.fallbackNS]),t.supportedLngs?.indexOf?.("cimode")<0&&(t.supportedLngs=t.supportedLngs.concat(["cimode"])),"boolean"==typeof t.initImmediate&&(t.initAsync=t.initImmediate),t),G=()=>{};class J extends C{constructor(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},e=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;var n;if(super(),this.options=q(t),this.services={},this.logger=E,this.modules={external:[]},n=this,Object.getOwnPropertyNames(Object.getPrototypeOf(n)).forEach((t=>{"function"==typeof n[t]&&(n[t]=n[t].bind(n))})),e&&!this.isInitialized&&!t.isClone){if(!this.options.initAsync)return this.init(t,e),this;setTimeout((()=>{this.init(t,e)}),0)}}init(){var t=this;let e=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},n=arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0;this.isInitializing=!0,"function"==typeof e&&(n=e,e={}),null==e.defaultNS&&e.ns&&(l(e.ns)?e.defaultNS=e.ns:e.ns.indexOf("translation")<0&&(e.defaultNS=e.ns[0]));const r=B();this.options={...r,...this.options,...q(e)},this.options.interpolation={...r.interpolation,...this.options.interpolation},void 0!==e.keySeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedKeySeparator=e.keySeparator),void 0!==e.nsSeparator&&(this.options.userDefinedNsSeparator=e.nsSeparator);const o=t=>t?"function"==typeof t?new t:t:null;if(!this.options.isClone){let e;this.modules.logger?E.init(o(this.modules.logger),this.options):E.init(null,this.options),e=this.modules.formatter?this.modules.formatter:K;const n=new I(this.options);this.store=new N(this.options.resources,this.options);const i=this.services;i.logger=E,i.resourceStore=this.store,i.languageUtils=n,i.pluralResolver=new M(n,{prepend:this.options.pluralSeparator,simplifyPluralSuffix:this.options.simplifyPluralSuffix}),!e||this.options.interpolation.format&&this.options.interpolation.format!==r.interpolation.format||(i.formatter=o(e),i.formatter.init(i,this.options),this.options.interpolation.format=i.formatter.format.bind(i.formatter)),i.interpolator=new _(this.options),i.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:this.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(this)},i.backendConnector=new z(o(this.modules.backend),i.resourceStore,i,this.options),i.backendConnector.on("*",(function(e){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),o=1;o<n;o++)r[o-1]=arguments[o];t.emit(e,...r)})),this.modules.languageDetector&&(i.languageDetector=o(this.modules.languageDetector),i.languageDetector.init&&i.languageDetector.init(i,this.options.detection,this.options)),this.modules.i18nFormat&&(i.i18nFormat=o(this.modules.i18nFormat),i.i18nFormat.init&&i.i18nFormat.init(this)),this.translator=new T(this.services,this.options),this.translator.on("*",(function(e){for(var n=arguments.length,r=new Array(n>1?n-1:0),o=1;o<n;o++)r[o-1]=arguments[o];t.emit(e,...r)})),this.modules.external.forEach((t=>{t.init&&t.init(this)}))}if(this.format=this.options.interpolation.format,n||(n=G),this.options.fallbackLng&&!this.services.languageDetector&&!this.options.lng){const t=this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng);t.length>0&&"dev"!==t[0]&&(this.options.lng=t[0])}this.services.languageDetector||this.options.lng||this.logger.warn("init: no languageDetector is used and no lng is defined");["getResource","hasResourceBundle","getResourceBundle","getDataByLanguage"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=function(){return t.store[e](...arguments)}}));["addResource","addResources","addResourceBundle","removeResourceBundle"].forEach((e=>{this[e]=function(){return t.store[e](...arguments),t}}));const i=f(),s=()=>{const t=(t,e)=>{this.isInitializing=!1,this.isInitialized&&!this.initializedStoreOnce&&this.logger.warn("init: i18next is already initialized. You should call init just once!"),this.isInitialized=!0,this.options.isClone||this.logger.log("initialized",this.options),this.emit("initialized",this.options),i.resolve(e),n(t,e)};if(this.languages&&!this.isInitialized)return t(null,this.t.bind(this));this.changeLanguage(this.options.lng,t)};return this.options.resources||!this.options.initAsync?s():setTimeout(s,0),i}loadResources(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:G;const n=l(t)?t:this.language;if("function"==typeof t&&(e=t),!this.options.resources||this.options.partialBundledLanguages){if("cimode"===n?.toLowerCase()&&(!this.options.preload||0===this.options.preload.length))return e();const t=[],r=e=>{if(!e)return;if("cimode"===e)return;this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(e).forEach((e=>{"cimode"!==e&&t.indexOf(e)<0&&t.push(e)}))};if(n)r(n);else{this.services.languageUtils.getFallbackCodes(this.options.fallbackLng).forEach((t=>r(t)))}this.options.preload?.forEach?.((t=>r(t))),this.services.backendConnector.load(t,this.options.ns,(t=>{t||this.resolvedLanguage||!this.language||this.setResolvedLanguage(this.language),e(t)}))}else e(null)}reloadResources(t,e,n){const r=f();return"function"==typeof t&&(n=t,t=void 0),"function"==typeof e&&(n=e,e=void 0),t||(t=this.languages),e||(e=this.options.ns),n||(n=G),this.services.backendConnector.reload(t,e,(t=>{r.resolve(),n(t)})),r}use(t){if(!t)throw new Error("You are passing an undefined module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");if(!t.type)throw new Error("You are passing a wrong module! Please check the object you are passing to i18next.use()");return"backend"===t.type&&(this.modules.backend=t),("logger"===t.type||t.log&&t.warn&&t.error)&&(this.modules.logger=t),"languageDetector"===t.type&&(this.modules.languageDetector=t),"i18nFormat"===t.type&&(this.modules.i18nFormat=t),"postProcessor"===t.type&&A.addPostProcessor(t),"formatter"===t.type&&(this.modules.formatter=t),"3rdParty"===t.type&&this.modules.external.push(t),this}setResolvedLanguage(t){if(t&&this.languages&&!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(t)>-1))for(let t=0;t<this.languages.length;t++){const e=this.languages[t];if(!(["cimode","dev"].indexOf(e)>-1)&&this.store.hasLanguageSomeTranslations(e)){this.resolvedLanguage=e;break}}}changeLanguage(t,e){var n=this;this.isLanguageChangingTo=t;const r=f();this.emit("languageChanging",t);const o=t=>{this.language=t,this.languages=this.services.languageUtils.toResolveHierarchy(t),this.resolvedLanguage=void 0,this.setResolvedLanguage(t)},i=(t,i)=>{i?(o(i),this.translator.changeLanguage(i),this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,this.emit("languageChanged",i),this.logger.log("languageChanged",i)):this.isLanguageChangingTo=void 0,r.resolve((function(){return n.t(...arguments)})),e&&e(t,(function(){return n.t(...arguments)}))},s=e=>{t||e||!this.services.languageDetector||(e=[]);const n=l(e)?e:this.services.languageUtils.getBestMatchFromCodes(e);n&&(this.language||o(n),this.translator.language||this.translator.changeLanguage(n),this.services.languageDetector?.cacheUserLanguage?.(n)),this.loadResources(n,(t=>{i(t,n)}))};return t||!this.services.languageDetector||this.services.languageDetector.async?!t&&this.services.languageDetector&&this.services.languageDetector.async?0===this.services.languageDetector.detect.length?this.services.languageDetector.detect().then(s):this.services.languageDetector.detect(s):s(t):s(this.services.languageDetector.detect()),r}getFixedT(t,e,n){var r=this;const o=function(t,e){let i;if("object"!=typeof e){for(var s=arguments.length,a=new Array(s>2?s-2:0),u=2;u<s;u++)a[u-2]=arguments[u];i=r.options.overloadTranslationOptionHandler([t,e].concat(a))}else i={...e};i.lng=i.lng||o.lng,i.lngs=i.lngs||o.lngs,i.ns=i.ns||o.ns,""!==i.keyPrefix&&(i.keyPrefix=i.keyPrefix||n||o.keyPrefix);const c=r.options.keySeparator||".";let l;return l=i.keyPrefix&&Array.isArray(t)?t.map((t=>`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`)):i.keyPrefix?`${i.keyPrefix}${c}${t}`:t,r.t(l,i)};return l(t)?o.lng=t:o.lngs=t,o.ns=e,o.keyPrefix=n,o}t(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.translate(...e)}exists(){for(var t=arguments.length,e=new Array(t),n=0;n<t;n++)e[n]=arguments[n];return this.translator?.exists(...e)}setDefaultNamespace(t){this.options.defaultNS=t}hasLoadedNamespace(t){let e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:{};if(!this.isInitialized)return this.logger.warn("hasLoadedNamespace: i18next was not 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r=this.options.preload||[],o=t.filter((t=>r.indexOf(t)<0&&this.services.languageUtils.isSupportedCode(t)));return o.length?(this.options.preload=r.concat(o),this.loadResources((t=>{n.resolve(),e&&e(t)})),n):(e&&e(),Promise.resolve())}dir(t){if(t||(t=this.resolvedLanguage||(this.languages?.length>0?this.languages[0]:this.language)),!t)return"rtl";const e=this.services?.languageUtils||new I(B());return["ar","shu","sqr","ssh","xaa","yhd","yud","aao","abh","abv","acm","acq","acw","acx","acy","adf","ads","aeb","aec","afb","ajp","apc","apd","arb","arq","ars","ary","arz","auz","avl","ayh","ayl","ayn","ayp","bbz","pga","he","iw","ps","pbt","pbu","pst","prp","prd","ug","ur","ydd","yds","yih","ji","yi","hbo","men","xmn","fa","jpr","peo","pes","prs","dv","sam","ckb"].indexOf(e.getLanguagePartFromCode(t))>-1||t.toLowerCase().indexOf("-arab")>1?"rtl":"ltr"}static createInstance(){return new J(arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},arguments.length>1?arguments[1]:void 0)}cloneInstance(){let t=arguments.length>0&&void 0!==arguments[0]?arguments[0]:{},e=arguments.length>1&&void 0!==arguments[1]?arguments[1]:G;const n=t.forkResourceStore;n&&delete t.forkResourceStore;const r={...this.options,...t,isClone:!0},o=new J(r);void 0===t.debug&&void 0===t.prefix||(o.logger=o.logger.clone(t));if(["store","services","language"].forEach((t=>{o[t]=this[t]})),o.services={...this.services},o.services.utils={hasLoadedNamespace:o.hasLoadedNamespace.bind(o)},n){const t=Object.keys(this.store.data).reduce(((t,e)=>(t[e]={...this.store.data[e]},Object.keys(t[e]).reduce(((n,r)=>(n[r]={...t[e][r]},n)),{}))),{});o.store=new N(t,r),o.services.resourceStore=o.store}return o.translator=new T(o.services,r),o.translator.on("*",(function(t){for(var e=arguments.length,n=new 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