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cdx-typeahead-search--auto-expand-width"> <form action="/w/index.php" id="searchform" class="cdx-search-input cdx-search-input--has-end-button"> <div id="simpleSearch" class="cdx-search-input__input-wrapper" data-search-loc="header-moved"> <div class="cdx-text-input cdx-text-input--has-start-icon"> <input class="cdx-text-input__input" type="search" name="search" placeholder="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" aria-label="Meklēt Vikipēdijā" autocapitalize="sentences" title="Meklēt Vikipēdijā [f]" accesskey="f" id="searchInput" > <span class="cdx-text-input__icon cdx-text-input__start-icon"></span> </div> <input type="hidden" name="title" value="Special:Search"> </div> <button class="cdx-button cdx-search-input__end-button">Meklēt</button> </form> </div> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-user-links vector-user-links-wide" aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki"> <div class="vector-user-links-main"> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-preferences" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-userpage" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown " title="Change the appearance of the page's font size, width, and color" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-appearance-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Izskats" > <label id="vector-appearance-dropdown-label" for="vector-appearance-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-appearance mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-appearance"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Izskats</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-notifications" class="vector-menu mw-portlet emptyPortlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-vector-user-menu-overflow" class="vector-menu mw-portlet" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv" class=""><span>Ziedojumi</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-createaccount-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Piens" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti." class=""><span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a> </li> <li id="pt-login-2" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item user-links-collapsible-item"><a data-mw="interface" href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Piens" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o" class=""><span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> <div id="vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown vector-user-menu vector-button-flush-right vector-user-menu-logged-out" title="Vairāk iespēju" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-user-links-dropdown" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Dalībnieka rīki" > <label id="vector-user-links-dropdown-label" for="vector-user-links-dropdown-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-ellipsis mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-ellipsis"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Dalībnieka rīki</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="p-personal" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-personal user-links-collapsible-item" title="Dalībnieka izvēlne" > <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-sitesupport" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="//donate.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:FundraiserRedirector?utm_source=donate&utm_medium=sidebar&utm_campaign=C13_lv.wikipedia.org&uselang=lv"><span>Ziedojumi</span></a></li><li id="pt-createaccount" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CreateAccount&returnto=Piens" title="Ieteicams izveidot kontu un pieslēgties; tomēr tas nav obligāti."><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-userAdd mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-userAdd"></span> <span>Izveidot jaunu Vikipēdijas kontu</span></a></li><li id="pt-login" class="user-links-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:UserLogin&returnto=Piens" title="Aicinām tevi ieiet Vikipēdijā, tomēr tas nav obligāti. [o]" accesskey="o"><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-logIn mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-logIn"></span> <span>Ieiet Vikipēdijā</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-user-menu-anon-editor" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-user-menu-anon-editor" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Lapas redaktoriem, kuri nav pieslēgušies <a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Ievads" aria-label="Uzzini vairāk par rediģēšanu"><span>uzzināt vairāk</span></a> </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="pt-anoncontribs" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyContributions" title="Labojumi, kas veikti no šīs IP adreses [y]" accesskey="y"><span>Devums</span></a></li><li id="pt-anontalk" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:MyTalk" title="Diskusija par labojumiem, kas izdarīti no šīs IP adreses [n]" accesskey="n"><span>Diskusijas</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </header> </div> <div class="mw-page-container"> <div class="mw-page-container-inner"> <div class="vector-sitenotice-container"> <div id="siteNotice"></div> </div> <div class="vector-column-start"> <div class="vector-main-menu-container"> <div id="mw-navigation"> <nav id="mw-panel" class="vector-main-menu-landmark" aria-label="Vietne"> <div id="vector-main-menu-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav id="mw-panel-toc" aria-label="Saturs" data-event-name="ui.sidebar-toc" class="mw-table-of-contents-container vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-toc-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-toc" class="vector-toc vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-toc-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="toc-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-toc" > <h2 class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Saturs</h2> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-toc.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> <ul class="vector-toc-contents" id="mw-panel-toc-list"> <li id="toc-mw-content-text" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1"> <a href="#" class="vector-toc-link"> <div class="vector-toc-text">Sākums</div> </a> </li> <li id="toc-Patērēšanas_veidi" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Patērēšanas_veidi"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1</span> <span>Patērēšanas veidi</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Patērēšanas_veidi-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Patērēšanas veidi apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Patērēšanas_veidi-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Barība_zīdītāju_mazuļiem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Barība_zīdītāju_mazuļiem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.1</span> <span>Barība zīdītāju mazuļiem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Barība_zīdītāju_mazuļiem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Pārtikas_produkts_cilvēkiem" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Pārtikas_produkts_cilvēkiem"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">1.2</span> <span>Pārtikas produkts cilvēkiem</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Pārtikas_produkts_cilvēkiem-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Vēsture" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Vēsture"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">2</span> <span>Vēsture</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Vēsture-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ķīmiskais_sastāvs" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ķīmiskais_sastāvs"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">3</span> <span>Ķīmiskais sastāvs</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ķīmiskais_sastāvs-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Citu_dzīvnieku_piens" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Citu_dzīvnieku_piens"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">4</span> <span>Citu dzīvnieku piens</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Citu_dzīvnieku_piens-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Piena_īpašības" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piena_īpašības"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">5</span> <span>Piena īpašības</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piena_īpašības-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ražošana_mūsdienās" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ražošana_mūsdienās"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">6</span> <span>Ražošana mūsdienās</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ražošana_mūsdienās-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Uzturvērtība_un_veselības_aspekti" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Uzturvērtība_un_veselības_aspekti"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7</span> <span>Uzturvērtība un veselības aspekti</span> </div> </a> <button aria-controls="toc-Uzturvērtība_un_veselības_aspekti-sublist" class="cdx-button cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only vector-toc-toggle"> <span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-expand"></span> <span>Pārslēgt Uzturvērtība un veselības aspekti apakšsadaļu</span> </button> <ul id="toc-Uzturvērtība_un_veselības_aspekti-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> <li id="toc-Piena_piesārņotāji" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-2"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Piena_piesārņotāji"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">7.1</span> <span>Piena piesārņotāji</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Piena_piesārņotāji-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Mitoloģijā" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Mitoloģijā"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">8</span> <span>Mitoloģijā</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Mitoloģijā-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Atsauces" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Atsauces"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">9</span> <span>Atsauces</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Atsauces-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> <li id="toc-Ārējās_saites" class="vector-toc-list-item vector-toc-level-1 vector-toc-list-item-expanded"> <a class="vector-toc-link" href="#Ārējās_saites"> <div class="vector-toc-text"> <span class="vector-toc-numb">10</span> <span>Ārējās saites</span> </div> </a> <ul id="toc-Ārējās_saites-sublist" class="vector-toc-list"> </ul> </li> </ul> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div class="mw-content-container"> <main id="content" class="mw-body"> <header class="mw-body-header vector-page-titlebar"> <nav aria-label="Saturs" class="vector-toc-landmark"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown vector-page-titlebar-toc vector-button-flush-left" > <input type="checkbox" id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-vector-page-titlebar-toc" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox " aria-label="Pārslēgt satura rādītāju" > <label id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-label" for="vector-page-titlebar-toc-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--icon-only " aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-listBullet mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-listBullet"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">Pārslēgt satura rādītāju</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div id="vector-page-titlebar-toc-unpinned-container" class="vector-unpinned-container"> </div> </div> </div> </nav> <h1 id="firstHeading" class="firstHeading mw-first-heading"><span class="mw-page-title-main">Piens</span></h1> <div id="p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown mw-portlet mw-portlet-lang" > <input type="checkbox" id="p-lang-btn-checkbox" role="button" aria-haspopup="true" data-event-name="ui.dropdown-p-lang-btn" class="vector-dropdown-checkbox mw-interlanguage-selector" aria-label="Pāriet uz rakstu citā valodā. Pieejams 215 valodās" > <label id="p-lang-btn-label" for="p-lang-btn-checkbox" class="vector-dropdown-label cdx-button cdx-button--fake-button cdx-button--fake-button--enabled cdx-button--weight-quiet cdx-button--action-progressive mw-portlet-lang-heading-215" aria-hidden="true" ><span class="vector-icon mw-ui-icon-language-progressive mw-ui-icon-wikimedia-language-progressive"></span> <span class="vector-dropdown-label-text">215 valodas</span> </label> <div class="vector-dropdown-content"> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-af mw-list-item"><a href="https://af.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – afrikandu" lang="af" hreflang="af" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Afrikaans" data-language-local-name="afrikandu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Afrikaans</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-als mw-list-item"><a href="https://als.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – Šveices vācu" lang="gsw" hreflang="gsw" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Alemannisch" data-language-local-name="Šveices vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Alemannisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-am mw-list-item"><a href="https://am.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%8B%88%E1%89%B0%E1%89%B5" title="ወተት – amharu" lang="am" hreflang="am" data-title="ወተት" data-language-autonym="አማርኛ" data-language-local-name="amharu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>አማርኛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-an mw-list-item"><a href="https://an.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leit" title="Leit – aragoniešu" lang="an" hreflang="an" data-title="Leit" data-language-autonym="Aragonés" data-language-local-name="aragoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aragonés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ang mw-list-item"><a href="https://ang.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meolc" title="Meolc – senangļu" lang="ang" hreflang="ang" data-title="Meolc" data-language-autonym="Ænglisc" data-language-local-name="senangļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ænglisc</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ar mw-list-item"><a href="https://ar.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AD%D9%84%D9%8A%D8%A8" title="حليب – arābu" lang="ar" hreflang="ar" data-title="حليب" data-language-autonym="العربية" data-language-local-name="arābu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>العربية</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arc mw-list-item"><a href="https://arc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DC%9A%DC%A0%DC%92%DC%90_(%DC%95%DC%9D%DC%98%DC%92%DC%90)" title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܕܝܘܒܐ) – aramiešu" lang="arc" hreflang="arc" data-title="ܚܠܒܐ (ܕܝܘܒܐ)" data-language-autonym="ܐܪܡܝܐ" data-language-local-name="aramiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ܐܪܡܝܐ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-arz mw-list-item"><a href="https://arz.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D9%84%D8%A8%D9%86" title="لبن – Egyptian Arabic" lang="arz" hreflang="arz" data-title="لبن" data-language-autonym="مصرى" data-language-local-name="Egyptian Arabic" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مصرى</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-as mw-list-item"><a href="https://as.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%97%E0%A6%BE%E0%A6%96%E0%A7%80%E0%A7%B0" title="গাখীৰ – asamiešu" lang="as" hreflang="as" data-title="গাখীৰ" data-language-autonym="অসমীয়া" data-language-local-name="asamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>অসমীয়া</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ast mw-list-item"><a href="https://ast.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lleche" title="Lleche – astūriešu" lang="ast" hreflang="ast" data-title="Lleche" data-language-autonym="Asturianu" data-language-local-name="astūriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Asturianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-atj mw-list-item"><a href="https://atj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tcotcocanapo" title="Tcotcocanapo – atikameku" lang="atj" hreflang="atj" data-title="Tcotcocanapo" data-language-autonym="Atikamekw" data-language-local-name="atikameku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Atikamekw</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-awa mw-list-item"><a href="https://awa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – avadhu" lang="awa" hreflang="awa" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="अवधी" data-language-local-name="avadhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>अवधी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ay mw-list-item"><a href="https://ay.wikipedia.org/wiki/Millk%27i" title="Millk'i – aimaru" lang="ay" hreflang="ay" data-title="Millk'i" data-language-autonym="Aymar aru" data-language-local-name="aimaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Aymar aru</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-az mw-list-item"><a href="https://az.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCd" title="Süd – azerbaidžāņu" lang="az" hreflang="az" data-title="Süd" data-language-autonym="Azərbaycanca" data-language-local-name="azerbaidžāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Azərbaycanca</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-azb mw-list-item"><a href="https://azb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B3%D9%88%D8%AF" title="سود – South Azerbaijani" lang="azb" hreflang="azb" data-title="سود" data-language-autonym="تۆرکجه" data-language-local-name="South Azerbaijani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>تۆرکجه</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ba mw-list-item"><a href="https://ba.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Һөт – baškīru" lang="ba" hreflang="ba" data-title="Һөт" data-language-autonym="Башҡортса" data-language-local-name="baškīru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Башҡортса</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ban mw-list-item"><a href="https://ban.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – baliešu" lang="ban" hreflang="ban" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Basa Bali" data-language-local-name="baliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Bali</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bar mw-list-item"><a href="https://bar.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muich" title="Muich – Bavarian" lang="bar" hreflang="bar" data-title="Muich" data-language-autonym="Boarisch" data-language-local-name="Bavarian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Boarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bat-smg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bat-smg.wikipedia.org/wiki/P%C4%97ins" title="Pėins – Samogitian" lang="sgs" hreflang="sgs" data-title="Pėins" data-language-autonym="Žemaitėška" data-language-local-name="Samogitian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Žemaitėška</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bcl mw-list-item"><a href="https://bcl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – Central Bikol" lang="bcl" hreflang="bcl" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Bikol Central" data-language-local-name="Central Bikol" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bikol Central</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be mw-list-item"><a href="https://be.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Малако – baltkrievu" lang="be" hreflang="be" data-title="Малако" data-language-autonym="Беларуская" data-language-local-name="baltkrievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-be-x-old mw-list-item"><a href="https://be-tarask.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%B0%D0%BB%D0%B0%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Малако – Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" lang="be-tarask" hreflang="be-tarask" data-title="Малако" data-language-autonym="Беларуская (тарашкевіца)" data-language-local-name="Belarusian (Taraškievica orthography)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Беларуская (тарашкевіца)</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bew mw-list-item"><a href="https://bew.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laban" title="Laban – Betawi" lang="bew" hreflang="bew" data-title="Laban" data-language-autonym="Betawi" data-language-local-name="Betawi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Betawi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bg mw-list-item"><a href="https://bg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D1%8F%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Мляко – bulgāru" lang="bg" hreflang="bg" data-title="Мляко" data-language-autonym="Български" data-language-local-name="bulgāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Български</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bh mw-list-item"><a href="https://bh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Bhojpuri" lang="bh" hreflang="bh" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="भोजपुरी" data-language-local-name="Bhojpuri" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>भोजपुरी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bjn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bjn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banyu_susu" title="Banyu susu – Banjar" lang="bjn" hreflang="bjn" data-title="Banyu susu" data-language-autonym="Banjar" data-language-local-name="Banjar" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Banjar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bm mw-list-item"><a href="https://bm.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C9%94n%C9%94" title="Nɔnɔ – bambaru" lang="bm" hreflang="bm" data-title="Nɔnɔ" data-language-autonym="Bamanankan" data-language-local-name="bambaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bamanankan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bn mw-list-item"><a href="https://bn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A6%A6%E0%A7%81%E0%A6%A7" title="দুধ – bengāļu" lang="bn" hreflang="bn" data-title="দুধ" data-language-autonym="বাংলা" data-language-local-name="bengāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>বাংলা</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-br mw-list-item"><a href="https://br.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laezh" title="Laezh – bretoņu" lang="br" hreflang="br" data-title="Laezh" data-language-autonym="Brezhoneg" data-language-local-name="bretoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Brezhoneg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bs mw-list-item"><a href="https://bs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – bosniešu" lang="bs" hreflang="bs" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Bosanski" data-language-local-name="bosniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bosanski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-bxr mw-list-item"><a href="https://bxr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%BA%D2%AF%D0%BD" title="Һүн – Russia Buriat" lang="bxr" hreflang="bxr" data-title="Һүн" data-language-autonym="Буряад" data-language-local-name="Russia Buriat" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Буряад</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ca badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://ca.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llet" title="Llet – katalāņu" lang="ca" hreflang="ca" data-title="Llet" data-language-autonym="Català" data-language-local-name="katalāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Català</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cdo mw-list-item"><a href="https://cdo.wikipedia.org/wiki/N%C3%A8ng" title="Nèng – Mindong" lang="cdo" hreflang="cdo" data-title="Nèng" data-language-autonym="閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄" data-language-local-name="Mindong" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩東語 / Mìng-dĕ̤ng-ngṳ̄</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ce mw-list-item"><a href="https://ce.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шура – čečenu" lang="ce" hreflang="ce" data-title="Шура" data-language-autonym="Нохчийн" data-language-local-name="čečenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Нохчийн</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ceb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ceb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas_(pagkaon)" title="Gatas (pagkaon) – sebuāņu" lang="ceb" hreflang="ceb" data-title="Gatas (pagkaon)" data-language-autonym="Cebuano" data-language-local-name="sebuāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cebuano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-chy mw-list-item"><a href="https://chy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matana" title="Matana – šejenu" lang="chy" hreflang="chy" data-title="Matana" data-language-autonym="Tsetsêhestâhese" data-language-local-name="šejenu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tsetsêhestâhese</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ckb mw-list-item"><a href="https://ckb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1" title="شیر – centrālkurdu" lang="ckb" hreflang="ckb" data-title="شیر" data-language-autonym="کوردی" data-language-local-name="centrālkurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>کوردی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-co mw-list-item"><a href="https://co.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latti" title="Latti – korsikāņu" lang="co" hreflang="co" data-title="Latti" data-language-autonym="Corsu" data-language-local-name="korsikāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Corsu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cs mw-list-item"><a href="https://cs.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9ko" title="Mléko – čehu" lang="cs" hreflang="cs" data-title="Mléko" data-language-autonym="Čeština" data-language-local-name="čehu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Čeština</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-csb mw-list-item"><a href="https://csb.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ml%C3%A9k%C3%B2" title="Mlékò – kašubu" lang="csb" hreflang="csb" data-title="Mlékò" data-language-autonym="Kaszëbsczi" data-language-local-name="kašubu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kaszëbsczi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cu mw-list-item"><a href="https://cu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – baznīcslāvu" lang="cu" hreflang="cu" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ" data-language-local-name="baznīcslāvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Словѣньскъ / ⰔⰎⰑⰂⰡⰐⰠⰔⰍⰟ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cv mw-list-item"><a href="https://cv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%C4%95%D1%82" title="Сĕт – čuvašu" lang="cv" hreflang="cv" data-title="Сĕт" data-language-autonym="Чӑвашла" data-language-local-name="čuvašu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Чӑвашла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-cy mw-list-item"><a href="https://cy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Llaeth" title="Llaeth – velsiešu" lang="cy" hreflang="cy" data-title="Llaeth" data-language-autonym="Cymraeg" data-language-local-name="velsiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Cymraeg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-da mw-list-item"><a href="https://da.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A6lk" title="Mælk – dāņu" lang="da" hreflang="da" data-title="Mælk" data-language-autonym="Dansk" data-language-local-name="dāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dansk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dag mw-list-item"><a href="https://dag.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bihim" title="Bihim – Dagbani" lang="dag" hreflang="dag" data-title="Bihim" data-language-autonym="Dagbanli" data-language-local-name="Dagbani" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Dagbanli</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-de mw-list-item"><a href="https://de.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – vācu" lang="de" hreflang="de" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Deutsch" data-language-local-name="vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Deutsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-diq mw-list-item"><a href="https://diq.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C4%B1t" title="Şıt – Zazaki" lang="diq" hreflang="diq" data-title="Şıt" data-language-autonym="Zazaki" data-language-local-name="Zazaki" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Zazaki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-dty mw-list-item"><a href="https://dty.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – Doteli" lang="dty" hreflang="dty" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="डोटेली" data-language-local-name="Doteli" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>डोटेली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-el mw-list-item"><a href="https://el.wikipedia.org/wiki/%CE%93%CE%AC%CE%BB%CE%B1" title="Γάλα – grieķu" lang="el" hreflang="el" data-title="Γάλα" data-language-autonym="Ελληνικά" data-language-local-name="grieķu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ελληνικά</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-en mw-list-item"><a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – angļu" lang="en" hreflang="en" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="English" data-language-local-name="angļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eo badge-Q17437798 badge-goodarticle mw-list-item" title="labs raksts"><a href="https://eo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakto" title="Lakto – esperanto" lang="eo" hreflang="eo" data-title="Lakto" data-language-autonym="Esperanto" data-language-local-name="esperanto" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Esperanto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-es badge-Q17437796 badge-featuredarticle mw-list-item" title="vērtīgs raksts"><a href="https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leche" title="Leche – spāņu" lang="es" hreflang="es" data-title="Leche" data-language-autonym="Español" data-language-local-name="spāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Español</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-et mw-list-item"><a href="https://et.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piim" title="Piim – igauņu" lang="et" hreflang="et" data-title="Piim" data-language-autonym="Eesti" data-language-local-name="igauņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Eesti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-eu mw-list-item"><a href="https://eu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Esne" title="Esne – basku" lang="eu" hreflang="eu" data-title="Esne" data-language-autonym="Euskara" data-language-local-name="basku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Euskara</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ext mw-list-item"><a href="https://ext.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lechi" title="Lechi – Extremaduran" lang="ext" hreflang="ext" data-title="Lechi" data-language-autonym="Estremeñu" data-language-local-name="Extremaduran" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Estremeñu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fa mw-list-item"><a href="https://fa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%DB%8C%D8%B1_(%D8%AE%D9%88%D8%B1%D8%A7%DA%A9%DB%8C)" title="شیر (خوراکی) – persiešu" lang="fa" hreflang="fa" data-title="شیر (خوراکی)" data-language-autonym="فارسی" data-language-local-name="persiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>فارسی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fi mw-list-item"><a href="https://fi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maito" title="Maito – somu" lang="fi" hreflang="fi" data-title="Maito" data-language-autonym="Suomi" data-language-local-name="somu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Suomi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fiu-vro mw-list-item"><a href="https://fiu-vro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piim" title="Piim – Võro" lang="vro" hreflang="vro" data-title="Piim" data-language-autonym="Võro" data-language-local-name="Võro" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Võro</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fj mw-list-item"><a href="https://fj.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sucu" title="Sucu – fidžiešu" lang="fj" hreflang="fj" data-title="Sucu" data-language-autonym="Na Vosa Vakaviti" data-language-local-name="fidžiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Na Vosa Vakaviti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fo mw-list-item"><a href="https://fo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lk" title="Mjólk – fēru" lang="fo" hreflang="fo" data-title="Mjólk" data-language-autonym="Føroyskt" data-language-local-name="fēru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Føroyskt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fr mw-list-item"><a href="https://fr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – franču" lang="fr" hreflang="fr" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Français" data-language-local-name="franču" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Français</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-frr mw-list-item"><a href="https://frr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moolk" title="Moolk – ziemeļfrīzu" lang="frr" hreflang="frr" data-title="Moolk" data-language-autonym="Nordfriisk" data-language-local-name="ziemeļfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nordfriisk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fur mw-list-item"><a href="https://fur.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat" title="Lat – friūlu" lang="fur" hreflang="fur" data-title="Lat" data-language-autonym="Furlan" data-language-local-name="friūlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Furlan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-fy mw-list-item"><a href="https://fy.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molke" title="Molke – rietumfrīzu" lang="fy" hreflang="fy" data-title="Molke" data-language-autonym="Frysk" data-language-local-name="rietumfrīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Frysk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ga mw-list-item"><a href="https://ga.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainne" title="Bainne – īru" lang="ga" hreflang="ga" data-title="Bainne" data-language-autonym="Gaeilge" data-language-local-name="īru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaeilge</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gan mw-list-item"><a href="https://gan.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6" title="奶 – Gan" lang="gan" hreflang="gan" data-title="奶" data-language-autonym="贛語" data-language-local-name="Gan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>贛語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gcr mw-list-item"><a href="https://gcr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dil%C3%A8t" title="Dilèt – Guianan Creole" lang="gcr" hreflang="gcr" data-title="Dilèt" data-language-autonym="Kriyòl gwiyannen" data-language-local-name="Guianan Creole" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kriyòl gwiyannen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gd mw-list-item"><a href="https://gd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainne" title="Bainne – skotu gēlu" lang="gd" hreflang="gd" data-title="Bainne" data-language-autonym="Gàidhlig" data-language-local-name="skotu gēlu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gàidhlig</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gl mw-list-item"><a href="https://gl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leite" title="Leite – galisiešu" lang="gl" hreflang="gl" data-title="Leite" data-language-autonym="Galego" data-language-local-name="galisiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Galego</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gn mw-list-item"><a href="https://gn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kamby" title="Kamby – gvaranu" lang="gn" hreflang="gn" data-title="Kamby" data-language-autonym="Avañe'ẽ" data-language-local-name="gvaranu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Avañe'ẽ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-got mw-list-item"><a href="https://got.wikipedia.org/wiki/%F0%90%8C%BC%F0%90%8C%B9%F0%90%8C%BB%F0%90%8C%BF%F0%90%8C%BA%F0%90%8D%83" title="𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃 – gotu" lang="got" hreflang="got" data-title="𐌼𐌹𐌻𐌿𐌺𐍃" data-language-autonym="𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺" data-language-local-name="gotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>𐌲𐌿𐍄𐌹𐍃𐌺</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gu mw-list-item"><a href="https://gu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AA%A6%E0%AB%82%E0%AA%A7" title="દૂધ – gudžaratu" lang="gu" hreflang="gu" data-title="દૂધ" data-language-autonym="ગુજરાતી" data-language-local-name="gudžaratu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ગુજરાતી</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-guc mw-list-item"><a href="https://guc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leechi" title="Leechi – Wayuu" lang="guc" hreflang="guc" data-title="Leechi" data-language-autonym="Wayuunaiki" data-language-local-name="Wayuu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Wayuunaiki</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-gv mw-list-item"><a href="https://gv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bainney" title="Bainney – meniešu" lang="gv" hreflang="gv" data-title="Bainney" data-language-autonym="Gaelg" data-language-local-name="meniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Gaelg</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ha mw-list-item"><a href="https://ha.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madara" title="Madara – hausu" lang="ha" hreflang="ha" data-title="Madara" data-language-autonym="Hausa" data-language-local-name="hausu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hausa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-he mw-list-item"><a href="https://he.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%97%D7%9C%D7%91" title="חלב – ivrits" lang="he" hreflang="he" data-title="חלב" data-language-autonym="עברית" data-language-local-name="ivrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>עברית</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hi mw-list-item"><a href="https://hi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – hindi" lang="hi" hreflang="hi" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="हिन्दी" data-language-local-name="hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>हिन्दी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hif mw-list-item"><a href="https://hif.wikipedia.org/wiki/Duudh" title="Duudh – Fiji Hindi" lang="hif" hreflang="hif" data-title="Duudh" data-language-autonym="Fiji Hindi" data-language-local-name="Fiji Hindi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Fiji Hindi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hr mw-list-item"><a href="https://hr.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – horvātu" lang="hr" hreflang="hr" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Hrvatski" data-language-local-name="horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Hrvatski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ht mw-list-item"><a href="https://ht.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A8t_(likid)" title="Lèt (likid) – haitiešu" lang="ht" hreflang="ht" data-title="Lèt (likid)" data-language-autonym="Kreyòl ayisyen" data-language-local-name="haitiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kreyòl ayisyen</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hu mw-list-item"><a href="https://hu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tej" title="Tej – ungāru" lang="hu" hreflang="hu" data-title="Tej" data-language-autonym="Magyar" data-language-local-name="ungāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Magyar</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-hy mw-list-item"><a href="https://hy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D4%BF%D5%A1%D5%A9" title="Կաթ – armēņu" lang="hy" hreflang="hy" data-title="Կաթ" data-language-autonym="Հայերեն" data-language-local-name="armēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Հայերեն</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ia mw-list-item"><a href="https://ia.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lacte" title="Lacte – interlingva" lang="ia" hreflang="ia" data-title="Lacte" data-language-autonym="Interlingua" data-language-local-name="interlingva" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Interlingua</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-iba mw-list-item"><a href="https://iba.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tusu" title="Tusu – ibanu" lang="iba" hreflang="iba" data-title="Tusu" data-language-autonym="Jaku Iban" data-language-local-name="ibanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jaku Iban</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-id mw-list-item"><a href="https://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – indonēziešu" lang="id" hreflang="id" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Indonesia" data-language-local-name="indonēziešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Indonesia</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ik mw-list-item"><a href="https://ik.wikipedia.org/wiki/Immuk" title="Immuk – inupiaku" lang="ik" hreflang="ik" data-title="Immuk" data-language-autonym="Iñupiatun" data-language-local-name="inupiaku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Iñupiatun</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ilo mw-list-item"><a href="https://ilo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – iloku" lang="ilo" hreflang="ilo" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Ilokano" data-language-local-name="iloku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ilokano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-inh mw-list-item"><a href="https://inh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B0" title="Шура – ingušu" lang="inh" hreflang="inh" data-title="Шура" data-language-autonym="ГӀалгӀай" data-language-local-name="ingušu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ГӀалгӀай</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-io mw-list-item"><a href="https://io.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lakto" title="Lakto – ido" lang="io" hreflang="io" data-title="Lakto" data-language-autonym="Ido" data-language-local-name="ido" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ido</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-is mw-list-item"><a href="https://is.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B3lk" title="Mjólk – islandiešu" lang="is" hreflang="is" data-title="Mjólk" data-language-autonym="Íslenska" data-language-local-name="islandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Íslenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-it mw-list-item"><a href="https://it.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latte" title="Latte – itāļu" lang="it" hreflang="it" data-title="Latte" data-language-autonym="Italiano" data-language-local-name="itāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Italiano</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ja mw-list-item"><a href="https://ja.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3" title="乳 – japāņu" lang="ja" hreflang="ja" data-title="乳" data-language-autonym="日本語" data-language-local-name="japāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>日本語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jam mw-list-item"><a href="https://jam.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – Jamaican Creole English" lang="jam" hreflang="jam" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Patois" data-language-local-name="Jamaican Creole English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Patois</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jbo mw-list-item"><a href="https://jbo.wikipedia.org/wiki/ladru" title="ladru – ložbans" lang="jbo" hreflang="jbo" data-title="ladru" data-language-autonym="La .lojban." data-language-local-name="ložbans" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>La .lojban.</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-jv mw-list-item"><a href="https://jv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – javiešu" lang="jv" hreflang="jv" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Jawa" data-language-local-name="javiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Jawa</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ka mw-list-item"><a href="https://ka.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%A0%E1%83%AB%E1%83%94" title="რძე – gruzīnu" lang="ka" hreflang="ka" data-title="რძე" data-language-autonym="ქართული" data-language-local-name="gruzīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ქართული</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kab mw-list-item"><a href="https://kab.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ayefki" title="Ayefki – kabilu" lang="kab" hreflang="kab" data-title="Ayefki" data-language-autonym="Taqbaylit" data-language-local-name="kabilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taqbaylit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kbp mw-list-item"><a href="https://kbp.wikipedia.org/wiki/Naal%C9%A9m" title="Naalɩm – Kabiye" lang="kbp" hreflang="kbp" data-title="Naalɩm" data-language-autonym="Kabɩyɛ" data-language-local-name="Kabiye" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kabɩyɛ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kcg mw-list-item"><a href="https://kcg.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%CC%B1baan_(a%CC%B1sa%CC%B1khwot)" title="A̱baan (a̱sa̱khwot) – katabu" lang="kcg" hreflang="kcg" data-title="A̱baan (a̱sa̱khwot)" data-language-autonym="Tyap" data-language-local-name="katabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tyap</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kge mw-list-item"><a href="https://kge.wikipedia.org/wiki/Puan" title="Puan – Komering" lang="kge" hreflang="kge" data-title="Puan" data-language-autonym="Kumoring" data-language-local-name="Komering" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kumoring</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kk mw-list-item"><a href="https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – kazahu" lang="kk" hreflang="kk" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Қазақша" data-language-local-name="kazahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Қазақша</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kn mw-list-item"><a href="https://kn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%B9%E0%B2%BE%E0%B2%B2%E0%B3%81" title="ಹಾಲು – kannadu" lang="kn" hreflang="kn" data-title="ಹಾಲು" data-language-autonym="ಕನ್ನಡ" data-language-local-name="kannadu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ಕನ್ನಡ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ko mw-list-item"><a href="https://ko.wikipedia.org/wiki/%EC%A0%96" title="젖 – korejiešu" lang="ko" hreflang="ko" data-title="젖" data-language-autonym="한국어" data-language-local-name="korejiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>한국어</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-krc mw-list-item"><a href="https://krc.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D1%8E%D1%82" title="Сют – karačaju un balkāru" lang="krc" hreflang="krc" data-title="Сют" data-language-autonym="Къарачай-малкъар" data-language-local-name="karačaju un balkāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Къарачай-малкъар</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ks mw-list-item"><a href="https://ks.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%DB%84%D8%AF" title="دۄد – kašmiriešu" lang="ks" hreflang="ks" data-title="دۄد" data-language-autonym="कॉशुर / کٲشُر" data-language-local-name="kašmiriešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>कॉशुर / کٲشُر</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ksh mw-list-item"><a href="https://ksh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milesch" title="Milesch – Ķelnes vācu" lang="ksh" hreflang="ksh" data-title="Milesch" data-language-autonym="Ripoarisch" data-language-local-name="Ķelnes vācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ripoarisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ku mw-list-item"><a href="https://ku.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%9E%C3%AEr" title="Şîr – kurdu" lang="ku" hreflang="ku" data-title="Şîr" data-language-autonym="Kurdî" data-language-local-name="kurdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kurdî</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-kw mw-list-item"><a href="https://kw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leth" title="Leth – korniešu" lang="kw" hreflang="kw" data-title="Leth" data-language-autonym="Kernowek" data-language-local-name="korniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kernowek</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ky mw-list-item"><a href="https://ky.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – kirgīzu" lang="ky" hreflang="ky" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Кыргызча" data-language-local-name="kirgīzu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Кыргызча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-la mw-list-item"><a href="https://la.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lac" title="Lac – latīņu" lang="la" hreflang="la" data-title="Lac" data-language-autonym="Latina" data-language-local-name="latīņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Latina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lad mw-list-item"><a href="https://lad.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leche" title="Leche – ladino" lang="lad" hreflang="lad" data-title="Leche" data-language-autonym="Ladino" data-language-local-name="ladino" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ladino</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lb mw-list-item"><a href="https://lb.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ABllech" title="Mëllech – luksemburgiešu" lang="lb" hreflang="lb" data-title="Mëllech" data-language-autonym="Lëtzebuergesch" data-language-local-name="luksemburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lëtzebuergesch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lfn mw-list-item"><a href="https://lfn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lete" title="Lete – Lingua Franca Nova" lang="lfn" hreflang="lfn" data-title="Lete" data-language-autonym="Lingua Franca Nova" data-language-local-name="Lingua Franca Nova" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingua Franca Nova</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-li mw-list-item"><a href="https://li.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%A8lk" title="Mèlk – limburgiešu" lang="li" hreflang="li" data-title="Mèlk" data-language-autonym="Limburgs" data-language-local-name="limburgiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Limburgs</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lij mw-list-item"><a href="https://lij.wikipedia.org/wiki/L%C3%A6te" title="Læte – Ligurian" lang="lij" hreflang="lij" data-title="Læte" data-language-autonym="Ligure" data-language-local-name="Ligurian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ligure</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lmo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lmo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lat" title="Lat – Lombard" lang="lmo" hreflang="lmo" data-title="Lat" data-language-autonym="Lombard" data-language-local-name="Lombard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lombard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ln mw-list-item"><a href="https://ln.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%ADliki" title="Míliki – lingala" lang="ln" hreflang="ln" data-title="Míliki" data-language-autonym="Lingála" data-language-local-name="lingala" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lingála</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lo mw-list-item"><a href="https://lo.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%BA%99%E0%BA%BB%E0%BA%A1" title="ນົມ – laosiešu" lang="lo" hreflang="lo" data-title="ນົມ" data-language-autonym="ລາວ" data-language-local-name="laosiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ລາວ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-lt mw-list-item"><a href="https://lt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pienas" title="Pienas – lietuviešu" lang="lt" hreflang="lt" data-title="Pienas" data-language-autonym="Lietuvių" data-language-local-name="lietuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Lietuvių</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mai mw-list-item"><a href="https://mai.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – maithili" lang="mai" hreflang="mai" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="मैथिली" data-language-local-name="maithili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मैथिली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-map-bms mw-list-item"><a href="https://map-bms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – Banyumasan" lang="jv-x-bms" hreflang="jv-x-bms" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Basa Banyumasan" data-language-local-name="Banyumasan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Basa Banyumasan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mdf mw-list-item"><a href="https://mdf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D1%84%D1%86%D0%B0" title="Лофца – mokšu" lang="mdf" hreflang="mdf" data-title="Лофца" data-language-autonym="Мокшень" data-language-local-name="mokšu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Мокшень</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mg mw-list-item"><a href="https://mg.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronono" title="Ronono – malagasu" lang="mg" hreflang="mg" data-title="Ronono" data-language-autonym="Malagasy" data-language-local-name="malagasu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Malagasy</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mi mw-list-item"><a href="https://mi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wai%C5%AB" title="Waiū – maoru" lang="mi" hreflang="mi" data-title="Waiū" data-language-autonym="Māori" data-language-local-name="maoru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Māori</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-min mw-list-item"><a href="https://min.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – minangkabavu" lang="min" hreflang="min" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Minangkabau" data-language-local-name="minangkabavu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Minangkabau</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mk mw-list-item"><a href="https://mk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – maķedoniešu" lang="mk" hreflang="mk" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Македонски" data-language-local-name="maķedoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Македонски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ml mw-list-item"><a href="https://ml.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B4%AA%E0%B4%BE%E0%B5%BD" title="പാൽ – malajalu" lang="ml" hreflang="ml" data-title="പാൽ" data-language-autonym="മലയാളം" data-language-local-name="malajalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>മലയാളം</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D2%AF" title="Сүү – mongoļu" lang="mn" hreflang="mn" data-title="Сүү" data-language-autonym="Монгол" data-language-local-name="mongoļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Монгол</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mr mw-list-item"><a href="https://mr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%82%E0%A4%A7" title="दूध – marathu" lang="mr" hreflang="mr" data-title="दूध" data-language-autonym="मराठी" data-language-local-name="marathu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>मराठी</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ms mw-list-item"><a href="https://ms.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – malajiešu" lang="ms" hreflang="ms" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Bahasa Melayu" data-language-local-name="malajiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Bahasa Melayu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mwl mw-list-item"><a href="https://mwl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lheite" title="Lheite – mirandiešu" lang="mwl" hreflang="mwl" data-title="Lheite" data-language-autonym="Mirandés" data-language-local-name="mirandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Mirandés</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-my mw-list-item"><a href="https://my.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%80%94%E1%80%AD%E1%80%AF%E1%80%B7" title="နို့ – birmiešu" lang="my" hreflang="my" data-title="နို့" data-language-autonym="မြန်မာဘာသာ" data-language-local-name="birmiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>မြန်မာဘာသာ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-myv mw-list-item"><a href="https://myv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9B%D0%BE%D0%B2%D1%81%D0%BE" title="Ловсо – erzju" lang="myv" hreflang="myv" data-title="Ловсо" data-language-autonym="Эрзянь" data-language-local-name="erzju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Эрзянь</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-mzn mw-list-item"><a href="https://mzn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%AF%D9%90%D8%B1" title="گِر – mazanderāņu" lang="mzn" hreflang="mzn" data-title="گِر" data-language-autonym="مازِرونی" data-language-local-name="mazanderāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>مازِرونی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nah mw-list-item"><a href="https://nah.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chichihualatl" title="Chichihualatl – Nahuatl" lang="nah" hreflang="nah" data-title="Chichihualatl" data-language-autonym="Nāhuatl" data-language-local-name="Nahuatl" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nāhuatl</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – lejasvācu" lang="nds" hreflang="nds" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Plattdüütsch" data-language-local-name="lejasvācu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Plattdüütsch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nds-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nds-nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – lejassakšu" lang="nds-NL" hreflang="nds-NL" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Nedersaksies" data-language-local-name="lejassakšu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nedersaksies</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ne mw-list-item"><a href="https://ne.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%A7" title="दुध – nepāliešu" lang="ne" hreflang="ne" data-title="दुध" data-language-autonym="नेपाली" data-language-local-name="nepāliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाली</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-new mw-list-item"><a href="https://new.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%A6%E0%A5%81%E0%A4%B0%E0%A5%81" title="दुरु – nevaru" lang="new" hreflang="new" data-title="दुरु" data-language-autonym="नेपाल भाषा" data-language-local-name="nevaru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>नेपाल भाषा</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nl mw-list-item"><a href="https://nl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk_(drank)" title="Melk (drank) – holandiešu" lang="nl" hreflang="nl" data-title="Melk (drank)" data-language-autonym="Nederlands" data-language-local-name="holandiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nederlands</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nn mw-list-item"><a href="https://nn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B8lk" title="Mjølk – jaunnorvēģu" lang="nn" hreflang="nn" data-title="Mjølk" data-language-autonym="Norsk nynorsk" data-language-local-name="jaunnorvēģu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk nynorsk</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-no mw-list-item"><a href="https://no.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – norvēģu bukmols" lang="nb" hreflang="nb" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="Norsk bokmål" data-language-local-name="norvēģu bukmols" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Norsk bokmål</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nrm mw-list-item"><a href="https://nrm.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Norman" lang="nrf" hreflang="nrf" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Nouormand" data-language-local-name="Norman" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Nouormand</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-nv mw-list-item"><a href="https://nv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abe%CA%BC" title="Abeʼ – navahu" lang="nv" hreflang="nv" data-title="Abeʼ" data-language-autonym="Diné bizaad" data-language-local-name="navahu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Diné bizaad</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-oc mw-list-item"><a href="https://oc.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lach" title="Lach – oksitāņu" lang="oc" hreflang="oc" data-title="Lach" data-language-autonym="Occitan" data-language-local-name="oksitāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Occitan</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-olo mw-list-item"><a href="https://olo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maido" title="Maido – Livvi-Karelian" lang="olo" hreflang="olo" data-title="Maido" data-language-autonym="Livvinkarjala" data-language-local-name="Livvi-Karelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Livvinkarjala</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-or mw-list-item"><a href="https://or.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AC%95%E0%AD%8D%E0%AC%B7%E0%AD%80%E0%AC%B0" title="କ୍ଷୀର – oriju" lang="or" hreflang="or" data-title="କ୍ଷୀର" data-language-autonym="ଓଡ଼ିଆ" data-language-local-name="oriju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ଓଡ଼ିଆ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-os mw-list-item"><a href="https://os.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%86%D1%85%D1%81%D1%8B%D1%80" title="Æхсыр – osetīnu" lang="os" hreflang="os" data-title="Æхсыр" data-language-autonym="Ирон" data-language-local-name="osetīnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ирон</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pa mw-list-item"><a href="https://pa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A8%A6%E0%A9%81%E0%A9%B1%E0%A8%A7" title="ਦੁੱਧ – pandžabu" lang="pa" hreflang="pa" data-title="ਦੁੱਧ" data-language-autonym="ਪੰਜਾਬੀ" data-language-local-name="pandžabu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ਪੰਜਾਬੀ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pcd mw-list-item"><a href="https://pcd.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lait" title="Lait – Picard" lang="pcd" hreflang="pcd" data-title="Lait" data-language-autonym="Picard" data-language-local-name="Picard" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Picard</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pfl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pfl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milch" title="Milch – Palatine German" lang="pfl" hreflang="pfl" data-title="Milch" data-language-autonym="Pälzisch" data-language-local-name="Palatine German" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Pälzisch</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pl mw-list-item"><a href="https://pl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleko" title="Mleko – poļu" lang="pl" hreflang="pl" data-title="Mleko" data-language-autonym="Polski" data-language-local-name="poļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Polski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pnb mw-list-item"><a href="https://pnb.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%8F%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="دُدھ – Western Punjabi" lang="pnb" hreflang="pnb" data-title="دُدھ" data-language-autonym="پنجابی" data-language-local-name="Western Punjabi" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پنجابی</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ps mw-list-item"><a href="https://ps.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%B4%D9%8A%D8%AF%DB%90" title="شيدې – puštu" lang="ps" hreflang="ps" data-title="شيدې" data-language-autonym="پښتو" data-language-local-name="puštu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>پښتو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-pt mw-list-item"><a href="https://pt.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leite" title="Leite – portugāļu" lang="pt" hreflang="pt" data-title="Leite" data-language-autonym="Português" data-language-local-name="portugāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Português</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-qu mw-list-item"><a href="https://qu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lichi" title="Lichi – kečvu" lang="qu" hreflang="qu" data-title="Lichi" data-language-autonym="Runa Simi" data-language-local-name="kečvu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Runa Simi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rn mw-list-item"><a href="https://rn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amata" title="Amata – rundu" lang="rn" hreflang="rn" data-title="Amata" data-language-autonym="Ikirundi" data-language-local-name="rundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Ikirundi</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ro mw-list-item"><a href="https://ro.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapte" title="Lapte – rumāņu" lang="ro" hreflang="ro" data-title="Lapte" data-language-autonym="Română" data-language-local-name="rumāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Română</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-roa-rup mw-list-item"><a href="https://roa-rup.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lapti" title="Lapti – aromūnu" lang="rup" hreflang="rup" data-title="Lapti" data-language-autonym="Armãneashti" data-language-local-name="aromūnu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Armãneashti</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ru mw-list-item"><a href="https://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – krievu" lang="ru" hreflang="ru" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Русский" data-language-local-name="krievu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русский</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-rue mw-list-item"><a href="https://rue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – Rusyn" lang="rue" hreflang="rue" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Русиньскый" data-language-local-name="Rusyn" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Русиньскый</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sa mw-list-item"><a href="https://sa.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%A4%95%E0%A5%8D%E0%A4%B7%E0%A5%80%E0%A4%B0%E0%A4%AE%E0%A5%8D" title="क्षीरम् – sanskrits" lang="sa" hreflang="sa" data-title="क्षीरम्" data-language-autonym="संस्कृतम्" data-language-local-name="sanskrits" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>संस्कृतम्</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sah mw-list-item"><a href="https://sah.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D2%AE%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Үүт – jakutu" lang="sah" hreflang="sah" data-title="Үүт" data-language-autonym="Саха тыла" data-language-local-name="jakutu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Саха тыла</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sat mw-list-item"><a href="https://sat.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%B1%9B%E1%B1%B3%E1%B1%A3%E1%B1%9F" title="ᱛᱳᱣᱟ – santalu" lang="sat" hreflang="sat" data-title="ᱛᱳᱣᱟ" data-language-autonym="ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ" data-language-local-name="santalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ᱥᱟᱱᱛᱟᱲᱤ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-scn mw-list-item"><a href="https://scn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latti" title="Latti – sicīliešu" lang="scn" hreflang="scn" data-title="Latti" data-language-autonym="Sicilianu" data-language-local-name="sicīliešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sicilianu</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sco mw-list-item"><a href="https://sco.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – skotu" lang="sco" hreflang="sco" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Scots" data-language-local-name="skotu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Scots</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sd mw-list-item"><a href="https://sd.wikipedia.org/wiki/%DA%A9%D9%8A%D8%B1" title="کير – sindhu" lang="sd" hreflang="sd" data-title="کير" data-language-autonym="سنڌي" data-language-local-name="sindhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>سنڌي</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sh mw-list-item"><a href="https://sh.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlijeko" title="Mlijeko – serbu–horvātu" lang="sh" hreflang="sh" data-title="Mlijeko" data-language-autonym="Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски" data-language-local-name="serbu–horvātu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shi mw-list-item"><a href="https://shi.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ak%CA%B7fay" title="Akʷfay – šilhu" lang="shi" hreflang="shi" data-title="Akʷfay" data-language-autonym="Taclḥit" data-language-local-name="šilhu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Taclḥit</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-shn mw-list-item"><a href="https://shn.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%81%BC%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%82%89%E1%81%BC%E1%80%B0%E1%80%99%E1%80%BA%E1%80%B8" title="ၼမ်ႉၼူမ်း – šanu" lang="shn" hreflang="shn" data-title="ၼမ်ႉၼူမ်း" data-language-autonym="ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး " data-language-local-name="šanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ၽႃႇသႃႇတႆး </span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-si mw-list-item"><a href="https://si.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B7%83%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E0%B6%AD%E0%B7%8A%E2%80%8D%E0%B7%80_%E0%B6%9A%E0%B7%92%E0%B6%BB%E0%B7%92" title="සත්ත්‍ව කිරි – singāļu" lang="si" hreflang="si" data-title="සත්ත්‍ව කිරි" data-language-autonym="සිංහල" data-language-local-name="singāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>සිංහල</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-simple mw-list-item"><a href="https://simple.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milk" title="Milk – Simple English" lang="en-simple" hreflang="en-simple" data-title="Milk" data-language-autonym="Simple English" data-language-local-name="Simple English" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Simple English</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sk mw-list-item"><a href="https://sk.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mlieko_(cicavce)" title="Mlieko (cicavce) – slovāku" lang="sk" hreflang="sk" data-title="Mlieko (cicavce)" data-language-autonym="Slovenčina" data-language-local-name="slovāku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenčina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sl mw-list-item"><a href="https://sl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mleko" title="Mleko – slovēņu" lang="sl" hreflang="sl" data-title="Mleko" data-language-autonym="Slovenščina" data-language-local-name="slovēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Slovenščina</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sn mw-list-item"><a href="https://sn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mukaka" title="Mukaka – šonu" lang="sn" hreflang="sn" data-title="Mukaka" data-language-autonym="ChiShona" data-language-local-name="šonu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ChiShona</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-so mw-list-item"><a href="https://so.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caano" title="Caano – somāļu" lang="so" hreflang="so" data-title="Caano" data-language-autonym="Soomaaliga" data-language-local-name="somāļu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Soomaaliga</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sq mw-list-item"><a href="https://sq.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qum%C3%ABshti" title="Qumështi – albāņu" lang="sq" hreflang="sq" data-title="Qumështi" data-language-autonym="Shqip" data-language-local-name="albāņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Shqip</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sr mw-list-item"><a href="https://sr.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BB%D0%B5%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Млеко – serbu" lang="sr" hreflang="sr" data-title="Млеко" data-language-autonym="Српски / srpski" data-language-local-name="serbu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Српски / srpski</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-srn mw-list-item"><a href="https://srn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Merki" title="Merki – sranantogo" lang="srn" hreflang="srn" data-title="Merki" data-language-autonym="Sranantongo" data-language-local-name="sranantogo" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sranantongo</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-su mw-list-item"><a href="https://su.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susu" title="Susu – zundu" lang="su" hreflang="su" data-title="Susu" data-language-autonym="Sunda" data-language-local-name="zundu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sunda</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sv mw-list-item"><a href="https://sv.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mj%C3%B6lk" title="Mjölk – zviedru" lang="sv" hreflang="sv" data-title="Mjölk" data-language-autonym="Svenska" data-language-local-name="zviedru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Svenska</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-sw mw-list-item"><a href="https://sw.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maziwa" title="Maziwa – svahili" lang="sw" hreflang="sw" data-title="Maziwa" data-language-autonym="Kiswahili" data-language-local-name="svahili" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Kiswahili</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-szy mw-list-item"><a href="https://szy.wikipedia.org/wiki/hacul" title="hacul – Sakizaya" lang="szy" hreflang="szy" data-title="hacul" data-language-autonym="Sakizaya" data-language-local-name="Sakizaya" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Sakizaya</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ta mw-list-item"><a href="https://ta.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%B2%E0%AF%8D_(%E0%AE%AA%E0%AE%BE%E0%AE%A9%E0%AE%AE%E0%AF%8D)" title="பால் (பானம்) – tamilu" lang="ta" hreflang="ta" data-title="பால் (பானம்)" data-language-autonym="தமிழ்" data-language-local-name="tamilu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>தமிழ்</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tcy mw-list-item"><a href="https://tcy.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B2%AA%E0%B3%87%E0%B2%B0%E0%B3%8D" title="ಪೇರ್ – Tulu" lang="tcy" hreflang="tcy" data-title="ಪೇರ್" data-language-autonym="ತುಳು" data-language-local-name="Tulu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ತುಳು</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-te mw-list-item"><a href="https://te.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B0%AA%E0%B0%BE%E0%B0%B2%E0%B1%81" title="పాలు – telugu" lang="te" hreflang="te" data-title="పాలు" data-language-autonym="తెలుగు" data-language-local-name="telugu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>తెలుగు</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tg mw-list-item"><a href="https://tg.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A8%D0%B8%D1%80" title="Шир – tadžiku" lang="tg" hreflang="tg" data-title="Шир" data-language-autonym="Тоҷикӣ" data-language-local-name="tadžiku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тоҷикӣ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-th mw-list-item"><a href="https://th.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E0%B8%99%E0%B8%A1" title="นม – taju" lang="th" hreflang="th" data-title="นม" data-language-autonym="ไทย" data-language-local-name="taju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ไทย</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tk mw-list-item"><a href="https://tk.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BC%C3%BDt" title="Süýt – turkmēņu" lang="tk" hreflang="tk" data-title="Süýt" data-language-autonym="Türkmençe" data-language-local-name="turkmēņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkmençe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tl mw-list-item"><a href="https://tl.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – tagalu" lang="tl" hreflang="tl" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Tagalog" data-language-local-name="tagalu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tagalog</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tn mw-list-item"><a href="https://tn.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mashi" title="Mashi – cvanu" lang="tn" hreflang="tn" data-title="Mashi" data-language-autonym="Setswana" data-language-local-name="cvanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Setswana</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tr mw-list-item"><a href="https://tr.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%C3%BCt" title="Süt – turku" lang="tr" hreflang="tr" data-title="Süt" data-language-autonym="Türkçe" data-language-local-name="turku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Türkçe</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tt mw-list-item"><a href="https://tt.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D3%A9%D1%82" title="Сөт – tatāru" lang="tt" hreflang="tt" data-title="Сөт" data-language-autonym="Татарча / tatarça" data-language-local-name="tatāru" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Татарча / tatarça</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-tyv mw-list-item"><a href="https://tyv.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%A1%D2%AF%D1%82" title="Сүт – tuviešu" lang="tyv" hreflang="tyv" data-title="Сүт" data-language-autonym="Тыва дыл" data-language-local-name="tuviešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Тыва дыл</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-udm mw-list-item"><a href="https://udm.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%99%D3%A7%D0%BB" title="Йӧл – udmurtu" lang="udm" hreflang="udm" data-title="Йӧл" data-language-autonym="Удмурт" data-language-local-name="udmurtu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Удмурт</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uk mw-list-item"><a href="https://uk.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D0%9C%D0%BE%D0%BB%D0%BE%D0%BA%D0%BE" title="Молоко – ukraiņu" lang="uk" hreflang="uk" data-title="Молоко" data-language-autonym="Українська" data-language-local-name="ukraiņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Українська</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-ur mw-list-item"><a href="https://ur.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D8%AF%D9%88%D8%AF%DA%BE" title="دودھ – urdu" lang="ur" hreflang="ur" data-title="دودھ" data-language-autonym="اردو" data-language-local-name="urdu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>اردو</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-uz mw-list-item"><a href="https://uz.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sut" title="Sut – uzbeku" lang="uz" hreflang="uz" data-title="Sut" data-language-autonym="Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча" data-language-local-name="uzbeku" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vec mw-list-item"><a href="https://vec.wikipedia.org/wiki/Late" title="Late – Venetian" lang="vec" hreflang="vec" data-title="Late" data-language-autonym="Vèneto" data-language-local-name="Venetian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vèneto</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vep mw-list-item"><a href="https://vep.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maid" title="Maid – Veps" lang="vep" hreflang="vep" data-title="Maid" data-language-autonym="Vepsän kel’" data-language-local-name="Veps" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vepsän kel’</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vi mw-list-item"><a href="https://vi.wikipedia.org/wiki/S%E1%BB%AFa" title="Sữa – vjetnamiešu" lang="vi" hreflang="vi" data-title="Sữa" data-language-autonym="Tiếng Việt" data-language-local-name="vjetnamiešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Tiếng Việt</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vls mw-list-item"><a href="https://vls.wikipedia.org/wiki/Melk" title="Melk – West Flemish" lang="vls" hreflang="vls" data-title="Melk" data-language-autonym="West-Vlams" data-language-local-name="West Flemish" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>West-Vlams</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-vo mw-list-item"><a href="https://vo.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milig" title="Milig – volapiks" lang="vo" hreflang="vo" data-title="Milig" data-language-autonym="Volapük" data-language-local-name="volapiks" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Volapük</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wa mw-list-item"><a href="https://wa.wikipedia.org/wiki/Laecea" title="Laecea – valoņu" lang="wa" hreflang="wa" data-title="Laecea" data-language-autonym="Walon" data-language-local-name="valoņu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Walon</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-war mw-list-item"><a href="https://war.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gatas" title="Gatas – varaju" lang="war" hreflang="war" data-title="Gatas" data-language-autonym="Winaray" data-language-local-name="varaju" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Winaray</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-wuu mw-list-item"><a href="https://wuu.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3" title="乳 – vu ķīniešu" lang="wuu" hreflang="wuu" data-title="乳" data-language-autonym="吴语" data-language-local-name="vu ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>吴语</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-xmf mw-list-item"><a href="https://xmf.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E1%83%91%E1%83%9F%E1%83%90_(%E1%83%9E%E1%83%A0%E1%83%9D%E1%83%93%E1%83%A3%E1%83%A5%E1%83%A2%E1%83%98)" title="ბჟა (პროდუქტი) – Mingrelian" lang="xmf" hreflang="xmf" data-title="ბჟა (პროდუქტი)" data-language-autonym="მარგალური" data-language-local-name="Mingrelian" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>მარგალური</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-yi mw-list-item"><a href="https://yi.wikipedia.org/wiki/%D7%9E%D7%99%D7%9C%D7%9A" title="מילך – jidišs" lang="yi" hreflang="yi" data-title="מילך" data-language-autonym="ייִדיש" data-language-local-name="jidišs" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ייִדיש</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-za mw-list-item"><a href="https://za.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noemz" title="Noemz – džuanu" lang="za" hreflang="za" data-title="Noemz" data-language-autonym="Vahcuengh" data-language-local-name="džuanu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>Vahcuengh</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zgh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zgh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E2%B4%B0%E2%B4%BD%E2%B5%AF%E2%B4%BC%E2%B4%B0%E2%B5%A2" title="ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ – standarta tamazigtu (Maroka)" lang="zgh" hreflang="zgh" data-title="ⴰⴽⵯⴼⴰⵢ" data-language-autonym="ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ" data-language-local-name="standarta tamazigtu (Maroka)" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>ⵜⴰⵎⴰⵣⵉⵖⵜ ⵜⴰⵏⴰⵡⴰⵢⵜ</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E4%B9%B3" title="乳 – ķīniešu" lang="zh" hreflang="zh" data-title="乳" data-language-autonym="中文" data-language-local-name="ķīniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>中文</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-classical mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-classical.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E6%B9%A9" title="湩 – Literary Chinese" lang="lzh" hreflang="lzh" data-title="湩" data-language-autonym="文言" data-language-local-name="Literary Chinese" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>文言</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-min-nan mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-min-nan.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leng" title="Leng – Minnan" lang="nan" hreflang="nan" data-title="Leng" data-language-autonym="閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú" data-language-local-name="Minnan" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>閩南語 / Bân-lâm-gú</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zh-yue mw-list-item"><a href="https://zh-yue.wikipedia.org/wiki/%E5%A5%B6" title="奶 – kantoniešu" lang="yue" hreflang="yue" data-title="奶" data-language-autonym="粵語" data-language-local-name="kantoniešu" class="interlanguage-link-target"><span>粵語</span></a></li><li class="interlanguage-link interwiki-zu mw-list-item"><a href="https://zu.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ubisi" title="Ubisi – zulu" lang="zu" hreflang="zu" data-title="Ubisi" 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vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Piens"><span>Skatīt</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-ve-edit" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit" title="Labot šo lapu [v]" accesskey="v"><span>Labot šo lapu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-edit" class="collapsible vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit" title="Labot šīs lapas pirmkodu [e]" accesskey="e"><span>Labot pirmkodu</span></a></li><li id="ca-more-history" class="vector-more-collapsible-item mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=history"><span>Hronoloģija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-tb" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-tb" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Vispārīgi </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li id="t-whatlinkshere" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:WhatLinksHere/Piens" title="Visas Vikipēdijas lapas, kurās ir saites uz šejieni [j]" accesskey="j"><span>Norādes uz šo rakstu</span></a></li><li id="t-recentchangeslinked" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:RecentChangesLinked/Piens" rel="nofollow" title="Izmaiņas, kas nesen izdarītas lapās, kurās ir saites uz šo lapu [k]" accesskey="k"><span>Saistītās izmaiņas</span></a></li><li id="t-specialpages" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/wiki/Special:SpecialPages" title="Visu īpašo lapu uzskaitījums [q]" accesskey="q"><span>Īpašās lapas</span></a></li><li id="t-permalink" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&oldid=4166556" title="Paliekoša saite uz šo lapas versiju"><span>Pastāvīgā saite</span></a></li><li id="t-info" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=info" title="Vairāk informācijas par šo lapu"><span>Lapas informācija</span></a></li><li id="t-cite" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Special:CiteThisPage&page=Piens&id=4166556&wpFormIdentifier=titleform" title="Kā pareizi 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href="/w/index.php?title=Special:DownloadAsPdf&page=Piens&action=show-download-screen"><span>Lejupielādēt kā PDF</span></a></li><li id="t-print" class="mw-list-item"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&printable=yes" title="Drukājama lapas versija [p]" accesskey="p"><span>Drukājama versija</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> <div id="p-wikibase-otherprojects" class="vector-menu mw-portlet mw-portlet-wikibase-otherprojects" > <div class="vector-menu-heading"> Citos projektos </div> <div class="vector-menu-content"> <ul class="vector-menu-content-list"> <li class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-commons mw-list-item"><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Milk" hreflang="en"><span>Vikikrātuve</span></a></li><li id="t-wikibase" class="wb-otherproject-link wb-otherproject-wikibase-dataitem mw-list-item"><a href="https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Special:EntityPage/Q8495" title="Saistītais Vikidatu ieraksts [g]" accesskey="g"><span>Ieraksts Vikidatos</span></a></li> </ul> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> </div> <div class="vector-column-end"> <div class="vector-sticky-pinned-container"> <nav class="vector-page-tools-landmark" aria-label="Lapas rīki"> <div id="vector-page-tools-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> </div> </nav> <nav class="vector-appearance-landmark" aria-label="Izskats"> <div id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" class="vector-pinned-container"> <div id="vector-appearance" class="vector-appearance vector-pinnable-element"> <div class="vector-pinnable-header vector-appearance-pinnable-header vector-pinnable-header-pinned" data-feature-name="appearance-pinned" data-pinnable-element-id="vector-appearance" data-pinned-container-id="vector-appearance-pinned-container" data-unpinned-container-id="vector-appearance-unpinned-container" > <div class="vector-pinnable-header-label">Izskats</div> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-pin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.pin">pārvietot uz sānjoslu</button> <button class="vector-pinnable-header-toggle-button vector-pinnable-header-unpin-button" data-event-name="pinnable-header.vector-appearance.unpin">paslēpt</button> </div> </div> </div> </nav> </div> </div> <div id="bodyContent" class="vector-body" aria-labelledby="firstHeading" data-mw-ve-target-container> <div class="vector-body-before-content"> <div class="mw-indicators"> </div> <div id="siteSub" class="noprint">Vikipēdijas lapa</div> </div> <div id="contentSub"><div id="mw-content-subtitle"></div></div> <div id="mw-content-text" class="mw-body-content"><div class="mw-content-ltr mw-parser-output" lang="lv" dir="ltr"><figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Milk_glass.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milk_glass.jpg/200px-Milk_glass.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="225" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milk_glass.jpg/300px-Milk_glass.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0e/Milk_glass.jpg/400px-Milk_glass.jpg 2x" data-file-width="568" data-file-height="640" /></a><figcaption>Glāze piena</figcaption></figure> <p><b>Piens</b> ir <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%ABd%C4%ABt%C4%81ji" title="Zīdītāji">zīdītāju</a> <a href="/wiki/Piena_dziedzeri" class="mw-redirect" title="Piena dziedzeri">piena dziedzeru</a> <a href="/w/index.php?title=Sekr%C4%93cija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Sekrēcija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">sekrēcijas</a> produkts. Dabā tas paredzēts kā <a href="/wiki/Bar%C4%ABba" class="mw-redirect" title="Barība">barība</a> zīdītāju jaunajiem pēcnācējiem, kamēr tie nav spējīgi <a href="/wiki/Gremo%C5%A1ana" title="Gremošana">sagremot</a> cita veida barību. </p><p>Līdzko mazulis ir gatavs pāriet uz cita veida barību, zīdītājiem piena veidošanās parasti beidzas. Izņēmums ir tie zīdītāji, kuriem cilvēku <a href="/wiki/Selekcija" title="Selekcija">selekcijas</a>, barošanas un kopšanas dēļ, kā arī slaukšanas laikā kairinot piena dziedzerus, piens izdalās vairāk un ilgāku laika posmu, nekā tas vajadzīgs jauno pēcnācēju barošanai.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <meta property="mw:PageProp/toc" /> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Patērēšanas_veidi"><span id="Pat.C4.93r.C4.93.C5.A1anas_veidi"></span>Patērēšanas veidi</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļu: Patērēšanas veidi" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=1" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Patērēšanas veidi"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pastāv divi atšķirīgi piena patērēšanas veidi: piens kā dabisks uztura avots zīdītāju mazuļiem un piens kā pārtikas produkts, ko cilvēki iegūst no citu sugu dzīvniekiem un lieto dažādos vecumos. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Barība_zīdītāju_mazuļiem"><span id="Bar.C4.ABba_z.C4.ABd.C4.ABt.C4.81ju_mazu.C4.BCiem"></span>Barība zīdītāju mazuļiem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļu: Barība zīdītāju mazuļiem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=2" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Barība zīdītāju mazuļiem"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/200px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/300px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/36/Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg/400px-Goat_kid_feeding_on_mothers_milk.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1067" /></a><figcaption>Kazlēns barojas ar mātes pienu</figcaption></figure> <p>Gandrīz visi zīdītāji saviem mazuļiem pienu baro, zīdot no krūts — vai nu tieši no krūts vai cilvēku gadījumā dažkārt izslaucot pienu un izmantojot to vēlāk. Dažās kultūrās gan vēsturiski, gan arī mūsdienās bērni tiek baroti no krūts līdz pat septiņu gadu vecumam.<sup id="cite_ref-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-2"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>2<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Pārtikas_produkts_cilvēkiem"><span id="P.C4.81rtikas_produkts_cilv.C4.93kiem"></span>Pārtikas produkts cilvēkiem</h3><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļu: Pārtikas produkts cilvēkiem" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=3" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Pārtikas produkts cilvēkiem"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Daudzās pasaules kultūrās, īpaši Rietumu pasaulē, cilvēki turpina lietot pienu pēc bērnības — lietojot citu dzīvnieku pienu (īpaši <a href="/wiki/Govs" class="mw-redirect" title="Govs">govs</a>) kā pārtikas produktu. Gadu simtiem ilgi govs piens ticis pārstrādāts tādos piena produktos kā <a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%93jums" title="Krējums">krējums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sviests" title="Sviests">sviests</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kef%C4%ABrs" title="Kefīrs">kefīrs</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jogurts" title="Jogurts">jogurts</a>, <a href="/wiki/Sald%C4%93jums" title="Saldējums">saldējums</a>, <a href="/wiki/Biezpiens" title="Biezpiens">biezpiens</a> un <a href="/wiki/Siers" title="Siers">siers</a>. Rūpnieciskās zinātnes sasniegumu dēļ mūsdienās var iegūt arī <a href="/wiki/Kaze%C4%ABns" title="Kazeīns">kazeīnu</a>, sūkalu olbaltumvielas, <a href="/wiki/Laktoze" title="Laktoze">laktozi</a>, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Iebiezin%C4%81tais_piens&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Iebiezinātais piens (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">iebiezināto pienu</a>, pulverveida pienu (<a href="/wiki/Piena_pulveris" class="mw-redirect" title="Piena pulveris">piena pulveris</a>) un dažādas citas <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81rtikas_piedeva" class="mw-redirect" title="Pārtikas piedeva">pārtikas piedevas</a> un produktus. </p> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="clear:left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="4">Desmit galvenās piena patērētājvalstis (uz vienu cilvēku 2006. gadā) </th></tr> <tr> <td>Valsts</td> <td>Litri</td> <td>Siers (kg)</td> <td>Sviests(kg) </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Finland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Somija"><img alt="Karogs: Somija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/bc/Flag_of_Finland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Finland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1800" data-file-height="1100" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Somija" title="Somija">Somija</a></td> <td>183,9</td> <td>19,1</td> <td>5,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Sweden.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Zviedrija"><img alt="Karogs: Zviedrija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/22px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="14" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/33px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4c/Flag_of_Sweden.svg/44px-Flag_of_Sweden.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1600" data-file-height="1000" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Zviedrija" title="Zviedrija">Zviedrija</a></td> <td>145,5</td> <td>18,5</td> <td>1,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Ireland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Īrija"><img alt="Karogs: Īrija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/22px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/33px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/45/Flag_of_Ireland.svg/44px-Flag_of_Ireland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C4%AArija" title="Īrija">Īrija</a></td> <td>129,8</td> <td>10,5</td> <td>2,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Nīderlande"><img alt="Karogs: Nīderlande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/2/20/Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_Netherlands.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/N%C4%ABderlande" title="Nīderlande">Nīderlande</a></td> <td>122,9</td> <td>20,4</td> <td>3,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Norway.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Norvēģija"><img alt="Karogs: Norvēģija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/22px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/33px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/d/d9/Flag_of_Norway.svg/44px-Flag_of_Norway.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="372" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Norv%C4%93%C4%A3ija" title="Norvēģija">Norvēģija</a></td> <td>116,7</td> <td>16,0</td> <td>4,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Spain.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Spānija"><img alt="Karogs: Spānija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/22px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/33px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/9/9a/Flag_of_Spain.svg/44px-Flag_of_Spain.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="750" data-file-height="500" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Sp%C4%81nija" title="Spānija">Spānija</a></td> <td>119,1</td> <td>9,6</td> <td>1,0 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Switzerland.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Šveice"><img alt="Karogs: Šveice" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/20px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png" decoding="async" width="20" height="20" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/30px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Switzerland.svg/40px-Flag_of_Switzerland.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="512" data-file-height="512" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C5%A0veice" title="Šveice">Šveice</a></td> <td>112,5</td> <td>22,2</td> <td>5,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Apvienotā Karaliste"><img alt="Karogs: Apvienotā Karaliste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Apvienotā Karaliste">Apvienotā Karaliste</a></td> <td>111,2</td> <td>12,2</td> <td>3,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Australia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Austrālija"><img alt="Karogs: Austrālija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/b9/Flag_of_Australia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Australia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1280" data-file-height="640" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Austr%C4%81lija" title="Austrālija">Austrālija</a></td> <td>106,3</td> <td>11,7</td> <td>3,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Canada.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Kanāda"><img alt="Karogs: Kanāda" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/22px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/33px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/cf/Flag_of_Canada.svg/44px-Flag_of_Canada.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Kan%C4%81da" title="Kanāda">Kanāda</a></td> <td>94,7</td> <td>12,2</td> <td>3,3 </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="4" style="font-size:.7em">Avots: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.foodsci.uoguelph.ca/dairyedu/intro.html">Introduction to Dairy Science and Technology: Milk History, Consumption, Production, and Composition</a> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Cilvēki ir izņēmums dabiskajā pasaulē, jo tie lieto pienu arī tad, kad ir jau pieauguši. Daļa cilvēku pēc mazotnes zaudē spēju pilnībā pārstrādāt pienu (t.i. tie iegūst <a href="/wiki/Laktozes_nepanes%C4%ABba" title="Laktozes nepanesība">laktozes nepanesību</a>). Mūsdienās <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropā</a> vairumam cilvēku laktozi pārstrādāt nav grūtību, bet <a href="/wiki/Dienvidaustrum%C4%81zija" title="Dienvidaustrumāzija">Dienvidaustrumāzijā</a> un daudzviet citur gandrīz visiem cilvēkiem joprojām raksturīga laktozes nepanesība. Laktozes cukuru satur tikai piens, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Fors%C4%ABtija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Forsītija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">forsītiju</a> ziedi un atsevišķi tropiskie krūmi. Visvairāk laktozes sašķeļošā fermenta <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakt%C4%81ze&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laktāze (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">laktāzes</a> organismā ir īsi pēc piedzimšanas un tad to daudzums pakāpeniski samazinās, ja vien piens netiek lietots regulāri.<sup id="cite_ref-On_Food_and_Cooking_3-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-3"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>3<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> No otras puses — tai sabiedrības daļai, kuru organisms spēj sašķelt laktozi, nereti nav problēmu pārstrādāt <a href="/wiki/Pieradin%C4%81%C5%A1ana" class="mw-redirect" title="Pieradināšana">pieradināto</a> dzīvnieku pienu — ne tikai govs, bet arī <a href="/wiki/Aita" title="Aita">aitas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kazas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Jaks" title="Jaks">jaka</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdensbifelis" class="mw-redirect" title="Ūdensbifelis">ūdensbifeļa</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zirgs" class="mw-redirect" title="Zirgs">ķēves</a> un <a href="/wiki/Kamielis" class="mw-redirect" title="Kamielis">kamieļa</a>. </p><p>Ar jēdzienu <i>piens</i> apzīmē arī baltus šķidrumus, ko iegūst no <a href="/wiki/Soja" title="Soja">sojas</a> pupiņām, <a href="/wiki/R%C4%ABsi" title="Rīsi">rīsiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Parast%C4%81_mandele" title="Parastā mandele">mandelēm</a> un <a href="/wiki/Kokosrieksti" class="mw-redirect" title="Kokosrieksti">kokosriekstiem</a>. Pat atvemtais šķidrums, ko izstrādā gremošanas trakta augšgalā esošie kakla dziedzeri un ko <a href="/wiki/Balo%C5%BEi" title="Baloži">baloži</a> baro saviem mazuļiem, tiek dēvēts par "guzas pienu", kaut arī tam ir maz saistības ar zīdītāju pienu. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Vēsture"><span id="V.C4.93sture"></span>Vēsture</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļu: Vēsture" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=4" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Vēsture"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Holstein_cows_large.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holstein_cows_large.jpg/200px-Holstein_cows_large.jpg" decoding="async" width="200" height="133" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holstein_cows_large.jpg/300px-Holstein_cows_large.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/7/77/Holstein_cows_large.jpg/400px-Holstein_cows_large.jpg 2x" data-file-width="640" data-file-height="427" /></a><figcaption>Holšteinas šķirnes liellops — mūsdienu piena nozarē visbiežāk izmantotā šķirne</figcaption></figure> <p>Zīdīšana aizsākās <a href="/w/index.php?title=Placent%C4%81%C4%BCu&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Placentāļu (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">placentāļu</a> rašanās laikā. Kaut arī precīzs laiks nav zināms, mūsdienu dzīvnieku tiešie senči visai līdzinājās <a href="/wiki/Klo%C4%81kai%C5%86i" title="Kloākaiņi">kloākaiņiem</a>, tostarp <a href="/wiki/P%C4%AB%C4%BCkn%C4%81bji" class="mw-redirect" title="Pīļknābji">pīļknābjiem</a>. Šādiem dzīvniekiem mūsdienās pienveidīgs šķidrums rodas dziedzeros, kas atrodas uz ādas virsmas, taču tiem trūkst krūtsgalu, ar kuru palīdzību barot mazuļus pēc izšķilšanās no olām. Līdzīgi arī <a href="/wiki/Somai%C5%86i" title="Somaiņi">somaiņiem</a>, kas ir kloākaiņu tuvākie radinieki, rodas pienam līdzīgs šķidrums no knupjveidīga orgāna, kas atrodas to "somās". Par senāko zināmo placentāļu tiešo senci tiek uzskatīts eomaija (<a href="/wiki/Ang%C4%BCu_valoda" title="Angļu valoda">angļu</a>: <span lang="en"><i>eomaia</i></span>) — neliels radījums, kas atgādina grauzējus, par kuriem uzskata, ka tie dzīvojuši pirms 125 miljoniem gadu <a href="/wiki/Kr%C4%ABts_(periods)" title="Krīts (periods)">Krīta periodā</a>. Visticamāk arī tam tāpat kā mūsdienu placentāļiem radās šķidrums, ko varētu uzskatīt par pienu. </p> <figure class="mw-halign-left" typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:MilkMaid.JPG" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/175px-MilkMaid.JPG" decoding="async" width="175" height="233" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/263px-MilkMaid.JPG 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/5/59/MilkMaid.JPG/350px-MilkMaid.JPG 2x" data-file-width="2304" data-file-height="3072" /></a><figcaption>Meitene slauc govi</figcaption></figure> <p>Pirmie zināmie gadījumi, kad cilvēki lietojuši citu sugu pienu, ir saistāmi ar dzīvnieku pieradināšanas laika sākumu. <a href="/wiki/Govs" class="mw-redirect" title="Govs">Govs</a> pienu cilvēki pārtikā pirmoreiz lietoja <a href="/wiki/Tuvie_Austrumi" title="Tuvie Austrumi">Tuvajos Austrumos</a>. <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">Kazas</a> un <a href="/wiki/Aita" title="Aita">aitas</a> tika pieradinātas Tuvajos Austrumos aptuveni 8 līdz 9 tūkstošus gadu pirms mūsu ēras<sup title="Nepieciešama atsauce">[<a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Atsauces" title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces"><i>nepieciešama atsauce</i></a>]</sup>. Aitas un kazas ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Atgremot%C4%81jdz%C4%ABvnieki&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Atgremotājdzīvnieki (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">atgremotājdzīvnieki</a>: zīdītāji, kas pielāgojušies sausas zāles barībai, kuru cilvēka organisms nespēj pārstrādāt. Iespējams, šos dzīvniekus sākotnēji turēja <a href="/wiki/Ga%C4%BCa" title="Gaļa">gaļas</a> un <a href="/w/index.php?title=%C4%80das&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Ādas (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">ādu</a> iegūšanai.<sup title="Nepieciešama atsauce">[<a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Atsauces" title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces"><i>nepieciešama atsauce</i></a>]</sup>, taču turēšana ar nolūku iegūt pienu izrādījās efektīvāks zāļaino ganību teritoriju izmantošanas veids pārtikas ieguvei: gaļas iegūšanai nogalināta dzīvnieka uzturvērtība varētu tikt salīdzināta ar vienā gadā iegūstama piena vērtību no tā paša dzīvnieka, kas pienu turpinās ražot gadiem ilgi.<sup id="cite_ref-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-4"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>4<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Ap 7000. gadu p.m.ē. <a href="/wiki/Turcija" title="Turcija">Turcijas</a> teritorijā tika audzēti liellopi. <a href="/wiki/Neol%C4%ABts" title="Neolīts">Neolīta</a> laikmeta skeletu <a href="/wiki/DNS" class="mw-redirect" title="DNS">DNS</a> pētījumu rezultātā ir noskaidrots, ka cilvēki <a href="/wiki/Eiropa" title="Eiropa">Eiropas</a> ziemeļdaļā nevarēja lietot pienu, jo tiem trūka gēnu, kas nodrošina laktozes pārstrādāšanu organismā. Zinātnieki uzskata, ka visticamāk, sākoties piena iegūšanai, cilvēka organismā notikušas ģenētiskas mutācijas, kas radīja iespēju pārstrādāt pienu.<sup id="cite_ref-5" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-5"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>5<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> <a href="/wiki/Siers" title="Siers">Siera</a> un <a href="/wiki/Sviests" title="Sviests">sviesta</a> lietošana izplatījās Eiropā, daļā <a href="/wiki/%C4%80zija" title="Āzija">Āzijas</a> un daļā <a href="/wiki/%C4%80frika" title="Āfrika">Āfrikas</a>. Pieradinātās govis, kas agrāk apdzīvoja lielu <a href="/wiki/Eir%C4%81zija" title="Eirāzija">Eirāzijas</a> daļu, lielo ģeogrāfisko atklājumu laikā tika ieviestas Eiropas kolonijās.<sup title="Nepieciešama atsauce">[<a href="/wiki/Vikip%C4%93dija:Atsauces" title="Vikipēdija:Atsauces"><i>nepieciešama atsauce</i></a>]</sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ķīmiskais_sastāvs"><span id=".C4.B6.C4.ABmiskais_sast.C4.81vs"></span>Ķīmiskais sastāvs</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļu: Ķīmiskais sastāvs" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=5" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ķīmiskais sastāvs"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_(1911)_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_%281911%29_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png/180px-Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_%281911%29_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png" decoding="async" width="180" height="178" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/0f/Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_%281911%29_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png/270px-Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_%281911%29_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/0/0f/Die_Frau_als_Haus%C3%A4rztin_%281911%29_034_Vollmilch_mit_ihren_Fettk%C3%BCgelchen.png 2x" data-file-width="291" data-file-height="287" /></a><figcaption>Pilnpiena tauklodīšu emulsija ūdenī</figcaption></figure> <p>Govs pienu veido 86—89% <a href="/wiki/%C5%AAdens" title="Ūdens">ūdens</a> un 11—14% <a href="/wiki/Sausna" title="Sausna">sausnas</a>, no kā 2,5—6% <a href="/wiki/Tauki" title="Tauki">tauku</a> un 8—10% beztauku sausnas. Beztauku sausnā ietilpst <a href="/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas">olbaltumvielas</a>, <a href="/wiki/Piena_cukurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Piena cukurs">piena cukurs</a> un <a href="/wiki/Miner%C4%81lvielas" title="Minerālvielas">minerālvielas</a>, kas ir attiecīgi 2,9—5%, 3,8—5,5% un 0,6—0,9%. Galvenās pienā esošās olbaltumvielas ir <a href="/wiki/Kaze%C4%ABns" title="Kazeīns">kazeīns</a> (2—3,5%) un sūkalu olbaltumvielas (0,6—1%), no kurām aptuveni 80% ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Album%C4%ABni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Albumīni (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">albumīni</a>. Procentuāli nelielos daudzumos pienā ir arī <a href="/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni">vitamīni</a>, <a href="/wiki/Fermenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Fermenti">fermenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Pigmenti" class="mw-redirect" title="Pigmenti">pigmenti</a>, <a href="/wiki/Hormoni" title="Hormoni">hormoni</a> un gāzes.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piena ķīmisko sastāvu ietekmē daudz un dažādi faktori, piemēram, barība, govs šķirne, dzīvnieka individuālās īpatnības, veselības stāvoklis, laktācijas periods, gadalaiks, turēšanas apstākļi utt.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Tā, piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Lakt%C4%81cija&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Laktācija (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">laktācijas</a> sākumposmā (3—10 dienas pēc <a href="/wiki/Dzemd%C4%ABbas" title="Dzemdības">dzemdībām</a>) zīdītājiem veidojas tā sauktais jaunpiens jeb pirmpiens ar paaugstinātu <a href="/wiki/Tauki" title="Tauki">tauku</a>, <a href="/wiki/Miner%C4%81lvielas" title="Minerālvielas">minerālvielu</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni">vitamīnu</a> un jo sevišķi <a href="/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas">olbaltumvielu</a> saturu, no kurām aptuveni puse ir <a href="/w/index.php?title=Im%C5%ABnglobul%C4%ABni&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Imūnglobulīni (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">imūnglobulīni</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-6" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-6"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>6<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Citu_dzīvnieku_piens"><span id="Citu_dz.C4.ABvnieku_piens"></span>Citu dzīvnieku piens</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļu: Citu dzīvnieku piens" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=6" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Citu dzīvnieku piens"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <figure typeof="mw:File/Thumb"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg" class="mw-file-description"><img src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg/250px-Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg" decoding="async" width="250" height="188" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg/375px-Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/04/Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg/500px-Goat_in_melking_stall_20050429-593.jpg 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="900" /></a><figcaption>Kaza slaukšanas kabīnē</figcaption></figure> <p>Lai arī galvenokārt pienu patēriņam un tālākai pārstrādei cilvēki iegūst no govīm, zināmā mērā izplatīts ir arī piens no <a href="/wiki/Aita" title="Aita">aitām</a>, <a href="/wiki/Bife%C4%BCi" title="Bifeļi">bifeļiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81jas_%C4%93zelis" title="Mājas ēzelis">ēzeļiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/Kamie%C4%BCi" title="Kamieļi">kamieļiem</a> (u.c. Dienvidamerikas <a href="/wiki/Kamie%C4%BCu_dzimta" title="Kamieļu dzimta">kamieļu dzimtas</a> pārstāvjiem), <a href="/wiki/Kaza" title="Kaza">kazām</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zieme%C4%BCbrie%C5%BEi" class="mw-redirect" title="Ziemeļbrieži">ziemeļbriežiem</a>, <a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%93ve" title="Ķēve">ķēvēm</a> u.c. zīdītājiem. Dažādu zīdītāju dzīvnieku piena ķīmiskais sastāvs var būt ļoti atšķirīgs: </p> <table class="wikitable"> <tbody><tr> <th rowspan="2">Zīdītāji</th> <th rowspan="2">Ūdens, %</th> <th colspan="4"><a href="/wiki/Sausna" title="Sausna">Sausna</a> </th></tr> <tr> <th><a href="/wiki/Olbaltumvielas" title="Olbaltumvielas">Olbaltumvielas</a>, %</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Tauki" title="Tauki">Tauki</a>, %</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Piena_cukurs" class="mw-redirect" title="Piena cukurs">Piena cukurs</a>, %</th> <th><a href="/wiki/Miner%C4%81lvielas" title="Minerālvielas">Minerālvielas</a>, % </th></tr> <tr> <td>Govs</td> <td>87,4</td> <td>3,3</td> <td>3,8</td> <td>4,7</td> <td>0,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kaza</td> <td>86,4</td> <td>3,6</td> <td>4,3</td> <td>4,5</td> <td>0,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Aita</td> <td>81,5</td> <td>5,9</td> <td>7,2</td> <td>4,8</td> <td>0,9 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ķēve</td> <td>89,3</td> <td>2,1</td> <td>1,8</td> <td>6,4</td> <td>0,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Bifelis</td> <td>81,3</td> <td>4,3</td> <td>8,7</td> <td>4,9</td> <td>0,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Kamielis</td> <td>85,0</td> <td>3,8</td> <td>5,5</td> <td>5,0</td> <td>0,7 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ziemeļbriedis</td> <td>63,3</td> <td>10,3</td> <td>22,5</td> <td>2,6</td> <td>1,4 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Alnis</td> <td>67,1</td> <td>15,0</td> <td>11,0</td> <td>5,3</td> <td>1,6 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Lama</td> <td>86,5</td> <td>3,9</td> <td>3,2</td> <td>5,6</td> <td>0,8 </td></tr> <tr> <td>Ēzelis</td> <td>90,8</td> <td>1,7</td> <td>1,1</td> <td>6,0</td> <td>0,4 </td></tr> </tbody></table> <p><a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievijā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Zviedrija" title="Zviedrija">Zviedrijā</a> pienu mēdz ņemt arī no <a href="/wiki/Alnis" title="Alnis">aļņiem</a>,<sup id="cite_ref-7" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-7"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>7<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> bet bifeļu pienu visvairāk iegūst <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indijā</a> un <a href="/wiki/Pakist%C4%81na" title="Pakistāna">Pakistānā</a>. Ēzeļu un ķēvju pienam ir zemākais tauku saturs, savukārt <a href="/wiki/Va%C4%BCveid%C4%ABgie" title="Vaļveidīgie">vaļveidīgajiem</a> (piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Delf%C4%ABni" title="Delfīni">delfīniem</a> un <a href="/wiki/Va%C4%BCi" title="Vaļi">vaļiem</a>), kuru pienu cilvēki parasti uzturā nelieto, tauku saturs var pārsniegt pat 40%.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-3" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Cilvēku piens netiek ražots vai izplatīts rūpnieciski vai komerciāli, tomēr pastāv piena bankas, kas pieņem ziedoto pienu un nodrošina ar to mazuļus, kam cilvēku piens dažādu iemeslu dēļ ir noderīgs (priekšlaicīgi dzimušajiem, alerģiskiem mazuļiem vai tiem, kas slimo ar iedzimtām <a href="/wiki/Vielmai%C5%86a" title="Vielmaiņa">vielmaiņas</a> kaitēm u.tml.). </p><p>Visu pārējo zīdītāju mātītēm rodas piens, taču no tā reti vai nekad netiek gatavoti piena produkti cilvēkiem. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Piena_īpašības"><span id="Piena_.C4.ABpa.C5.A1.C4.ABbas"></span>Piena īpašības</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļu: Piena īpašības" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=7" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Piena īpašības"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Pienam kā <a href="/wiki/Dz%C4%ABvnieku_izcelsmes_produkti" title="Dzīvnieku izcelsmes produkti">dzīvnieku izcelsmes produktam</a> ir daudzas novērtējamās īpašības un rādītāji, kas raksturo tā piemērotību vai nepiemērotību lietošanai <a href="/wiki/Uzturs" title="Uzturs">uzturā</a> un pārstrādei <a href="/wiki/Piena_produkti" title="Piena produkti">piena produktos</a>. Piena īpašības var nosacīti iedalīt 2 grupās: </p> <ul><li>Sensorajās īpašībās — ar <a href="/wiki/Ma%C5%86u_org%C4%81ni" class="mw-redirect" title="Maņu orgāni">maņu orgāniem</a> uztveramajās īpašībās, ko veido visu pienā esošo vielu kopums. Novērtē piena ārējo izskatu un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Konsistence&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Konsistence (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">konsistenci</a>, t.i., vai tas ir viendabīgs šķidrums bez mehāniskiem, ūdens vai citiem piemaisījumiem, kurā nav nekādas nogulsnes vai pārslas. Govs pienam, atkarībā no <a href="/w/index.php?title=B%C4%93ta_karot%C4%ABns&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Bēta karotīns (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">bēta karotīna</a> un citu pigmentu satura, jābūt baltam vai ar gaiši dzeltenīgu nokrāsu. Garšai un smaržai jābūt svaigam pienam raksturīgai, bez nekādām svešām piegaršām vai smaržu piejaukumiem.</li> <li>Fizikāli-ķīmiskajās īpašībās, ko nosaka pienā esošās vielas un to daudzumi. Visbiežāk kontrolētās piena fizikāli-ķīmiskās īpašības ir piena skābums (<a href="/wiki/PH" title="PH">pH</a> jābūt no 6,5—6,7, bet <a href="/w/index.php?title=Titr%C4%93jamais_sk%C4%81bums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Titrējamais skābums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">titrējamajam skābumam</a> 16—18 <a href="/w/index.php?title=T%C4%93rnera_gr%C4%81di&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Tērnera grādi (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">°T</a>), blīvums (jābūt no 1028—1038 kg/m<sup>3</sup>), <a href="/wiki/Sasal%C5%A1anas_temperat%C5%ABra" class="mw-redirect" title="Sasalšanas temperatūra">sasalšanas temperatūra</a> (jābūt no -0,52 °C līdz -0,59 °C) un <a href="/w/index.php?title=Karstumiztur%C4%ABba&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Karstumizturība (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">karstumizturība</a> (vai paaugstinātā temperatūrā pienā neveidojas olbaltumvielu pārslas).</li></ul> <p>Kvalitātes rādītāju novirzes no normas var veidoties divējādi: </p> <ul><li>iekšēji (endogēni), kas atklājamas tūlīt pēc piena izslaukšanas un parasti saistītas ar barību, <a href="/wiki/Z%C4%81les" title="Zāles">zālēm</a> vai kādiem traucējumiem zīdītāja organismā (piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Vielmai%C5%86a" title="Vielmaiņa">vielmaiņu</a> vai veselības stāvokli).</li> <li>ārēji (eksogēni), kas rodas pēc piena izslaukšanas, visbiežāk neievērojot <a href="/wiki/Higi%C4%93na" title="Higiēna">higiēnas</a> noteikumus un pienam <a href="/w/index.php?title=Otrreiz%C4%93jais_pies%C4%81r%C5%86ojums&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Otrreizējais piesārņojums (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">otrreizēji piesārņojoties</a> vai nenodrošinot piemērotus apstākļus tā uzglabāšanas vai pārvadāšanas laikā, kas izraisa mikroorganismu savairošanos, piena ķīmiskas izmaiņas vai svešu smaržu uzņemšanu.<sup id="cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-4" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>1<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup></li></ul> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ražošana_mūsdienās"><span id="Ra.C5.BEo.C5.A1ana_m.C5.ABsdien.C4.81s"></span>Ražošana mūsdienās</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļu: Ražošana mūsdienās" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=8" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ražošana mūsdienās"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="wikitable" align="left" style="clear:left"> <tbody><tr> <th colspan="2">10 lielākās valstis pēc piena saražojuma 2005. gadā<br />(tūkstošos tonnu) </th></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_India.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Indija"><img alt="Karogs: Indija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/22px-Flag_of_India.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/33px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/41/Flag_of_India.svg/44px-Flag_of_India.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indija</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">91,940 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_United_States.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Amerikas Savienotās Valstis"><img alt="Karogs: Amerikas Savienotās Valstis" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="12" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/a/a4/Flag_of_the_United_States.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_States.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1235" data-file-height="650" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">80,264 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Ķīna"><img alt="Karogs: Ķīna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/fa/Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_People%27s_Republic_of_China.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/%C4%B6%C4%ABna" title="Ķīna">Ķīna</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">32,179 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Russia.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Krievija"><img alt="Karogs: Krievija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/22px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/33px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/f/f3/Flag_of_Russia.svg/44px-Flag_of_Russia.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Krievija" title="Krievija">Krievija</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">31,144 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Pakistan.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Pakistāna"><img alt="Karogs: Pakistāna" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/22px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/33px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/32/Flag_of_Pakistan.svg/44px-Flag_of_Pakistan.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Pakist%C4%81na" title="Pakistāna">Pakistāna</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">29,672 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Germany.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Vācija"><img alt="Karogs: Vācija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/22px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/33px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/b/ba/Flag_of_Germany.svg/44px-Flag_of_Germany.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/V%C4%81cija" title="Vācija">Vācija</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">28,487 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_France.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Francija"><img alt="Karogs: Francija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/22px-Flag_of_France.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/33px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/c/c3/Flag_of_France.svg/44px-Flag_of_France.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="900" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Francija" title="Francija">Francija</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">26,133 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_Brazil.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Brazīlija"><img alt="Karogs: Brazīlija" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/22px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="15" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/33px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/0/05/Flag_of_Brazil.svg/44px-Flag_of_Brazil.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="700" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Braz%C4%ABlija" title="Brazīlija">Brazīlija</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">23,455 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_(3-5).svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Apvienotā Karaliste"><img alt="Karogs: Apvienotā Karaliste" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/22px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="13" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/33px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/8/83/Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg/44px-Flag_of_the_United_Kingdom_%283-5%29.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1000" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Apvienotā Karaliste">Apvienotā Karaliste</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">14,577 </td></tr> <tr> <td><span class="flagicon"><span class="mw-image-border" typeof="mw:File"><a href="/wiki/Att%C4%93ls:Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg" class="mw-file-description" title="Karogs: Jaunzēlande"><img alt="Karogs: Jaunzēlande" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/22px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png" decoding="async" width="22" height="11" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/33px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/3/3e/Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg/44px-Flag_of_New_Zealand.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1200" data-file-height="600" /></a></span> </span><a href="/wiki/Jaunz%C4%93lande" title="Jaunzēlande">Jaunzēlande</a></td> <td style="padding-left:10px">14,500 </td></tr> <tr> <td><b>Kopā pasaulē</b></td> <td style="padding-left:10px"><b>372,353</b> </td></tr> <tr> <td colspan="2" style="font-size:.7em">Avots: <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://faostat.fao.org/site/340/default.aspx">UN Food & Agriculture Organisation</a> <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20070310232049/http://faostat.fao.org/site/340/default.aspx">Arhivēts</a> 2007. gada 10. martā, <i><a href="/wiki/Wayback_Machine" title="Wayback Machine">Wayback Machine</a></i> vietnē. </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Mūsdienu Rietumu pasaulē govs piens tiek ražots rūpnieciskos apmēros. Tas ir visvairāk lietotais piena veids Rietumu pasaulē. Tā sauktajās attīstītajās valstīs absolūti lielāko daļu piena iegūst ar komerciālajā piensaimniecībā izmantotajām autmātiskās slaukšanas iekārtām. Tiek veidotas īpaša veida liellopu šķirnes, no kurām var iegūt vairāk piena, piemēram, <a href="/w/index.php?title=Hol%C5%A1teinas_%C5%A1%C4%B7irne&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Holšteinas šķirne (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Holšteinas šķirnes</a> govis. Tiek uzskatīts, ka 90% no <a href="/wiki/Amerikas_Savienot%C4%81s_Valstis" title="Amerikas Savienotās Valstis">ASV</a> un 85% no <a href="/wiki/Apvienot%C4%81_Karaliste" title="Apvienotā Karaliste">Apvienotās Karalistes</a> liellopiem ir tieši Holšteinas šķirnes govis.<sup id="cite_ref-8" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-8"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>8<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Visvairāk piena produktu mūsdienās saražo <a href="/wiki/Indija" title="Indija">Indija</a>, ASV<sup id="cite_ref-9" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-9"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>9<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> un Ķīna. Piena lopkopībai ir nozīmīga loma arī <a href="/wiki/Piena_lopkop%C4%ABba_Latvij%C4%81" title="Piena lopkopība Latvijā">Latvijā</a>. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Uzturvērtība_un_veselības_aspekti"><span id="Uzturv.C4.93rt.C4.ABba_un_vesel.C4.ABbas_aspekti"></span>Uzturvērtība un veselības aspekti</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļu: Uzturvērtība un veselības aspekti" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=9" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Uzturvērtība un veselības aspekti"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p>Piens satur <a href="/wiki/Kalcijs" title="Kalcijs">kalciju</a>, <a href="/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni">vitamīnus</a> un citas derīgas vielas, tādēļ tradicionāli uzskatāms par vērtīgu pārtikas produktu. Tomēr piena <a href="/wiki/Tauki" title="Tauki">tauki</a> satur daudz piesātināto taukskābju, kas nav vēlamas uzturā un paaugstina <a href="/wiki/Holester%C4%ABns" title="Holesterīns">holesterīna</a> līmeni organismā, tāpēc labāk lietot uzturā piena produktus, kas satur mazāk piena tauku (piemēram, <a href="/wiki/Pani%C5%86as" title="Paniņas">paniņas</a>). </p><p>Nesenā Hārvarda Sabiedrības veselības skolas zinātnieku atzinumā par kalcija uzņemšanu un piena ietekmi uz veselību secināts, ka piens nav labākais kalcija avots un to ieteicams aizstāt ar augu izcelsmes kalcija avotiem (kacenkāpostiem, krokoto lapu <a href="/wiki/K%C4%81posti" title="Kāposti">kāpostiem</a>, pupiņām un citiem <a href="/wiki/P%C4%81k%C5%A1augi" title="Pākšaugi">pākšaugiem</a> u.c.). Pētnieki minējuši vairākus iemeslus, kādēļ no piena ieteicams izvairīties: <a href="/wiki/Laktozes_nepanes%C4%ABba" title="Laktozes nepanesība">laktozes nepanesība</a>, augsts piesātināto tauku saturs, iespējams <a href="/wiki/Oln%C4%ABca" title="Olnīca">olnīcu</a> <a href="/wiki/V%C4%93zis_(slim%C4%ABba)" title="Vēzis (slimība)">vēža</a> un <a href="/wiki/Prostata" class="mw-redirect" title="Prostata">prostatas</a> vēža risks.<sup id="cite_ref-10" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-10"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>10<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading3"><h3 id="Piena_piesārņotāji"><span id="Piena_pies.C4.81r.C5.86ot.C4.81ji"></span>Piena piesārņotāji</h3></div> <p>Piens var tikt piesārņots gan govs organismā, gan slaukšanas, uzglabāšanas, transportēšanas, pārstrādes un arī pārdošanas un izmantošanas procesā. Viens no galvenajiem piesārņotājiem var būt mājlopu ārstēšanai lietotie medikamenti. <a href="/wiki/Antibiotika" class="mw-redirect" title="Antibiotika">Antibiotiku</a> atliekas pienā cilvēkam var izraisīt alerģiskas reakcijas, negatīvi ietekmēt gremošanas orgānu mikrofloru, traucēt <a href="/wiki/Vitam%C4%ABni" title="Vitamīni">vitamīnu</a> sintēzi, to ietekmē var veidoties pret konkrētu antibiotiku izturīgas baktērijas.<sup id="cite_ref-11" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-11"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>11<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Pat ļoti maza penicilīna deva ietekmē siera un biezpiena organoleptiskās īpašības, veicina nevēlamo mikroorganismu augšanu. </p><p>Otrs nozīmīgs piesārņotājs, kas var nonākt pienā caur govs organismu, ir <a href="/wiki/Pestic%C4%ABdi" title="Pesticīdi">pesticīdi</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-12" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-12"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>12<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Ja zāles un <a href="/wiki/Graudaugi" class="mw-redirect" title="Graudaugi">graudaugu</a> audzēšanas procesā neievēro pesticīdu lietošanas instrukcijas, tie ar barību nokļūst govs organismā un daļa var izdalīties ar pienu. </p><p>Barojot govis ar kombinētu barību, pienā nokļūst konservanti. Ja govis baro ar sapelējušu barību, pienā var nokļūt mikotoksīni, kas izraisa saindēšanos.<sup id="cite_ref-13" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-13"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>13<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> Šie toksīni ir bīstami cilvēka organismam, jo izraisa ļaundabīgo audzēju veidošanos vai aknu nekrozi. </p><p>Ja neievēro trauku mazgāšanas un <a href="/wiki/Dezinfekcija" title="Dezinfekcija">dezinfekcijas</a> instrukciju, <a href="/wiki/Mazg%C4%81%C5%A1anas_l%C4%ABdzeklis" class="mw-redirect" title="Mazgāšanas līdzeklis">mazgāšanas līdzekļu</a> atliekas no nepietiekami rūpīgi izskalotiem traukiem, iekārtām un cauruļvadiem nokļūst pienā. Ja piena sastāvā ir nevēlami ķīmiskie savienojumi, piena pārstrāde <a href="/wiki/Sk%C4%81bpiena_produkti" title="Skābpiena produkti">skābpiena produktos</a> un sierā ir apgrūtināta vai neiespējama. </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Mitoloģijā"><span id="Mitolo.C4.A3ij.C4.81"></span>Mitoloģijā</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļu: Mitoloģijā" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=10" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Mitoloģijā"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <p><a href="/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1u_mitolo%C4%A3ija" title="Latviešu mitoloģija">Latviešu mitoloģijā</a> par govju un citu mājlopu galveno sargātāju un aizgādni uzskatīja <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra_(latvie%C5%A1u_mitolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Māra (latviešu mitoloģija)">Māru</a>, ko <a href="/wiki/Tautasdziesma" class="mw-redirect" title="Tautasdziesma">tautasdziesmās</a> un buramvārdos dēvēja arī par Piena māti, un kura pati bieži vien bijusi govju slaucēja un sviesta taisītāja, viņas slaucenei simbolizējot dzīvības šķidruma uzkrājēju. Kā svētības nesējus mājlopiem godāja arī <a href="/wiki/Krupji" class="mw-redirect" title="Krupji">krupjus</a>, <a href="/wiki/Zalk%C5%A1u_dzimta" title="Zalkšu dzimta">zalkšus</a> un citas čūskas, ko, saskaņā ar 14.—18. gadsimta vēstures avotiem, <a href="/wiki/Latvie%C5%A1i" title="Latvieši">latvieši</a> turēja mājās pie <a href="/w/index.php?title=K%C5%ABts&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Kūts (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">kūtīm</a> un baroja ar pienu. Dažkārt pati <a href="/wiki/M%C4%81ra_(latvie%C5%A1u_mitolo%C4%A3ija)" title="Māra (latviešu mitoloģija)">Māra</a> esot parādījusies zalkša veidolā, tādēļ arī krupjus un zalkšus mēdza saukt par Piena mātēm. Govju ganīšanā palīdzējušas arī <a href="/wiki/Cielavas" title="Cielavas">cielavas</a> un <a href="/wiki/Lakst%C4%ABgala" title="Lakstīgala">lakstīgalas</a>.<sup id="cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-0" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piena_simbolika-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p><p>Piens (reizēm kopā ar <a href="/wiki/Medus" title="Medus">medu</a>) uzskatīts par atdzimšanas eliksīru, tāpēc bieži lietots dažādos ar cilvēka pāreju saistītos iesvētību rituālos. Tāpat tas bijis pārticības, veselības un skaistuma nodrošināšanas simbols, kas jaunavām esot sniedzis skaistu un baltu sejas ādu, kā arī staltu augumu, par ko liecina tautasdziesmās bieži sastopamās rindas „pienu ēdu, pienu dzēru, pienā muti nomazgāju”, piemēram<sup id="cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-1" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piena_simbolika-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup>: </p> <table> <tbody><tr> <td> <p>Es māmiņai viena meita,<br /> Es darīju, ko gribēju:<br /> Pienu ēdu, pienu dzēru<br /> Pienā muti nomazgāju. <br /> 3310. </p> </td> <td> <p>Man bij viena balta kaza,<br /> Tā man deva pulka piena:<br /> Pienu ēdu, pienu dzēru,<br /> Pienā muti nomazgāju.<br /> 29109. </p> </td> <td> <p>Citkārt bija labi laiki,<br /> Kad es biju kazu gans:<br /> Pienu ēdu, pienu dzēru,<br /> Pienā muti nomazgāju.<br /> 29114. </p> </td> <td> <p>Kur tu augi smuka meita,<br /> Ka es tevi neredzēju?<br /> - Es uzaugu pie māmiņas,<br /> Sarkan’ rožu dārziņā.<br /> Pienu ēdu, pienu dzēru,<br /> Pienā muti nomazgāju.<br /> 5436 </p> </td> <td> </td></tr></tbody></table> <p>Govju palikšanu tā saucamajās ālavās vai vecpienēs uzskatīja par lielu nelaimi, tāpēc pastāvēja dažādi rituāli un veidi, kā uzlabot to pienīgumu.<sup id="cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-2" class="reference"><a href="#cite_note-piena_simbolika-14"><span class="cite-bracket">[</span>14<span class="cite-bracket">]</span></a></sup> </p> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Atsauces">Atsauces</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļu: Atsauces" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=11" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Atsauces"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <table class="metadata mbox-small plainlinks" style="border:1px solid #aaa;background-color:#f9f9f9"> <tbody><tr> <td class="mbox-image"><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/30px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="30" height="40" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/45px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/59px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span></td> <td class="mbox-text plainlist"><a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami multivides faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Milk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Milk">Piens</a></b></i></td></tr></tbody></table> <div class="references-small" style="list-style-type: decimal;"> <ol class="references"> <li id="cite_note-Ozola,_Ciproviča-1"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-0">1,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-1">1,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-2">1,2</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-3">1,3</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-Ozola,_Ciproviča_1-4">1,4</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Lilita Ozola, <a href="/wiki/Inga_Ciprovi%C4%8Da" title="Inga Ciproviča">Inga Ciproviča</a>. <i>Piena pārstrādes tehnoloģija</i>. Jelgava : <a href="/wiki/Latvijas_Lauksaimniec%C4%ABbas_universit%C4%81tes_P%C4%81rtikas_tehnolo%C4%A3ijas_fakult%C4%81te" class="mw-redirect" title="Latvijas Lauksaimniecības universitātes Pārtikas tehnoloģijas fakultāte">LLU PTF</a>, 2002. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/index-dev.html?#panel:pp%7cissue:/g_001_0302018489%7cpage:11">7.—10.</a> un <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://gramatas.lndb.lv/periodika2-viewer/view/index-dev.html?#panel:pp%7cissue:/g_001_0302018489%7cpage:30">26.—28</a>. lpp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/9984-596-37-0" title="Special:BookSources/9984-596-37-0">9984-596-37-0</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-2"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-2">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.timesonline.co.uk/tol/life_and_style/health/features/article388488.ece">. . . or just go with the flow?</a><sup title="Novecojusi saite">[<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Link_rot" class="extiw" title="en:Wikipedia:Link rot">novecojusi saite</a>]</sup>. The Times, May 5, 2005.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-On_Food_and_Cooking-3"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-On_Food_and_Cooking_3-0">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book"><a href="/w/index.php?title=Harold_McGee&action=edit&redlink=1" class="new" title="Harold McGee (vēl nav uzrakstīts)">Harold McGee</a>. «Milk and Dairy Products». <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge"><i>On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen</i></a> (English). New York : Charles Scribner's Sons, 1984. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://archive.org/details/onfoodcookingsci0000mcge/page/3">3</a>—53. lpp. <a href="/wiki/ISBN" title="ISBN">ISBN</a> <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18132-0">0-684-18132-0</a>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-4"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-4">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGee, 8-10</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-5"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-5">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6397001.stm">http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/health/6397001.stm</a> Early man 'couldn't stomach milk</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-6"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-6">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation book">Anatolijs Bļugers. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.neslimo.lv/pme/?name=jaunpiens"><i>Populārā medicīnas enciklopēdija</i></a>. Rīga : <a href="/wiki/Galven%C4%81_enciklop%C4%93diju_redakcija" title="Galvenā enciklopēdiju redakcija">Galvenā enciklopēdiju redakcija</a>, 1984.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-7"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-7">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a href="/wiki/LETA" title="LETA">LETA</a>. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20160306094908/http://www.easyget.lv/latvija-un-pasaule/read/2818/">«Krievijā jau 45 gadus veiksmīgi darbojas aļņu ferma»</a>. <i>easyget.lv</i> (latviski), 2007. gada 17. augusts. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.easyget.lv/latvija-un-pasaule/read/2818/">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2016. gada 6. martā<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 4. februārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-8"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-8">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">McGee, Harold (1984). "Milk and Dairy Products", On Food and Cooking: The Science and Lore of the Kitchen (in English). New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, p. 12. <a href="/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-684-18132-0" title="Special:BookSources/0-684-18132-0">ISBN 0-684-18132-0</a>.</span> </li> <li id="cite_note-9"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-9">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.fao.org/docrep/009/j7927e/j7927e09.htm">FAO Food outlook: International dairy product prices are turning down: how far, how fast? FAO online publication, 1 June 2006</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-10"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-10">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://vegan.lv/veseliba/kalcijs-un-piens">«Hārvardas pētnieki: piens nav labākais kalcija avots»</a>. <i>vegan.lv</i> (latviski). 2013. gada 8. janvāris<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 4. februārī</span>.</span></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-11"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-11">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Beta lactam antibiotics residues in cow’s milk: comparison of efficacy of three screening tests used in Bosnia and Herzegovina <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333998/">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4333998/</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-12"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-12">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Organochlorine pesticide residues in cow's milk, Nicaragua <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8754663">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/8754663</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-13"><span class="mw-cite-backlink"><a href="#cite_ref-13">↑</a></span> <span class="reference-text">Comparison of contaminant and residue levels in organic and conventional milk and meat products from northern Italy. <a rel="nofollow" class="external free" href="http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895606">http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/15895606</a></span> </li> <li id="cite_note-piena_simbolika-14"><span class="mw-cite-backlink">↑ <sup><a href="#cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-0">14,0</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-1">14,1</a></sup> <sup><a href="#cite_ref-piena_simbolika_14-2">14,2</a></sup></span> <span class="reference-text"><span class="citation web">Dzidra Šķute. <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://web.archive.org/web/20161109020510/http://vip.latnet.lv/lek/piena.htm">«Piena simbolika latviešu tautasdziesmās»</a>. <i>vip.latnet.lv</i> (latviski), 1998. Arhivēts no <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://www.vip.latnet.lv/lek/piena.htm">oriģināla</a>, laiks: 2016. gada 9. novembrī<span class="reference-accessdate">. Skatīts: 2015. gada 20. martā</span>.</span></span> </li> </ol></div> <div class="mw-heading mw-heading2"><h2 id="Ārējās_saites"><span id=".C4.80r.C4.93j.C4.81s_saites"></span>Ārējās saites</h2><span class="mw-editsection"><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">[</span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&veaction=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļu: Ārējās saites" class="mw-editsection-visualeditor"><span>labot šo sadaļu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-divider"> | </span><a href="/w/index.php?title=Piens&action=edit&section=12" title="Labot sadaļas vikikodu: Ārējās saites"><span>labot pirmkodu</span></a><span class="mw-editsection-bracket">]</span></span></div> <ul><li><span typeof="mw:File"><span><img alt="" src="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/12px-Commons-logo.svg.png" decoding="async" width="12" height="16" class="mw-file-element" srcset="//upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/18px-Commons-logo.svg.png 1.5x, //upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/thumb/4/4a/Commons-logo.svg/24px-Commons-logo.svg.png 2x" data-file-width="1024" data-file-height="1376" /></span></span> <a href="/wiki/Vikikr%C4%81tuve" title="Vikikrātuve">Vikikrātuvē</a> par šo tēmu ir pieejami <a href="/wiki/Multivides" title="Multivides">multivides</a> faili. Skatīt: <i><b><a href="https://commons.wikimedia.org/wiki/Category:Milk" class="extiw" title="commons:Category:Milk">Piens</a></b></i>.</li></ul> <ul><li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.britannica.com/topic/milk"><i>Encyclopædia Britannica</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(angliski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://bigenc.ru/c/moloko-f19049">Krievijas Lielās enciklopēdijas raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(krieviski)</span></li> <li><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="https://www.universalis.fr/encyclopedie/lait/"><i>Encyclopædia Universalis</i> raksts</a> <span style="font-size:0.95em; color:#555;">(franciski)</span></li></ul> <table cellspacing="0" class="navbox" style="border-spacing:0;"><tbody><tr><td style="padding:2px;"><table cellspacing="0" class="nowraplinks hlist navbox-inner" style="border-spacing:0;background:transparent;color:inherit;"><tbody><tr><th scope="row" class="navbox-group"><a href="/wiki/Autoritat%C4%ABv%C4%81_vad%C4%ABba" title="Autoritatīvā vadība">Autoritatīvā vadība</a></th><td class="navbox-list navbox-odd" style="text-align:left;border-left-width:2px;border-left-style:solid;width:100%;padding:0px;"><div style="padding:0em 0.25em;"> <ul><li>GND: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://d-nb.info/gnd/4039264-8">4039264-8</a></span></li> <li>NKC: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://aleph.nkp.cz/F/?func=find-c&local_base=aut&ccl_term=ica=ph115334&CON_LNG=ENG">ph115334</a></span></li> <li>BNE: <span class="uid"><a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="http://catalogo.bne.es/uhtbin/authoritybrowse.cgi?action=display&authority_id=XX526537">XX526537</a></span></li></ul> </div></td></tr></tbody></table></td></tr></tbody></table>    </div><noscript><img src="https://login.wikimedia.org/wiki/Special:CentralAutoLogin/start?type=1x1&useformat=desktop" alt="" width="1" height="1" style="border: none; position: absolute;"></noscript> <div class="printfooter" data-nosnippet="">Saturs iegūts no "<a dir="ltr" href="https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piens&oldid=4166556">https://lv.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Piens&oldid=4166556</a>"</div></div> <div id="catlinks" class="catlinks" data-mw="interface"><div id="mw-normal-catlinks" class="mw-normal-catlinks"><a href="/wiki/Special:Categories" title="Special:Categories">Kategorija</a>: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Piens" title="Kategorija:Piens">Piens</a></li></ul></div><div id="mw-hidden-catlinks" class="mw-hidden-catlinks mw-hidden-cats-hidden">Slēptas kategorijas: <ul><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Visi_Vikip%C4%93dijas_uzlabojamie_raksti" title="Kategorija:Visi Vikipēdijas uzlabojamie raksti">Visi Vikipēdijas uzlabojamie raksti</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Raksti_ar_novecoju%C5%A1%C4%81m_sait%C4%93m" title="Kategorija:Raksti ar novecojušām saitēm">Raksti ar novecojušām saitēm</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Raksti,_kuru_apgalvojumiem_nepiecie%C5%A1amas_atsauces" title="Kategorija:Raksti, kuru apgalvojumiem nepieciešamas atsauces">Raksti, kuru apgalvojumiem nepieciešamas atsauces</a></li><li><a href="/wiki/Kategorija:Visi_Vikip%C4%93dijas_raksti,_kam_nepiecie%C5%A1amas_atsauces" title="Kategorija:Visi Vikipēdijas raksti, kam nepieciešamas atsauces">Visi Vikipēdijas raksti, kam nepieciešamas atsauces</a></li></ul></div></div> </div> </main> </div> <div class="mw-footer-container"> <footer id="footer" class="mw-footer" > <ul id="footer-info"> <li id="footer-info-lastmod"> Šī lapa pēdējoreiz labota: 2024. gada 30. oktobris plkst. 12.11.</li> <li id="footer-info-copyright">Teksts ir pieejams saskaņā ar <a rel="nofollow" class="external text" href="//creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0/">Creative Commons Attribution/Share-Alike licenci</a>; var pastāvēt papildu ierobežojumi. 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