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aria-controls="toc-History-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle History subsection </button> <ul id="toc-History-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Ancient–500:_Hen_Ogledd" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ancient–500:_Hen_Ogledd"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1 Ancient–500: Hen Ogledd </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ancient–500:_Hen_Ogledd-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Early:_Celtic_Brigantes_and_Parisi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Early:_Celtic_Brigantes_and_Parisi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.1 Early: Celtic Brigantes and Parisi </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Early:_Celtic_Brigantes_and_Parisi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-43–400s:_Britannia_Inferior" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#43–400s:_Britannia_Inferior"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.1.2 43–400s: Britannia Inferior </div> </a> <ul id="toc-43–400s:_Britannia_Inferior-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-500s–1000s:_Germanic_landings" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#500s–1000s:_Germanic_landings"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2 500s–1000s: Germanic landings </div> </a> <ul id="toc-500s–1000s:_Germanic_landings-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-500s–800s:_Celtic-Anglo_kingdoms_of_Ebrauc,_Elmet,_Deira_and_Northumbria" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#500s–800s:_Celtic-Anglo_kingdoms_of_Ebrauc,_Elmet,_Deira_and_Northumbria"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.1 500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria </div> </a> <ul id="toc-500s–800s:_Celtic-Anglo_kingdoms_of_Ebrauc,_Elmet,_Deira_and_Northumbria-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-800s–900s:_Jórvík" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#800s–900s:_Jórvík"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.2 800s–900s: Jórvík </div> </a> <ul id="toc-800s–900s:_Jórvík-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-800s–1000s:_Yorkshire" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#800s–1000s:_Yorkshire"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.2.3 800s–1000s: Yorkshire </div> </a> <ul id="toc-800s–1000s:_Yorkshire-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1000s–1400s:_Normans" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1000s–1400s:_Normans"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3 1000s–1400s: Normans </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1000s–1400s:_Normans-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1000s–1100s:_Harrying_of_the_north" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1000s–1100s:_Harrying_of_the_north"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.1 1000s–1100s: Harrying of the north </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1000s–1100s:_Harrying_of_the_north-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1300s:_Scottish_War_of_Independence_and_Mass_Deaths" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1300s:_Scottish_War_of_Independence_and_Mass_Deaths"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.3.2 1300s: Scottish War of Independence and Mass Deaths </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1300s:_Scottish_War_of_Independence_and_Mass_Deaths-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1400s–1600s:_Royal_revolts" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1400s–1600s:_Royal_revolts"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4 1400s–1600s: Royal revolts </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1400s–1600s:_Royal_revolts-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1400s:_Wars_of_the_Roses" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1400s:_Wars_of_the_Roses"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.1 1400s: Wars of the Roses </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1400s:_Wars_of_the_Roses-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1500:_Catholic–Protestant_dissolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1500:_Catholic–Protestant_dissolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.2 1500: Catholic–Protestant dissolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1500:_Catholic–Protestant_dissolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1600s:_Civil_war" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1600s:_Civil_war"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.4.3 1600s: Civil war </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1600s:_Civil_war-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1500s–1900s:_Industry" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1500s–1900s:_Industry"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5 1500s–1900s: Industry </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1500s–1900s:_Industry-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-1500-1600s:_Explorative_growth" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1500-1600s:_Explorative_growth"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.1 1500-1600s: Explorative growth </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1500-1600s:_Explorative_growth-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-1800s:_Victorian_revolution" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#1800s:_Victorian_revolution"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.2 1800s: Victorian revolution </div> </a> <ul id="toc-1800s:_Victorian_revolution-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Twentieth_century_to_present" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Twentieth_century_to_present"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 3.5.3 Twentieth century to present </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Twentieth_century_to_present-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Geography" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geography"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4 Geography </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Geography-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Geography subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Geography-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Geology" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Geology"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.1 Geology </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Geology-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rivers" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rivers"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.2 Rivers </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rivers-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Landscape" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Landscape"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.3 Landscape </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Landscape-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Towns_and_cities" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Towns_and_cities"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 4.4 Towns and cities </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Towns_and_cities-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Governance" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Governance"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5 Governance </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Governance-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Governance subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Governance-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Administrative_history" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Administrative_history"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 5.1 Administrative history </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Administrative_history-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Economy" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Economy"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6 Economy </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Economy-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Economy subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Economy-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-South_and_West" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#South_and_West"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.1 South and West </div> </a> <ul id="toc-South_and_West-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-East_Riding_and_North" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#East_Riding_and_North"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 6.2 East Riding and North </div> </a> <ul id="toc-East_Riding_and_North-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Education" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Education"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 7 Education </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Education-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Transport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Transport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8 Transport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Transport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Transport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Transport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Public_transport_statistics" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Public_transport_statistics"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 8.1 Public transport statistics </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Public_transport_statistics-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Architecture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Architecture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9 Architecture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Architecture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Architecture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Fortifications" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Fortifications"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.1 Fortifications </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Fortifications-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Stately" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Stately"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.2 Stately </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Stately-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Industrial" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Industrial"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.3 Industrial </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Industrial-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Municipal" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Municipal"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.4 Municipal </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Municipal-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Religious" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Religious"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 9.5 Religious </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Religious-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Culture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Culture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10 Culture </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Culture-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Culture subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Culture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Literature_and_art" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Literature_and_art"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.1 Literature and art </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Literature_and_art-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cuisine" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cuisine"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.2 Cuisine </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cuisine-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Beer_and_brewing" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Beer_and_brewing"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.3 Beer and brewing </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Beer_and_brewing-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Music" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Music"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.4 Music </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Music-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Television_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Television_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.5 Television productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Television_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Film_productions" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Film_productions"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 10.6 Film productions </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Film_productions-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Sport" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Sport"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11 Sport </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Sport-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Sport subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Sport-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Cricket" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cricket"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.1 Cricket </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cricket-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Football" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Football"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2 Football </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Football-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Association" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Association"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.1 Association </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Association-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_Union" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_Union"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.2 Rugby Union </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_Union-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Rugby_League" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Rugby_League"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.2.3 Rugby League </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Rugby_League-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Multi-sport_events" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Multi-sport_events"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.3 Multi-sport events </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Multi-sport_events-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Animal_related" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Animal_related"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.4 Animal related </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Animal_related-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Knurr_and_Spell" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Knurr_and_Spell"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.5 Knurr and Spell </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Knurr_and_Spell-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Cycling" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Cycling"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.6 Cycling </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Cycling-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Hockey" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Hockey"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7 Hockey </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Hockey-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Field" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-3"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Field"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.7.1 Field </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Field-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Other_professional_sports_franchise_teams" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Other_professional_sports_franchise_teams"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 11.8 Other professional sports franchise teams </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Other_professional_sports_franchise_teams-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Politics_and_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Politics_and_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12 Politics and identity </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Politics_and_identity-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> Toggle Politics and identity subsection </button> <ul id="toc-Politics_and_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Constituencies" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Constituencies"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.1 Constituencies </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Constituencies-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Distinctive_identity" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Distinctive_identity"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.2 Distinctive identity </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Distinctive_identity-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Monarchy_and_peerage" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Monarchy_and_peerage"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 12.3 Monarchy and peerage </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Monarchy_and_peerage-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Notable_people" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Notable_people"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 13 Notable people </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Notable_people-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-See_also" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#See_also"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 14 See also </div> </a> <ul id="toc-See_also-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Explanatory_notes" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Explanatory_notes"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 15 Explanatory notes </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Explanatory_notes-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-References" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#References"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 16 References </div> </a> <ul id="toc-References-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-External_links" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#External_links"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> 17 External links </div> </a> <ul id="toc-External_links-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Contents" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" title="Table of Contents" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Toggle the table of contents" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" > Toggle the table of contents </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading">Yorkshire</h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Go to an article in another language. Available in 74 languages" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-74" aria-hidden="true" > 74 languages </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Afrikaans" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="Afrikaans" class="interlanguage-link-target">Afrikaans</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eoforwics%C4%8B%C4%ABr" title="Eoforwicsċīr – Old English" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Eoforwicsċīr" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="Old English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ænglisc</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B4%D8%A7%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="يوركشاير – Arabic" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="يوركشاير" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">العربية</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target">閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ёркшыр – Belarusian" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Ёркшыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="Belarusian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%81%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Ёркшыр – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Ёркшыр" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target">Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D1%8A%D1%80" title="Йоркшър – Bulgarian" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Йоркшър" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="Bulgarian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Български</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Breton" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="Breton" class="interlanguage-link-target">Brezhoneg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca mw-list-item"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Catalan" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="Catalan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Català</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Cebuano" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="Cebuano" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cebuano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Czech" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="Czech" class="interlanguage-link-target">Čeština</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swydd_Efrog" title="Swydd Efrog – Welsh" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Swydd Efrog" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="Welsh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Cymraeg</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Danish" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="Danish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Dansk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – German" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="German" class="interlanguage-link-target">Deutsch</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Estonian" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="Estonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Eesti</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%B9%CF%8C%CF%81%CE%BA%CF%83%CE%B5%CF%81" title="Γιόρκσερ – Greek" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γιόρκσερ" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="Greek" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ελληνικά</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es mw-list-item"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Spanish" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="Spanish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Español</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo mw-list-item"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jork%C5%9Diro" title="Jorkŝiro – Esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Jorkŝiro" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="Esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target">Esperanto</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Basque" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="Basque" class="interlanguage-link-target">Euskara</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D9%88%D8%B1%DA%A9%E2%80%8C%D8%B4%D8%B1" title="یورک‌شر – Persian" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="یورک‌شر" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="Persian" class="interlanguage-link-target">فارسی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – French" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="French" class="interlanguage-link-target">Français</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Western Frisian" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="Western Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Frysk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Irish" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="Irish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gaeilge</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siorrachd_Eabhraig" title="Siorrachd Eabhraig – Scottish Gaelic" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Siorrachd Eabhraig" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="Scottish Gaelic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Gàidhlig</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Galician" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="Galician" class="interlanguage-link-target">Galego</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%9A%94%ED%81%AC%EC%85%94" title="요크셔 – Korean" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="요크셔" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="Korean" class="interlanguage-link-target">한국어</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="Ido" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ido</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Indonesian" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="Indonesian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Indonesia</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Interlingua" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="Interlingua" class="interlanguage-link-target">Interlingua</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Ossetic" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="Ossetic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Ирон</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Icelandic" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="Icelandic" class="interlanguage-link-target">Íslenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Italian" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="Italian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Italiano</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%99%D7%95%D7%A8%D7%A7%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%99%D7%A8" title="יורקשייר – Hebrew" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="יורקשייר" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="Hebrew" class="interlanguage-link-target">עברית</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AF%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D%E0%B2%95%E0%B3%8D%E2%80%8C%E0%B2%B7%E0%B3%88%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ಷೈರ್ – Kannada" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಯಾರ್ಕ್‌ಷೈರ್" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="Kannada" class="interlanguage-link-target">ಕನ್ನಡ</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%99%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იორკშირი – Georgian" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="იორკშირი" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="Georgian" class="interlanguage-link-target">ქართული</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Kazakh" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="Kazakh" class="interlanguage-link-target">Қазақша</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conteth_Evrek" title="Conteth Evrek – Cornish" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Conteth Evrek" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="Cornish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kernowek</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Kurdish" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="Kurdish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Kurdî</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isuria" title="Isuria – Latin" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Isuria" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="Latin" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lv mw-list-item"><a href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jork%C5%A1%C4%ABra" title="Jorkšīra – Latvian" lang="lv" hreflang="lv" data-title="Jorkšīra" data-language-autonym="Latviešu" data-language-local-name="Latvian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Latviešu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lez mw-list-item"><a href="https://lez.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Lezghian" lang="lez" hreflang="lez" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Лезги" data-language-local-name="Lezghian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Лезги</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jork%C5%A1yras" title="Jorkšyras – Lithuanian" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Jorkšyras" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="Lithuanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Lietuvių</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Јоркшир – Macedonian" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Јоркшир" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="Macedonian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Македонски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%AF%E0%A5%89%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%95%E0%A4%B6%E0%A4%BE%E0%A4%AF%E0%A4%B0" title="यॉर्कशायर – Marathi" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="यॉर्कशायर" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="Marathi" class="interlanguage-link-target">मराठी</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%98%E1%83%9D%E1%83%A0%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A8%E1%83%98%E1%83%A0%E1%83%98" title="იორქშირი – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="იორქშირი" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target">მარგალური</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%8A%D9%88%D8%B1%D9%83%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="يوركشير – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="يوركشير" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target">مصرى</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Malay" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="Malay" class="interlanguage-link-target">Bahasa Melayu</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Dutch" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="Dutch" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nederlands</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="good article badge"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E3%83%A8%E3%83%BC%E3%82%AF%E3%82%B7%E3%83%A3%E3%83%BC" title="ヨークシャー – Japanese" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="ヨークシャー" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="Japanese" class="interlanguage-link-target">日本語</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Chechen" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="Chechen" class="interlanguage-link-target">Нохчийн</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Northern Frisian" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="Northern Frisian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Nordfriisk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Norwegian Bokmål" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Bokmål" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk bokmål</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Norwegian Nynorsk" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="Norwegian Nynorsk" class="interlanguage-link-target">Norsk nynorsk</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Occitan" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="Occitan" class="interlanguage-link-target">Occitan</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DB%8C%D8%A7%D8%B1%DA%A9%D8%B4%D8%A7%D8%A6%D8%B1" title="یارکشائر – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="یارکشائر" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target">پنجابی</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Polish" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="Polish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Polski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Portuguese" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="Portuguese" class="interlanguage-link-target">Português</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Romanian" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="Romanian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Română</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Russian" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="Russian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Русский</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target">Simple English</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire_(gr%C3%B3fstvo)" title="Yorkshire (grófstvo) – Slovak" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Yorkshire (grófstvo)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="Slovak" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenčina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jork%C5%A1ir" title="Jorkšir – Slovenian" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Jorkšir" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="Slovenian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Slovenščina</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%88%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Јоркшир – Serbian" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Јоркшир" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="Serbian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Српски / srpski</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Serbo-Croatian" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="Serbo-Croatian" class="interlanguage-link-target">Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Finnish" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="Finnish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Suomi</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Swedish" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="Swedish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Svenska</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%A2%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C%E0%B8%81%E0%B9%80%E0%B8%8A%E0%B8%AD%E0%B8%A3%E0%B9%8C" title="ยอร์กเชอร์ – Thai" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="ยอร์กเชอร์" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="Thai" class="interlanguage-link-target">ไทย</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yorkshire" title="Yorkshire – Turkish" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Yorkshire" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="Turkish" class="interlanguage-link-target">Türkçe</a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D0%BE%D1%80%D0%BA%D1%88%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Йоркшир – Ukrainian" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Йоркшир" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="Ukrainian" 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For other uses, see <a href="/wiki/County_of_York_(disambiguation)" class="mw-redirect mw-disambig" title="County of York (disambiguation)">County of York (disambiguation)</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_(disambiguation)" class="mw-disambig" title="Yorkshire (disambiguation)">Yorkshire (disambiguation)</a>.</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1257001546">.mw-parser-output .infobox-subbox{padding:0;border:none;margin:-3px;width:auto;min-width:100%;font-size:100%;clear:none;float:none;background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .infobox-3cols-child{margin:auto}.mw-parser-output .infobox .navbar{font-size:100%}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme)>div:not(.notheme)[style]{background:#1f1f23!important;color:#f8f9fa}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .infobox-full-data:not(.notheme) 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.infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedtoprow .infobox-full-data{border-top:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0.4em 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-data,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedrow .infobox-full-data{border:0;padding:0 0.6em 0.2em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-label,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .mergedbottomrow .infobox-data{border-top:0;border-bottom:1px solid #a2a9b1;padding:0 0.6em 0.4em 0.6em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-above{font-size:125%;line-height:1.2em}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-native{font-size:78%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv .infobox-subheader{background-color:#cddeff;font-weight:bold}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms,.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms td{border:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms table{width:100%}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-flagarms tbody tr:first-child td{width:50%;vertical-align:middle}.mw-parser-output .ib-former-subdiv-fake-li{text-indent:-0.9em;margin-left:1.2em;font-weight:normal}</style><table class="infobox ib-former-subdiv vcard"><tbody><tr><th colspan="2" class="infobox-above fn org">Yorkshire</th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-subheader category"><a href="/wiki/Historical_and_alternative_regions_of_England" title="Historical and alternative regions of England">Area</a> and <a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">historic county</a></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti">.mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner{display:flex;flex-direction:column}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{display:flex;flex-direction:row;clear:left;flex-wrap:wrap;width:100%;box-sizing:border-box}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{margin:1px;float:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .theader{clear:both;font-weight:bold;text-align:center;align-self:center;background-color:transparent;width:100%}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbcaption{background-color:transparent}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-left{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-right{text-align:right}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .text-align-center{text-align:center}@media all and (max-width:720px){.mw-parser-output .tmulti .thumbinner{width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;max-width:none!important;align-items:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow{justify-content:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle{float:none!important;max-width:100%!important;box-sizing:border-box;text-align:center}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .tsingle .thumbcaption{text-align:left}.mw-parser-output .tmulti .trow>.thumbcaption{text-align:center}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .tmulti .multiimageinner span:not(.skin-invert-image):not(.skin-invert):not(.bg-transparent) img{background-color:white}}</style><div class="thumb tmulti tnone center"><div class="multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px;border:none"><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:120px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ribblehead_Viaduct_(157471297).jpeg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg/330px-Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg" decoding="async" width="288" height="121" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg/500px-Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/00/Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg/960px-Ribblehead_Viaduct_%28157471297%29.jpeg 2x" data-file-width="2048" data-file-height="858" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Minster_(26664483373).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg/138px-York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg/207px-York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg/276px-York_Minster_%2826664483373%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1966" data-file-height="1404" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div style="height:98px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Flamborough_Head_(1993)_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2098290.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flamborough_Head_%281993%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2098290.jpg/250px-Flamborough_Head_%281993%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2098290.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="99" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e9/Flamborough_Head_%281993%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2098290.jpg/330px-Flamborough_Head_%281993%29_-_geograph.org.uk_-_2098290.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="692" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:107px;max-width:107px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Piece_Hall,_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg/105px-Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg" decoding="async" width="105" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg/158px-Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/89/Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg/210px-Piece_Hall%2C_Halifax_Feb_2023.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2689" data-file-height="3057" /></a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:181px;max-width:181px"><div style="height:119px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Whitby_Abbey_ruins,_Yorkshire.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/179px-Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg" decoding="async" width="179" height="119" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/269px-Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg/358px-Whitby_Abbey_ruins%2C_Yorkshire.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4046" data-file-height="2692" /></a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:290px;max-width:290px"><div style="height:95px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg/288px-Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg" decoding="async" width="288" height="96" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg/432px-Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg/576px-Wv_Leeds_banner.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1826" data-file-height="607" /></a></div></div></div></div></div><div class="infobox-caption">Top to bottom, left to right: <a href="/wiki/Ribblehead_Viaduct" title="Ribblehead Viaduct">Ribblehead Viaduct</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Flamborough_Head" title="Flamborough Head">Flamborough Head</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax_Piece_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Halifax Piece Hall">Halifax Piece Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-image"><div class="noresize" style="display:table; width:100%;"> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding-left:5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Flag of"><img alt="Flag of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/125px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="125" height="75" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/188px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/250px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/Flag_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Flag of Yorkshire">Flag of Yorkshire</a></div> </div> <div style="display:table-cell; vertical-align:middle; padding: 0px 5px;"> <div style="padding-bottom:3px;"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_rose.png" class="mw-file-description" title="White Rose of York of"><img alt="White Rose of York of" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_rose.png/85px-Yorkshire_rose.png" decoding="async" width="85" height="81" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_rose.png/128px-Yorkshire_rose.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4b/Yorkshire_rose.png/170px-Yorkshire_rose.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="264" /></a></div> <div><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a></div> </div> </div></td></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><div class="switcher-container"><div><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_UK_1851_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Yorkshire_UK_1851_locator_map.svg/250px-Yorkshire_UK_1851_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Yorkshire_UK_1851_locator_map.svg/500px-Yorkshire_UK_1851_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a> Yorkshire prior to 1 April 1974<hr /> Yorkshire prior to 1 April 1974</div><div><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_UK_locator_map.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yorkshire_UK_locator_map.svg/250px-Yorkshire_UK_locator_map.svg.png" decoding="async" width="250" height="303" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8c/Yorkshire_UK_locator_map.svg/500px-Yorkshire_UK_locator_map.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1108" data-file-height="1345" /></a> Yorkshire from 1996 onwards<hr /> Yorkshire from 1996 onwards</div></div> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Capital</th><td class="infobox-data">York</td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Area</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r886047488">.mw-parser-output .nobold{font-weight:normal}</style> • Coordinates</th><td class="infobox-data"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1156832818">.mw-parser-output .geo-default,.mw-parser-output .geo-dms,.mw-parser-output .geo-dec{display:inline}.mw-parser-output .geo-nondefault,.mw-parser-output .geo-multi-punct,.mw-parser-output .geo-inline-hidden{display:none}.mw-parser-output .longitude,.mw-parser-output .latitude{white-space:nowrap}</style><a class="external text" href="https://geohack.toolforge.org/geohack.php?pagename=Yorkshire&params=54_N_1_W_type:landmark">54°N 1°W / 54°N 1°W / 54; -1</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">History</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Origin</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Kingdom of Jórvík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a>.</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Succeeded by</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">Various</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Status</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic county</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><a href="/wiki/Chapman_code" title="Chapman code">Chapman code</a></th><td class="infobox-data">YKS</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Contained within</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Region (most of)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Ceremonial counties (most of)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> • <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> • <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> • <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Ceremonial counties (part of)</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> • <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> • <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a> • <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a></td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr><tr class="mergedtoprow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label">Subdivisions</th><td class="infobox-data"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1257001546" /></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Type</th><td class="infobox-data"><a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">Ridings</a> (largest & most notable of differing former subdivisions)</td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><th scope="row" class="infobox-label"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r886047488" /> • Units</th><td class="infobox-data">1 <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North</a> • 2 <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West</a> • 3 <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East</a></td></tr><tr class="mergedrow"><td colspan="2" class="infobox-full-data"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_Ridings.png" class="mw-file-description" title="Ridings of Yorkshire"><img alt="Ridings of Yorkshire" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yorkshire_Ridings.png/200px-Yorkshire_Ridings.png" decoding="async" width="200" height="169" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yorkshire_Ridings.png/300px-Yorkshire_Ridings.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/6e/Yorkshire_Ridings.png/400px-Yorkshire_Ridings.png 2x" data-file-width="572" data-file-height="484" /></a> </td></tr><tr style="display:none"><td colspan="2"> </td></tr></tbody></table> Yorkshire (<a href="/wiki/Help:IPA/English" title="Help:IPA/English">/ˈjɔːrkʃər, -ʃɪər/</a> <a href="/wiki/Help:Pronunciation_respelling_key" title="Help:Pronunciation respelling key">YORK-shər, -⁠sheer</a>) is an area of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> which was <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yorkshire" title="History of Yorkshire">historically a county</a>.<a href="#cite_note-special22222-1">[1]</a> Despite no longer being used for administration, Yorkshire retains a strong regional identity.<a href="#cite_note-2">[2]</a> The county was named after its <a href="/wiki/County_town" title="County town">county town</a>, the city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>. The south-west of Yorkshire is densely populated, and includes the cities of <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>. The north and east of the county are more sparsely populated, however the north-east includes the southern part of the <a href="/wiki/Teesside" title="Teesside">Teesside</a> conurbation, and the port city of <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> is located in the south-east. York is located near the centre of the county. Yorkshire has a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Coast" title="Yorkshire Coast">coastline</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> to the east. The <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> occupy the north-east of the county, and the centre contains the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Mowbray" title="Vale of Mowbray">Vale of Mowbray</a> in the north and the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York" title="Vale of York">Vale of York</a> in the south. The west contains part of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>, which form the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a> in the north-west. The county was historically bordered by <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">County Durham</a> to the north, the North Sea to the east, Lincolnshire, <a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a> to the south, and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Westmorland" title="Westmorland">Westmorland</a> to the west. It was the largest by area in the <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom" title="United Kingdom">United Kingdom</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Gibbons_1969-3">[3]</a> From the Middle Ages the county was subdivided into smaller administrative areas; the city of York was a self-governing <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a> from 1396, and the rest of the county was divided into three <a href="/wiki/Riding_(division)" title="Riding (division)">ridings</a> – <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North</a>, East, and <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West</a>. From 1660 onwards each riding had its own <a href="/wiki/Lord-lieutenant" title="Lord-lieutenant">lord-lieutenant</a>, and between 1889 and 1974 the ridings were <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative counties</a>. There was a <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Yorkshire" title="Sheriff of Yorkshire">Sheriff of Yorkshire</a> until 1974. Yorkshire gives its name to four modern <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Ceremonial counties">ceremonial counties</a>: <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a>, which together cover most of the historic county.<a href="#cite_note-4">[a]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Day" title="Yorkshire Day">Yorkshire Day</a> is observed annually on 1 August and is a celebration of the general <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yorkshire" title="Culture of Yorkshire">culture of Yorkshire</a>, including its <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yorkshire" title="History of Yorkshire">history</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">dialect</a>.<a href="#cite_note-5">[4]</a> Its name is used by several institutions, for example the <a href="/wiki/Royal_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="Royal Yorkshire Regiment">Royal Yorkshire Regiment</a> of the British Army,<a href="#cite_note-6">[5]</a> in sport, and in the media. The emblem of Yorkshire is a <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">white rose</a>, which was originally the <a href="/wiki/Heraldic_badge" title="Heraldic badge">heraldic badge</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Plantagenet" class="mw-redirect" title="Plantagenet">Plantagenet</a> royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a>. The county is sometimes referred to as "God's own country".<a href="#cite_note-7">[6]</a> Yorkshire is represented in sport by <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Yorkshire County Cricket Club">Yorkshire County Cricket Club</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Yorkshire Rugby Football Union">Yorkshire Rugby Football Union</a>. <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Definitions">Definitions</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=1" title="Edit section: Definitions">edit</a>]</div> There are several ways of defining Yorkshire, including the historic county and the group of four modern ceremonial counties. The county boundaries were reasonably stable between 1182, when it ceded western areas to the new county of Lancashire,<a href="#cite_note-8">[7]</a> and 1889 when administrative counties were created, which saw some adjustments to the boundaries with County Durham, Lancashire and Lincolnshire.<a href="#cite_note-9">[8]</a><a href="#cite_note-Gibbons_1969-3">[3]</a> After 1889 there were occasional adjustments to accommodate urban areas which were developing across county boundaries, such as in 1934 when <a href="/wiki/Dore,_South_Yorkshire" title="Dore, South Yorkshire">Dore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Totley" title="Totley">Totley</a> were transferred from Derbyshire to Yorkshire on being absorbed into the borough of Sheffield.<a href="#cite_note-10">[9]</a> More significant changes in 1974 saw the historic county divided between several counties. The majority of the area was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which all kept the Yorkshire name. A large part of the east of the county went to the new county of <a href="/wiki/Humberside" title="Humberside">Humberside</a>, and an area in the north-east went to the new county of <a href="/wiki/Cleveland_(county)" title="Cleveland (county)">Cleveland</a>. Some more rural areas at the edges of the historic county were transferred to County Durham, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, Lancashire and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>, whilst South Yorkshire also included areas which had been in Nottinghamshire.<a href="#cite_note-1972act-11">[10]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkshireCounties.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/YorkshireCounties.png/220px-YorkshireCounties.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/65/YorkshireCounties.png/330px-YorkshireCounties.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/YorkshireCounties.png 2x" data-file-width="351" data-file-height="297" /></a><figcaption>The four ceremonial counties with Yorkshire in their names</figcaption></figure> Cleveland and Humberside were both abolished in 1996, since when there have been four <a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">ceremonial counties</a> with Yorkshire in their names: East Riding of Yorkshire, North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire, which together cover most of the historic county.<a href="#cite_note-1995miscellaneous-12">[11]</a> There is a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">region</a> called <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> which covers a similar area to the combined area of the four Yorkshire ceremonial counties, the exceptions being that the region excludes the parts of North Yorkshire which had been in Cleveland, but includes <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a> (which had been in Humberside). Until 2009 some government powers in the region were devolved to the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly" title="Yorkshire and Humber Assembly">Yorkshire and Humber Assembly</a>; since 2009 the region has been used primarily for presentation of statistics. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Etymology">Etymology</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=2" title="Edit section: Etymology">edit</a>]</div> Yorkshire is so named as it is the <a href="/wiki/Shire" title="Shire">shire</a> (administrative area or county) of the city of <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, or York's Shire. The word "York" is believed to have originated from the <a href="/wiki/Common_Brittonic" title="Common Brittonic">Brittonic</a> word Eburākon, which means "place of <a href="/wiki/Taxus_baccata" title="Taxus baccata">yew trees</a>". This theory is supported by the fact that yew trees were once abundant in the area around York, and that the city was known for its skilled bow makers who used yew wood to make their bows. This became Eboracum to the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Romans</a>, Eorfowic to the <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> and then, most famously, Jorvik to the <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>.<a href="#cite_note-13">[12]</a><a href="#cite_note-14">[13]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="History">History</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=3" title="Edit section: History">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/History_of_Yorkshire" title="History of Yorkshire">History of Yorkshire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Ancient–500:_Hen_Ogledd">Ancient–500: Hen Ogledd</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=4" title="Edit section: Ancient–500: Hen Ogledd">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Early:_Celtic_Brigantes_and_Parisi">Early: Celtic Brigantes and Parisi</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=5" title="Edit section: Early: Celtic Brigantes and Parisi">edit</a>]</div> Early inhabitants of what became Yorkshire were <a href="/wiki/Hen_Ogledd" title="Hen Ogledd">Hen Ogledd</a> <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Brythonic</a> <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (old north British Celts), who formed separate tribes, the <a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> (known to be in the north and western areas of now Yorkshire) and the <a href="/wiki/Parisi_(tribe)" title="Parisi (tribe)">Parisi</a> (present-day <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a>). The Brigantes controlled territory that later became all of <a href="/wiki/Northern_England" title="Northern England">Northern England</a> and more territory than most Celtic tribes on the island of <a href="/wiki/Great_Britain" title="Great Britain">Great Britain</a>. Six of the nine Brigantian <a href="/wiki/Polis" title="Polis">poleis</a> described by <a href="/wiki/Ptolemy" title="Ptolemy">Claudius Ptolemaeus</a> in the <a href="/wiki/Geography_(Ptolemy)" title="Geography (Ptolemy)">Geographia</a> fall within the historic county.<a href="#cite_note-brigantes-15">[14]</a><a href="#cite_note-ptolemy-16">[15]</a> The Parisi, who controlled the area that would become the East Riding, might have been related to the <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Gaul)" title="Parisii (Gaul)">Parisii</a> of <a href="/wiki/Lutetia" title="Lutetia">Lutetia</a> Parisiorum, <a href="/wiki/Gaul" title="Gaul">Gaul</a> (known today as Paris, France).<a href="#cite_note-parisii-17">[16]</a> Their capital was at <a href="/wiki/Petuaria" title="Petuaria">Petuaria</a>, close to the Humber Estuary. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="43–400s:_Britannia_Inferior">43–400s: Britannia Inferior</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=6" title="Edit section: 43–400s: Britannia Inferior">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Constantine_York_Minster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Constantine_York_Minster.jpg/250px-Constantine_York_Minster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="167" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Constantine_York_Minster.jpg/330px-Constantine_York_Minster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Constantine_York_Minster.jpg/500px-Constantine_York_Minster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3648" data-file-height="2766" /></a><figcaption>Statue of <a href="/wiki/Constantine_I" class="mw-redirect" title="Constantine I">Constantine I</a> outside <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>.</figcaption></figure> Although the <a href="/wiki/Roman_conquest_of_Britain" title="Roman conquest of Britain">Roman conquest of Britain</a> began in 43 AD, the Brigantes remained in control of their kingdom as a <a href="/wiki/Client_state" title="Client state">client state</a> of <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Rome</a> for an extended period, reigned over by the Brigantian monarchs <a href="/wiki/Cartimandua" title="Cartimandua">Cartimandua</a> and her husband <a href="/wiki/Venutius" title="Venutius">Venutius</a>. The capital was between the north and west ridings <a href="/wiki/Isurium_Brigantum" title="Isurium Brigantum">Isurium Brigantum</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Aldborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Aldborough, North Yorkshire">Aldborough</a>) <a href="/wiki/Civitas" title="Civitas">civitas</a> under Roman rule. Initially, this situation suited both the Romans and the Brigantes, who were known as the most <a href="/wiki/Military" title="Military">militant</a> tribe in Britain.<a href="#cite_note-rib-18">[17]</a> Queen Cartimandua left Venutius for his armour bearer, <a href="/wiki/Vellocatus" title="Vellocatus">Vellocatus</a>, setting off a chain of events that changed control of the region. Cartimandua's good relationship with the Romans enabled her to keep control of the kingdom; however, her former husband staged <a href="/wiki/Rebellion" title="Rebellion">rebellions</a> against her and her Roman allies.<a href="#cite_note-19">[18]</a> At the second attempt, Venutius seized the kingdom, but the Romans, under general <a href="/wiki/Quintus_Petillius_Cerialis" title="Quintus Petillius Cerialis">Petillius Cerialis</a>, conquered the Brigantes in 71 AD.<a href="#cite_note-20">[19]</a> The fortified city of <a href="/wiki/Eboracum" title="Eboracum">Eboracum</a> (now York) was named as capital of <a href="/wiki/Britannia_Inferior" title="Britannia Inferior">Britannia Inferior</a> and joint capital of all <a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Roman Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-21">[20]</a> The emperor <a href="/wiki/Septimius_Severus" title="Septimius Severus">Septimius Severus</a> ruled the <a href="/wiki/Roman_Empire" title="Roman Empire">Roman Empire</a> from Eboracum for the two years before his death.<a href="#cite_note-romanfest-22">[21]</a> Another emperor, <a href="/wiki/Constantius_Chlorus" title="Constantius Chlorus">Constantius Chlorus</a>, died in Eboracum during a visit in 306 AD. Thereafter his son <a href="/wiki/Constantine_the_Great" title="Constantine the Great">Constantine the Great</a>, who became renowned for his acceptance of Christianity, was proclaimed emperor in the city.<a href="#cite_note-23">[22]</a> In the early 5th century, <a href="/wiki/End_of_Roman_rule_in_Britain" title="End of Roman rule in Britain">Roman rule ceased</a> with the withdrawal of the last active Roman troops. By this stage, the Western Empire was in intermittent decline.<a href="#cite_note-romanfest-22">[21]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="500s–1000s:_Germanic_landings">500s–1000s: Germanic landings</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=7" title="Edit section: 500s–1000s: Germanic landings">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="500s–800s:_Celtic-Anglo_kingdoms_of_Ebrauc,_Elmet,_Deira_and_Northumbria">500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=8" title="Edit section: 500s–800s: Celtic-Anglo kingdoms of Ebrauc, Elmet, Deira and Northumbria">edit</a>]</div> After the Romans left, small Celtic kingdoms arose in the region, including the kingdoms of <a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a> to the east (domain of settlements near <a href="/wiki/Malton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Malton, North Yorkshire">Malton</a> on <a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_Yorkshire" title="River Derwent, Yorkshire">Derwent</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ebrauc" class="mw-redirect" title="Ebrauc">Ebrauc</a> (domain of York) around the north and <a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a> to the west. The latter two were successors of land south-west and north-east of the former <a href="/wiki/Brigantia_(ancient_region)" title="Brigantia (ancient region)">Brigantia</a> capital. <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> (hailing from southern Denmark and northern Germany, probably along with Swedish <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a><a href="#cite_note-:1-24">[23]</a>) consolidated (merging <a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">Ebrauc</a>) under Deira, with York as capital. This in turn was grouped with <a href="/wiki/Bernicia" title="Bernicia">Bernicia</a>, another former <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Britons" title="Celtic Britons">Celtic</a>-<a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> kingdom that was north of the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> and had come to be headed by <a href="/wiki/Bamburgh" title="Bamburgh">Bamburgh</a>, to form <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>.<a href="#cite_note-25">[24]</a><a href="#cite_note-26">[25]</a> Elmet had remained independent from the <a href="/wiki/Germanic_peoples" title="Germanic peoples">Germanic</a> Angles until some time in the early 7th century, when King <a href="/wiki/Edwin_of_Northumbria" title="Edwin of Northumbria">Edwin of Northumbria</a> expelled its last king, Certic, and annexed the region to his Deira region. The Celts never went away, but were assimilated. This explains the existence of many Celtic placenames in Yorkshire today, such as <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> and <a href="/wiki/Pen-y-ghent" title="Pen-y-ghent">Pen-y-ghent</a>.<a href="#cite_note-27">[26]</a> As well as the Angles and Geats, other settlers included <a href="/wiki/Frisians" title="Frisians">Frisians</a> (thought to have founded <a href="/wiki/New_Fryston" title="New Fryston">Fryston</a> and <a href="/wiki/Frizinghall" title="Frizinghall">Frizinghall</a><a href="#cite_note-28">[27]</a>), <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danes</a>, <a href="/wiki/Franks" title="Franks">Franks</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huns" title="Huns">Huns</a>.<a href="#cite_note-29">[28]</a> At its greatest extent, Northumbria stretched from the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> to the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> and from <a href="/wiki/Edinburgh" title="Edinburgh">Edinburgh</a> down to <a href="/wiki/Hallamshire" title="Hallamshire">Hallamshire</a> in the south.<a href="#cite_note-30">[29]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="800s–900s:_Jórvík">800s–900s: Jórvík</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=9" title="Edit section: 800s–900s: Jórvík">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Kingdom of Jórvík</a></div>Scandinavian York (also referred to as Jórvík) or Danish/Norwegian York is a term used by historians for the south of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> (modern-day Yorkshire) during the late 9th century and first half of the 10th century, when it was dominated by Norse warrior-kings; in particular, used to refer to <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, the city controlled by these kings. Norse monarchy controlled varying amounts of Northumbria from 875 to 954, however the area was invaded and conquered for short periods by <a href="/wiki/England" title="England">England</a> between 927 and 954 before eventually being annexed into England in 954. It was closely associated with the much longer-lived <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Dublin" title="Kingdom of Dublin">Kingdom of Dublin</a> throughout this period.<figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:EricBloodaxeCoin.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/EricBloodaxeCoin.png/250px-EricBloodaxeCoin.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="112" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/8/83/EricBloodaxeCoin.png 1.5x" data-file-width="301" data-file-height="153" /></a><figcaption>Coin from Eric Bloodaxe's reign</figcaption></figure> An army of <a href="/wiki/Danes_(Germanic_tribe)" class="mw-redirect" title="Danes (Germanic tribe)">Danish</a> <a href="/wiki/Vikings" title="Vikings">Vikings</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Great_Heathen_Army" title="Great Heathen Army">Great Heathen Army</a><a href="#cite_note-31">[30]</a> as its enemies often referred to it, invaded Northumbrian territory in 866 AD. The Danes conquered and assumed what is now York and renamed it <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Jórvík</a>, making it the capital city of a new Danish kingdom under the same name. The area which this kingdom covered included most of Southern Northumbria, roughly equivalent to the borders of Yorkshire extending further West.<a href="#cite_note-jorvikking-32">[31]</a> The Danes went on to conquer an even larger area of England that afterwards became known as the <a href="/wiki/Danelaw" title="Danelaw">Danelaw</a>; but whereas most of the Danelaw was still English land, albeit in submission to Viking overlords, it was in the <a href="/wiki/J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Jórvík">Kingdom of Jórvík</a> that the only truly Viking territory on mainland Britain was ever established. The Kingdom prospered, taking advantage of the vast <a href="/wiki/Trade_during_the_Viking_Age" title="Trade during the Viking Age">trading network of the Viking nations</a>, and established commercial ties with the <a href="/wiki/British_Isles" title="British Isles">British Isles</a>, North-West Europe, the <a href="/wiki/Mediterranean" class="mw-redirect" title="Mediterranean">Mediterranean</a> and the Middle East.<a href="#cite_note-33">[32]</a> Founded by the Dane <a href="/wiki/Halfdan_Ragnarsson" title="Halfdan Ragnarsson">Halfdan Ragnarsson</a> in 875,<a href="#cite_note-vikingnorth-34">[33]</a> ruled for the great part by Danish kings, and populated by the families and subsequent descendants of Danish Vikings, the leadership of the kingdom nonetheless passed into Norwegian hands during its twilight years.<a href="#cite_note-vikingnorth-34">[33]</a> <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a>, an ex-king of Norway who was the last independent Viking king of Jórvík, is a particularly noted figure in history,<a href="#cite_note-35">[34]</a> and his bloodthirsty approach towards leadership may have been at least partly responsible for convincing the Danish inhabitants of the region to accept English sovereignty so readily in the years that followed. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="800s–1000s:_Yorkshire">800s–1000s: Yorkshire</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=10" title="Edit section: 800s–1000s: Yorkshire">edit</a>]</div> After around 100 years of its volatile existence, the Kingdom of Jorvik finally came to an end. The <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_Wessex" class="mw-redirect" title="Kingdom of Wessex">Kingdom of Wessex</a> was now in its ascendancy and established its dominance over the North in general, placing Yorkshire again within <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a>, which retained a certain amount of autonomy as an almost-independent <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earldom</a> rather than a separate kingdom. The Wessex <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of England">Kings of England</a> were reputed to have respected the Norse customs in Yorkshire and left law-making in the hands of the local aristocracy.<a href="#cite_note-36">[35]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1000s–1400s:_Normans">1000s–1400s: Normans</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=11" title="Edit section: 1000s–1400s: Normans">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1000s–1100s:_Harrying_of_the_north">1000s–1100s: Harrying of the north</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=12" title="Edit section: 1000s–1100s: Harrying of the north">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png/250px-Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png" decoding="async" width="220" height="202" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png/330px-Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/49/Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png/500px-Doomsday_Book_-_Counties_of_England_-_1086.png 2x" data-file-width="502" data-file-height="462" /></a><figcaption>The counties of England in 1086</figcaption></figure> In the weeks leading up to the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a> in 1066 AD, <a href="/wiki/Harold_Godwinson" title="Harold Godwinson">Harold II of England</a> was distracted by pushing back efforts to reinstate the kingdom of Jorvik and Danelaw. His brother <a href="/wiki/Tostig_Godwinson" title="Tostig Godwinson">Tostig</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harald_Hardrada" title="Harald Hardrada">Harald Hardrada</a>, <a href="/wiki/King_of_Norway" class="mw-redirect" title="King of Norway">King of Norway</a>, having won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Fulford" title="Battle of Fulford">Battle of Fulford</a>. The King of England marched north where the two armies met at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Stamford_Bridge" title="Battle of Stamford Bridge">Battle of Stamford Bridge</a>. Tostig and Hardrada were both killed and their army was defeated decisively. Harold Godwinson was forced immediately to march his army south, where <a href="/wiki/William_the_Conqueror" title="William the Conqueror">William the Conqueror</a> was landing. The King was defeated in what is now known as the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Hastings" title="Battle of Hastings">Battle of Hastings</a>, which led to the <a href="/wiki/Norman_conquest_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Norman conquest of England">Norman conquest of England</a>. The people of the North rebelled against the Normans in September 1069 AD, enlisting <a href="/wiki/Sweyn_II_of_Denmark" title="Sweyn II of Denmark">Sweyn II of Denmark</a>. They tried to take back York, but the Normans burnt it before they could.<a href="#cite_note-37">[36]</a> What followed was the <a href="/wiki/Harrying_of_the_North" title="Harrying of the North">Harrying of the North</a> ordered by William. From York to <a href="/wiki/Durham,_England" title="Durham, England">Durham</a>, crops, domestic animals, and farming tools were <a href="/wiki/Scorched_earth" title="Scorched earth">scorched</a>. Many villages between the towns were burnt and local northerners were indiscriminately murdered.<a href="#cite_note-38">[37]</a> During the winter that followed, families starved to death and thousands of peasants died of cold and hunger. <a href="/wiki/Orderic_Vitalis" title="Orderic Vitalis">Orderic Vitalis</a> estimated that "more than 100,000" people from the North died from hunger.<a href="#cite_note-39">[38]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:YorkMinsterWest.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/YorkMinsterWest.jpg/250px-YorkMinsterWest.jpg" decoding="async" width="140" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/YorkMinsterWest.jpg/330px-YorkMinsterWest.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>York Minster, western elevation</figcaption></figure> In the centuries following, many <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a> and <a href="/wiki/Priory" title="Priory">priories</a> were built in Yorkshire. Norman landowners increased their revenues and established new towns such as <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, among others. Of towns founded before the conquest, only <a href="/wiki/Bridlington" title="Bridlington">Bridlington</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pocklington" title="Pocklington">Pocklington</a>, and <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> continued at a prominent level.<a href="#cite_note-rulocal-40">[39]</a> In the early 12th century, people of Yorkshire had to contend with the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_the_Standard" title="Battle of the Standard">Battle of the Standard</a> at <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a> with the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>. Representing the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> led by <a href="/wiki/Thurstan" title="Thurstan">Archbishop Thurstan of York</a>, soldiers from Yorkshire defeated the more numerous Scots.<a href="#cite_note-41">[40]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1300s:_Scottish_War_of_Independence_and_Mass_Deaths">1300s: Scottish War of Independence and Mass Deaths</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=13" title="Edit section: 1300s: Scottish War of Independence and Mass Deaths">edit</a>]</div> The population of Yorkshire boomed until it was hit by the <a href="/wiki/Great_Famine_of_1315%E2%80%931317" title="Great Famine of 1315–1317">Great Famine</a> of 1315.<a href="#cite_note-rulocal-40">[39]</a> It did not help that after the English defeat in the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bannockburn" title="Battle of Bannockburn">Battle of Bannockburn</a> in 1314, the Scottish army rampaged throughout northern England, and Yorkshire was no exception. During <a href="/wiki/The_Great_Raid_of_1322" class="mw-redirect" title="The Great Raid of 1322">The Great Raid of 1322</a>, they raided and pillaged from the suburbs of York, even as far as East Riding and the Humber. Some, like Richmond, had to bribe the Scots to spare the town. The <a href="/wiki/Black_Death" title="Black Death">Black Death</a> then reached Yorkshire by 1349, killing around a third of the population.<a href="#cite_note-rulocal-40">[39]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1400s–1600s:_Royal_revolts">1400s–1600s: Royal revolts</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=14" title="Edit section: 1400s–1600s: Royal revolts">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1400s:_Wars_of_the_Roses">1400s: Wars of the Roses</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=15" title="Edit section: 1400s: Wars of the Roses">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg/180px-King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg/270px-King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg/360px-King_Richard_III_from_NPG.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="3443" /></a><figcaption>Yorkist king <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> grew up at <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-middleham-42">[41]</a></figcaption></figure> When King <a href="/wiki/Richard_II_of_England" title="Richard II of England">Richard II</a> was overthrown in 1399, antagonism between the <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a> and the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Lancaster" title="House of Lancaster">House of Lancaster</a>, both branches of the royal <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a>, began to emerge. Eventually the two houses fought for the throne of England in a series of civil wars, commonly known as the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a>. Some of the battles took place in Yorkshire, such as those at <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Wakefield" title="Battle of Wakefield">Wakefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Towton" title="Battle of Towton">Towton</a>, the latter of which is known as the bloodiest battle ever fought on English soil.<a href="#cite_note-43">[42]</a> <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> was the last Yorkist king. <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry Tudor</a>, sympathiser to the House of Lancaster, defeated and killed Richard at the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Bosworth_Field" title="Battle of Bosworth Field">Battle of Bosworth Field</a>. He then became King <a href="/wiki/Henry_VII_of_England" title="Henry VII of England">Henry VII</a> and married <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_of_York" title="Elizabeth of York">Elizabeth of York</a>, daughter of Yorkist <a href="/wiki/Edward_IV" title="Edward IV">Edward IV</a>, ending the wars.<a href="#cite_note-44">[43]</a> The two roses of white and red, emblems of the Houses of York and Lancaster respectively, were combined to form the <a href="/wiki/Tudor_Rose" class="mw-redirect" title="Tudor Rose">Tudor Rose</a> of England.<a href="#cite_note-45">[b]</a><a href="#cite_note-46">[44]</a> This rivalry between the royal houses of York and Lancaster has passed into popular culture as a rivalry between the counties of Yorkshire and <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a>, particularly in sport (for example the <a href="/wiki/Roses_Match" title="Roses Match">Roses Match</a> played in <a href="/wiki/County_Cricket" class="mw-redirect" title="County Cricket">County Cricket</a>), although the House of Lancaster was based in York and the House of York in London. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1500:_Catholic–Protestant_dissolution">1500: Catholic–Protestant dissolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=16" title="Edit section: 1500: Catholic–Protestant dissolution">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/English_Reformation" title="English Reformation">English Reformation</a> began under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> in 1536 led to a popular uprising known as <a href="/wiki/Pilgrimage_of_Grace" title="Pilgrimage of Grace">Pilgrimage of Grace</a>, started in Yorkshire as a protest. Some <a href="/wiki/Catholic_Church" title="Catholic Church">Catholics</a> in Yorkshire continued to practise their religion and those caught were executed during the reign of <a href="/wiki/Elizabeth_I_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Elizabeth I of England">Elizabeth I</a>. One such person was a York woman named <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Clitherow" title="Margaret Clitherow">Margaret Clitherow</a> who was later <a href="/wiki/Canonisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Canonisation">canonised</a>.<a href="#cite_note-47">[45]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1600s:_Civil_war">1600s: Civil war</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=17" title="Edit section: 1600s: Civil war">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Eboracum_Atlas.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Eboracum_Atlas.jpg/250px-Eboracum_Atlas.jpg" decoding="async" width="168" height="125" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Eboracum_Atlas.jpg/330px-Eboracum_Atlas.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Eboracum_Atlas.jpg/500px-Eboracum_Atlas.jpg 2x" data-file-width="15002" data-file-height="11151" /></a><figcaption>Hand-drawn map of Yorkshire by Christopher Saxton from 1576</figcaption></figure> During the <a href="/wiki/English_Civil_War" title="English Civil War">English Civil War</a>, which started in 1642, Yorkshire had divided loyalties; <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a> (full name <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>) famously shut the gates of the city on the king when he came to enter a few months before fighting began, while the <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding of Yorkshire</a> in particular was strongly <a href="/wiki/Cavalier" title="Cavalier">royalist</a>.<a href="#cite_note-48">[46]</a><a href="#cite_note-49">[47]</a> York was the base for Royalists, and from there they captured Leeds and <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a> only to have them recaptured a few months later. The royalists won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Adwalton_Moor" title="Battle of Adwalton Moor">Battle of Adwalton Moor</a> meaning they controlled Yorkshire (with the exception of Hull). From their base in Hull the Parliamentarians ("Roundheads") fought back, re-taking Yorkshire town by town, until they won the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Marston_Moor" title="Battle of Marston Moor">Battle of Marston Moor</a> and with it control of all of the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-50">[48]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="1500s–1900s:_Industry">1500s–1900s: Industry</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=18" title="Edit section: 1500s–1900s: Industry">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1500-1600s:_Explorative_growth">1500-1600s: Explorative growth</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=19" title="Edit section: 1500-1600s: Explorative growth">edit</a>]</div> In the 16th and 17th centuries Leeds and other wool-industry-centred towns continued to grow, along with Huddersfield, Hull and Sheffield, while coal mining first came into prominence in the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding of Yorkshire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-51">[49]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Wool" title="Wool">wool</a> textile industry, which had previously been a cottage industry, centred on the old market towns moved to the <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a> where entrepreneurs were building mills that took advantage of water power gained by harnessing the rivers and streams flowing from the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a>. The developing <a href="/wiki/Textile_industry" title="Textile industry">textile industry</a> helped <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a> and <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a> grow.<a href="#cite_note-woolindustry-52">[50]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="1800s:_Victorian_revolution">1800s: Victorian revolution</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=20" title="Edit section: 1800s: Victorian revolution">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><video id="mwe_player_0" poster="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/220px--Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.jpg" controls="" preload="none" data-mw-tmh="" class="mw-file-element" width="220" height="124" data-durationhint="51" data-mwtitle="Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm" data-mwprovider="wikimediacommons" resource="/wiki/File:Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm"><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.480p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="480p.vp9.webm" data-width="854" data-height="480" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8"" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.720p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="720p.vp9.webm" data-width="1280" data-height="720" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.144p.mjpeg.mov" type="video/quicktime" data-transcodekey="144p.mjpeg.mov" data-width="256" data-height="144" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.240p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="240p.vp9.webm" data-width="426" data-height="240" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.360p.vp9.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp9, opus"" data-transcodekey="360p.vp9.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /><source src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/transcoded/0/06/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm/Leeds_Dark_Arches_June_2013-TJBlackwell.webm.360p.webm" type="video/webm; codecs="vp8, vorbis"" data-transcodekey="360p.webm" data-width="640" data-height="360" /></video><figcaption>These tunnels were built in the 1800s to channel the <a href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">River Aire</a> under <a href="/wiki/Leeds_railway_station" title="Leeds railway station">Leeds railway station</a>.</figcaption></figure> The 19th century saw Yorkshire's continued growth, with the population growing and the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> continuing with prominent industries in coal, textile and steel (especially in <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>). However, despite the booming industry, living conditions declined in the industrial towns due to overcrowding. This saw bouts of <a href="/wiki/Cholera" title="Cholera">cholera</a> in both 1832 and 1848.<a href="#cite_note-53">[51]</a> However, advances were made by the end of the century with the introduction of modern <a href="/wiki/Sanitary_sewer" title="Sanitary sewer">sewers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Water_supply" title="Water supply">water supplies</a>. Several <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_railways" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire railways">Yorkshire railway</a> networks were introduced as railways spread across the country to reach remote areas.<a href="#cite_note-54">[52]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg/220px-Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg/330px-Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5a/Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg/440px-Number_4468_Mallard_in_York.jpg 2x" data-file-width="4000" data-file-height="3000" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/London_and_North_Eastern_Railway" title="London and North Eastern Railway">LNER</a> Class A4 4468 <a href="/wiki/LNER_Class_A4_4468_Mallard" title="LNER Class A4 4468 Mallard">Mallard</a> built in <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> is the current confirmed record holder as the fastest steam locomotive at 203 km/h (126 mph) on 3 July 1938.</figcaption></figure> Canals and <a href="/wiki/Turnpike_trust" title="Turnpike trust">turnpike</a> roads were introduced in the late 18th century. In the following century the <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa towns</a> of <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> flourished, due to people believing <a href="/wiki/Mineral_water" title="Mineral water">mineral water</a> had curative properties.<a href="#cite_note-55">[53]</a> When elected county councils were established in 1889, rather than have a single Yorkshire County Council, each of the three ridings was made an <a href="/wiki/Administrative_counties_of_England" title="Administrative counties of England">administrative county</a> with its own county council, and the eight larger towns and cities of Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield and York were made <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a>, independent from the county councils.<a href="#cite_note-1888act-56">[54]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Twentieth_century_to_present">Twentieth century to present</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=21" title="Edit section: Twentieth century to present">edit</a>]</div> During the <a href="/wiki/Second_World_War" class="mw-redirect" title="Second World War">Second World War</a>, Yorkshire became an important base for <a href="/wiki/RAF_Bomber_Command" title="RAF Bomber Command">RAF Bomber Command</a> and brought the county and its productive industries into the cutting edge of the war, and thus in the targets of <a href="/wiki/Luftwaffe" title="Luftwaffe">Luftwaffe</a> <a href="/wiki/Hull_Blitz" title="Hull Blitz">bombers</a> during the <a href="/wiki/Battle_of_Britain" title="Battle of Britain">Battle of Britain</a>.<a href="#cite_note-57">[55]</a> From the late 20th century onwards there have been a number of significant reforms of the local government structures covering Yorkshire, notably in 1968, 1974, 1986, 1996 and 2023, discussed in the <a href="#Governance">governance</a> section below. For most administrative purposes the county had been divided since the Middle Ages; the last county-wide administrative role was the <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Yorkshire" title="Sheriff of Yorkshire">Sheriff of Yorkshire</a>. The sheriff had been a powerful position in the Middle Ages but gradually lost most of its functions, and by the twentieth century was a largely ceremonial role. It was abolished as part of the 1974 reforms to local government, which established instead <a href="/wiki/High_sheriff" title="High sheriff">high sheriffs</a> for each modern county.<a href="#cite_note-1972act-11">[10]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Geography">Geography</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=22" title="Edit section: Geography">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Topographical_areas_of_Yorkshire" title="Topographical areas of Yorkshire">Topographical areas of Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Yorkshire" title="List of places in Yorkshire">List of places in Yorkshire</a></div> Historically, the northern boundary of Yorkshire was the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a>, the eastern boundary was the <a href="/wiki/North_Sea" title="North Sea">North Sea</a> coast and the southern boundary was the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">Rivers Don</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Sheaf" title="River Sheaf">Sheaf</a>. The western boundary meandered along the western slopes of the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennine Hills</a> to again meet the River Tees.<a href="#cite_note-genukiorg-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Geology">Geology</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=23" title="Edit section: Geology">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yorkshire" title="Geology of Yorkshire">Geology of Yorkshire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorksgeology.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorksgeology.jpg/250px-Yorksgeology.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="181" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorksgeology.jpg/330px-Yorksgeology.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorksgeology.jpg/500px-Yorksgeology.jpg 2x" data-file-width="549" data-file-height="451" /></a><figcaption>Geology of Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> In Yorkshire there is a very close relationship between the major <a href="/wiki/Topographical" class="mw-redirect" title="Topographical">topographical</a> areas and the geological period in which they were formed.<a href="#cite_note-genukiorg-58">[56]</a> The Pennine chain of hills in the west is of <a href="/wiki/Carboniferous" title="Carboniferous">Carboniferous</a> origin. The central vale is <a href="/wiki/Triassic" title="Triassic">Permo-Triassic</a>. The <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> in the north-east of the county are <a href="/wiki/Jurassic" title="Jurassic">Jurassic</a> in age while the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a> to the south east are <a href="/wiki/Cretaceous" title="Cretaceous">Cretaceous</a> chalk uplands.<a href="#cite_note-genukiorg-58">[56]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Rivers">Rivers</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=24" title="Edit section: Rivers">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/220px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="179" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/330px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/51/Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg/440px-Yorkshire-Drainage.jpg 2x" data-file-width="738" data-file-height="600" /></a><figcaption>The main rivers of Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> Yorkshire is drained by several rivers. In western and central Yorkshire the many rivers flow into the <a href="/wiki/River_Ouse,_Yorkshire" title="River Ouse, Yorkshire">River Ouse</a> which reaches the North Sea via the <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> The most northerly of the rivers in the Ouse system is the <a href="/wiki/River_Swale" title="River Swale">River Swale</a>, which drains <a href="/wiki/Swaledale" title="Swaledale">Swaledale</a> before passing through <a href="/wiki/Richmond,_North_Yorkshire" title="Richmond, North Yorkshire">Richmond</a> and meandering across the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Mowbray" title="Vale of Mowbray">Vale of Mowbray</a>. Next, draining <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>, is the <a href="/wiki/River_Ure" title="River Ure">River Ure</a>, which the Swale joins east of <a href="/wiki/Boroughbridge" title="Boroughbridge">Boroughbridge</a>. Near <a href="/wiki/Great_Ouseburn" title="Great Ouseburn">Great Ouseburn</a> the Ure is joined by the small Ouse Gill Beck, and below the confluence the river is known as the Ouse. The <a href="/wiki/River_Nidd" title="River Nidd">River Nidd</a> rises on the edge of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales_National_Park" title="Yorkshire Dales National Park">Yorkshire Dales National Park</a> and flows along <a href="/wiki/Nidderdale" title="Nidderdale">Nidderdale</a> before reaching the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_York" title="Vale of York">Vale of York</a> and the Ouse.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> The <a href="/wiki/River_Wharfe" title="River Wharfe">River Wharfe</a>, which drains <a href="/wiki/Wharfedale" title="Wharfedale">Wharfedale</a>, joins the Ouse upstream of <a href="/wiki/Cawood" title="Cawood">Cawood</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> The Rivers <a href="/wiki/River_Aire" title="River Aire">Aire</a> and <a href="/wiki/River_Calder,_West_Yorkshire" title="River Calder, West Yorkshire">Calder</a> are more southerly contributors to the River Ouse and the most southerly Yorkshire tributary is the <a href="/wiki/River_Don,_South_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="River Don, South Yorkshire">River Don</a>, which flows northwards to join the main river at <a href="/wiki/Goole" title="Goole">Goole</a>. Further north and east the <a href="/wiki/River_Derwent,_Yorkshire" title="River Derwent, Yorkshire">River Derwent</a> rises on the North York Moors, flows south then westwards through the <a href="/wiki/Vale_of_Pickering" title="Vale of Pickering">Vale of Pickering</a> then turns south again to drain the eastern part of the Vale of York. It empties into the River Ouse at <a href="/wiki/Barmby_on_the_Marsh" title="Barmby on the Marsh">Barmby on the Marsh</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> In the far north of the county the River Tees flows eastwards through <a href="/wiki/Teesdale" title="Teesdale">Teesdale</a> and empties its waters into the North Sea downstream of <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a>. The smaller <a href="/wiki/River_Esk,_North_Yorkshire" title="River Esk, North Yorkshire">River Esk</a> flows from west to east at the northern foot of the North York Moors to reach the sea at <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> To the east of the Yorkshire Wolds the <a href="/wiki/River_Hull" title="River Hull">River Hull</a> flows southwards to join the Humber Estuary at <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>. The western Pennines are drained by the <a href="/wiki/River_Ribble" title="River Ribble">River Ribble</a> which flows westwards, eventually reaching the <a href="/wiki/Irish_Sea" title="Irish Sea">Irish Sea</a> close to <a href="/wiki/Lytham_St_Annes" title="Lytham St Annes">Lytham St Annes</a>.<a href="#cite_note-rivers-59">[57]</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1273380762/mw-parser-output/.tmulti" /><div class="thumb tmulti tright"><div class="thumbinner multiimageinner" style="width:292px;max-width:292px"><div class="trow"><div class="theader">Features of Yorkshire</div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:136px;max-width:136px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Upper_Nidderdale.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Upper_Nidderdale.JPG/250px-Upper_Nidderdale.JPG" decoding="async" width="134" height="101" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3b/Upper_Nidderdale.JPG/330px-Upper_Nidderdale.JPG 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="960" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Nidderdale" title="Nidderdale">Nidderdale</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:152px;max-width:152px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:100px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg/150px-Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="100" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg/225px-Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/ef/Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg/300px-Sea_on_the_rocks_-_geograph.org.uk_-_386067.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption">Cliffs at <a href="/wiki/Whitby,_North_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Whitby, North Yorkshire">Whitby</a></div></div></div><div class="trow"><div class="tsingle" style="width:140px;max-width:140px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg/138px-Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg" decoding="async" width="138" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg/207px-Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/8e/Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg/276px-Ilkley_Moor_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1332313.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a></div></div><div class="tsingle" style="width:148px;max-width:148px"><div class="thumbimage" style="height:103px;overflow:hidden"><a href="/wiki/File:Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg/146px-Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg" decoding="async" width="146" height="104" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg/219px-Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/07/Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg/292px-Kilnsea%27s_Mudflats_-_geograph.org.uk_-_914562.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="455" /></a></div><div class="thumbcaption"><a href="/wiki/Kilnsea" title="Kilnsea">Kilnsea</a>, <a href="/wiki/Humber_Estuary" class="mw-redirect" title="Humber Estuary">Humber Estuary</a></div></div></div></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Landscape">Landscape</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=25" title="Edit section: Landscape">edit</a>]</div> The <a href="/wiki/Countryside" class="mw-redirect" title="Countryside">countryside</a> of Yorkshire has been called "<a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country#Yorkshire" title="God's Own Country">God's Own County</a>" by its inhabitants.<a href="#cite_note-special2222-60">[58]</a><a href="#cite_note-gods-61">[59]</a> Yorkshire includes the <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales" title="Yorkshire Dales">Yorkshire Dales</a> <a href="/wiki/National_parks_of_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="National parks of England and Wales">National Parks</a>, and part of the <a href="/wiki/Peak_District" title="Peak District">Peak District</a> National Park. <a href="/wiki/Nidderdale" title="Nidderdale">Nidderdale</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Howardian_Hills" title="Howardian Hills">Howardian Hills</a> are designated <a href="/wiki/Areas_of_Outstanding_Natural_Beauty" class="mw-redirect" title="Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty">Areas of Outstanding Natural Beauty</a>,<a href="#cite_note-62">[60]</a> as is the <a href="/wiki/North_Pennines" title="North Pennines">North Pennines</a> (a part of which lies within the county). <a href="/wiki/Spurn" title="Spurn">Spurn</a> Point, <a href="/wiki/Flamborough_Head" title="Flamborough Head">Flamborough Head</a> and the coastal North York Moors are designated <a href="/wiki/Heritage_Coast" class="mw-redirect" title="Heritage Coast">Heritage Coast</a> areas,<a href="#cite_note-63">[61]</a> and are noted for their scenic views with rugged cliffs<a href="#cite_note-cliffs-64">[62]</a> such as the <a href="/wiki/Jet_(lignite)" class="mw-redirect" title="Jet (lignite)">jet</a> cliffs at Whitby,<a href="#cite_note-cliffs-64">[62]</a> the <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> cliffs at <a href="/wiki/Filey" title="Filey">Filey</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Chalk" title="Chalk">chalk</a> cliffs at Flamborough Head.<a href="#cite_note-65">[63]</a><a href="#cite_note-66">[64]</a> Moor House – Upper Teesdale, most of which is part of the former North Riding of Yorkshire, is one of England's largest <a href="/wiki/National_nature_reserve_(United_Kingdom)" title="National nature reserve (United Kingdom)">national nature reserves</a>.<a href="#cite_note-67">[65]</a> At <a href="/wiki/High_Force" title="High Force">High Force</a> on the border with County Durham, the <a href="/wiki/River_Tees" title="River Tees">River Tees</a> plunges 22 metres (72 ft) over the <a href="/wiki/Whin_Sill" title="Whin Sill">Whin Sill</a> (an intrusion of igneous rock). High Force is not, as is sometimes claimed, the highest waterfall in England (<a href="/wiki/Hardraw_Force" title="Hardraw Force">Hardraw Force</a> in <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a>, also in Yorkshire, has a 30 metres (98 ft) drop for example). However, High Force is unusual in being on a major river and carries a greater volume of water than any higher waterfall in England.<a href="#cite_note-68">[66]</a> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Medical_Heritage_Library_(IA_b29287236).pdf" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf/page1-220px-Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="367" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf/page1-330px-Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/6/69/Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf/page1-440px-Medical_Heritage_Library_%28IA_b29287236%29.pdf.jpg 2x" data-file-width="954" data-file-height="1593" /></a><figcaption>Thomas Langdale A Topographical Dictionary of Yorkshire; containing the names of all the towns, villages, hamlets, gentlemen's seats, &c. in the county of York. A brief history of places most remarkable for antiquities; biographical notices of eminent persons, &c. Northallerton: Printed by J. Langdale, 1822</figcaption></figure> The highest mountains in Yorkshire all lie in the <a href="/wiki/Pennines" title="Pennines">Pennines</a> on the western side of the county, with <a href="/wiki/Millstone_Grit" title="Millstone Grit">millstone grit</a> and <a href="/wiki/Limestone" title="Limestone">limestone</a> forming the underlying geology and producing distinctive layered hills. The county top is the remote <a href="/wiki/Mickle_Fell" title="Mickle Fell">Mickle Fell</a><a href="#cite_note-69">[67]</a> (height 788 metres (2,585 ft) above sea level) in the North Pennines southwest of Teesdale, which is also the highest point in the North Riding. The highest point in the West Riding is <a href="/wiki/Whernside" title="Whernside">Whernside</a> (height 736 metres (2,415 ft)) near to <a href="/wiki/Ingleton,_North_Yorkshire" title="Ingleton, North Yorkshire">Ingleton</a> in the Yorkshire Dales. Together with nearby <a href="/wiki/Ingleborough" title="Ingleborough">Ingleborough</a> (height 723 metres (2,372 ft)) and <a href="/wiki/Pen-y-Ghent" class="mw-redirect" title="Pen-y-Ghent">Pen-y-Ghent</a> (height 694 metres (2,277 ft)), Whernside forms a trio of very prominent and popular summits (the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Three_Peaks" title="Yorkshire Three Peaks">Yorkshire Three Peaks</a>) which can be climbed in a challenging single day's walk. The highest point in the Yorkshire part of the Peak District is <a href="/wiki/Black_Hill_(Peak_District)" title="Black Hill (Peak District)">Black Hill</a> (height 582 metres (1,909 ft)) on the border with historic Cheshire (which also forms the historic county top of that county). The hill ranges along the eastern side of Yorkshire are lower than those of the west. The highest point of the North York Moors is <a href="/wiki/Urra_Moor" title="Urra Moor">Urra Moor</a> (height 454 metres (1,490 ft)). The highest point of the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a>, a range of low chalk downlands east of York, is <a href="/wiki/Bishop_Wilton_Wold" title="Bishop Wilton Wold">Bishop Wilton Wold</a> (height 246 metres (807 ft)), which is also the highest point of the East Riding. The view from <a href="/wiki/Sutton_Bank" title="Sutton Bank">Sutton Bank</a> at the southeastern edge of the North York Moors near <a href="/wiki/Thirsk" title="Thirsk">Thirsk</a> encompasses a vast expanse of the Yorkshire lowlands with the Pennines forming a backdrop. It was called the "finest view in England" by local author and veterinary surgeon <a href="/wiki/James_Herriot" title="James Herriot">James Herriot</a> in his 1979 guidebook James Herriot's Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-70">[68]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Royal_Society_for_the_Protection_of_Birds" title="Royal Society for the Protection of Birds">Royal Society for the Protection of Birds</a> runs <a href="/wiki/Nature_reserve" title="Nature reserve">nature reserves</a> such as the one at <a href="/wiki/Bempton_Cliffs" title="Bempton Cliffs">Bempton Cliffs</a> with coastal wildlife such as the <a href="/wiki/Northern_gannet" title="Northern gannet">northern gannet</a>, <a href="/wiki/Atlantic_puffin" title="Atlantic puffin">Atlantic puffin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Razorbill" title="Razorbill">razorbill</a>.<a href="#cite_note-71">[69]</a> Spurn Point is a narrow 3-mile (4.8 km) long sand <a href="/wiki/Spit_(landform)" title="Spit (landform)">spit</a>. It is a national nature reserve owned by the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wildlife_Trust" title="Yorkshire Wildlife Trust">Yorkshire Wildlife Trust</a> and is noted for its cyclical nature whereby the spit is destroyed and re-created approximately once every 250 years.<a href="#cite_note-72">[70]</a> There are <a href="/wiki/Seaside_resort" title="Seaside resort">seaside resorts</a> in Yorkshire with sandy beaches; <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a> is Britain's oldest seaside resort dating back to the <a href="/wiki/Spa_town" title="Spa town">spa town</a>-era in the 17th century,<a href="#cite_note-73">[71]</a> while <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a> has been voted as the United Kingdom's best beach, with a "postcard-perfect harbour".<a href="#cite_note-74">[72]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Towns_and_cities">Towns and cities</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=26" title="Edit section: Towns and cities">edit</a>]</div> There are eight officially designated <a href="/wiki/City_status_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="City status in the United Kingdom">cities</a> in Yorkshire: Bradford, Doncaster, Kingston upon Hull, Leeds, <a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a>, Sheffield, Wakefield, and York. City status is formally held by the administrative territory rather than the urban area. <table class="wikitable sortable"> <tbody><tr> <th>City</th> <th>Status conferred</th> <th>Territory holding status</th> <th>Population 2021<a href="#cite_note-75">[73]</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a></td> <td>1897<a href="#cite_note-76">[74]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> <td>546,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a></td> <td>2022<a href="#cite_note-royal_visit-77">[75]</a><a href="#cite_note-78">[76]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> <td>308,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></td> <td>1897<a href="#cite_note-79">[77]</a><a href="#cite_note-80">[78]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a></td> <td>267,100 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a></td> <td>1893<a href="#cite_note-LeedsSheffield-81">[79]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> <td>812,000 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon">Ripon</a></td> <td>1865<a href="#cite_note-82">[80]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Civil_parish" title="Civil parish">Civil parish</a></td> <td>16,589 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td> <td>1893<a href="#cite_note-LeedsSheffield-81">[79]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> <td>556,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a></td> <td>1888<a href="#cite_note-83">[81]</a><a href="#cite_note-84">[82]</a><a href="#cite_note-85">[83]</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">Metropolitan borough</a></td> <td>353,300 </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a></td> <td data-sort-value="0"><a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">Time immemorial</a></td> <td><a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">Unitary authority</a></td> <td>202,800 </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="thumb tright"><div class="thumbinner" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; width: 460px;"><div class="center" style="font-weight:bold">Yorkshire Towns and Cities</div><div class="thumbinner noresize" style="position: relative; top: 0px; right: 0px; outline:0px; border:0px; padding:0px;height: 290px; width: 460px"><a class="mw-kartographer-map notheme mw-kartographer-container floatright" style="width: 460px; height: 290px;" data-mw-kartographer="mapframe" data-style="osm" data-width="460" data-height="290" data-zoom="7" data-lat="53.8201118" data-lon="-1.2139893" data-overlays="["_62d2fd1df34f3af3844d39ba8c4301723a0fbcf7"]" href="/wiki/Special:Map/7/53.8201118/-1.2139893/en"><img src="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,7,53.8201118,-1.2139893,460x290.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Yorkshire&revid=1282358683&groups=_62d2fd1df34f3af3844d39ba8c4301723a0fbcf7" width="460" height="290" decoding="async" srcset="https://maps.wikimedia.org/img/osm,7,53.8201118,-1.2139893,460x290@2x.png?lang=en&domain=en.wikipedia.org&title=Yorkshire&revid=1282358683&groups=_62d2fd1df34f3af3844d39ba8c4301723a0fbcf7 2x" alt="Map" /></a><div style="position: absolute;width:460px; height:290px;top:0px;left:0px;background-color:#FFFFFF00; color:inherit;"></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 272px; left: 447px; width: 12px; height: 12px"><a href="https://www.openstreetmap.org/copyright" title="About OpenStreetMaps" rel="nofollow"><img alt="About OpenStreetMaps" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/12px-Transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/18px-Transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/24px-Transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 272px; left: 350px;width: 12px; height: 12px background-color: transparent; color:inherit;"><a href="https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/Policy:Maps_Terms_of_Use" title="Maps: terms of use"><img alt="Maps: terms of use" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/12px-Transparent.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/18px-Transparent.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/1c/Transparent.svg/24px-Transparent.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1" data-file-height="1" /></a></div><div style="display:inline-block; position: absolute; background-color: #111111; color:inherit; clip-path:path(nonzero, 'M0,8 l0,4 l20,0 l0,-4 l-0.3,0 l0,3.7 l-19.4,0 l0,-3.7 z') ; top:247px; left:414px; width:20px; height:20px; transform:scale(2.5, 1.5)"></div><div style="position: absolute; top: 248px; left: 445px; font-size: 9.5px; line-height: 126%; width: fit-content;color: #444433; background-color: transparent; text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%);">40km 25miles</div><div title="Waverley" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:207.6px;left:210.5px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#269F46;color:inherit"></div><div title="Waverley" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 205.4px; left: 220.5px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Waverley</div><div style="position:absolute;left:221.5px;top:199.6px"><a href="/wiki/Waverley,_South_Yorkshire" title="Waverley"><img alt="Waverley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:208px;top:199.6px"><a href="/wiki/Waverley,_South_Yorkshire" title="Waverley"><img alt="Waverley" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Sherburn in Elmet" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:143.8px;left:221.7px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#269F46;color:inherit"></div><div title="Sherburn in Elmet" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 138.6px; left: 229.7px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Sherburn in Elmet</div><div style="position:absolute;left:230.7px;top:132.8px"><a href="/wiki/Sherburn_in_Elmet" title="Sherburn in Elmet"><img alt="Sherburn in Elmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:219.2px;top:135.8px"><a href="/wiki/Sherburn_in_Elmet" title="Sherburn in Elmet"><img alt="Sherburn in Elmet" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Eastfield" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:74px;left:300.5px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#269F46;color:inherit"></div><div title="Eastfield" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 61.8px; left: 305.5px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Eastfield</div><div style="position:absolute;left:296.5px;top:56px"><a href="/wiki/Eastfield,_North_Yorkshire" title="Eastfield"><img alt="Eastfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:298px;top:66px"><a href="/wiki/Eastfield,_North_Yorkshire" title="Eastfield"><img alt="Eastfield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Brierley#Civil parish" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:175.8px;left:209.7px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#EEB533;color:inherit"></div><div title="Brierley#Civil parish" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 179.6px; left: 211.7px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Grimethorpe and Brierley</div><div style="position:absolute;left:192.7px;top:173.8px"><a href="/wiki/Brierley#Civil_parish" title="Brierley#Civil parish"><img alt="Brierley#Civil parish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:207.2px;top:167.8px"><a href="/wiki/Brierley#Civil_parish" title="Brierley#Civil parish"><img alt="Brierley#Civil parish" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Elloughton-cum-Brough" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:153.5px;left:284.6px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#a029cf;color:inherit"></div><div title="Elloughton-cum-Brough" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 163.3px; left: 327.6px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Elloughton and Brough (Petuaria)</div><div style="position:absolute;left:318.6px;top:157.5px"><a href="/wiki/Elloughton-cum-Brough" title="Elloughton-cum-Brough"><img alt="Elloughton-cum-Brough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:282.1px;top:145.5px"><a href="/wiki/Elloughton-cum-Brough" title="Elloughton-cum-Brough"><img alt="Elloughton-cum-Brough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Ripon" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:90.7px;left:196.6px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#a029cf;color:inherit"></div><div title="Ripon" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 88.5px; left: 196.6px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Ripon</div><div style="position:absolute;left:177.6px;top:82.7px"><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon"><img alt="Ripon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:194.1px;top:82.7px"><a href="/wiki/Ripon" title="Ripon"><img alt="Ripon" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Wakefield" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:161.5px;left:198.9px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#a029cf;color:inherit"></div><div title="Wakefield" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 159.3px; left: 198.9px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Wakefield</div><div style="position:absolute;left:179.9px;top:153.5px"><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield"><img alt="Wakefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:196.4px;top:153.5px"><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield"><img alt="Wakefield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Doncaster" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:185.8px;left:233.1px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#a029cf;color:inherit"></div><div title="Doncaster" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 183.6px; left: 243.1px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Doncaster (Danum)</div><div style="position:absolute;left:244.1px;top:177.8px"><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster"><img alt="Doncaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:230.6px;top:177.8px"><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster"><img alt="Doncaster" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="York" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:118.1px;left:237.1px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#a029cf;color:inherit"></div><div title="York" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 115.9px; left: 247.1px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">York (Eboracum/Jorvik)</div><div style="position:absolute;left:248.1px;top:110.1px"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York"><img alt="York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:234.6px;top:110.1px"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York"><img alt="York" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Middlesbrough" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:21.8px;left:224.5px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#DB3123;color:inherit"></div><div title="Middlesbrough" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 19.6px; left: 224.5px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Middlesbrough</div><div style="position:absolute;left:205.5px;top:13.8px"><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough"><img alt="Middlesbrough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:222px;top:13.8px"><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough"><img alt="Middlesbrough" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Kingston upon Hull" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:151.5px;left:305.7px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#DB3123;color:inherit"></div><div title="Kingston upon Hull" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 149.3px; left: 315.7px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: left; transform-origin: left; transform: rotate(0deg); font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Kingston upon Hull</div><div style="position:absolute;left:316.7px;top:143.5px"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull"><img alt="Kingston upon Hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:303.2px;top:143.5px"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull"><img alt="Kingston upon Hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Bradford" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:143.9px;left:175.5px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#DB3123;color:inherit"></div><div title="Bradford" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 141.7px; left: 175.5px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Bradford</div><div style="position:absolute;left:156.5px;top:135.9px"><a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford"><img alt="Bradford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:173px;top:135.9px"><a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford"><img alt="Bradford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Sheffield" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:208.4px;left:201.7px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#DB3123;color:inherit"></div><div title="Sheffield" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 206.2px; left: 201.7px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;transform-origin: right;text-align: right; transform: translateX(-100%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Sheffield</div><div style="position:absolute;left:182.7px;top:200.4px"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:199.2px;top:200.4px"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div title="Leeds" style="position:absolute;outline:1px solid #FFFFFF;top:143.7px;left:193.9px;width:10px;height:10px;border-radius:50%;background-color:#DB3123;color:inherit"></div><div title="Leeds" style="position:absolute; font-size: 12px; padding:0px 3px;line-height: 120%; top: 131.5px; left: 198.9px; color: #1c559e; width: max-content; background-color: transparent;text-align: center; transform: translateX(-50%) ; font-weight: normal; line-height: 120%; letter-spacing:0px; vertical-align: bottom;">Leeds</div><div style="position:absolute;left:189.9px;top:125.7px"><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds"><img alt="Leeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/18px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="18" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/27px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/36px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position:absolute;left:191.4px;top:135.7px"><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds"><img alt="Leeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/15px-Transparent_square.svg.png" decoding="async" width="15" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/23px-Transparent_square.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/02/Transparent_square.svg/30px-Transparent_square.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="12" data-file-height="12" /></a></div><div style="position: absolute;top: 9px;left: 426px"><div style="color: white; opacity:100; font-size: 19px; font-weight:normal; text-align: left;"><a class="mw-kartographer-maplink no-icon" data-mw-kartographer="maplink" data-style="osm-intl" href="/wiki/Special:Map/8/53.8201118/-1.2139893/en" data-zoom="8" data-lat="53.8201118" data-lon="-1.2139893" data-overlays="["_750fa6f26b3a466744f46699c0c921efb3b96655"]"><div title="Click for interactive fullscreen map with links to nearby articles">   </div></a></div></div></div><div class="thumbcaption" style="text-align:left">(Note that all cities/historic capitals also appear in bold.) <a href="/wiki/File:Red_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/12px-Red_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/18px-Red_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0c/Red_pog.svg/24px-Red_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> The five largest settlements across the four ceremonial counties of Yorkshire as of the 2021 UK census, of which four are cities.  – Red. <a href="/wiki/File:Purple_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/20px-Purple_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b2/Purple_pog.svg/40px-Purple_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> The other four Yorkshire cities, and the two settlements which had capital status during historic Roman, Parisi or Viking rule (York, Brough).  – Purple. <a href="/wiki/File:Green_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/12px-Green_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/18px-Green_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/ab/Green_pog.svg/24px-Green_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> The two newest towns across the four Yorkshire ceremonial counties, granted town status in 2016 (Eastfield) and 2022 (Sherburn in Elmet) respectively, and the new planned urban settlement of Waverley.  – Green. <a href="/wiki/File:Orange_pog.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/12px-Orange_pog.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/18px-Orange_pog.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e0/Orange_pog.svg/24px-Orange_pog.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="64" data-file-height="64" /></a> The most recent settlement in Yorkshire to be downgraded from town status following a scandal (in 2016),<a href="#cite_note-86">[84]</a> albeit the two contiguous villages still function in the same manner as a growing urban settlement.  – Orange.</div></div></div> York is considered to have been a city since <a href="/wiki/Time_immemorial" title="Time immemorial">time immemorial</a>. The other cities were formally awarded city status by the monarch; in the cases of Ripon and Wakefield following the creation of new <a href="/wiki/List_of_Church_of_England_dioceses" title="List of Church of England dioceses">Church of England dioceses</a>, and in the other cases following significant urban growth.<a href="#cite_note-87">[85]</a> Middlesbrough is the largest built-up area in Yorkshire not to be a city. The largest built-up areas at the 2021 census were as follows: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1219497266">.mw-parser-output .largestCities-table-background{background:#f9f9f9;color:#222}.mw-parser-output .largestCities-cell-background{background:#f0f0f0;color:#222}</style> <div> <table style="font-size:88%;margin-left: auto; margin-right: auto; width: 100%; border: 1px solid darkgray;"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="10" style="padding:0.3em 0.75em;"><div style="float:right; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div><div style="float:left; width:6em; height:2.6em"> </div> <div style="height:2.6em;line-height:1.3em;">Largest built-up areas in Yorkshire <div style="display:inline;font-weight:normal;">2021 Census<a href="#cite_note-2021census-88">[86]</a></div></div> </th></tr> <tr> <th></th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">County</a> </th> <th>Pop. </th> <th>Rank </th> <th> </th> <th><a class="mw-selflink selflink">County</a> </th> <th>Pop.</th> <th> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Park_Row_-_Leeds.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Leeds"><img alt="Leeds" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Park_Row_-_Leeds.jpg/120px-Park_Row_-_Leeds.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="110" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cc/Park_Row_-_Leeds.jpg/250px-Park_Row_-_Leeds.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="3000" data-file-height="2750" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> <a href="/wiki/File:A_view_of_Charles_Street,_from_Pinstone_Street,_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Sheffield"><img alt="Sheffield" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg/120px-A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="90" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg/180px-A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/ff/A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg/240px-A_view_of_Charles_Street%2C_from_Pinstone_Street%2C_Sheffield_-_geograph.org.uk_-_1236310.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> </td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">1</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">536,280</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">11</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,535 </td> <td rowspan="11" style="text-align: center"><a href="/wiki/File:Woolexchangebradford.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Bradford"><img alt="Bradford" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Woolexchangebradford.jpg/120px-Woolexchangebradford.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="79" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4f/Woolexchangebradford.jpg/250px-Woolexchangebradford.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="4928" data-file-height="3264" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a> <a href="/wiki/File:Weeping_Window,_Hull_City_of_Culture_2017_P1140160.jpg" class="mw-file-description" title="Kingston upon Hull"><img alt="Kingston upon Hull" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Weeping_Window%2C_Hull_City_of_Culture_2017_P1140160.jpg/120px-Weeping_Window%2C_Hull_City_of_Culture_2017_P1140160.jpg" decoding="async" width="120" height="160" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a1/Weeping_Window%2C_Hull_City_of_Culture_2017_P1140160.jpg/250px-Weeping_Window%2C_Hull_City_of_Culture_2017_P1140160.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">2</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">500,535</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">12</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">75,515 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">3</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">333,950</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">13</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">71,405 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">4</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">270,810</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">14</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">63,720 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">5</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">148,215</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">15</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">59,505 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">6</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,685</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">16</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">48,750 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">7</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">141,675</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">17</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Castleford" title="Castleford">Castleford</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">45,355 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">8</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">97,870</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">18</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Batley" title="Batley">Batley</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">44,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">9</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">88,115</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">19</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">37,660 </td></tr> <tr> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">10</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">87,455</td> <td class="largestCities-cell-background" style="text-align:center;">20</td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/Pudsey" title="Pudsey">Pudsey</a></td> <td style="text-align:left;"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West</a></td> <td style="text-align:right;">34,850 </td></tr> </tbody></table></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Governance">Governance</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=27" title="Edit section: Governance">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">History of local government in Yorkshire</a></div> There is no single Yorkshire-wide administrative body today. The area of the four ceremonial counties is administered by sixteen different local authorities, being nine <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan boroughs</a> covering South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire and seven <a href="/wiki/Unitary_authorities_of_England" title="Unitary authorities of England">unitary authorities</a> covering East Riding and North Yorkshire (one of which, <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a>, straddles the ceremonial boundary between North Yorkshire and County Durham).<a href="#cite_note-89">[87]</a> Most of the authorities are grouped into <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">combined authorities</a>, each led by a <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England" title="Directly elected mayors in England">directly elected mayor</a>. The combined authorities for <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Combined_Authority" title="West Yorkshire Combined Authority">West Yorkshire</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" title="South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority">South Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority" title="Tees Valley Combined Authority">Tees Valley</a> are already operating. A new <a href="/wiki/York_and_North_Yorkshire_Combined_Authority" title="York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority">York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority</a> was established in February 2024 with its first mayor due to be elected in May 2024, and proposals for establishing a combined authority covering Hull and East Riding are being considered.<a href="#cite_note-90">[88]</a> Administrative hierarchy covering the four ceremonial counties as at March 2024: <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th>Combined authority</th> <th>Status</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Districts_of_England" title="Districts of England">Districts</a> </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire_Mayoral_Combined_Authority" title="South Yorkshire Mayoral Combined Authority">South Yorkshire</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Combined authority since 2014, led by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_South_Yorkshire" title="Mayor of South Yorkshire">mayor</a> since 2018.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Barnsley" title="Metropolitan Borough of Barnsley">Barnsley</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Doncaster" title="City of Doncaster">Doncaster</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_Borough_of_Rotherham" title="Metropolitan Borough of Rotherham">Rotherham</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Sheffield" title="City of Sheffield">Sheffield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Combined_Authority" title="Tees Valley Combined Authority">Tees Valley</a></td> <td rowspan="4">Combined authority since 2016, led by <a href="/wiki/Tees_Valley_Mayor" title="Tees Valley Mayor">mayor</a> since 2017. Straddles ceremonial counties of North Yorkshire and County Durham.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Middlesbrough" title="Borough of Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Redcar_and_Cleveland" title="Redcar and Cleveland">Redcar and Cleveland</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Stockton-on-Tees" title="Borough of Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> (south of River Tees in North Yorkshire, north of river in County Durham) </td></tr> <tr> <td>Also includes <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Darlington" title="Borough of Darlington">Darlington</a> and <a href="/wiki/Borough_of_Hartlepool" title="Borough of Hartlepool">Hartlepool</a> from County Durham. </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="5"><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire_Combined_Authority" title="West Yorkshire Combined Authority">West Yorkshire</a></td> <td rowspan="5">Combined authority since 2014, led by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_West_Yorkshire" title="Mayor of West Yorkshire">mayor</a> since 2021.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Bradford" title="City of Bradford">Bradford</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Calderdale" title="Calderdale">Calderdale</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kirklees" title="Kirklees">Kirklees</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">Leeds</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_Wakefield" title="City of Wakefield">Wakefield</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/York_and_North_Yorkshire_Combined_Authority" title="York and North Yorkshire Combined Authority">York and North Yorkshire</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Established February 2024, led by <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_York_and_North_Yorkshire" title="Mayor of York and North Yorkshire">mayor</a> since 2024.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_(district)" title="North Yorkshire (district)">North Yorkshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/City_of_York" title="City of York">York</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2"><a href="/wiki/Hull_and_East_Yorkshire_Combined_Authority" title="Hull and East Yorkshire Combined Authority">Hull and East Yorkshire</a></td> <td rowspan="2">Established September 2024. First <a href="/wiki/2025_Hull_and_East_Yorkshire_mayoral_election" title="2025 Hull and East Yorkshire mayoral election">mayoral election</a> expected to be held May 2025.</td> <td><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> The areas from the historic county that are not covered by the four ceremonial counties are now administered as parts of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham_(district)" title="County Durham (district)">County Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Westmorland_and_Furness" title="Westmorland and Furness">Westmorland and Furness</a>, Lancashire and Greater Manchester. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Administrative_history">Administrative history</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=28" title="Edit section: Administrative history">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Further information: <a href="/wiki/Ridings_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Ridings of Yorkshire">Ridings of Yorkshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wapentakes_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapentakes of Yorkshire">Wapentakes of Yorkshire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png/300px-Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png" decoding="async" width="300" height="249" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png/450px-Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d4/Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png/600px-Yorkshire_Administrative_Map_1832.png 2x" data-file-width="2410" data-file-height="2000" /></a><figcaption>Historic divisions of Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> Historically, Yorkshire was divided into three ridings. The term 'riding' is of Viking origin and derives from Threthingr (equivalent to third-ing). The three ridings in Yorkshire were named the <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a>.<a href="#cite_note-91">[89]</a> Each riding was divided into smaller areas called <a href="/wiki/Wapentake" class="mw-redirect" title="Wapentake">wapentakes</a> with more local functions. York was made a <a href="/wiki/County_corporate" title="County corporate">county corporate</a> in 1396,<a href="#cite_note-92">[90]</a> as was Hull in 1440, making them independent from the ridings. York's corporate territory was enlarged in 1449 to also include an adjoining rural area known as the <a href="/wiki/Ainsty" title="Ainsty">Ainsty</a>.<a href="#cite_note-93">[91]</a> Hull's corporate territory covered both the town and adjoining areas, which were sometimes together known as <a href="/wiki/Hullshire" title="Hullshire">Hullshire</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_of_Yorkshire" title="Sheriff of Yorkshire">Sheriff of Yorkshire</a> was the most senior official position within the county in the Middle Ages. In 1547 a separate post of <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire">Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire</a> was created, taking some of the functions previously held by the sheriff. The single lieutenancy was split in 1660 into separate posts for the <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of the East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of the North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_the_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of the West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a>. For the purposes of lieutenancy, York was deemed part of the West Riding, and Hull was deemed part of the East Riding.<a href="#cite_note-94">[92]</a><a href="#cite_note-95">[93]</a> Elected county councils were established in 1889 under the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1888" title="Local Government Act 1888">Local Government Act 1888</a>, taking over administrative functions previously performed by magistrates at the <a href="/wiki/Quarter_sessions" class="mw-redirect" title="Quarter sessions">quarter sessions</a>. The quarter sessions for Yorkshire were held separately for each riding.<a href="#cite_note-96">[94]</a> As such, three county councils were established rather than one for the whole county: <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_County_Council" title="East Riding County Council">East Riding County Council</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Beverley" title="Beverley">Beverley</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_County_Council" title="North Riding County Council">North Riding County Council</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Northallerton" title="Northallerton">Northallerton</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_County_Council" title="West Riding County Council">West Riding County Council</a> based in <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>. Each riding was classed as an administrative county, but provision was made that the entire county of Yorkshire should continue to be one county for the purposes of <a href="/wiki/Shrievalty" class="mw-redirect" title="Shrievalty">shrievalty</a>, allowing the Sheriff of Yorkshire to continue to serve the whole county. Certain towns and cities were deemed large enough to provide their own county-level services and so they were made <a href="/wiki/County_borough" title="County borough">county boroughs</a>, independent from the county councils. There were initially eight county boroughs in Yorkshire, being Bradford, Halifax, Huddersfield, Hull, Leeds, Middlesbrough, Sheffield, and York.<a href="#cite_note-1888act-56">[54]</a><a href="#cite_note-97">[95]</a> Other county boroughs were subsequently created at <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a> (1902), <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a> (1913), <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a> (1913), Wakefield (1915) and <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> (1927). More significant reviews of local government began to be considered following the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1958" title="Local Government Act 1958">Local Government Act 1958</a>. The North Eastern General Review was held from 1962 to 1963, and led to the creation of the <a href="/wiki/County_Borough_of_Teesside" title="County Borough of Teesside">County Borough of Teesside</a> in 1968, which covered the abolished county borough of Middlesbrough and several neighbours, including <a href="/wiki/Stockton-on-Tees" title="Stockton-on-Tees">Stockton-on-Tees</a> and <a href="/wiki/Billingham" title="Billingham">Billingham</a>, which had been in County Durham.<a href="#cite_note-report-98">[96]</a> Teesside was deemed part of the North Riding for ceremonial purposes, although as a county borough it was independent from North Riding County Council. Almost as soon as Teesside had been created work began on a far more significant overhaul of local government, culminating in the <a href="/wiki/Local_Government_Act_1972" title="Local Government Act 1972">Local Government Act 1972</a>, which took effect on 1 April 1974. The county boroughs and the administrative counties of the ridings were abolished, as were the lower tier <a href="/wiki/Municipal_borough" title="Municipal borough">municipal boroughs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Urban_district_(England_and_Wales)" title="Urban district (England and Wales)">urban districts</a> and <a href="/wiki/Rural_district" title="Rural district">rural districts</a>. A new set of counties and districts was put in place instead. Most of Yorkshire was split between North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire, Humberside and Cleveland. Some peripheral rural areas were transferred to other counties, notably the <a href="/wiki/Startforth" title="Startforth">Startforth</a> area which went to County Durham, the <a href="/wiki/Sedbergh" title="Sedbergh">Sedbergh</a> area which went to Cumbria, the <a href="/wiki/Forest_of_Bowland" title="Forest of Bowland">Forest of Bowland</a> area which went to Lancashire, and <a href="/wiki/Saddleworth" title="Saddleworth">Saddleworth</a> which went to Greater Manchester.<a href="#cite_note-1972act-11">[10]</a> Some of the changes were unpopular, particularly in Humberside.<a href="#cite_note-hmso-99">[97]</a><a href="#cite_note-controversial-100">[98]</a> In 1986 the county councils for the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_counties" class="mw-redirect" title="Metropolitan counties">metropolitan counties</a> of South Yorkshire and West Yorkshire were abolished, with the <a href="/wiki/Metropolitan_borough" title="Metropolitan borough">metropolitan boroughs</a> in those counties taking over county-level functions.<a href="#cite_note-101">[99]</a> Humberside and Cleveland were both abolished in 1996 with new unitary authorities established to cover those areas. At the same time York was enlarged and also made a unitary authority, independent from North Yorkshire County Council.<a href="#cite_note-hmso-99">[97]</a> The current ceremonial county boundaries were adopted at the time of the 1996 reforms, with a new ceremonial county called East Riding of Yorkshire created covering the parts of the abolished Humberside north of the Humber, whilst the parts of Cleveland south of the River Tees were added to North Yorkshire for ceremonial purposes.<a href="#cite_note-1995miscellaneous-12">[11]</a> From the 1990s there were attempts to establish a <a href="/wiki/Regions_of_England" title="Regions of England">regional</a> tier of local government; a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a> region was designated in 1994, covering North Yorkshire, South Yorkshire, West Yorkshire and Humberside. Between 1998 and 2009 there was a <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_Humber_Assembly" title="Yorkshire and Humber Assembly">Yorkshire and Humber Assembly</a> comprising members of the region's local authorities and other stakeholders. Since 2009 the region has been primarily used for presentation of statistics rather than administration. In 2014 the first <a href="/wiki/Combined_authorities_and_combined_county_authorities" title="Combined authorities and combined county authorities">combined authorities</a> started to be established in Yorkshire, with South Yorkshire (which initially branded itself the "Sheffield City Region") and West Yorkshire having Yorkshire's first combined authorities. In 2018, eighteen of the twenty-two local councils in the Yorkshire and Humber region voted to create instead a much larger combined authority, which they proposed calling "One Yorkshire" which would have covered the region except <a href="/wiki/North_Lincolnshire" title="North Lincolnshire">North Lincolnshire</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_East_Lincolnshire" title="North East Lincolnshire">North East Lincolnshire</a>. The plan included provision for a directly elected mayor for the area, and the scheme's supporters estimated that it could create up to 200,000 jobs.<a href="#cite_note-102">[100]</a><a href="#cite_note-103">[101]</a><a href="#cite_note-104">[102]</a> The One Yorkshire proposal was ultimately rejected by the government in 2019, which preferred to continue with rolling out smaller combined authorities for parts of Yorkshire instead.<a href="#cite_note-105">[103]</a> The districts of North Yorkshire were abolished in 2023, with North Yorkshire County Council taking over their functions to become a unitary authority, and rebranding itself <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_Council" title="North Yorkshire Council">North Yorkshire Council</a>.<a href="#cite_note-106">[104]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Economy">Economy</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=29" title="Edit section: Economy">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="South_and_West">South and West</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=30" title="Edit section: South and West">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Bridgewater_Place_from_Call_Lane.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bridgewater_Place_from_Call_Lane.jpg/250px-Bridgewater_Place_from_Call_Lane.jpg" decoding="async" width="150" height="200" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Bridgewater_Place_from_Call_Lane.jpg/330px-Bridgewater_Place_from_Call_Lane.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2736" data-file-height="3648" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Bridgewater_Place" title="Bridgewater Place">Bridgewater Place</a> in <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a></figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/City_of_Leeds" title="City of Leeds">City of Leeds</a> is Yorkshire's largest city and the leading centre of trade and commerce. <a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a> is also one of the UK's larger financial centres. Leeds's traditional industries were mixed, service-based industries, textile manufacturing and coal mining being examples. Tourism is also significant and a growing sector in the city. In 2015, the value of tourism was in excess of £7 billion. <a href="/wiki/Bradford" title="Bradford">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/Halifax,_West_Yorkshire" title="Halifax, West Yorkshire">Halifax</a>, <a href="/wiki/Keighley" title="Keighley">Keighley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a> once were centres of wool milling. Areas such as Bradford, <a href="/wiki/Dewsbury" title="Dewsbury">Dewsbury</a> and Keighley have suffered a decline in their economy since. <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> once had heavy industries, such as coal mining and the <a href="/wiki/Steel_industry" class="mw-redirect" title="Steel industry">steel industry</a>. Since the decline of such industries Sheffield has attracted tertiary and administrative businesses including more retail trade, <a href="/wiki/Meadowhall_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Meadowhall Centre">Meadowhall</a> being an example. Coal mining was extremely active in the south of the county during the 19th century and for most of the 20th century, particularly around <a href="/wiki/Barnsley" title="Barnsley">Barnsley</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>. As late as the 1970s, the number of miners working in the area was still in six figures.<a href="#cite_note-107">[105]</a> The industry was placed under threat on 6 March 1984 when the <a href="/wiki/National_Coal_Board" title="National Coal Board">National Coal Board</a> announced the closure of 20 pits nationwide (some of them in South Yorkshire). By March 2004, a mere three coalpits remained open in the area.<a href="#cite_note-108">[106]</a> Three years later, the only remaining coal pit in the region was Maltby Colliery near <a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>.<a href="#cite_note-109">[107]</a> Maltby Colliery closed in 2013.<a href="#cite_note-110">[108]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="East_Riding_and_North">East Riding and North</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=31" title="Edit section: East Riding and North">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/220px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="147" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/330px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/aa/Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg/440px-Shambles_shopper_8686.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2400" data-file-height="1600" /></a><figcaption>The Shambles is a popular tourist district in York</figcaption></figure> <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a> has an established tourist industry, supported by the presence of two national parks (<a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Dales_National_Park" title="Yorkshire Dales National Park">Yorkshire Dales</a> and <a href="/wiki/North_York_Moors" title="North York Moors">North York Moors</a>), <a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, <a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarborough,_North_Yorkshire" title="Scarborough, North Yorkshire">Scarborough</a>. Tourism is a huge part of the economy of York with a value of over £765 million to the city and supporting 24,000 jobs in 2019.<a href="#cite_note-111">[109]</a> Harrogate draws numerous visitors because of its conference facilities. In 2016 such events alone attracted 300,000 visitors to Harrogate.<a href="#cite_note-112">[110]</a> <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a> is Yorkshire's largest port and has a large manufacturing base, its fishing industry has, however, declined somewhat in recent years. Businesses in Hull are <a href="/wiki/Aunt_Bessie%27s" title="Aunt Bessie's">Aunt Bessie's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Birds_Eye" title="Birds Eye">Birds Eye</a>, <a href="/wiki/Seven_Seas_(company)" title="Seven Seas (company)">Seven Seas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fenner_(company)" title="Fenner (company)">Fenner</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rank_Organisation" class="mw-redirect" title="Rank Organisation">Rank Organisation</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Jackson_Food_Group" title="William Jackson Food Group">William Jackson Food Group</a>, <a href="/wiki/Reckitt_and_Sons" title="Reckitt and Sons">Reckitt and Sons</a>, <a href="/wiki/KCOM_Group" title="KCOM Group">KCOM Group</a> and SGS Europe. <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Conference_Centre,_Harrogate,_Yorkshire,_England.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg/220px-Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="124" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg/330px-Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/73/Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg/440px-Conference_Centre%2C_Harrogate%2C_Yorkshire%2C_England.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1920" data-file-height="1080" /></a><figcaption>The Conference Centre, in Harrogate</figcaption></figure> Harrogate and <a href="/wiki/Knaresborough" title="Knaresborough">Knaresborough</a> both have small legal and financial sectors. Harrogate is a European conference and exhibition destination with both the Great Yorkshire Showground and <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_International_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate International Centre">Harrogate International Centre</a> in the town. <a href="/wiki/Bettys_and_Taylors_of_Harrogate" title="Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate">Bettys and Taylors of Harrogate</a> is a notable company from Harrogate. <a href="/wiki/PD_Ports" title="PD Ports">PD Ports</a> owns and operates <a href="/wiki/Teesport" title="Teesport">Teesport</a>, between <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough" title="Middlesbrough">Middlesbrough</a> and <a href="/wiki/Redcar" title="Redcar">Redcar</a>. The company also operates the Hull Container Terminal at the <a href="/wiki/Port_of_Hull" title="Port of Hull">Port of Hull</a> and owns a short river port in <a href="/wiki/Howdendyke" title="Howdendyke">Howdendyke</a> (near <a href="/wiki/Howden" title="Howden">Howden</a>).<a href="#cite_note-113">[111]</a> Other businesses in the two counties are <a href="/wiki/Plaxton" title="Plaxton">Plaxton</a> (Scarborough), <a href="/wiki/McCains" class="mw-redirect" title="McCains">McCains</a> (Scarborough), <a href="/wiki/Ebuyer" title="Ebuyer">Ebuyer</a> (Howden) and <a href="/wiki/Skipton_Building_Society" title="Skipton Building Society">Skipton Building Society</a> (Skipton). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Education">Education</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=32" title="Edit section: Education">edit</a>]</div> Yorkshire has a large base of primary and secondary schools operated by both local authorities and private bodies, and a dozen universities, along with a wide range of colleges and further education facilities. Five universities are based in Leeds, two in Sheffield, two in York, and one each in Bradford, Hull, Middlesbrough and Huddersfield. The largest universities by enrolment are <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_University" title="Sheffield Hallam University">Sheffield Hallam University</a> and the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Leeds" title="University of Leeds">University of Leeds</a>, each with over 31,000 students, followed by <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Beckett_University" title="Leeds Beckett University">Leeds Beckett University</a>, and the most recent to attain university status is the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Arts_University" title="Leeds Arts University">Leeds Arts University</a>. There are also branches of institutions headquartered in other parts of England, such as the <a href="/wiki/Open_University" title="Open University">Open University</a> and Britain's first for-profit university (since 2012), the <a href="/wiki/University_of_Law" title="University of Law">University of Law</a>. The tertiary sector is in active cooperation with industry, and a number of spin-off companies have been launched. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Transport">Transport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=33" title="Edit section: Transport">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:A1(M)_and_M62_interchange.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg/250px-A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg/330px-A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg/500px-A1%28M%29_and_M62_interchange.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="479" /></a><figcaption>The A1(M) and M62 junction at <a href="/wiki/Ferrybridge" title="Ferrybridge">Ferrybridge</a>, West Yorkshire</figcaption></figure> The oldest road in Yorkshire, called the <a href="/wiki/A1_road_(Great_Britain)" title="A1 road (Great Britain)">Great North Road</a>, is now known as the A1.<a href="#cite_note-114">[112]</a> This trunk road passes through the centre of the county and is the main route from London to Edinburgh.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] Another important road is the more easterly <a href="/wiki/A19_road" title="A19 road">A19 road</a> which starts in Doncaster and ends just north of <a href="/wiki/Newcastle_upon_Tyne" title="Newcastle upon Tyne">Newcastle upon Tyne</a> at <a href="/wiki/Seaton_Burn" title="Seaton Burn">Seaton Burn</a>. The <a href="/wiki/M62_motorway" title="M62 motorway">M62 motorway</a> crosses the county from east to west from Hull towards <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a> and <a href="/wiki/Merseyside" title="Merseyside">Merseyside</a>.<a href="#cite_note-115">[113]</a> The <a href="/wiki/M1_motorway" title="M1 motorway">M1</a> carries traffic from London and the south of England to Yorkshire. In 1999, about 8 miles (13 km) was added to make it swing east of Leeds and connect to the A1.[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] The <a href="/wiki/East_Coast_Main_Line" title="East Coast Main Line">East Coast Main Line</a> rail link between London and Scotland runs roughly parallel with the A1 through Yorkshire and the <a href="/wiki/TransPennine_Express" title="TransPennine Express">Trans Pennine</a> rail link runs east to west from Hull to Liverpool via Leeds.<a href="#cite_note-116">[114]</a> Before the advent of rail transport, the seaports of Hull and Whitby played an important role in transporting goods. Historically canals were used, including the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_and_Liverpool_Canal" title="Leeds and Liverpool Canal">Leeds and Liverpool Canal</a>, which is the longest canal in England. Mainland Europe (the <a href="/wiki/Netherlands" title="Netherlands">Netherlands</a> and <a href="/wiki/Belgium" title="Belgium">Belgium</a>) can be reached from Hull via regular ferry services from <a href="/wiki/P%26O_Ferries" title="P&O Ferries">P&O Ferries</a>.<a href="#cite_note-117">[115]</a> Yorkshire also has <a href="/wiki/Air_transport" class="mw-redirect" title="Air transport">air transport</a> services from <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Bradford_Airport" title="Leeds Bradford Airport">Leeds Bradford Airport</a>. This airport has experienced significant and rapid growth in both terminal size and passenger facilities since 1996, when improvements began, until the present day.<a href="#cite_note-118">[116]</a> From 2005 until 2022, South Yorkshire was served by <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Sheffield_Airport" title="Doncaster Sheffield Airport">Doncaster Sheffield Airport</a> in <a href="/wiki/Finningley" title="Finningley">Finningley</a>.<a href="#cite_note-119">[117]</a> <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Airport" title="Sheffield City Airport">Sheffield City Airport</a> opened in 1997 after years of Sheffield having no airport, due to a council decision in the 1960s not to develop one because of the city's good rail links with London and the development of airports in other nearby areas. The newly opened airport never managed to compete with larger airports such as Leeds Bradford Airport and <a href="/wiki/East_Midlands_Airport" title="East Midlands Airport">East Midlands Airport</a> and attracted only a few scheduled flights, while the runway was too short to support <a href="/wiki/Low_cost_carriers" class="mw-redirect" title="Low cost carriers">low cost carriers</a>. The opening of Doncaster Sheffield Airport effectively made the airport redundant and it officially closed in April 2008. The Doncaster Sheffield Airport has since closed and left South Yorkshire without an airport. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Public_transport_statistics">Public transport statistics</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=34" title="Edit section: Public transport statistics">edit</a>]</div> The average amount of time people spend on public transport in Yorkshire on a weekday is 77 minutes. 26.6% of public transport users travel for more than two hours every day. The average amount of time people wait at a stop or station for public transport is 16 minutes, while 24.9% of passengers wait for over 20 minutes on average every day. The average distance people usually ride in a single trip with public transport is 7 km, while 10% travel for over 12 km in a single direction.<a href="#cite_note-120">[118]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Architecture">Architecture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=35" title="Edit section: Architecture">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Fortifications">Fortifications</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=36" title="Edit section: Fortifications">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/York_City_Walls" class="mw-redirect" title="York City Walls">York City Walls</a></div> Throughout Yorkshire many <a href="/wiki/Castle" title="Castle">castles</a> were built during the Norman-Breton period, particularly after the Harrying of the North. These included <a href="/wiki/Bowes_Castle" title="Bowes Castle">Bowes Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pickering_Castle" title="Pickering Castle">Pickering Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Richmond_Castle" title="Richmond Castle">Richmond Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/Skipton_Castle" title="Skipton Castle">Skipton Castle</a>, <a href="/wiki/York_Castle" title="York Castle">York Castle</a> and others.<a href="#cite_note-121">[119]</a> Later medieval castles at <a href="/wiki/Helmsley_Castle" title="Helmsley Castle">Helmsley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham</a> and <a href="/wiki/Scarborough_Castle" title="Scarborough Castle">Scarborough</a> were built as a means of defence against the invading <a href="/wiki/Scottish_people" title="Scottish people">Scots</a>.<a href="#cite_note-EH-122">[120]</a> Middleham is notable because <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III of England</a> spent his childhood there.<a href="#cite_note-EH-122">[120]</a> The remains of these castles, some being <a href="/wiki/English_Heritage" title="English Heritage">English Heritage</a> sites, are popular tourist destinations.<a href="#cite_note-EH-122">[120]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Stately">Stately</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=37" title="Edit section: Stately">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg/220px-Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg/330px-Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/be/Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg/440px-Castle_Howard_and_garden.jpg 2x" data-file-width="3264" data-file-height="2448" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a></figcaption></figure> There are <a href="/wiki/Stately_home" class="mw-redirect" title="Stately home">stately homes</a> in Yorkshire that carry the name "castle" in a similar way to the non-distinctive use of <a href="/wiki/Chateau" class="mw-redirect" title="Chateau">chateau</a> in French. The most notable examples are <a href="/wiki/Allerton_Castle" title="Allerton Castle">Allerton Castle</a> and <a href="/wiki/Castle_Howard" title="Castle Howard">Castle Howard</a>, both linked to the <a href="/wiki/Howard_family" title="Howard family">Howard family</a>.<a href="#cite_note-123">[121]</a> Castle Howard and the <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_Harewood" title="Earl of Harewood">Earl of Harewood</a>'s residence, <a href="/wiki/Harewood_House" title="Harewood House">Harewood House</a>, are included amongst the nine <a href="/wiki/Treasure_Houses_of_England" title="Treasure Houses of England">Treasure Houses of England</a>.<a href="#cite_note-124">[122]</a> Large estates with significant buildings were constructed at <a href="/wiki/Brodsworth_Hall" title="Brodsworth Hall">Brodsworth Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Temple_Newsam" title="Temple Newsam">Temple Newsam</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Woodhouse" title="Wentworth Woodhouse">Wentworth Woodhouse</a> (the largest fronted private home in Europe), and <a href="/wiki/Wentworth_Castle" title="Wentworth Castle">Wentworth Castle</a>. There are properties which are conserved and managed by the <a href="/wiki/National_Trust" title="National Trust">National Trust</a>, such as <a href="/wiki/Nunnington_Hall" title="Nunnington Hall">Nunnington Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ormesby_Hall" title="Ormesby Hall">Ormesby Hall</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Terrace_%26_Temples" class="mw-redirect" title="Rievaulx Terrace & Temples">Rievaulx Terrace & Temples</a> and <a href="/wiki/Studley_Royal_Park" title="Studley Royal Park">Studley Royal Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-125">[123]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Industrial">Industrial</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=38" title="Edit section: Industrial">edit</a>]</div> Buildings built for industry during the <a href="/wiki/Victorian_era" title="Victorian era">Victorian era</a> are found throughout the region; West Yorkshire has various <a href="/wiki/List_of_cotton_mills_in_Yorkshire" title="List of cotton mills in Yorkshire">cotton mills</a>, the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Corn_Exchange" title="Leeds Corn Exchange">Leeds Corn Exchange</a> and the Halifax <a href="/wiki/Piece_Hall" title="Piece Hall">Piece Hall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-126">[124]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Municipal">Municipal</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=39" title="Edit section: Municipal">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_(geograph_5830551).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg/220px-County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="168" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg/330px-County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg/440px-County_Hall_and_Bond_Street_%28geograph_5830551%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="979" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Wakefield_County_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakefield County Hall">Wakefield County Hall</a></figcaption></figure> There are various buildings built for <a href="/wiki/Local_authorities" class="mw-redirect" title="Local authorities">local authorities</a>: <ul><li>Grade I <a href="/wiki/Listed_building" title="Listed building">listed</a>; <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Town_Hall" title="Leeds Town Hall">Leeds Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Town_Hall" title="Sheffield Town Hall">Sheffield Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_County_Hall" class="mw-redirect" title="Wakefield County Hall">Wakefield County Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Guildhall" title="York Guildhall">York Guildhall</a></li> <li>Grade II* listed; <a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_Town_Hall" title="Middlesbrough Town Hall">Middlesbrough Town Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Civic_Hall" title="Leeds Civic Hall">Leeds Civic Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_Guildhall" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull Guildhall">Hull Guildhall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_City_Hall" title="Hull City Hall">Hull City Hall</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_City_Hall" title="Sheffield City Hall">Sheffield City Hall</a>.</li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Religious">Religious</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=40" title="Edit section: Religious">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg/250px-St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="331" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg/330px-St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f4/St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg/500px-St_Georges_Doncaster.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2848" data-file-height="4288" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/St_George%27s_Minster,_Doncaster" class="mw-redirect" title="St George's Minster, Doncaster">St George's Minster</a> in Doncaster was built in 1858 and is Grade I listed</figcaption></figure> Religious architecture includes extant cathedrals as well as the ruins of <a href="/wiki/Monastery" title="Monastery">monasteries</a> and <a href="/wiki/Abbey" title="Abbey">abbeys</a>. Many of these prominent buildings suffered from the <a href="/wiki/Dissolution_of_the_Monasteries" class="mw-redirect" title="Dissolution of the Monasteries">Dissolution of the Monasteries</a> under <a href="/wiki/Henry_VIII_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="Henry VIII of England">Henry VIII</a>; these include <a href="/wiki/Bolton_Abbey" title="Bolton Abbey">Bolton Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gisborough_Priory" title="Gisborough Priory">Gisborough Priory</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rievaulx_Abbey" title="Rievaulx Abbey">Rievaulx Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/St_Mary%27s_Abbey,_York" title="St Mary's Abbey, York">St Mary's Abbey</a> and <a href="/wiki/Whitby_Abbey" title="Whitby Abbey">Whitby Abbey</a> among others.<a href="#cite_note-churches-127">[125]</a> Notable religious buildings of historic origin still in use include <a href="/wiki/York_Minster" title="York Minster">York Minster</a>, the largest <a href="/wiki/Gothic_architecture" title="Gothic architecture">Gothic</a> cathedral in northern Europe,<a href="#cite_note-churches-127">[125]</a> <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Minster" title="Beverley Minster">Beverley Minster</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Cathedral" title="Bradford Cathedral">Bradford Cathedral</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Minster" title="Rotherham Minster">Rotherham Minster</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Cathedral" title="Ripon Cathedral">Ripon Cathedral</a>.<a href="#cite_note-churches-127">[125]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Culture">Culture</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=41" title="Edit section: Culture">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yorkshire" title="Culture of Yorkshire">Culture of Yorkshire</a></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect_and_accent" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire dialect and accent">Yorkshire dialect and accent</a></div> The culture of the people of Yorkshire is an accumulated product of a number of different civilisations who have influenced its history, including; the <a href="/wiki/Celts" title="Celts">Celts</a> (<a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantes</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (Yorkshire)">Parisii</a>), <a href="/wiki/Ancient_Rome" title="Ancient Rome">Romans</a>, <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a>, <a href="/wiki/Norsemen" title="Norsemen">Norse</a> <a href="/wiki/Viking" class="mw-redirect" title="Viking">Vikings</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Normans" title="Normans">Normans</a> amongst others.<a href="#cite_note-128">[126]</a> The western part of the historic <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a> had an additional infusion of <a href="/wiki/Breton_people" class="mw-redirect" title="Breton people">Breton</a> culture due to the <a href="/wiki/Honour_of_Richmond" title="Honour of Richmond">Honour of Richmond</a> being occupied by <a href="/wiki/Alain_Le_Roux" class="mw-redirect" title="Alain Le Roux">Alain Le Roux</a>, grandson of <a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_I,_Duke_of_Brittany" title="Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany">Geoffrey I, Duke of Brittany</a>.<a href="#cite_note-129">[127]</a> The people of Yorkshire are immensely proud of their county and local culture, and it is sometimes suggested they identify more strongly with their county than they do with their country.<a href="#cite_note-yne-130">[128]</a> Yorkshire people have their own Yorkshire dialects and accents and are, or rather were, known as Broad Yorkshire or Tykes, with its roots in Old English and Old Norse.<a href="#cite_note-131">[129]</a><a href="#cite_note-132">[130]</a> The <a href="/wiki/British_Library" title="British Library">British Library</a> provides a four minute long voice recording made in 1955, by a "female housekeeper", Miss Madge Dibnahon, on its web site and an example of the Yorkshire dialect used at that time, in an unstated location. "Much of her speech remains part of the local dialect to this day", according to the Library.<a href="#cite_note-133">[131]</a><a href="#cite_note-134">[132]</a> Due to the large size of Yorkshire, spoken dialects vary between areas. In fact, the dialect in North Yorkshire and Humberside/East Yorkshire is "quite different [than in West Yorkshire and South Yorkshire] and has a much stronger Scandinavian influence".<a href="#cite_note-auto-135">[133]</a> One report explains the geographic difference in detail:<a href="#cite_note-auto-135">[133]</a><blockquote>This distinction was first recognised formally at the turn of the 19th / 20th centuries, when linguists drew an isophone diagonally across the county from the northwest to the southeast, separating these two broadly distinguishable ways of speaking. It can be extended westwards through Lancashire to the estuary of the River Lune, and is sometimes called the Humber-Lune Line. Strictly speaking, the dialects spoken south and west of this isophone are Midland dialects, whereas the dialects spoken north and east of it are truly Northern. It is possible that the Midland form moved up into the region with people gravitating towards the manufacturing districts of the West Riding during the Industrial Revolution.</blockquote> Though distinct accents remain, dialect has declined heavily in everyday use. Some have argued the dialect was a fully fledged <a href="/wiki/Language" title="Language">language</a> in its own right.<a href="#cite_note-136">[134]</a> The county has also produced a set of Yorkshire colloquialisms,<a href="#cite_note-137">[135]</a> which are in use in the county. Among Yorkshire's traditions is the <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a>. The most famous traditional song of Yorkshire is <a href="/wiki/On_Ilkla_Moor_Baht_%27at" title="On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at">On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at</a> ("On <a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Moor" title="Ilkley Moor">Ilkley Moor</a> without a hat"), it is considered the unofficial anthem of the county.<a href="#cite_note-138">[136]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Literature_and_art">Literature and art</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=42" title="Edit section: Literature and art">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png/250px-Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="258" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png/330px-Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a9/Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png/360px-Painting_of_Bront%C3%AB_sisters.png 2x" data-file-width="416" data-file-height="597" /></a><figcaption>The Brontë sisters</figcaption></figure> Although the first Professor of English Literature at <a href="/wiki/Leeds_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds University">Leeds University</a>, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Moorman" title="F. W. Moorman">F. W. Moorman</a>, claimed the first extant work of English literature, <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, was written in Yorkshire,<a href="#cite_note-moorman-139">[137]</a> this view does not have common acceptance today. However, when Yorkshire formed the southern part of the kingdom of <a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a> there were several notable poets, scholars and ecclesiastics, including <a href="/wiki/Alcuin" title="Alcuin">Alcuin</a>, <a href="/wiki/C%C3%A6dmon" title="Cædmon">Cædmon</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wilfrid" title="Wilfrid">Wilfrid</a>.<a href="#cite_note-140">[138]</a> The most esteemed literary family from the county are the three <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB" class="mw-redirect" title="Brontë">Brontë</a> sisters, with part of the county around <a href="/wiki/Haworth" title="Haworth">Haworth</a> being nicknamed <a href="/wiki/Bront%C3%AB_Country" title="Brontë Country">Brontë Country</a> in their honour.<a href="#cite_note-bronte-141">[139]</a> Their novels, written in the mid-19th century, caused a sensation when they were first published, yet were subsequently accepted into the canon of great English literature.<a href="#cite_note-142">[140]</a> Among the most celebrated novels written by the sisters are <a href="/wiki/Anne_Bront%C3%AB" title="Anne Brontë">Anne Brontë</a>'s <a href="/wiki/The_Tenant_of_Wildfell_Hall" title="The Tenant of Wildfell Hall">The Tenant of Wildfell Hall</a>, <a href="/wiki/Charlotte_Bront%C3%AB" title="Charlotte Brontë">Charlotte Brontë</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Jane_Eyre" title="Jane Eyre">Jane Eyre</a> and <a href="/wiki/Emily_Bront%C3%AB" title="Emily Brontë">Emily Brontë</a>'s <a href="/wiki/Wuthering_Heights" title="Wuthering Heights">Wuthering Heights</a>.<a href="#cite_note-bronte-141">[139]</a> Wuthering Heights was almost a source used to depict life in Yorkshire, illustrating the type of people that reside there in its characters, and emphasising the use of the stormy Yorkshire moors. Nowadays, the parsonage which was their former home is now a museum in their honour.<a href="#cite_note-143">[141]</a> <a href="/wiki/Bram_Stoker" title="Bram Stoker">Bram Stoker</a> authored <a href="/wiki/Dracula" title="Dracula">Dracula</a> while living in <a href="/wiki/Whitby" title="Whitby">Whitby</a><a href="#cite_note-144">[142]</a> and it includes several elements of local folklore including the beaching of the Russian ship Dmitri, which became the basis of Demeter in the book.<a href="#cite_note-stoker-145">[143]</a> The novelist tradition in Yorkshire continued into the 20th and 21st centuries, with authors such as <a href="/wiki/J._B._Priestley" title="J. B. Priestley">J. B. Priestley</a>,<a href="#cite_note-146">[144]</a> <a href="/wiki/Alan_Bennett" title="Alan Bennett">Alan Bennett</a>, Stan Barstow, Dame <a href="/wiki/Margaret_Drabble" title="Margaret Drabble">Margaret Drabble</a>, <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Holtby" title="Winifred Holtby">Winifred Holtby</a> (<a href="/wiki/South_Riding_(novel)" title="South Riding (novel)">South Riding</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=The_Crowded_Street&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="The Crowded Street (page does not exist)">The Crowded Street</a>), <a href="/wiki/A._S._Byatt" title="A. S. Byatt">A. S. Byatt</a>, <a href="/wiki/Joanne_Harris" title="Joanne Harris">Joanne Harris</a>, <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Taylor_Bradford" title="Barbara Taylor Bradford">Barbara Taylor Bradford</a>,<a href="#cite_note-writers-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/Marina_Lewycka" title="Marina Lewycka">Marina Lewycka</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sunjeev_Sahota" title="Sunjeev Sahota">Sunjeev Sahota</a> being prominent examples. Taylor Bradford is noted for <a href="/wiki/A_Woman_of_Substance_(novel)" title="A Woman of Substance (novel)">A Woman of Substance</a> which was one of the top-ten best selling novels in history.<a href="#cite_note-148">[146]</a> Another well-known author was <a href="/wiki/Children%27s_writer" class="mw-redirect" title="Children's writer">children's writer</a> <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Ransome" title="Arthur Ransome">Arthur Ransome</a>, who penned the <a href="/wiki/Swallows_and_Amazons_series" title="Swallows and Amazons series">Swallows and Amazons series</a>.<a href="#cite_note-writers-147">[145]</a> <a href="/wiki/James_Herriot" title="James Herriot">James Herriot</a>, the best selling author of over 60 million copies of books about his experiences of some 50 years as a veterinarian in <a href="/wiki/Thirsk" title="Thirsk">Thirsk</a>, North Yorkshire, the town which he refers to as Darrowby in his books<a href="#cite_note-149">[147]</a> (although born in <a href="/wiki/Sunderland" title="Sunderland">Sunderland</a>), has been admired for his easy reading style and interesting characters.<a href="#cite_note-150">[148]</a> Poets include <a href="/wiki/Ted_Hughes" title="Ted Hughes">Ted Hughes</a>, <a href="/wiki/W._H._Auden" title="W. H. Auden">W. H. Auden</a>, <a href="/wiki/William_Empson" title="William Empson">William Empson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Simon_Armitage" title="Simon Armitage">Simon Armitage</a>, <a href="/wiki/David_Miedzianik" title="David Miedzianik">David Miedzianik</a> and <a href="/wiki/Andrew_Marvell" title="Andrew Marvell">Andrew Marvell</a>.<a href="#cite_note-writers-147">[145]</a><a href="#cite_note-151">[149]</a><a href="#cite_note-152">[150]</a><a href="#cite_note-153">[151]</a><a href="#cite_note-154">[152]</a> Three well known sculptors emerged in the 20th century; contemporaries <a href="/wiki/Henry_Moore" title="Henry Moore">Henry Moore</a> and <a href="/wiki/Barbara_Hepworth" title="Barbara Hepworth">Barbara Hepworth</a>, and Leeds-raised land artist <a href="/wiki/Andy_Goldsworthy" title="Andy Goldsworthy">Andy Goldsworthy</a>. Some of their works are available for public viewing at the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Sculpture_Park" title="Yorkshire Sculpture Park">Yorkshire Sculpture Park</a>.<a href="#cite_note-155">[153]</a> There are several <a href="/wiki/Art_gallery" title="Art gallery">art galleries</a> in Yorkshire featuring extensive collections, such as <a href="/wiki/Ferens_Art_Gallery" title="Ferens Art Gallery">Ferens Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Art_Gallery" title="Leeds Art Gallery">Leeds Art Gallery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Millennium_Galleries" class="mw-redirect" title="Millennium Galleries">Millennium Galleries</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Art_Gallery" title="York Art Gallery">York Art Gallery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-156">[154]</a><a href="#cite_note-157">[155]</a><a href="#cite_note-158">[156]</a> Some of the better known local painters are <a href="/wiki/William_Etty" title="William Etty">William Etty</a> and <a href="/wiki/David_Hockney" title="David Hockney">David Hockney</a>;<a href="#cite_note-159">[157]</a> many works by the latter are housed at <a href="/wiki/Salts_Mill" title="Salts Mill">Salts Mill</a> 1853 Gallery in <a href="/wiki/Saltaire" title="Saltaire">Saltaire</a>.<a href="#cite_note-160">[158]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cuisine">Cuisine</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=43" title="Edit section: Cuisine">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Sunday_roast-02.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sunday_roast-02.jpg/220px-Sunday_roast-02.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="171" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sunday_roast-02.jpg/330px-Sunday_roast-02.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/1/17/Sunday_roast-02.jpg/440px-Sunday_roast-02.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1167" data-file-height="905" /></a><figcaption>A Yorkshire pudding, served as part of a traditional <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a>.</figcaption></figure> The traditional cuisine of Yorkshire, in common with the <a href="/wiki/North_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="North of England">North of England</a> in general, is known for using rich-tasting ingredients, especially with regard to sweet dishes, which were affordable for the majority of people.<a href="#cite_note-favyorksrecipe-161">[159]</a> There are several dishes which originated in Yorkshire or are heavily associated with it.<a href="#cite_note-favyorksrecipe-161">[159]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a>, a savoury batter dish, is by far the best known of Yorkshire foods, and is eaten throughout England. It is commonly served with <a href="/wiki/Roast_beef" title="Roast beef">roast beef</a> and vegetables to form part of the <a href="/wiki/Sunday_roast" title="Sunday roast">Sunday roast</a><a href="#cite_note-favyorksrecipe-161">[159]</a> but is traditionally served as a starter dish filled with onion gravy within Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-162">[160]</a> Yorkshire pudding is the base for <a href="/wiki/Toad_in_the_hole" title="Toad in the hole">toad in the hole</a>, a dish containing sausage.<a href="#cite_note-163">[161]</a> Other foods associated with the county include Yorkshire curd tart, a <a href="/wiki/Curd" title="Curd">curd</a> <a href="/wiki/Tart" title="Tart">tart</a> recipe with <a href="/wiki/Rosewater" class="mw-redirect" title="Rosewater">rosewater</a>;<a href="#cite_note-164">[162]</a> <a href="/wiki/Parkin_(cake)" title="Parkin (cake)">parkin</a>, a sweet <a href="/wiki/Gingerbread" title="Gingerbread">ginger cake</a> which is different from standard ginger cakes in that it includes <a href="/wiki/Oatmeal" title="Oatmeal">oatmeal</a> and <a href="/wiki/Treacle" title="Treacle">treacle</a>;<a href="#cite_note-165">[163]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale_(cheese)" class="mw-redirect" title="Wensleydale (cheese)">Wensleydale cheese</a>, a cheese made with milk from <a href="/wiki/Wensleydale" title="Wensleydale">Wensleydale</a> and often eaten as an accompaniment to sweet foods.<a href="#cite_note-166">[164]</a> The beverage <a href="/wiki/Ginger_beer" title="Ginger beer">ginger beer</a>, flavoured with <a href="/wiki/Ginger" title="Ginger">ginger</a>, came from Yorkshire and has existed since the mid-18th century. <a href="/wiki/Liquorice_(confectionery)" title="Liquorice (confectionery)">Liquorice sweet</a> was first created by George Dunhill from <a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, who in the 1760s thought to mix the liquorice plant with sugar.<a href="#cite_note-167">[165]</a> Yorkshire and in particular the city of York played a prominent role in the confectionery industry, with <a href="/wiki/Chocolate_factory" class="mw-redirect" title="Chocolate factory">chocolate factories</a> owned by companies such as <a href="/wiki/Rowntree%27s" title="Rowntree's">Rowntree's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Terry%27s" title="Terry's">Terry's</a> and <a href="/wiki/Thorntons" title="Thorntons">Thorntons</a> inventing many of Britain's most popular <a href="/wiki/Candy" title="Candy">sweets</a>.<a href="#cite_note-168">[166]</a><a href="#cite_note-169">[167]</a> Another traditional Yorkshire food is pikelets, which are similar to <a href="/wiki/Crumpet" title="Crumpet">crumpets</a> but much thinner.<a href="#cite_note-170">[168]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Rhubarb_Triangle" title="Rhubarb Triangle">Rhubarb Triangle</a> is a location within Yorkshire which supplies most of the rhubarb to locals. In recent years curries have become popular in the county, largely due to the immigration and successful integration of Asian families. There are many famous curry empires with their origins in Yorkshire, including the 850-seater Aakash restaurant in <a href="/wiki/Cleckheaton" title="Cleckheaton">Cleckheaton</a>, which has been described as "the world's largest curry house".<a href="#cite_note-171">[169]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Beer_and_brewing">Beer and brewing</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=44" title="Edit section: Beer and brewing">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/List_of_breweries_in_England" title="List of breweries in England">List of breweries in England</a></div> Yorkshire has a number of breweries including <a href="/wiki/Black_Sheep_Brewery" title="Black Sheep Brewery">Black Sheep</a>, <a href="/wiki/Copper_Dragon_Brewery" title="Copper Dragon Brewery">Copper Dragon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cropton_Brewery" class="mw-redirect" title="Cropton Brewery">Cropton Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Smith%27s" class="mw-redirect" title="John Smith's">John Smith's</a>, <a href="/wiki/Samuel_Smith_Old_Brewery" title="Samuel Smith Old Brewery">Samuel Smith Old Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kelham_Island_Brewery" title="Kelham Island Brewery">Kelham Island Brewery</a>, <a href="/wiki/Theakston_(brewer)" class="mw-redirect" title="Theakston (brewer)">Theakstons</a>, <a href="/wiki/Timothy_Taylor_Brewery" title="Timothy Taylor Brewery">Timothy Taylor</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wharfedale_Brewery" title="Wharfedale Brewery">Wharfedale Brewery</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Harrogate_Brewery&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harrogate Brewery (page does not exist)">Harrogate Brewery</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Brewery" title="Leeds Brewery">Leeds Brewery</a>.<a href="#cite_note-quaffale-172">[170]</a><a href="#cite_note-leedsbrewery-173">[171]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Beer_style" title="Beer style">beer style</a> most associated with the county is <a href="/wiki/Bitter_(beer)" title="Bitter (beer)">bitter</a>.<a href="#cite_note-174">[172]</a> As elsewhere in the North of England, when served through a <a href="/wiki/Beer_engine" title="Beer engine">handpump</a>, a sparkler is used giving a tighter, more solid head.<a href="#cite_note-175">[173]</a> Brewing has taken place on a large scale since at least the 12th century, for example at the now derelict <a href="/wiki/Fountains_Abbey" title="Fountains Abbey">Fountains Abbey</a> which at its height produced 60 barrels of strong ale every ten days.<a href="#cite_note-176">[174]</a> Most current Yorkshire breweries date from the <a href="/wiki/Industrial_Revolution" title="Industrial Revolution">Industrial Revolution</a> of the late 18th and early 19th century.<a href="#cite_note-quaffale-172">[170]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Music">Music</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=45" title="Edit section: Music">edit</a>]</div> <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-right" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Kate_Rusby_live.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kate_Rusby_live.jpg/250px-Kate_Rusby_live.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="247" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kate_Rusby_live.jpg/330px-Kate_Rusby_live.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e7/Kate_Rusby_live.jpg/500px-Kate_Rusby_live.jpg 2x" data-file-width="679" data-file-height="763" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Kate_Rusby" title="Kate Rusby">Kate Rusby</a> on stage in 2005</figcaption></figure> Yorkshire has a heritage of folk music and folk dance including the <a href="/wiki/Long_Sword_dance" class="mw-redirect" title="Long Sword dance">Long Sword dance</a>.<a href="#cite_note-177">[175]</a> Yorkshire folk song was distinguished by the use of dialect, particularly in the West Riding and exemplified by the song '<a href="/wiki/On_Ilkla_Moor_Baht_%27at" title="On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at">On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at</a>', probably written in the late 19th century, using a Kent folk tune (almost certainly borrowed via a <a href="/wiki/Methodist" class="mw-redirect" title="Methodist">Methodist</a> <a href="/wiki/Hymnal" title="Hymnal">hymnal</a>),[<a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_needed" title="Wikipedia:Citation needed">citation needed</a>] seen as an unofficial Yorkshire anthem.<a href="#cite_note-178">[176]</a> Famous folk performers from the county include the <a href="/wiki/Watersons" class="mw-redirect" title="Watersons">Watersons</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>, who began recording Yorkshire versions of folk songs from 1965;<a href="#cite_note-Nidel2005-179">[177]</a> Heather Wood (born 1945) of the <a href="/wiki/Young_Tradition" class="mw-redirect" title="Young Tradition">Young Tradition</a>; the short-lived electric folk group <a href="/wiki/Mr_Fox" class="mw-redirect" title="Mr Fox">Mr Fox</a> (1970–72), <a href="/wiki/The_Deighton_Family" title="The Deighton Family">the Deighton Family</a>; <a href="/wiki/Julie_Matthews" title="Julie Matthews">Julie Matthews</a>; <a href="/wiki/Kathryn_Roberts" title="Kathryn Roberts">Kathryn Roberts</a>; and <a href="/wiki/Kate_Rusby" title="Kate Rusby">Kate Rusby</a>.<a href="#cite_note-Nidel2005-179">[177]</a> Yorkshire has a flourishing folk music culture, with over forty <a href="/wiki/Folk_clubs" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk clubs">folk clubs</a> and thirty annual <a href="/wiki/Folk_festival" class="mw-redirect" title="Folk festival">folk music festivals</a>.<a href="#cite_note-180">[178]</a> The 1982 <a href="/wiki/Eurovision_Song_Contest_1982" title="Eurovision Song Contest 1982">Eurovision Song Contest</a> was held in the <a href="/wiki/Harrogate_International_Centre" class="mw-redirect" title="Harrogate International Centre">Harrogate International Centre</a>. In 2007 the Yorkshire Garland Group was formed to make Yorkshire folk songs accessible online and in schools.<a href="#cite_note-181">[179]</a> In the field of classical music, Yorkshire has produced some major and minor composers, including <a href="/wiki/Frederick_Delius" title="Frederick Delius">Frederick Delius</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Dyson_(composer)" title="George Dyson (composer)">George Dyson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Philip_Wilby" title="Philip Wilby">Philip Wilby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Edward_Bairstow" title="Edward Bairstow">Edward Bairstow</a>, William Baines, <a href="/wiki/Kenneth_Leighton" title="Kenneth Leighton">Kenneth Leighton</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bernadette_Farrell" title="Bernadette Farrell">Bernadette Farrell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eric_Fenby" title="Eric Fenby">Eric Fenby</a>, <a href="/wiki/Anne_Quigley" title="Anne Quigley">Anne Quigley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Haydn_Wood" title="Haydn Wood">Haydn Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arthur_Wood_(composer)" title="Arthur Wood (composer)">Arthur Wood</a>, <a href="/wiki/Arnold_Cooke" title="Arnold Cooke">Arnold Cooke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gavin_Bryars" title="Gavin Bryars">Gavin Bryars</a>, <a href="/wiki/John_Casken" title="John Casken">John Casken</a>, and in the area of TV, film and radio music, <a href="/wiki/John_Barry_(composer)" title="John Barry (composer)">John Barry</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wally_Stott" class="mw-redirect" title="Wally Stott">Wally Stott</a>. <a href="/wiki/Opera_North" title="Opera North">Opera North</a> is based at the <a href="/wiki/Grand_Theatre,_Leeds" title="Grand Theatre, Leeds">Grand Theatre, Leeds</a>. Leeds is also home to the <a href="/wiki/Leeds_International_Piano_Competition" title="Leeds International Piano Competition">Leeds International Piano Competition</a>. The <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Contemporary_Music_Festival" title="Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival">Huddersfield Contemporary Music Festival</a> takes place annually in November. <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Choral_Society" title="Huddersfield Choral Society">Huddersfield Choral Society</a> is one of the UK's most celebrated amateur choirs.<a href="#cite_note-182">[180]</a> The <a href="/wiki/National_Centre_for_Early_Music" title="National Centre for Early Music">National Centre for Early Music</a> is located in York. The county is home to successful brass bands such as <a href="/wiki/Black_Dyke_Band" title="Black Dyke Band">Black Dyke</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brighouse_and_Rastrick_Brass_Band" title="Brighouse and Rastrick Brass Band">Brighouse & Rastrick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Carlton_Main_Frickley_Colliery_Band" title="Carlton Main Frickley Colliery Band">Carlton Main Frickley</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hammonds_Saltaire_Band" class="mw-redirect" title="Hammonds Saltaire Band">Hammonds Saltaire</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Imperial_Band" title="Yorkshire Imperial Band">Yorkshire Imperial</a>. <figure class="mw-default-size mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg/220px-Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="165" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg/330px-Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/2b/Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg/440px-Arctic_Monkeys_Orange_RF07.jpg 2x" data-file-width="2272" data-file-height="1704" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a> performing on Orange stage at Roskilde Festival in 2007</figcaption></figure> During the 1970s <a href="/wiki/David_Bowie" title="David Bowie">David Bowie</a>, himself of a father from <a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a> in the West Riding of Yorkshire,<a href="#cite_note-183">[181]</a> hired three musicians from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>: <a href="/wiki/Mick_Ronson" title="Mick Ronson">Mick Ronson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Trevor_Bolder" title="Trevor Bolder">Trevor Bolder</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mick_Woodmansey" title="Mick Woodmansey">Mick Woodmansey</a>; together they recorded <a href="/wiki/The_Rise_and_Fall_of_Ziggy_Stardust_and_the_Spiders_from_Mars" title="The Rise and Fall of Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars">Ziggy Stardust and the Spiders from Mars</a>, an album considered by a magazine article as one of a 100 greatest and most influential of all time.<a href="#cite_note-184">[182]</a> In the following decade, <a href="/wiki/Def_Leppard" title="Def Leppard">Def Leppard</a>, from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, achieved worldwide fame, particularly in America. Their 1983 album <a href="/wiki/Pyromania_(album)" title="Pyromania (album)">Pyromania</a> and 1987 album <a href="/wiki/Hysteria_(Def_Leppard_album)" title="Hysteria (Def Leppard album)">Hysteria</a> sold 12 and 25 million copies respectively.<a href="#cite_note-185">[183]</a> Yorkshire had a very strong <a href="/wiki/Post-punk" title="Post-punk">post-punk</a> scene which went on to achieve widespread acclaim and success, including: <a href="/wiki/The_Sisters_of_Mercy" title="The Sisters of Mercy">the Sisters of Mercy</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cult" title="The Cult">the Cult</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vardis" title="Vardis">Vardis</a>, <a href="/wiki/Gang_of_Four_(band)" title="Gang of Four (band)">Gang of Four</a>, <a href="/wiki/ABC_(band)" title="ABC (band)">ABC</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Human_League" title="The Human League">the Human League</a>, <a href="/wiki/New_Model_Army_(band)" title="New Model Army (band)">New Model Army</a>, <a href="/wiki/Soft_Cell" title="Soft Cell">Soft Cell</a>, <a href="/wiki/Chumbawamba" title="Chumbawamba">Chumbawamba</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Wedding_Present" title="The Wedding Present">the Wedding Present</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Mission_(band)" title="The Mission (band)">the Mission</a>.<a href="#cite_note-186">[184]</a> <a href="/wiki/Pulp_(band)" title="Pulp (band)">Pulp</a> from Sheffield had a massive hit in "<a href="/wiki/Common_People_(song)" class="mw-redirect" title="Common People (song)">Common People</a>" during 1995; the song focuses on working-class northern life.<a href="#cite_note-187">[185]</a> In the 21st century, <a href="/wiki/Indie_rock" title="Indie rock">indie rock</a> and <a href="/wiki/Post-punk_revival" title="Post-punk revival">post-punk revival</a> bands from the area gained popularity, including the <a href="/wiki/Kaiser_Chiefs" title="Kaiser Chiefs">Kaiser Chiefs</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Cribs" title="The Cribs">the Cribs</a> and the <a href="/wiki/Arctic_Monkeys" title="Arctic Monkeys">Arctic Monkeys</a>, the last-named holding the record for the fastest-selling debut album in British music history with <a href="/wiki/Whatever_People_Say_I_Am,_That%27s_What_I%27m_Not" title="Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not">Whatever People Say I Am, That's What I'm Not</a>.<a href="#cite_note-188">[186]</a> Influenced by the local post punk scene, but also by national and international extreme metal acts such as <a href="/wiki/Celtic_Frost" title="Celtic Frost">Celtic Frost</a>, <a href="/wiki/Candlemass_(band)" title="Candlemass (band)">Candlemass</a>, and <a href="/wiki/Morbid_Angel" title="Morbid Angel">Morbid Angel</a>, Yorkshire-based bands <a href="/wiki/Paradise_Lost_(band)" title="Paradise Lost (band)">Paradise Lost</a> and <a href="/wiki/My_Dying_Bride" title="My Dying Bride">My Dying Bride</a> laid the foundations of what would become the <a href="/wiki/Gothic_Metal" class="mw-redirect" title="Gothic Metal">Gothic Metal</a> genre in the early to mid-1990s.<a href="#cite_note-189">[187]</a><a href="#cite_note-190">[188]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Television_productions">Television productions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=46" title="Edit section: Television productions">edit</a>]</div> Among prominent British television shows filmed in (and based on) Yorkshire are the <a href="/wiki/Soap_opera" title="Soap opera">soap opera</a> <a href="/wiki/Emmerdale" title="Emmerdale">Emmerdale</a> and the sitcom <a href="/wiki/Last_of_the_Summer_Wine" title="Last of the Summer Wine">Last of the Summer Wine</a>; the latter in particular is noted for holding the record of longest-running comedy series in the world, from 1973 until 2010.<a href="#cite_note-191">[189]</a> Other notable television series set in Yorkshire include <a href="/wiki/Downton_Abbey" title="Downton Abbey">Downton Abbey</a>, <a href="/wiki/All_Creatures_Great_and_Small_(1978_TV_series)" title="All Creatures Great and Small (1978 TV series)">All Creatures Great and Small</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Beiderbecke_Trilogy" title="The Beiderbecke Trilogy">The Beiderbecke Trilogy</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rising_Damp" title="Rising Damp">Rising Damp</a>, <a href="/wiki/Open_All_Hours" title="Open All Hours">Open All Hours</a>, <a href="/wiki/Band_of_Gold_(TV_series)" title="Band of Gold (TV series)">Band Of Gold</a>, <a href="/wiki/Dalziel_and_Pascoe" title="Dalziel and Pascoe">Dalziel and Pascoe</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fat_Friends" title="Fat Friends">Fat Friends</a>, <a href="/wiki/Heartbeat_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Heartbeat (UK TV series)">Heartbeat</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Syndicate" title="The Syndicate">The Syndicate</a>, <a href="/wiki/No_Angels" title="No Angels">No Angels</a>, <a href="/wiki/Drifters_(TV_series)" title="Drifters (TV series)">Drifters</a> and <a href="/wiki/The_Royal" title="The Royal">The Royal</a>. During the first three series of the sitcom <a href="/wiki/The_New_Statesman_(1987_TV_series)" title="The New Statesman (1987 TV series)">The New Statesman</a>, Alan B'Stard represented as MP the fictional constituency of Haltenprice in North Yorkshire. Yorkshire has remained a popular location for filming in more recent times.<a href="#cite_note-192">[190]</a><a href="#cite_note-193">[191]</a> For example, much of ITV's highly acclaimed <a href="/wiki/Victoria_(UK_TV_series)" class="mw-redirect" title="Victoria (UK TV series)">Victoria</a> was filmed in the region, at locations such as Harewood House in Leeds and Beverley Minster (the latter being used to depict Westminster Abbey and St James' Palace),<a href="#cite_note-194">[192]</a><a href="#cite_note-195">[193]</a> whilst <a href="/wiki/Channel_5_(British_TV_channel)" class="mw-redirect" title="Channel 5 (British TV channel)">Channel 5</a> has programmed numerous Yorkshire-themed documentary series such as Our Yorkshire Farm and The Yorkshire Steam Railway: All Aboard across its schedule.<a href="#cite_note-196">[194]</a><a href="#cite_note-197">[195]</a> <a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a> has particularly benefited from a great deal of production activity.<a href="#cite_note-198">[196]</a><a href="#cite_note-199">[197]</a> For example, portions of the BBC television series <a href="/wiki/Happy_Valley_(TV_series)" title="Happy Valley (TV series)">Happy Valley</a> and Last Tango in Halifax were filmed in the area, in Huddersfield and other cities; in addition to exteriors, some of the studio filming for Happy Valley was done at North Light Film Studios at Brookes Mill, Huddersfield. Although set in the fictional town of Denton, popular ITV detective series <a href="/wiki/A_Touch_Of_Frost" class="mw-redirect" title="A Touch Of Frost">A Touch Of Frost</a> was filmed in Yorkshire, mainly in and around Leeds. The BBC's <a href="/wiki/Jamaica_Inn_(2014_TV_series)" title="Jamaica Inn (2014 TV series)">Jamaica Inn</a> and <a href="/wiki/Remember_Me_(TV_series)" title="Remember Me (TV series)">Remember Me</a> and the ITV series <a href="/wiki/Black_Work" title="Black Work">Black Work</a> were also filmed at the studios and in nearby West Yorkshire locations.<a href="#cite_note-200">[198]</a><a href="#cite_note-201">[199]</a><a href="#cite_note-202">[200]</a><a href="#cite_note-203">[201]</a> More recently, many of the exteriors of the BBC series <a href="/wiki/Jericho_(2016_TV_series)" title="Jericho (2016 TV series)">Jericho</a> were filmed at the nearby Rockingstone Quarry, and some interior work was done at North Light Film Studios.<a href="#cite_note-204">[202]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Film_productions">Film productions</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=47" title="Edit section: Film productions">edit</a>]</div> Several noted films are set in Yorkshire, including <a href="/wiki/Kes_(film)" title="Kes (film)">Kes</a>, <a href="/wiki/This_Sporting_Life" title="This Sporting Life">This Sporting Life</a>, <a href="/wiki/Room_at_the_Top_(1959_film)" title="Room at the Top (1959 film)">Room at the Top</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brassed_Off" title="Brassed Off">Brassed Off</a>, <a href="/wiki/Mischief_Night_(2006_film)" title="Mischief Night (2006 film)">Mischief Night</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rita,_Sue_and_Bob_Too" title="Rita, Sue and Bob Too">Rita, Sue and Bob Too</a>, <a href="/wiki/The_Damned_United" title="The Damned United">The Damned United</a>, <a href="/wiki/Four_Lions" title="Four Lions">Four Lions</a>, <a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country_(2017_film)" title="God's Own Country (2017 film)">God's Own Country</a> and <a href="/wiki/Calendar_Girls" title="Calendar Girls">Calendar Girls</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_Full_Monty" title="The Full Monty">The Full Monty</a>, a comedy film set in Sheffield, won an <a href="/wiki/Academy_Award" class="mw-redirect" title="Academy Award">Academy Award</a> and was voted the second-best British film of all time by <a href="/wiki/Asian_News_International" title="Asian News International">Asian News International</a>.<a href="#cite_note-205">[203]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Sport">Sport</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=48" title="Edit section: Sport">edit</a>]</div> Yorkshire has a long tradition in the field of sports, with participation in <a href="/wiki/Cricket" title="Cricket">cricket</a>, <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> and <a href="/wiki/Horse_racing" title="Horse racing">horse racing</a> being the most established sporting ventures.<a href="#cite_note-206">[204]</a><a href="#cite_note-207">[205]</a><a href="#cite_note-yccc-208">[206]</a><a href="#cite_note-racing-209">[207]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cricket">Cricket</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=49" title="Edit section: Cricket">edit</a>]</div> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_County_Cricket_Club" title="Yorkshire County Cricket Club">Yorkshire County Cricket Club</a> represents the historic county in the domestic <a href="/wiki/First-class_cricket" title="First-class cricket">first class</a> cricket <a href="/wiki/County_Championship" title="County Championship">County Championship</a>; with a total of 33 championship titles (including one shared), 13 more than any other county, Yorkshire is the most decorated county cricket club.<a href="#cite_note-yccc-208">[206]</a> Some of the most highly regarded figures in the game were born in the county, amongst them:<a href="#cite_note-cricketyorks-210">[208]</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1184024115">.mw-parser-output .div-col{margin-top:0.3em;column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .div-col-small{font-size:90%}.mw-parser-output .div-col-rules{column-rule:1px solid #aaa}.mw-parser-output .div-col dl,.mw-parser-output .div-col ol,.mw-parser-output .div-col ul{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .div-col li,.mw-parser-output .div-col dd{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}</style><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geoffrey_Boycott" title="Geoffrey Boycott">Geoffrey Boycott</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brian_Close" title="Brian Close">Brian Close</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/George_Hirst" title="George Hirst">George Hirst</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Len_Hutton" title="Len Hutton">Len Hutton</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Stanley_Jackson_(cricketer)" title="Stanley Jackson (cricketer)">Stanley Jackson</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ray_Illingworth" title="Ray Illingworth">Ray Illingworth</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wilfred_Rhodes" title="Wilfred Rhodes">Wilfred Rhodes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Jonny_Bairstow" title="Jonny Bairstow">Jonny Bairstow</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Joe_Root" title="Joe Root">Joe Root</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herbert_Sutcliffe" title="Herbert Sutcliffe">Herbert Sutcliffe</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Fred_Trueman" title="Fred Trueman">Fred Trueman</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hedley_Verity" title="Hedley Verity">Hedley Verity</a></li></ul> </div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Richmondshire_Cricket_Ground,_Richmond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_358586.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Richmondshire_Cricket_Ground%2C_Richmond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_358586.jpg/250px-Richmondshire_Cricket_Ground%2C_Richmond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_358586.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="186" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Richmondshire_Cricket_Ground%2C_Richmond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_358586.jpg/500px-Richmondshire_Cricket_Ground%2C_Richmond_-_geograph.org.uk_-_358586.jpg 1.5x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="476" /></a><figcaption>Richmondshire Cricket Ground</figcaption></figure> The four <a href="/wiki/ECB_Premier_Leagues" title="ECB Premier Leagues">ECB Premier Leagues</a> in the county are: <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Cricket_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Bradford Cricket League">Bradford</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire_and_South_Durham_Cricket_League" title="North Yorkshire and South Durham Cricket League">North-Yorkshire-&-South-Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Premier_League_North" title="Yorkshire Premier League North">Yorkshire North</a> and <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_South_Premier_League" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire South Premier League">Yorkshire South</a>. The league winners qualify to take part in a yearly <a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire_Championship&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Yorkshire Championship (page does not exist)">Yorkshire Championship</a>, the highest NYSD club based in Yorkshire qualifies if a Durham side wins.<a href="#cite_note-ECB_Yorkshire_Premier_League_restructure-211">[209]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Football">Football</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=50" title="Edit section: Football">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Association">Association</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=51" title="Edit section: Association">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Football_in_Yorkshire" title="Football in Yorkshire">Football in Yorkshire</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg/200px-Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="150" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg/300px-Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/5d/Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg/400px-Original_laws_of_the_game_1863.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>The original hand-written '<a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a>' drafted for and on behalf of <a href="/wiki/The_Football_Association" title="The Football Association">The Football Association</a> by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cobb_Morley" title="Ebenezer Cobb Morley">Ebenezer Cobb Morley</a> in 1863</figcaption></figure> Football clubs founded in Yorkshire include, four of which have been <a href="/wiki/English_football_champions" class="mw-redirect" title="English football champions">league champions</a>: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 18em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Barnsley_F.C." title="Barnsley F.C.">Barnsley</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Bradford_City_A.F.C." title="Bradford City A.F.C.">Bradford City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Rovers_F.C." title="Doncaster Rovers F.C.">Doncaster Rovers</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/FC_Halifax_Town" title="FC Halifax Town">Halifax Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Harrogate_Town_A.F.C." title="Harrogate Town A.F.C.">Harrogate Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Town_A.F.C." title="Huddersfield Town A.F.C.">Huddersfield Town</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hull_City_A.F.C." title="Hull City A.F.C.">Hull City</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leeds_United_F.C." title="Leeds United F.C.">Leeds United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesbrough_F.C." title="Middlesbrough F.C.">Middlesbrough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_United_F.C." title="Rotherham United F.C.">Rotherham United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_United_F.C." title="Sheffield United F.C.">Sheffield United</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Wednesday_F.C." title="Sheffield Wednesday F.C.">Sheffield Wednesday</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/York_City_F.C." title="York City F.C.">York City</a></li></ul> </div> Yorkshire is officially recognised by <a href="/wiki/FIFA" title="FIFA">FIFA</a> as the birthplace of club <a href="/wiki/Association_football" title="Association football">football</a>,<a href="#cite_note-212">[210]</a><a href="#cite_note-213">[211]</a> as <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_F.C." title="Sheffield F.C.">Sheffield FC</a> founded in 1857 are certified as the oldest association football club in the world.<a href="#cite_note-214">[212]</a> The world's first inter-club match and local derby was competed in the county, at the world's oldest ground <a href="/wiki/Sandygate_Road" class="mw-redirect" title="Sandygate Road">Sandygate Road</a>.<a href="#cite_note-215">[213]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Laws_of_the_Game_(association_football)" title="Laws of the Game (association football)">Laws of the Game</a>, used worldwide, were drafted by <a href="/wiki/Ebenezer_Cobb_Morley" title="Ebenezer Cobb Morley">Ebenezer Cobb Morley</a> from <a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Hull</a>.<a href="#cite_note-ffhy-216">[214]</a> Huddersfield were the first club to win three consecutive league titles.<a href="#cite_note-217">[215]</a> Leeds United reached the 2001 UEFA Champions League semi-finals and had a dominance period in the 1970s. Sheffield Wednesday who have had similar spells of dominance, such as the early 1990s. Middlesbrough won the 2004 League Cup and reach the 2006 UEFA Cup Final.<a href="#cite_note-218">[216]</a><a href="#cite_note-219">[217]</a> Noted players from Yorkshire who have influenced the game include <a href="/wiki/1966_FIFA_World_Cup" title="1966 FIFA World Cup">World Cup</a>-winning goalkeeper <a href="/wiki/Gordon_Banks" title="Gordon Banks">Gordon Banks</a> and two-time <a href="/wiki/European_Footballer_of_the_Year" class="mw-redirect" title="European Footballer of the Year">European Footballer of the Year</a> award winner <a href="/wiki/Kevin_Keegan" title="Kevin Keegan">Kevin Keegan</a>.<a href="#cite_note-220">[218]</a><a href="#cite_note-221">[219]</a> Prominent managers include <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Chapman" title="Herbert Chapman">Herbert Chapman</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Clough" title="Brian Clough">Brian Clough</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bill_Nicholson_(footballer)" title="Bill Nicholson (footballer)">Bill Nicholson</a>, <a href="/wiki/George_Raynor" title="George Raynor">George Raynor</a> and <a href="/wiki/Don_Revie" title="Don Revie">Don Revie</a>.<a href="#cite_note-222">[220]</a> The <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_football_team" title="Yorkshire football team">Yorkshire football team</a>, controlled by the Yorkshire International Football Association (YIFA), represents Yorkshire in <a href="/wiki/CONIFA" class="mw-redirect" title="CONIFA">CONIFA</a> matches. The team was founded in 2017, joined CONIFA on 6 January 2018 and plays at various venues throughout Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-223">[221]</a><a href="#cite_note-conifa-224">[222]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_Union">Rugby Union</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=52" title="Edit section: Rugby Union">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Rugby_Football_Union" title="Yorkshire Rugby Football Union">Yorkshire Rugby Football Union</a></div> Yorkshire has a long history of rugby union in the county with <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Tykes" title="Leeds Tykes">Leeds Tykes</a> (formerly Yorkshire Carnegie) featuring in the <a href="/wiki/Premiership_Rugby" title="Premiership Rugby">Aviva Premiership</a> for eight seasons between 2001 and 2011 when they were relegated to the Championship. From 2020 the teams has reverted to its amateur status and plays in <a href="/wiki/National_League_1" title="National League 1">National League 1</a>. <a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Titans" title="Rotherham Titans">Rotherham Titans</a> also played in the top tier of English rugby in <a href="/wiki/2000%E2%80%9301_Premiership_Rugby" title="2000–01 Premiership Rugby">2000–01</a> and <a href="/wiki/2003%E2%80%9304_Premiership_Rugby" title="2003–04 Premiership Rugby">2003–04</a>.<a href="#cite_note-225">[223]</a> Many England international players have emerged from Yorkshire including World Cup winners <a href="/wiki/Jason_Robinson_(rugby)" title="Jason Robinson (rugby)">Jason Robinson</a> and <a href="/wiki/Mike_Tindall" title="Mike Tindall">Mike Tindall</a>.<a href="#cite_note-226">[224]</a> Other successful players from the region include <a href="/wiki/Rob_Andrew" title="Rob Andrew">Rob Andrew</a>, <a href="/wiki/Tim_Rodber" title="Tim Rodber">Tim Rodber</a>, <a href="/wiki/Brian_Moore_(rugby_union)" title="Brian Moore (rugby union)">Brian Moore</a>, <a href="/wiki/Danny_Care" title="Danny Care">Danny Care</a>, <a href="/wiki/Rory_Underwood" title="Rory Underwood">Rory Underwood</a> and <a href="/wiki/Ian_McGeechan" title="Ian McGeechan">Sir Ian McGeechan</a>. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Leading Rugby Union teams based in Yorkshire (2023–24) </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>League </th> <th>Team </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Capacity </th> <th>Location, county </th></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/RFU_Championship" title="RFU Championship">RFU Championship</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Knights" title="Doncaster Knights">Doncaster Knights</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Park_rugby_stadium" title="Castle Park rugby stadium">Castle Park</a> </td> <td>5,000 (1,650 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/National_League_2_North" title="National League 2 North">National League 2 North</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_R.U.F.C." title="Huddersfield R.U.F.C.">Huddersfield</a> </td> <td>Lockwood Park </td> <td>1,500 (500 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Huddersfield" title="Huddersfield">Huddersfield</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hull_RUFC" title="Hull RUFC">Hull</a> </td> <td>Ferens Ground </td> <td>1,500 (288 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Kingston_upon_Hull" title="Kingston upon Hull">Kingston upon Hull</a>, East Riding </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Hull_Ionians" title="Hull Ionians">Hull Ionians</a> </td> <td>Brantingham Park </td> <td>1,500 (240 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Brantingham" title="Brantingham">Brantingham</a>, East Riding </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Tykes" title="Leeds Tykes">Leeds Tykes</a> </td> <td>The Sycamores </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Bramhope" title="Bramhope">Bramhope</a>, Leeds, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Otley_R.U.F.C." title="Otley R.U.F.C.">Otley</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cross_Green" title="Cross Green">Cross Green</a> </td> <td>5,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Otley" title="Otley">Otley</a> (Leeds), West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotherham_Titans" title="Rotherham Titans">Rotherham Titans</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Clifton_Lane" title="Clifton Lane">Clifton Lane</a> </td> <td>2,500 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Rotherham" title="Rotherham">Rotherham</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_RUFC" title="Sheffield RUFC">Sheffield</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbeydale_Park" title="Abbeydale Park">Abbeydale Park</a> </td> <td>3,200 (100 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, <a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a> </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Tigers_RUFC" title="Sheffield Tigers RUFC">Sheffield Tigers</a> </td> <td>Dore Moor </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Wharfedale_R.U.F.C." title="Wharfedale R.U.F.C.">Wharfedale</a> </td> <td>The Avenue </td> <td>2,000 </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Threshfield" title="Threshfield">Threshfield</a>, North Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="9"><a href="/wiki/Regional_1_North_East" title="Regional 1 North East">Regional 1 North East</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleckheaton_RUFC" title="Cleckheaton RUFC">Cleckheaton</a> </td> <td>Moorend </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Cleckheaton" title="Cleckheaton">Cleckheaton</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/w/index.php?title=Doncaster_Phoenix&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Doncaster Phoenix (page does not exist)">Doncaster Phoenix</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Castle_Park_rugby_stadium" title="Castle Park rugby stadium">Castle Park</a> </td> <td>5,000 (1,650 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Driffield_RUFC" title="Driffield RUFC">Driffield</a> </td> <td>Show Ground </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Driffield" title="Driffield">Driffield</a>, East Riding of Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrogate_RUFC" title="Harrogate RUFC">Harrogate</a> </td> <td>Rudding Lane </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, North Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Heath_RUFC" title="Heath RUFC">Heath</a> </td> <td>West Vale </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/West_Vale" title="West Vale">West Vale</a>, Halifax, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilkley_Rugby_Club" title="Ilkley Rugby Club">Ilkley</a> </td> <td>Stacks Field </td> <td>2,000 (40 seats) </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilkley" title="Ilkley">Ilkley</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td>Pontefract </td> <td>Moor Lane </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Pontefract" title="Pontefract">Pontefract</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandal_RUFC" title="Sandal RUFC">Sandal</a> </td> <td>Milnthorpe Green </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sandal_Magna" title="Sandal Magna">Sandal Magna</a> (Wakefield), West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/York_RUFC" title="York RUFC">York</a> </td> <td>Clifton Park </td> <td> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/York" title="York">York</a>, North Yorkshire </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Rugby_League">Rugby League</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=53" title="Edit section: Rugby League">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league_in_Yorkshire" title="Rugby league in Yorkshire">Rugby league in Yorkshire</a></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg/320px-Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg" decoding="async" width="320" height="213" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg/480px-Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3c/Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg/640px-Georges_hotel_huddersfield.jpg 2x" data-file-width="5184" data-file-height="3456" /></a><figcaption>The George Hotel, Huddersfield</figcaption></figure> The <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League" title="Rugby Football League">Rugby Football League</a> and with it the sport of <a href="/wiki/Rugby_league" title="Rugby league">rugby league</a> was founded in 1895 at the <a href="/wiki/George_Hotel,_Huddersfield" title="George Hotel, Huddersfield">George Hotel</a>, Huddersfield, after a <a href="/wiki/North-South_divide_in_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="North-South divide in the United Kingdom">North-South</a> <a href="/wiki/History_of_rugby_league#The_schism_in_England" title="History of rugby league">schism</a> within the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_Union" title="Rugby Football Union">Rugby Football Union</a>.<a href="#cite_note-227">[225]</a> The top league is the <a href="/wiki/Super_League" title="Super League">Super League</a> and the most decorated Yorkshire clubs are <a href="/wiki/Huddersfield_Giants" title="Huddersfield Giants">Huddersfield Giants</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_F.C." title="Hull F.C.">Hull FC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bradford_Bulls" title="Bradford Bulls">Bradford Bulls</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hull_Kingston_Rovers" title="Hull Kingston Rovers">Hull Kingston Rovers</a>, <a href="/wiki/Wakefield_Trinity" title="Wakefield Trinity">Wakefield Trinity</a>, <a href="/wiki/Castleford_Tigers" title="Castleford Tigers">Castleford Tigers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos" title="Leeds Rhinos">Leeds Rhinos</a>.<a href="#cite_note-228">[226]</a> In total six Yorkshiremen have been inducted into the <a href="/wiki/Rugby_Football_League_Hall_of_Fame" title="Rugby Football League Hall of Fame">Rugby Football League Hall of Fame</a> amongst them is <a href="/wiki/Roger_Millward" title="Roger Millward">Roger Millward</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jonty_Parkin" title="Jonty Parkin">Jonty Parkin</a> and <a href="/wiki/Harold_Wagstaff" title="Harold Wagstaff">Harold Wagstaff</a>.<a href="#cite_note-229">[227]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Multi-sport_events">Multi-sport events</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=54" title="Edit section: Multi-sport events">edit</a>]</div> In the area of boxing <a href="/wiki/Naseem_Hamed" title="Naseem Hamed">"Prince" Naseem Hamed</a> from Sheffield achieved title success and widespread fame,<a href="#cite_note-princenaz-230">[228]</a> in what the <a href="/wiki/BBC" title="BBC">BBC</a> describes as "one of British boxing's most illustrious careers".<a href="#cite_note-princenaz-230">[228]</a> Along with Leeds-born <a href="/wiki/Nicola_Adams" title="Nicola Adams">Nicola Adams</a> who in 2012 became the first female athlete to win a boxing gold medal at the Olympics.<a href="#cite_note-231">[229]</a> A number of athletes from or associated with Yorkshire took part in the <a href="/wiki/2012_Summer_Olympics" title="2012 Summer Olympics">2012 Summer Olympics</a> as members of <a href="/wiki/Team_GB" title="Team GB">Team GB</a>; the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Post" class="mw-redirect" title="Yorkshire Post">Yorkshire Post</a> stated that Yorkshire's athletes alone secured more gold medals than those of Spain.<a href="#cite_note-232">[230]</a> Notable Yorkshire athletes include <a href="/wiki/Jessica_Ennis-Hill" title="Jessica Ennis-Hill">Jessica Ennis-Hill</a> and the Brownlee brothers, <a href="/wiki/Jonathan_Brownlee" class="mw-redirect" title="Jonathan Brownlee">Jonathan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Alistair_Brownlee" title="Alistair Brownlee">Alistair</a>. Jessica Ennis-Hill is from <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a> and won gold at the <a href="/wiki/2012_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2012 Olympics">2012 Olympics</a> in London and silver at the <a href="/wiki/2016_Olympics" class="mw-redirect" title="2016 Olympics">2016 Olympics</a> in <a href="/wiki/Rio_de_Janeiro" title="Rio de Janeiro">Rio</a>. <a href="/wiki/Triathlon" title="Triathlon">Triathletes</a> Alastair and Jonny Brownlee have won two golds and a silver and bronze respectively. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Animal_related">Animal related</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=55" title="Edit section: Animal related">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg/310px-York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg" decoding="async" width="310" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg/465px-York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/79/York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg/620px-York_Racecourse_-_geograph.org.uk_-_990886.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="480" /></a><figcaption>York Racecourse</figcaption></figure> Yorkshire has nine horseracing courses: in North Yorkshire there are <a href="/wiki/Catterick_Racecourse" title="Catterick Racecourse">Catterick</a>, <a href="/wiki/Redcar_Racecourse" title="Redcar Racecourse">Redcar</a>, <a href="/wiki/Ripon_Racecourse" title="Ripon Racecourse">Ripon</a>, <a href="/wiki/Thirsk_Racecourse" title="Thirsk Racecourse">Thirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/York_Racecourse" title="York Racecourse">York</a>; in the East Riding of Yorkshire there is <a href="/wiki/Beverley_Racecourse" title="Beverley Racecourse">Beverley</a>; in West Yorkshire there are <a href="/wiki/Pontefract_Racecourse" title="Pontefract Racecourse">Pontefract</a> and <a href="/wiki/Wetherby_Racecourse" title="Wetherby Racecourse">Wetherby</a>; while in South Yorkshire there is <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Racecourse" title="Doncaster Racecourse">Doncaster</a>.<a href="#cite_note-233">[231]</a> England's oldest horse race, which began in 1519, is run each year at <a href="/wiki/Kiplingcotes_Derby" title="Kiplingcotes Derby">Kiplingcotes</a> near <a href="/wiki/Market_Weighton" title="Market Weighton">Market Weighton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-racing-209">[207]</a> Britain's oldest organised <a href="/wiki/Fox_hunt" class="mw-redirect" title="Fox hunt">fox hunt</a> is the <a href="/wiki/Bilsdale" title="Bilsdale">Bilsdale</a>, founded in 1668.<a href="#cite_note-234">[232]</a><a href="#cite_note-235">[233]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Knurr_and_Spell">Knurr and Spell</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=56" title="Edit section: Knurr and Spell">edit</a>]</div> The sport of <a href="/wiki/Knurr_and_Spell" class="mw-redirect" title="Knurr and Spell">Knurr and Spell</a> was unique to the region, being one of the most popular sports in the area during the 18th and 19th centuries, before a decline in the 20th century to virtual obscurity.<a href="#cite_note-236">[234]</a><a href="#cite_note-237">[235]</a><a href="#cite_note-kirklees-238">[236]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Cycling">Cycling</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=57" title="Edit section: Cycling">edit</a>]</div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_(17154442119).jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg/247px-Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg" decoding="async" width="247" height="371" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg/371px-Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/43/Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg/494px-Tour_de_Yorkshire_2015_-_Day_1_%2817154442119%29.jpg 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="1200" /></a><figcaption>Tour de Yorkshire in Bridlington, 2015</figcaption></figure> Yorkshire is considered to be particularly fond of cycling. In 2014 Yorkshire hosted the Grand Départ of the Tour de France. Spectator crowds over the two days were estimated to be of the order of 2.5 million people, making it the highest attended event in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-239">[237]</a> The inaugural <a href="/wiki/Tour_de_Yorkshire" title="Tour de Yorkshire">Tour de Yorkshire</a> was held from 1–3 May 2015,<a href="#cite_note-240">[238]</a> with start and finishes in Bridlington, Leeds, Scarborough, Selby, Wakefield and York,<a href="#cite_note-241">[239]</a> watched by 1.2 million.<a href="#cite_note-242">[240]</a> Yorkshire hosted the <a href="/wiki/2019_UCI_Road_World_Championships" title="2019 UCI Road World Championships">2019 UCI Road World Championships</a> between 22 and 29 September, which were held in Harrogate.<a href="#cite_note-243">[241]</a> Notable racing cyclists from Yorkshire include <a href="/wiki/Brian_Robinson_(cyclist)" title="Brian Robinson (cyclist)">Brian Robinson</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lizzie_Deignan" title="Lizzie Deignan">Lizzie Deignan</a> and <a href="/wiki/Beryl_Burton" title="Beryl Burton">Beryl Burton</a>.<a href="#cite_note-244">[242]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Hockey">Hockey</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=58" title="Edit section: Hockey">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">See also: <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Steelers" title="Sheffield Steelers">Sheffield Steelers</a> and <a href="/wiki/Elite_Ice_Hockey_League" title="Elite Ice Hockey League">Elite Ice Hockey League</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading4"><h4 id="Field">Field</h4>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=59" title="Edit section: Field">edit</a>]</div> Field Hockey is a popular game in Yorkshire with 58 clubs running 271 organised teams.<a href="#cite_note-245">[243]</a> The largest clubs include City of York HC (16 teams), <a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Hockey_Club" title="Doncaster Hockey Club">Doncaster HC</a>, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Hockey_Club" title="Leeds Hockey Club">Leeds HC</a> and <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hockey_Club" title="Sheffield Hockey Club">Sheffield Hallam HC</a> (all 14 teams). The most recent team from Yorkshire to have played in the EH Premier League was <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hallam_Hockey_Club" class="mw-redirect" title="Sheffield Hallam Hockey Club">Sheffield Hallam</a> who finished in 9th place in <a href="/wiki/2013%E2%80%9314_England_Hockey_League_season" title="2013–14 England Hockey League season">2013–14</a>.<a href="#cite_note-246">[244]</a> England and Great Britain's most capped player of all time <a href="/wiki/Barry_Middleton" title="Barry Middleton">Barry Middleton</a> hails from the town of Doncaster.<a href="#cite_note-247">[245]</a> Hockey was formerly organised by the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Hockey_Association" title="Yorkshire Hockey Association">Yorkshire Hockey Association</a> but is now run by Yorkshire & North East Hockey who have run leagues and organised representative teams since September 2021. <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Men's National League Teams (2023–24)<a href="#cite_note-248">[246]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>League </th> <th>Team </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td>MHL Division 1 North </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Hockey_Club" title="Leeds Hockey Club">Leeds</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weetwood_Playing_Fields" title="Weetwood Playing Fields">Weetwood Playing Fields</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="4">MHL Conference North </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rhydding_Hockey_Club" title="Ben Rhydding Hockey Club">Ben Rhydding</a> </td> <td>Coutances Way </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilkley" title="Ilkley">Ilkley</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Hockey_Club" title="Doncaster Hockey Club">Doncaster</a> </td> <td>Town Field Sports Club </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Hockey_Club" title="Sheffield Hockey Club">Sheffield Hallam</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Abbeydale_Park" title="Abbeydale Park">Abbeydale Park</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wakefield </td> <td>College Grove </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr></tbody></table> <table class="wikitable"> <caption>Women's National League Teams (2023–24)<a href="#cite_note-249">[247]</a> </caption> <tbody><tr> <th>League </th> <th>Team </th> <th>Venue </th> <th>Location </th></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">WHL Division 1 North </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ben_Rhydding_Hockey_Club" title="Ben Rhydding Hockey Club">Ben Rhydding</a> </td> <td>Coutances Way </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Ilkley" title="Ilkley">Ilkley</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td>Wakefield </td> <td>College Grove </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Wakefield" title="Wakefield">Wakefield</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td>WHL Conference Midlands </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster_Hockey_Club" title="Doncaster Hockey Club">Doncaster</a> </td> <td>Town Fields Sports Club </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Doncaster" title="Doncaster">Doncaster</a>, South Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td rowspan="2">WHL Conference North </td> <td>Harrogate </td> <td>Granby Hockey Centre </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Harrogate" title="Harrogate">Harrogate</a>, North Yorkshire </td></tr> <tr> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds_Hockey_Club" title="Leeds Hockey Club">Leeds</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Weetwood_Playing_Fields" title="Weetwood Playing Fields">Weetwood Playing Fields</a> </td> <td><a href="/wiki/Leeds" title="Leeds">Leeds</a>, West Yorkshire </td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Other_professional_sports_franchise_teams">Other professional sports franchise teams</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=60" title="Edit section: Other professional sports franchise teams">edit</a>]</div> Sheffield is home to the <a href="/wiki/Sheffield_Sharks" title="Sheffield Sharks">Sheffield Sharks</a> who play in the <a href="/wiki/British_Basketball_League" title="British Basketball League">British Basketball League</a> and, from 2021, <a href="/wiki/Leeds_Rhinos_Netball" title="Leeds Rhinos Netball">Leeds Rhinos</a> have featured in the <a href="/wiki/Netball_Superleague" title="Netball Superleague">Netball Superleague</a>. <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Politics_and_identity">Politics and identity</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=61" title="Edit section: Politics and identity">edit</a>]</div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Constituencies">Constituencies</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=62" title="Edit section: Constituencies">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main article: <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/250px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="276" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/330px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3f/Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg/440px-Wilberforce_john_rising.jpg 2x" data-file-width="450" data-file-height="565" /></a><figcaption><a href="/wiki/William_Wilberforce" title="William Wilberforce">William Wilberforce</a>, leading <a href="/wiki/Abolitionism_in_the_United_Kingdom" title="Abolitionism in the United Kingdom">abolitionist</a>, was the <a href="/wiki/Member_of_Parliament_for_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="Member of Parliament for Yorkshire">MP for Yorkshire</a> between 1784 and 1812.</figcaption></figure> From 1290, Yorkshire was represented by two members of parliament of the <a href="/wiki/British_House_of_Commons" class="mw-redirect" title="British House of Commons">House of Commons</a> of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_England" title="Parliament of England">Parliament of England</a>. After the union with Scotland, two members represented the county in the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_Great_Britain" title="Parliament of Great Britain">Parliament of Great Britain</a> from 1707 to 1800 and of the <a href="/wiki/Parliament_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="Parliament of the United Kingdom">Parliament of the United Kingdom</a> from 1801 to 1832. In 1832 the county benefited from the disfranchisement of <a href="/wiki/Grampound_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Grampound (UK Parliament constituency)">Grampound</a> by taking an additional two members.<a href="#cite_note-mps-250">[248]</a> <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Yorkshire</a> was represented at this time as one single, large, <a href="/wiki/United_Kingdom_constituencies" title="United Kingdom constituencies">county constituency</a>.<a href="#cite_note-mps-250">[248]</a> Like other counties, there were also some <a href="/wiki/Parliamentary_borough" class="mw-redirect" title="Parliamentary borough">parliamentary boroughs</a> within Yorkshire, the oldest of which was the <a href="/wiki/City_of_York_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" class="mw-redirect" title="City of York (UK Parliament constituency)">City of York</a>, which had existed since the ancient <a href="/wiki/Montfort%27s_Parliament" class="mw-redirect" title="Montfort's Parliament">Montfort's Parliament</a> of 1265. After the <a href="/wiki/Reform_Act_1832" title="Reform Act 1832">Reform Act 1832</a>, Yorkshire's political representation in parliament was drawn from its subdivisions, with members of parliament representing each of the three historic Ridings of Yorkshire; <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="East Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">East Riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="North Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">North Riding</a>, and <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">West Riding</a> constituencies.<a href="#cite_note-mps-250">[248]</a> For the <a href="/wiki/1865_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1865 United Kingdom general election">1865 general elections</a> and onwards, the West Riding was further divided into <a href="/wiki/Northern_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Northern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Northern</a>, <a href="/wiki/Eastern_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Eastern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Eastern</a> and <a href="/wiki/Southern_West_Riding_of_Yorkshire_(UK_Parliament_constituency)" title="Southern West Riding of Yorkshire (UK Parliament constituency)">Southern</a> parliamentary constituencies, though these only lasted until the major <a href="/wiki/Redistribution_of_Seats_Act_1885" title="Redistribution of Seats Act 1885">Redistribution of Seats Act 1885</a>.<a href="#cite_note-251">[249]</a> This act saw more localisation of government in the United Kingdom, with the introduction of 26 <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliamentary_constituencies_(1885-1918)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1885-1918)">new parliamentary constituencies</a> within Yorkshire. With the <a href="/wiki/Representation_of_the_People_Act_1918" title="Representation of the People Act 1918">Representation of the People Act 1918</a> there was some reshuffling on a local level for the <a href="/wiki/1918_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="1918 United Kingdom general election">1918 general election</a>, revised again during the <a href="/wiki/List_of_UK_Parliamentary_constituencies_(1955-1974)" class="mw-redirect" title="List of UK Parliamentary constituencies (1955-1974)">1950s</a>.<a href="#cite_note-252">[250]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Distinctive_identity">Distinctive identity</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=63" title="Edit section: Distinctive identity">edit</a>]</div> A number of claims have been made for the distinctiveness of Yorkshire, as a geographical, cultural and political entity, and these have been used to demand increased political autonomy. In the early twentieth century, <a href="/wiki/F._W._Moorman" title="F. W. Moorman">F. W. Moorman</a>, the first professor of English language at <a href="/wiki/Leeds_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Leeds University">Leeds University</a>, claimed Yorkshire was not settled by <a href="/wiki/Angles_(tribe)" title="Angles (tribe)">Angles</a> or <a href="/wiki/Saxons" title="Saxons">Saxons</a> following the end of Roman rule in Britain, but by a different Germanic tribe, the <a href="/wiki/Geats" title="Geats">Geats</a>. As a consequence, he claimed, it is possible the first work of English literature, <a href="/wiki/Beowulf" title="Beowulf">Beowulf</a>, believed to have been composed by Geats, was written in Yorkshire, and this distinctive ethnic and cultural origin is the root of the unique status of Yorkshire today.<a href="#cite_note-moorman-139">[137]</a> One of Moorman's students at Leeds University, <a href="/wiki/Herbert_Read" title="Herbert Read">Herbert Read</a>, was greatly influenced by Moorman's ideas on Yorkshire identity, and claimed that until recent times Yorkshire was effectively an island, cut off from the rest of England by rivers, fens, moors and mountains. This distancing of Yorkshire from England led Read to question whether Yorkshire people were really English at all.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-253">[251]</a> Combined with the suggested ethnic difference from the rest of England, Read quoted Frederic Pearson, who wrote: <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1244412712">.mw-parser-output .templatequote{overflow:hidden;margin:1em 0;padding:0 32px}.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{line-height:1.5em;text-align:left;margin-top:0}@media(min-width:500px){.mw-parser-output .templatequotecite{padding-left:1.6em}}</style><blockquote class="templatequote">There is something characteristic about the very physiognomy of the Yorkshireman. He is much more of a Dane or a Viking than a Saxon. He is usually a big upstanding man, who looks as if he could take care of himself and those who depend upon him in an emergency. This is indeed the character that his neighbours give him; the southerner may think him a little hard: but if ever our country is let down by its inhabitants, we may be sure that it will not be the fault of Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-Pearson-253">[251]</a></blockquote> During the premiership of <a href="/wiki/William_Pitt_the_Younger" title="William Pitt the Younger">William Pitt the Younger</a> the hypothetical idea of Yorkshire becoming independent was raised in the British parliament in relation to the question whether Ireland should become part of the <a href="/wiki/Acts_of_Union_1800" title="Acts of Union 1800">United Kingdom</a>. This resulted in the publication of an anonymous pamphlet in London in 1799 arguing at length that Yorkshire could never be an independent state as it would always be reliant on the rest of the United Kingdom to provide it with essential resources.<a href="#cite_note-254">[252]</a> Although in the devolution debates in the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Commons_of_the_United_Kingdom" title="House of Commons of the United Kingdom">House of Commons</a> of the late 1960s, which paved the way for the 1979 referendums on the creation of a Scottish parliament and Welsh assembly, parallel devolution for Yorkshire was suggested, this was opposed by the <a href="/wiki/Scottish_National_Party" title="Scottish National Party">Scottish National Party</a> Member of Parliament for Hamilton, <a href="/wiki/Winifred_Ewing" class="mw-redirect" title="Winifred Ewing">Winifred Ewing</a>. Ewing argued that it was offensive to Scots to argue that an English region had the same status as an 'ancient nation' such as Scotland.<a href="#cite_note-255">[253]</a> The relationship between Yorkshire and Scottish devolution was again made in 1975 by Richard Wainwright, MP for Colne Valley, who claimed in a speech in the House of Commons: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">The nationalist movement in Scotland is associated with flags, strange costumes, weird music and extravagant ceremonial. When... people go to Yorkshire and find that we have no time for dressing up, waving flags and playing strange instruments—in other words, we are not a lot of Presbyterians in Yorkshire—they should not assume that we do not have the same feelings underneath the skin. Independence in Yorkshire expresses itself in a markedly increasing determination to establish self-reliance.<a href="#cite_note-256">[254]</a></blockquote> Following the local government reforms of 1974, Yorkshire lost its overall sheriff and the ridings lost their lieutenants and administrative counties. Although some government officials<a href="#cite_note-257">[255]</a> and <a href="/wiki/Charles_III_of_the_United_Kingdom" class="mw-redirect" title="Charles III of the United Kingdom">King Charles</a><a href="#cite_note-258">[256]</a> have asserted such reform is not meant to alter the ancient boundaries or cultural loyalties, there are pressure groups such as the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ridings_Society" title="Yorkshire Ridings Society">Yorkshire Ridings Society</a> who want greater recognition for the historic boundaries.<a href="#cite_note-259">[257]</a> In 1998 the Campaign for Yorkshire was established to push for the creation of a Yorkshire regional assembly,<a href="#cite_note-260">[258]</a> sometimes dubbed the Yorkshire Parliament.<a href="#cite_note-261">[259]</a> In its defining statement, the Campaign for Yorkshire made reference to the historical notions that Yorkshire had a distinctive identity: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">Yorkshire and the Humber has distinctive characteristics which make it an ideal test bed for further reform. It has a strong popular identity. The region follows closely the historic boundaries of the three Ridings, and there is no serious debate about boundaries. It possesses strong existing regional partnerships including universities, voluntary and church associations. All this makes it realistic to regard Yorkshire and the Humber as the standard bearer for representative regional government.<a href="#cite_note-262">[260]</a></blockquote> The Campaign for Yorkshire was led by Jane Thomas as Director<a href="#cite_note-263">[261]</a> and Paul Jagger as chairman. Jagger claimed in 1999 that Yorkshire had as much right to a regional parliament or assembly as Scotland and Wales because Yorkshire 'has as clear a sense of identity as Scotland or Wales.'<a href="#cite_note-264">[262]</a> One of those brought into the Campaign for Yorkshire by Jane Thomas was Herbert Read scholar <a href="/wiki/Michael_Paraskos" title="Michael Paraskos">Michael Paraskos</a>, who organised a series of events in 2000 to highlight the distinctiveness of Yorkshire culture. This included a major exhibition of Yorkshire artists.<a href="#cite_note-martin-265">[263]</a> Paraskos also founded a Yorkshire Studies degree course at <a href="/wiki/Hull_University" class="mw-redirect" title="Hull University">Hull University</a>.<a href="#cite_note-266">[264]</a> Interviewed by The Guardian newspaper, Paraskos linked the start of this course to the contemporary devolution debates in Yorkshire, Scotland and Wales, claiming: <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1244412712" /><blockquote class="templatequote">If Yorkshire is arguing for a parliament, there needs to be a cultural argument as well, otherwise why not have a parliament of the north? There is a rediscovery of political and social culture going on in a very similar way to the early assertions of a Scottish identity.<a href="#cite_note-267">[265]</a></blockquote> In March 2013, the Yorkshire Devolution Movement was founded as an active campaign group by Nigel Sollitt, who had administered the social media group by that name since 2011, Gareth Shanks, a member of the social media group, and Stewart Arnold, former Chair of the Campaign for Yorkshire. In September 2013, the executive committee was joined by Richard Honnoraty and Richard Carter (as an advisor), who had also been involved in the Campaign for Yorkshire. The Movement campaigns for a directly elected parliament for the whole of the traditional county of Yorkshire with powers second to no other devolved administration in the UK.<a href="#cite_note-268">[266]</a><a href="#cite_note-ydm-what-269">[267]</a> In 2014, Richard Carter, Stewart Arnold and Richard Honnoraty, founded Yorkshire First, a political party campaigning for the creation of a Yorkshire parliament by 2050 based on the Scottish Parliament. It was later renamed the <a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Party" title="Yorkshire Party">Yorkshire Party</a>.<a href="#cite_note-270">[268]</a> A Social democratic party, it has parish, town, district and county councillors, and stood in 28 constituencies in the <a href="/wiki/2019_United_Kingdom_general_election" title="2019 United Kingdom general election">2019 general election</a>. Yorkshire Party candidates have also run for the position of <a href="/wiki/Directly_elected_mayors_in_England_and_Wales" class="mw-redirect" title="Directly elected mayors in England and Wales">directly elected mayors</a> in <a href="/wiki/Mayor_of_Doncaster" title="Mayor of Doncaster">Doncaster in 2017</a> (receiving 3,235 votes, 5.04%) and the Sheffield City Region in <a href="/wiki/2018_Sheffield_City_Region_mayoral_election" title="2018 Sheffield City Region mayoral election">2018</a> (receiving 22,318 votes, 8.6). <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Monarchy_and_peerage">Monarchy and peerage</h3>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=64" title="Edit section: Monarchy and peerage">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main articles: <a href="/wiki/Kings_of_J%C3%B3rv%C3%ADk" class="mw-redirect" title="Kings of Jórvík">Kings of Jórvík</a>, <a href="/wiki/Earl_of_York" title="Earl of York">Earl of York</a>, <a href="/wiki/Duke_of_York" title="Duke of York">Duke of York</a>, and <a href="/wiki/House_of_York" title="House of York">House of York</a></div> <figure class="mw-default-size" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/File:TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg/220px-TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg" decoding="async" width="220" height="187" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg/330px-TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bf/TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg/440px-TheSingleWhiteRose.jpg 2x" data-file-width="788" data-file-height="669" /></a><figcaption>The <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a> remains as the prime symbol of Yorkshire identity</figcaption></figure> When the territory of Yorkshire began to take shape as a result of the invasion of the Danish Vikings, they instituted a monarchy based at the settlement of Jórvík, York.<a href="#cite_note-271">[269]</a> The reign of the Viking kings came to an end with the last king <a href="/wiki/Eric_Bloodaxe" title="Eric Bloodaxe">Eric Bloodaxe</a> dying in battle in 954 after the invasion and conquest by the <a href="/wiki/Kingdom_of_England" title="Kingdom of England">Kingdom of England</a> from the south. Jórvík was the last of the independent kingdoms to be taken to form part of the Kingdom of England and thus the local monarchal title became defunct.<a href="#cite_note-272">[270]</a> Though the monarchal title became defunct, it was succeeded by the creation of the Earl of York title of nobility<a href="#cite_note-northeasthiss-273">[271]</a> by king of England <a href="/wiki/Edgar_the_Peaceful" class="mw-redirect" title="Edgar the Peaceful">Edgar the Peaceful</a> in 960. (The <a href="/wiki/Earl" title="Earl">earldom</a> covered the general area of Yorkshire and is sometimes referred to as the Earl of Yorkshire.)<a href="#cite_note-northeasthiss-273">[271]</a> The title passed through the hands of various nobles, decided upon by the king of England. The last man to hold the title was <a href="/wiki/William_le_Gros,_1st_Earl_of_Albemarle" class="mw-redirect" title="William le Gros, 1st Earl of Albemarle">William le Gros</a>, however the earldom was abolished by <a href="/wiki/Henry_II_of_England" title="Henry II of England">Henry II</a> as a result of a troubled period known as <a href="/wiki/The_Anarchy" title="The Anarchy">The Anarchy</a>.<a href="#cite_note-274">[272]</a> The peerage was recreated by <a href="/wiki/Edward_III_of_England" title="Edward III of England">Edward III</a> in 1385, this time in the form of the prestigious title of Duke of York which he gave to his son <a href="/wiki/Edmund_of_Langley,_1st_Duke_of_York" title="Edmund of Langley, 1st Duke of York">Edmund of Langley</a>. Edmund founded the House of York; later the title was merged with that of the <a href="/wiki/King_of_England" class="mw-redirect" title="King of England">King of England</a>. Much of the modern-day symbolism of Yorkshire, such as the <a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose of York</a>, is derived from the Yorkists,<a href="#cite_note-whiterosehistory-275">[273]</a> giving the house a special affinity within the <a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yorkshire" title="Culture of Yorkshire">culture of Yorkshire</a>. Especially celebrated is the Yorkist king <a href="/wiki/Richard_III_of_England" title="Richard III of England">Richard III</a> who spent much of his life at <a href="/wiki/Middleham_Castle" title="Middleham Castle">Middleham Castle</a> in Yorkshire.<a href="#cite_note-middleham-42">[41]</a><a href="#cite_note-276">[274]</a> Since that time the title has passed through the hands of many, being merged with the crown and then recreated several times. The title of Duke of York is given to the second son of the <a href="/wiki/British_monarch" class="mw-redirect" title="British monarch">British monarch</a>.<a href="#cite_note-277">[275]</a> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Notable_people">Notable people</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=65" title="Edit section: Notable people">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236090951" /><div role="note" class="hatnote navigation-not-searchable">Main listing: <a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Yorkshire" title="List of people from Yorkshire">List of people from Yorkshire</a></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="See_also">See also</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=66" title="Edit section: See also">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1266661725">.mw-parser-output .portalbox{padding:0;margin:0.5em 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//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/b/be/Flag_of_England.svg/64px-Flag_of_England.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="800" data-file-height="480" /><a href="/wiki/Portal:England" title="Portal:England">England portal</a></li><li class="portalbox-entry"><a href="/wiki/File:Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img alt="flag" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/32px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png" decoding="async" width="32" height="19" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/48px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/db/Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg/64px-Flag_of_Yorkshire.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="600" data-file-height="360" /></a><a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Yorkshire portal</a></li></ul> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1184024115" /><div class="div-col" style="column-width: 30em;"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Outline_of_England" title="Outline of England">Outline of England</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_collieries_in_Yorkshire_(1984%E2%80%932015)" title="List of collieries in Yorkshire (1984–2015)">List of collieries in Yorkshire (1984–2015)</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_Commissioners%27_churches_in_Yorkshire" title="List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire">List of Commissioners' churches in Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lord_Lieutenant_of_Yorkshire" title="Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire">Lord Lieutenant of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Royal_Yorkshire_Regiment" title="Royal Yorkshire Regiment">Royal Yorkshire Regiment</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Ambulance_Service" title="Yorkshire Ambulance Service">Yorkshire Ambulance Service</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_and_the_Humber" title="Yorkshire and the Humber">Yorkshire and the Humber</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_coast_fishery" title="Yorkshire coast fishery">Yorkshire coast fishery</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Forward" title="Yorkshire Forward">Yorkshire Forward</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_pudding" title="Yorkshire pudding">Yorkshire pudding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Society" title="Yorkshire Society">Yorkshire Society</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Terrier" title="Yorkshire Terrier">Yorkshire Terrier</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Wolds" title="Yorkshire Wolds">Yorkshire Wolds</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Air_Ambulance" title="Yorkshire Air Ambulance">Yorkshire Air Ambulance</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Historic_counties_of_England" title="Historic counties of England">Historic counties of England</a></li></ul></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Explanatory_notes">Explanatory notes</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=67" title="Edit section: Explanatory notes">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1239543626">.mw-parser-output .reflist{margin-bottom:0.5em;list-style-type:decimal}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .reflist{font-size:90%}}.mw-parser-output .reflist .references{font-size:100%;margin-bottom:0;list-style-type:inherit}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-2{column-width:30em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns-3{column-width:25em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns{margin-top:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns ol{margin-top:0}.mw-parser-output .reflist-columns li{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-alpha{list-style-type:upper-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-upper-roman{list-style-type:upper-roman}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-alpha{list-style-type:lower-alpha}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-greek{list-style-type:lower-greek}.mw-parser-output .reflist-lower-roman{list-style-type:lower-roman}</style><div class="reflist reflist-lower-alpha"> <div class="mw-references-wrap"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-4"><a href="#cite_ref-4">^</a> Some areas at the edges of the historic county are not within the four ceremonial counties named after Yorkshire, having been transferred to neighbouring counties for administrative and ceremonial purposes, notably in 1974 when areas were incorporated into the ceremonial counties of <a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a>, <a href="/wiki/Cumbria" title="Cumbria">Cumbria</a>, <a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a> and <a href="/wiki/Greater_Manchester" title="Greater Manchester">Greater Manchester</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-45"><a href="#cite_ref-45">^</a> Though the <a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a> were fought between royal houses bearing the names of York and Lancaster, the wars took place over a wide area of England. They were a dynastic clash between cadet branches of the <a href="/wiki/House_of_Plantagenet" title="House of Plantagenet">House of Plantagenet</a>. The most prominent family in Yorkshire, below the monarchy, the Nevilles of <a href="/wiki/Sheriff_Hutton" title="Sheriff Hutton">Sheriff Hutton</a> and <a href="/wiki/Middleham" title="Middleham">Middleham</a>, fought for the Yorkists, as did the Scropes of <a href="/wiki/Bolton,_East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="Bolton, East Riding of Yorkshire">Bolton</a>, the Latimers of <a href="/wiki/Danby,_North_Yorkshire" title="Danby, North Yorkshire">Danby</a> and <a href="/wiki/Snape,_North_Yorkshire" title="Snape, North Yorkshire">Snape</a>, as well as the Mowbrays of <a href="/wiki/Thirsk" title="Thirsk">Thirsk</a> and <a href="/wiki/Burton_in_Lonsdale" title="Burton in Lonsdale">Burton in Lonsdale</a>. Yet some fought for the Lancastrians, such as the Percies, the Cliffords of <a href="/wiki/Skipton" title="Skipton">Skipton</a>, Ros of <a href="/wiki/Helmsley" title="Helmsley">Helmsley</a>, Greystock of <a href="/wiki/Henderskelfe" title="Henderskelfe">Henderskelfe</a>, Stafford of <a href="/wiki/Holderness" title="Holderness">Holderness</a>, and Talbot of <a href="/wiki/Sheffield" title="Sheffield">Sheffield</a>. </li> </ol></div></div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> </div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="References">References</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=68" title="Edit section: References">edit</a>]</div> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239543626" /><div class="reflist"> <div class="mw-references-wrap mw-references-columns"><ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-special22222-1"><a href="#cite_ref-special22222_1-0">^</a> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1238218222">.mw-parser-output cite.citation{font-style:inherit;word-wrap:break-word}.mw-parser-output .citation q{quotes:"\"""\"""'""'"}.mw-parser-output .citation:target{background-color:rgba(0,127,255,0.133)}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-free.id-lock-free a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/6/65/Lock-green.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited.id-lock-limited a,.mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration.id-lock-registration a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/d/d6/Lock-gray-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription.id-lock-subscription a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/a/aa/Lock-red-alt-2.svg")right 0.1em center/9px no-repeat}.mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background:url("//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/4c/Wikisource-logo.svg")right 0.1em center/12px no-repeat}body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-free a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-limited a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-registration a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .id-lock-subscription a,body:not(.skin-timeless):not(.skin-minerva) .mw-parser-output .cs1-ws-icon a{background-size:contain;padding:0 1em 0 0}.mw-parser-output .cs1-code{color:inherit;background:inherit;border:none;padding:inherit}.mw-parser-output .cs1-hidden-error{display:none;color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-visible-error{color:var(--color-error,#d33)}.mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{display:none;color:#085;margin-left:0.3em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-left{padding-left:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .cs1-kern-right{padding-right:0.2em}.mw-parser-output .citation .mw-selflink{font-weight:inherit}@media screen{.mw-parser-output .cs1-format{font-size:95%}html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .cs1-maint{color:#18911f}}</style><cite id="CITEREFAllen2006" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Liam (1 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm">"What's so special about Yorkshire?"</a>. 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Retrieved 25 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Historical+Society+for+Leeds+and+District&rft.pub=Thoresby.org.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.thoresby.org.uk%2Fhistory.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-54"><a href="#cite_ref-54">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.nrm.org.uk/">"National Railway Museum, York"</a>. NRM.org.uk. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20110225213233/http://nrm.org.uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 25 February 2011. 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Retrieved 25 November 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Harrogate%2C+Yorkshire+Spa+town&rft.pub=Great-British.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.great-britain.co.uk%2Fregions%2Fyorkshire%2Fharrogat.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-1888act-56">^ <a href="#cite_ref-1888act_56-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-1888act_56-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://legislation.gov.uk/ukpga/1888/41/">"Local Government Act 1888"</a>. <a href="/wiki/Legislation.gov.uk" title="Legislation.gov.uk">legislation.gov.uk</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_National_Archives_(United_Kingdom)" title="The National Archives (United Kingdom)">The National Archives</a>. 1888 c. 41. Retrieved 9 March 2024.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=legislation.gov.uk&rft.atitle=Local+Government+Act+1888&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Flegislation.gov.uk%2Fukpga%2F1888%2F41%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-57"><a href="#cite_ref-57">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFHalpenny1982" class="citation book cs1"><a href="/wiki/Bruce_Barrymore_Halpenny" title="Bruce Barrymore Halpenny">Halpenny, Bruce Barrymore</a> (1982). Action Stations: Military Airfields of Yorkshire v. 4. PSL. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-0-85059-532-1" title="Special:BookSources/978-0-85059-532-1"><bdi>978-0-85059-532-1</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Action+Stations%3A+Military+Airfields+of+Yorkshire+v.+4&rft.pub=PSL&rft.date=1982&rft.isbn=978-0-85059-532-1&rft.aulast=Halpenny&rft.aufirst=Bruce+Barrymore&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-genukiorg-58">^ <a href="#cite_ref-genukiorg_58-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genukiorg_58-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-genukiorg_58-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/">"Yorkshire Geology"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+Geology&rft.pub=Genuki.org&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.genuki.org.uk%2Fbig%2Feng%2FYKS%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-rivers-59">^ <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-2">c</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-3">d</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-4">e</a> <a href="#cite_ref-rivers_59-5">f</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBritish_Canoe_Union,_YorkshireHumberside_Region,_Access_and_Recreation_Committeesprepared_by_Mike_TwiggsDavid_Taylor1992" class="citation book cs1">British Canoe Union, Yorkshire; Humberside Region, Access and Recreation Committees; prepared by Mike Twiggs & David Taylor (1992). Yorkshire Rivers: A Canoeists Guide. Menasha Ridge Press. <a href="/wiki/ISBN_(identifier)" class="mw-redirect" title="ISBN (identifier)">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-16-7" title="Special:BookSources/978-1-871890-16-7"><bdi>978-1-871890-16-7</bdi></a>.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=book&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+Rivers%3A+A+Canoeists+Guide&rft.pub=Menasha+Ridge+Press&rft.date=1992&rft.isbn=978-1-871890-16-7&rft.au=British+Canoe+Union%2C+Yorkshire&rft.au=Humberside+Region%2C+Access+and+Recreation+Committees&rft.au=prepared+by+Mike+Twiggs&rft.au=David+Taylor&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-special2222-60"><a href="#cite_ref-special2222_60-0">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFAllen2006" class="citation news cs1">Allen, Liam (1 August 2006). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/5234444.stm">"What's so special about Yorkshire?"</a>. 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Natural England. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/aonbs/">the original</a> on 23 December 2008. Retrieved 3 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Areas+of+Outstanding+Natural+Beauty&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.countryside.gov.uk%2FLAR%2FLandscape%2FDL%2Faonbs%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-63"><a href="#cite_ref-63">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080625042855/http://www.countryside.gov.uk/LAR/Landscape/DL/heritage_coasts/index.asp">"Heritage Coasts"</a>. Natural England. 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Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=North+Yorkshire+Heritage+Coast&rft.pub=Britain+Express&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.britainexpress.com%2Fcountryside%2Fcoast%2Fnorth-yorkshire.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-67"><a href="#cite_ref-67">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1007241.aspx">"Moor House-Upper Teesdale NNR"</a>. Natural England. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20091003212918/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designatedareas/nnr/1007241.aspx">Archived</a> from the original on 3 October 2009. Retrieved 16 July 2009.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Moor+House-Upper+Teesdale+NNR&rft.pub=Natural+England&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.naturalengland.org.uk%2Fourwork%2Fconservation%2Fdesignatedareas%2Fnnr%2F1007241.aspx&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-68"><a href="#cite_ref-68">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://blog.gooutdoors.co.uk/15-waterfalls-visit-in-the-uk">"15 Waterfalls to Visit in the UK"</a>. Go Outdoors. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200612194426/https://blog.gooutdoors.co.uk/15-waterfalls-visit-in-the-uk/">Archived</a> from the original on 12 June 2020. 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ITV. 2 November 2022. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20221102150235/https://www.itv.com/news/calendar/2022-11-02/king-charles-to-visit-yorkshire-full-list-of-locations">Archived</a> from the original on 2 November 2022. Retrieved 3 November 2022.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Where+will+King+Charles+III+visit+during+his+first+trip+to+Yorkshire+as+monarch%3F&rft.pub=ITV&rft.date=2022-11-02&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.itv.com%2Fnews%2Fcalendar%2F2022-11-02%2Fking-charles-to-visit-yorkshire-full-list-of-locations&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-78"><a href="#cite_ref-78">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation news cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-61505857">"Platinum Jubilee: Eight towns to be made cities for Platinum Jubilee"</a>. BBC News. 20 May 2022. 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Retrieved 13 June 2020.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=A+Vision+of+Britain+Through+Time&rft.atitle=Kingston+upon+Hull+UA%2FCity%3A+Total+Population&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.visionofbritain.org.uk%2Fdata_cube_page.jsp%3Fdata_theme%3DT_POP%26data_cube%3DN_TOT_POP%26u_id%3D10168387%26c_id%3D10001043%26add%3DN&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-80"><a href="#cite_ref-80">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette26947" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26947/page/1689">"No. 26947"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 14 March 1898. p. 1689.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26947&rft.pages=1689&rft.date=1898-03-14&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26947%2Fpage%2F1689&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-LeedsSheffield-81">^ <a href="#cite_ref-LeedsSheffield_81-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-LeedsSheffield_81-1">b</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFGazette26374" class="citation magazine cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.thegazette.co.uk/London/issue/26374/page/944">"No. 26374"</a>. <a href="/wiki/The_London_Gazette" title="The London Gazette">The London Gazette</a>. 21 February 1893. p. 944.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=article&rft.jtitle=The+London+Gazette&rft.atitle=No.+26374&rft.pages=944&rft.date=1893-02-21&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.thegazette.co.uk%2FLondon%2Fissue%2F26374%2Fpage%2F944&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-82"><a href="#cite_ref-82">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFBeckett2017" class="citation book cs1">Beckett, John (2017). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://books.google.com/books?id=dzErDwAAQBAJ">City Status in the British Isles, 1830–2002</a>. 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Retrieved 19 June 2017.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Yorkshire+Public+Transportation+Statistics&rft.pub=Global+Public+Transit+Index+by+Moovit&rft_id=https%3A%2F%2Fmoovitapp.com%2Finsights%2Fen%2FMoovit_Insights_Public_Transit_Index_United_Kingdom_Yorkshire-2109&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> <a href="/wiki/File:CC_BY_icon.svg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/50px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="50" height="18" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/75px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/e/e1/CC_BY_icon.svg/100px-CC_BY_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="88" data-file-height="31" /></a> Material was copied from this source, which is available under a <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20171016050101/https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/">Archived</a> 16 October 2017 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a>. </li> <li id="cite_note-121"><a href="#cite_ref-121">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.britainexpress.com/counties/yorkshire/castles/index.htm">"Castles in Yorkshire"</a>. 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Retrieved 28 May 2008.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=Visit+Bradford&rft.atitle=1853+Gallery&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.visitbradford.com%2Fthedms-search.asp%3Fdms%3D13%26campaign%3D0%26feature%3D1%26venue%3D1580799%26easi%3Dtrue&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-favyorksrecipe-161">^ <a href="#cite_ref-favyorksrecipe_161-0">a</a> <a href="#cite_ref-favyorksrecipe_161-1">b</a> <a href="#cite_ref-favyorksrecipe_161-2">c</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation book cs1">Favourite Yorkshire Recipes. 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Retrieved 10 February 2017. <q>Yorkshire has been announced by the BFI as the winner of National Lottery funding, aimed at encouraging emerging screen sector hubs</q></cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Ajournal&rft.genre=unknown&rft.jtitle=The+Knowledge+Online&rft.atitle=Yorkshire+wins+funding+to+grow+film+hub&rft.date=2016-10-02&rft.aulast=Daniels&rft.aufirst=Nia&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.theknowledgeonline.com%2Fthe-knowledge-bulletin%2Fpost%2F2016%2F02%2F10%2Fyorkshire-wins-new-funding-to-grow-as-film-hub&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-194"><a href="#cite_ref-194">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite id="CITEREFTravis2016" class="citation news cs1">Travis, Ben (28 August 2016). <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.standard.co.uk/stayingin/tvfilm/victoria-itv-cast-locations-and-four-other-things-you-need-to-know-about-the-period-drama-a3330801.html">"Victoria, ITV: cast, locations, and four other things you need to know about the period drama"</a>. 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Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+White+Rose+of+Yorkshire&rft.pub=YorkshireHistory.com&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.yorkshirehistory.com%2Fyorkshirerose.htm&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-276"><a href="#cite_ref-276">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20071124043401/http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/">"Why a Yorkshire Branch Site?"</a>. Richard III Society – Yorkshire Branch. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk/">the original</a> on 24 November 2007. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=Why+a+Yorkshire+Branch+Site%3F&rft.pub=Richard+III+Society+%E2%80%93+Yorkshire+Branch&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.richardiiiyorkshire.co.uk%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> <li id="cite_note-277"><a href="#cite_ref-277">^</a> <link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1238218222" /><cite class="citation web cs1"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20080319081521/http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/">"The Dukes of the Peerage of the United Kingdom: Duke of York"</a>. UKDukes.co.uk. Archived from <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.ukdukes.co.uk/the_dukes/the_duke_of_york/">the original</a> on 19 March 2008. Retrieved 24 October 2007.</cite><span title="ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info%3Aofi%2Ffmt%3Akev%3Amtx%3Abook&rft.genre=unknown&rft.btitle=The+Dukes+of+the+Peerage+of+the+United+Kingdom%3A+Duke+of+York&rft.pub=UKDukes.co.uk&rft_id=http%3A%2F%2Fwww.ukdukes.co.uk%2Fthe_dukes%2Fthe_duke_of_york%2F&rfr_id=info%3Asid%2Fen.wikipedia.org%3AYorkshire" class="Z3988"> </li> </ol></div></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="External_links">External links</h2>[<a href="/w/index.php?title=Yorkshire&action=edit&section=69" title="Edit section: External links">edit</a>]</div> <style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1235681985">.mw-parser-output .side-box{margin:4px 0;box-sizing:border-box;border:1px solid #aaa;font-size:88%;line-height:1.25em;background-color:var(--background-color-interactive-subtle,#f8f9fa);display:flow-root}.mw-parser-output .side-box-abovebelow,.mw-parser-output .side-box-text{padding:0.25em 0.9em}.mw-parser-output .side-box-image{padding:2px 0 2px 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.sister-link{display:inline-block;margin-left:4px;width:182px;vertical-align:middle}@media print{body.ns-0 .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox{display:none!important}}@media screen{html.skin-theme-clientpref-night .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}@media screen and (prefers-color-scheme:dark){html.skin-theme-clientpref-os .mw-parser-output .sistersitebox img[src*="Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg"]{background-color:white}}</style><div role="navigation" aria-labelledby="sister-projects" class="side-box metadata side-box-right sister-box sistersitebox plainlinks"><style data-mw-deduplicate="TemplateStyles:r1126788409">.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul{line-height:inherit;list-style:none;margin:0;padding:0}.mw-parser-output .plainlist ol li,.mw-parser-output .plainlist ul li{margin-bottom:0}</style> <div class="side-box-abovebelow"> Yorkshire at Wikipedia's <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:Wikimedia_sister_projects" title="Wikipedia:Wikimedia sister projects">sister projects</a></div> <div class="side-box-flex"> <div class="side-box-text plainlist"><ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/40px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/0/06/Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg/60px-Wiktionary-logo-v2.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="391" data-file-height="391" /><a href="https://en.wiktionary.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="wikt:Special:Search/Yorkshire">Definitions</a> from Wiktionary</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/20px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/40px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="c:Category:Yorkshire">Media</a> from Commons</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/27px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/41px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/24/Wikinews-logo.svg/54px-Wikinews-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="759" data-file-height="415" /><a href="https://en.wikinews.org/wiki/Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="n:Yorkshire">News</a> from Wikinews</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/23px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="23" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikiquote-logo.svg/35px-Wikiquote-logo.svg.png 1.5x, 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srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/41px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Wikibooks-logo.svg/54px-Wikibooks-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="300" data-file-height="300" /><a href="https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="b:Special:Search/Yorkshire">Textbooks</a> from Wikibooks</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/27px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="22" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/41px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0b/Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg/54px-Wikiversity_logo_2017.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="626" data-file-height="512" /><a href="https://en.wikiversity.org/wiki/Special:Search/Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="v:Special:Search/Yorkshire">Resources</a> from Wikiversity</li><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/40px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="27" height="27" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/dd/Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg/60px-Wikivoyage-Logo-v3-icon.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="193" data-file-height="193" /><a href="https://en.wikivoyage.org/wiki/Yorkshire" class="extiw" title="voy:Yorkshire">Travel information</a> from Wikivoyage</li></ul></div></div> </div> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://yorkshireriverangler.com/yorkshire/">Images of Yorkshire</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20200925073105/https://yorkshireriverangler.com/yorkshire/">Archived</a> 25 September 2020 at the <a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20140521035135/http://www.britannia.com/history/yorkshire/">The History of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.yorkshire-dialect.org/">Samples of Yorkshire Dialect</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.theoriginalrecord.com/database/search/decade/127">Yorkshire Inquisitions 1275–1295</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.genuki.org.uk/big/eng/YKS/">Yorkshire</a>: historical and genealogical information at <a href="/wiki/GENUKI" title="GENUKI">GENUKI</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://cudl.lib.cam.ac.uk/view/PR-ATLAS-00002-00061-00001/64">John Speed's proof map of Yorkshire</a> made between 1603 and 1611, in <a href="/wiki/Cambridge_Digital_Library" title="Cambridge Digital Library">Cambridge Digital Library</a></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorkshire_rose.svg/23px-Yorkshire_rose.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0a/Yorkshire_rose.svg/30px-Yorkshire_rose.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="276" data-file-height="264" /> <a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yorkshire</a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/Ceremonial_counties_of_England" title="Ceremonial counties of England">Ceremonial counties</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Yorkshire" title="North Yorkshire">North Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/South_Yorkshire" title="South Yorkshire">South Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Yorkshire" title="West Yorkshire">West Yorkshire</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%"><a href="/wiki/History_of_local_government_in_Yorkshire" title="History of local government in Yorkshire">Historic divisions</a></th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Ainsty" title="Ainsty">Ainsty</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_wapentakes_in_Yorkshire" title="List of wapentakes in Yorkshire">Wapentakes</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/High_Sheriff_of_Yorkshire" class="mw-redirect" title="High Sheriff of Yorkshire">High Sheriffs</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Geography</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Geology_of_Yorkshire" title="Geology of Yorkshire">Geology of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Topographical_areas_of_Yorkshire" title="Topographical areas of Yorkshire">Topographical areas of Yorkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_places_in_Yorkshire" title="List of places in Yorkshire">Cities, towns and villages</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">History</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/History_of_Yorkshire" title="History of Yorkshire">History</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Brigantes" title="Brigantes">Brigantia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Parisii_(Yorkshire)" class="mw-redirect" title="Parisii (Yorkshire)">Parisiorum</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Roman_Britain" title="Roman Britain">Britannia</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Elmet" title="Elmet">Elmet</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/History_of_York" title="History of York">Ebrauc</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Deira" title="Deira">Deira</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumbria" title="Northumbria">Northumbria</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Scandinavian_York" title="Scandinavian York">Jórvík</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wars_of_the_Roses" title="Wars of the Roses">Wars of the Roses</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/1931_Dogger_Bank_earthquake" title="1931 Dogger Bank earthquake">Dogger Bank earthquake</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">Culture and heritage</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Culture_of_Yorkshire" title="Culture of Yorkshire">Culture</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_dialect" title="Yorkshire dialect">Dialect</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Tourism_in_Yorkshire" title="Tourism in Yorkshire">Tourism</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/On_Ilkla_Moor_Baht_%27at" title="On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at">On Ilkla Moor Baht 'at</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/List_of_people_from_Yorkshire" title="List of people from Yorkshire">People</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Flags_and_symbols_of_Yorkshire" title="Flags and symbols of Yorkshire">Flags and symbols</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/White_Rose_of_York" title="White Rose of York">White Rose</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Yorkshire_Day" title="Yorkshire Day">Yorkshire Day</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/God%27s_Own_Country#Yorkshire" title="God's Own Country">God's Own County/Country</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr><tr><td class="navbox-abovebelow" colspan="2"><div> <ul><li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/16px-People_icon.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/24px-People_icon.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/37/People_icon.svg/32px-People_icon.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="100" data-file-height="100" /> <a href="/wiki/Wikipedia:WikiProject_Yorkshire" title="Wikipedia:WikiProject Yorkshire">WikiProject</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/File:Symbol_portal_class.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Portal"><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/20px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/e/e2/Symbol_portal_class.svg/40px-Symbol_portal_class.svg.png 1.5x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /></a> <a href="/wiki/Portal:Yorkshire" title="Portal:Yorkshire">Portal</a></li> <li><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/16px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png" decoding="async" width="16" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/23px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/en/thumb/9/96/Symbol_category_class.svg/31px-Symbol_category_class.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="180" data-file-height="185" /> <a href="/wiki/Category:Yorkshire" title="Category:Yorkshire">Category</a></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1236075235" /></div><div role="navigation" class="navbox" aria-labelledby="before_1889_←_Counties_of_England_(1889–1974)_→_1974–1996176" style="padding:3px"><table class="nowraplinks mw-collapsible autocollapse navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit"><tbody><tr><th scope="col" class="navbox-title" colspan="2"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1239400231" /><div class="navbar plainlinks hlist navbar-mini"><ul><li class="nv-view"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/1889" title="Template:England counties/1889"><abbr title="View this template">v</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-talk"><a href="/wiki/Template_talk:England_counties/1889" title="Template talk:England counties/1889"><abbr title="Discuss this template">t</abbr></a></li><li class="nv-edit"><a href="/wiki/Special:EditPage/Template:England_counties/1889" title="Special:EditPage/Template:England counties/1889"><abbr title="Edit this template">e</abbr></a></li></ul></div><div id="before_1889_←_Counties_of_England_(1889–1974)_→_1974–1996176" style="font-size:114%;margin:0 4em"><a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/ancient" title="Template:England counties/ancient">before 1889</a> ← <a href="/wiki/Counties_of_England" title="Counties of England">Counties of England</a> (1889–1974) → <a href="/wiki/Template:England_counties/1974" title="Template:England counties/1974">1974–1996</a></div></th></tr><tr><td colspan="2" class="navbox-list navbox-odd hlist" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"> <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Bedfordshire" title="Bedfordshire">Bedfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Berkshire" title="Berkshire">Berkshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Buckinghamshire" title="Buckinghamshire">Buckinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire" title="Cambridgeshire">Cambridgeshire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Ely" title="Isle of Ely">Isle of Ely</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cambridgeshire_and_Isle_of_Ely" title="Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely">Cambridgeshire and Isle of Ely</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cheshire" title="Cheshire">Cheshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cornwall" title="Cornwall">Cornwall</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Cumberland" title="Cumberland">Cumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Derbyshire" title="Derbyshire">Derbyshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Devon" title="Devon">Devon</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Dorset" title="Dorset">Dorset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_Durham" title="County Durham">Durham</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Essex" title="Essex">Essex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Gloucestershire" title="Gloucestershire">Gloucestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hampshire" title="Hampshire">Hampshire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Isle_of_Wight" title="Isle of Wight">Isle of Wight</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Herefordshire" title="Herefordshire">Herefordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Hertfordshire" title="Hertfordshire">Hertfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdonshire" title="Huntingdonshire">Huntingdonshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Huntingdon_and_Peterborough" title="Huntingdon and Peterborough">Huntingdon and Peterborough</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Kent" title="Kent">Kent</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lancashire" title="Lancashire">Lancashire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Leicestershire" title="Leicestershire">Leicestershire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Lincolnshire" title="Lincolnshire">Lincolnshire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Holland" title="Parts of Holland">Parts of Holland</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kesteven" title="Kesteven">Parts of Kesteven</a> and <a href="/wiki/Parts_of_Lindsey" title="Parts of Lindsey">Parts of Lindsey</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/County_of_London" title="County of London">London</a> (including <a href="/wiki/City_of_London" title="City of London">City of London</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Middlesex" title="Middlesex">Middlesex</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Norfolk" title="Norfolk">Norfolk</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northamptonshire" title="Northamptonshire">Northamptonshire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/Soke_of_Peterborough" title="Soke of Peterborough">Soke of Peterborough</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Northumberland" title="Northumberland">Northumberland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Nottinghamshire" title="Nottinghamshire">Nottinghamshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Oxfordshire" title="Oxfordshire">Oxfordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Rutland" title="Rutland">Rutland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Shropshire" title="Shropshire">Shropshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Somerset" title="Somerset">Somerset</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Staffordshire" title="Staffordshire">Staffordshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Suffolk" title="Suffolk">Suffolk</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Suffolk_(county)" title="East Suffolk (county)">East Suffolk</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Suffolk_(county)" title="West Suffolk (county)">West Suffolk</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Surrey" title="Surrey">Surrey</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Sussex" title="Sussex">Sussex</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Sussex" title="East Sussex">East Sussex</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Sussex" title="West Sussex">West Sussex</a>)</li> <li><a href="/wiki/Warwickshire" title="Warwickshire">Warwickshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Westmorland" title="Westmorland">Westmorland</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Wiltshire" title="Wiltshire">Wiltshire</a></li> <li><a href="/wiki/Worcestershire" title="Worcestershire">Worcestershire</a></li> <li><a class="mw-selflink selflink">Yorkshire</a> (including <a href="/wiki/East_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="East Riding of Yorkshire">East Riding</a>, <a href="/wiki/North_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="North Riding of Yorkshire">North Riding</a> and <a href="/wiki/West_Riding_of_Yorkshire" title="West Riding of Yorkshire">West Riding</a>)</li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></div> <div class="navbox-styles"><link rel="mw-deduplicated-inline-style" href="mw-data:TemplateStyles:r1129693374" /><link 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/></a></div></th></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">International</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-odd" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://viaf.org/viaf/135974050">VIAF</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.oclc.org/worldcat/entity/E39PCjJ8ChpgWjHgRQr3TcXtyq">WorldCat</a></li></ul></div></td></tr><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group" style="width:1%">National</th><td class="navbox-list-with-group navbox-list navbox-even" style="width:100%;padding:0"><div style="padding:0 0.25em"><ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://d-nb.info/gnd/4079436-2">Germany</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://id.loc.gov/authorities/n81050764">United States</a></li><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" 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